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Journal articles on the topic 'Boys – Abuse of – Zimbabwe'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Chigiji, Handrick, Deborah Fry, Tinashe Enock Mwadiwa, Aldo Elizalde, Noriko Izumi, Line Baago-Rasmussen, and Mary Catherine Maternowska. "Risk factors and health consequences of physical and emotional violence against children in Zimbabwe: a nationally representative survey." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (June 2018): e000533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000533.

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IntroductionThis study provides, for the first time, comparable national population-based estimates that describe the nature and magnitude of physical and emotional violence during childhood in Zimbabwe.MethodsFrom August to September 2011, we conducted a national population-based survey of 2410 respondents aged 13–24 years, using a two-stage cluster sampling. Regression models were adjusted for relevant demographics to estimate the ORs for associations between violence, risk factors and various health-related outcomes.ResultsRespondents aged 18–24 years report a lifetime prevalence (before the age of 18) of 63.9% (among girls) to 76% (among boys) for physical violence by a parent or adult relative, 12.6% (girls) to 26.4% (boys) for humiliation in front of others, and 17.3% (girls) to 17.5% (boys) for feeling unwanted. Almost 50% of either sex aged 13–17 years experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. Significant risk factors for experiencing physical violence for girls are ever experiencing emotional abuse prior to age 13, adult illness in the home, socioeconomic status and age. Boys’ risk factors include peer relationships and socioeconomic status, while caring teachers and trusted community members are protective factors. Risk factors for emotional abuse vary, including family relationships, teacher and school-level variables, socioeconomic status, and community trust and security. Emotional abuse is associated with increased suicide attempts for both boys and girls, among other health outcomes.ConclusionPhysical and emotional violence often work in tandem causing poor mental and physical health outcomes. Understanding risk factors for violence within the peer or family context is essential for improved violence prevention.

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2

Valente, Sharon M. "Sexual Abuse of Boys." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 18, no. 1 (January 2005): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00005.x.

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3

Holmes, William C., and Gail B. Slap. "Sexual Abuse of Boys." JAMA 280, no. 21 (December 2, 1998): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.21.1855.

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4

CHITEREKA, CHRISTOPHER. "Child Sexual Abuse in Zimbabwe." Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 20, no. 1 (June 2010): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21650993.2010.9756073.

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5

Mantula, Fennie, and Haroon Saloojee. "Child Sexual Abuse in Zimbabwe." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 25, no. 8 (November 16, 2016): 866–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1234533.

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6

Henderson, Deborah Parkman, Donna Ojanen Thomas, Kenn M. Kirksey, David J. Garza, and Gall B. Williams. "Detecting sexual abuse in boys." Journal of Emergency Nursing 21, no. 4 (August 1995): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-1767(05)80075-3.

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7

RISIN, LESLIE I., and MARY P. KOSS. "The Sexual Abuse of Boys." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2, no. 3 (September 1987): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626087002003006.

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Meursing, Karla, Theo Vos, Odette Coutinho, Michael Moyo, Sipho Mpofu, Olola Oneko, Verity Mundy, Simukai Dube, Thembeni Mahlangu, and Flora Sibindi. "Child sexual abuse in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe." Social Science & Medicine 41, no. 12 (December 1995): 1693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00130-y.

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Maraire, Tariro, and Saralah Devi Chethiyar Mariamdaran. "DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROBLEM BY THE ZIMBABWEAN YOUTH: A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE." Practitioner Research 2 (August 6, 2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/pr2020.2.3.

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Drug abuse has become a problem among youths in Zimbabwe, so dire is the situation that more than half of the youths’ population, approximately 57% in Zimbabwe are involved in drug abuse. The statistics on youth drug abuse in Zimbabwe increase yearly despite measures implemented by various stakeholders to fight the pandemic. The study seeks to understand the problem of drug abuse within the Zimbabwean context from a psychological perspective. The current study takes a desk research approach to understand the problem of drug abuse by the youth in Zimbabwe. The study unearths the most affected age group by drug abuse, the causes of drug abuse, the types of drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse to that age group. The study reviewed relevant literature, using key terms in the study, which are youth, drug abuse and problem. Literature was systematically categorised into categories of causes of drug abuse, types of drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse among the youth. Findings from the study are that, the youth are the most affected age group by drug abuse in Zimbabwe and the problem stems from lack of self-control and negative self-concept on the youth drug abusers. The study also established that cannabis is the most abused drug in Zimbabwe and that the problem of drug abuse has negative effects to the drug abuser, family, community and nation at large. The current study recommends for future studies to establish intervention programs in Zimbabwe that aim to enhance self-control and self-concept in youth drug abusers.

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Hobbs, C. J., and J. Osman. "Genital injuries in boys and abuse." Archives of Disease in Childhood 92, no. 4 (March 21, 2007): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.111195.

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Griffith, Amanda. "Stop saying ‘boys don't cry." Early Years Educator 21, no. 6 (October 2, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2019.21.6.6.

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12

Campbell, Benjamin, and Michael Mbizo. "Reproductive maturation, somatic growth and testosterone among Zimbabwe boys." Annals of Human Biology 33, no. 1 (January 2006): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460500424068.

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13

Pavlakis, Dean. "Reputation and the Sexual Abuse of Boys." Men and Masculinities 17, no. 3 (June 23, 2014): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x14539512.

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Parent, Sylvie, and Joëlle Bannon. "Sexual abuse in sport: What about boys?" Children and Youth Services Review 34, no. 2 (February 2012): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.11.004.

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15

Muridzo, Noel Garikai, and Victor Chikadzi. "Zimbabwe’s poverty and child sexual abuse." Children Australia 45, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2020.41.

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AbstractChild sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious scourge that affects all countries globally. While there are myriad factors contributing the prevalence of CSA in Zimbabwe, poverty is arguably one of the major underlying issues and root causes of most of these factors. Over the past two decades, Zimbabwe has gone through an unprecedented economic meltdown; fewer resources are being channelled towards child protection leading to the decline in standards of living for children. Consequently, children are left vulnerable to poverty which exposes them to the risk of CSA. This paper discusses a number of poverty-related factors that are contributing to CSA in Zimbabwe. A qualitative study approach was adopted, and data were collected from 38 participants and four key informants who were selected using theoretical and purposive sampling, respectively. In addition, 300 court files of CSA cases were also reviewed. Notwithstanding other circumstances leading to CSA, findings showed that poverty-related vulnerabilities, such as adverse living conditions, rurality, child labour and migration, exposed children to CSA. The paper ends by discussing the policy and social work practice implications and recommendations in view of the findings.

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Edinburgh, Laurel, Elizabeth Saewyc, and Carolyn Levitt. "Gender Differences In Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Experiences Among Young Teens." Journal of School Nursing 22, no. 5 (October 2006): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405060220050601.

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Extrafamilial sexual abuse experiences of young adolescents (ages 10–14), particularly young teen boys, are not well studied. This retrospective chart review study compared psychosocial correlates and victimization experiences between young adolescent girls ( n = 226) and boys ( n = 64) referred to a hospital child advocacy center. Several differences in risk behaviors and abuse experiences were found: Girls were more likely to have run away, to be truant from school, to report substance use, to have multiple perpetrators, and to have physical findings from the abuse. Boys were more likely to have a diagnosis of attention deficit disorder and to report anal penetration, and rarely disclosed abuse at the time of the incident. Peers were girls’ most common choice for disclosing abuse, whereas boys confided most often in their mothers or other adults. These findings suggest sexually abused young adolescent girls and boys need distinct, developmentally appropriate screening and care in school and health care settings.

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Saewyc, Elizabeth M., Sandra Pettingell, and Lara L. Magee. "The Prevalence of Sexual Abuse Among Adolescents in School." Journal of School Nursing 19, no. 5 (October 2003): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405030190050401.

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Sexual abuse is a profound stressor that complicates the development and health of adolescents, yet its prevalence has been difficult to estimate among adolescents in school populations. This study explored the prevalence of both incest and nonfamily abuse in 2 cohorts of adolescents in Minnesota in the 1990s (1992: N = 77,374; 1998: N = 81,247). Findings indicate that sexual abuse was reported by both boys and girls and among students of all ethnic groups. Approximately 10% of adolescents reported sexual abuse in each cohort, with girls 5 times more likely to report abuse than boys. Ethnic variation was minor, with African American, Native American, and Hispanic teens slightly more likely to report abuse than White or Asian American youth. School nurses should routinely assess for a history of sexual abuse in adolescents and should be prepared to provide support and referral for abused students and their families.). Findings indicate that sexual abuse was reported by both boys and girls and among students of all ethnic groups. Approximately 10% of adolescents reported sexual abuse in each cohort, with girls 5 times more likely to report abuse than boys. Ethnic variation was minor, with African American, Native American, and Hispanic teens slightly more likely to report abuse than White or Asian American youth. School nurses should routinely assess for a history of sexual abuse in adolescents and should be prepared to provide support and referral for abused students and their families.

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New, Michelle J. C., Jim Stevenson, and David Skuse. "Characteristics of Mothers of Boys Who Sexually Abuse." Child Maltreatment 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559599004001003.

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Briggs, Freda, and Russell M. F. Hawkins. "Protecting boys from the risk of sexual abuse." Early Child Development and Care 110, no. 1 (January 1995): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0300443951100102.

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Rind, B. "Interpretation of Research on Sexual Abuse of Boys." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 23 (June 16, 1999): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.23.2185.

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PELUSO, EMANUEL, and NICHOLAS PUTNAM. "Case Study: Sexual Abuse of Boys by Females." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 35, no. 1 (January 1996): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199601000-00012.

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Trübner, Kurt, Matthias Schubries, Matthias Beintker, and Thomas Bajanowski. "Genital findings in boys suspected for sexual abuse." International Journal of Legal Medicine 127, no. 5 (June 7, 2013): 967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-013-0878-8.

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23

Brennan, Joseph. "Abuse Porn: Reading Reactions to Boys Halfway House." Sexuality & Culture 21, no. 2 (November 28, 2016): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9397-3.

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24

Shumba, Almon, Pesanayi Gwirayi, Jenny Shumba, Cosmas Maphosa, Regis Chireshe, Ephias Gudyanga, and Alfred Henry Makura. "Pupils' Perceptions of Sexual Abuse by Teachers in Zimbabwe." Journal of Psychology in Africa 18, no. 2 (January 2008): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2008.10820198.

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Chireshe, Regis, Excellent Chireshe, and Pilot Mudhovozi. "Child Abuse: Psychosocial and Religious Intervention Strategies in Zimbabwe." Journal of Psychology in Africa 19, no. 2 (January 2009): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2009.10820289.

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Bhat, Deepti Pagare, Meghachandra Singh, and Gajendra Singh Meena. "Screening for abuse and mental health problems among illiterate runaway adolescents in an Indian metropolis." Archives of Disease in Childhood 97, no. 11 (August 18, 2012): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-301603.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of physical and sexual abuse, and their relation to mental health problems among the illiterate/semiliterate runaway adolescents in New Delhi, India.DesignCross sectional.SettingNew Delhi, India.PatientsRunaway adolescent boys (n=119) aged 11 to 18 years at an observation home.MethodsStudy subjects were screened for physical and sexual abuse using the Child Maltreatment History Self Report and Finkelhor's sexual abuse scale. Mental health problems were identified using the Achenbach's Youth Self-Report scale. As the participants were illiterate or semiliterate with Hindi being their primary language, the screening tools were appropriately translated, read out to them and their responses recorded.ResultsA total of 72 (62%) boys experienced domestic violence, 70 (59%) had engaged in substance abuse and 103 (87%) boys had been employed as child labourers. Physical abuse was reported by 86 (72%) and sexual abuse by 42 (35%). Mental health problems were recognised in 83 (70%) boys, which included internalising syndromes (59%) and externalising syndromes (34%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that physical abuse was an independent predictor of internalising syndromes (OR: 3.3; 95% CI 1.2 to 9.1; p<0.01), while substance abuse and sexual abuse were independent predictors of externalising syndromes.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that childhood abuse and mental health disorders are widely prevalent among the runaway adolescents evaluated at an observation home in New Delhi. Appropriate modification of the standardised self-report screening tools may allow the identification of mental health disorders in this vulnerable illiterate/semiliterate population.

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27

Harrison, Shane. "Understanding and Healing Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse." Boyhood Studies 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2018.110108.

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Gartner, Richard B., ed. 2018. Understanding the Sexual Betrayal of Boys and Men: The Trauma of Sexual Abuse. Oxon: Routledge. 368 pp. $44.95. ISBN 978-1-138- 94222-6 (paperback) Gartner, Richard B., ed. 2018. Healing Sexually Betrayed Men and Boys: Treatment for Sexual Abuse, Assault, and Trauma. Oxon: Routledge. 352 pp. $44.95. ISBN 978-1-138-94225-7 (paperback)

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Volkova, E. N., I. V. Volkova, and O. M. Isaeva. "Estimating spread of violent behaviour with children." Social Psychology and Society 7, no. 2 (2016): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2016070202.

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The article is to problems of violence (physical, psychological, sexual) to children in the region of Nyzhniy Novgorod in the Russian Federation. It was used international tool for questionnaire ICAST-C. В исследовании приняли участие 227 children par- ticipated in this study (131 girls, 96 boys) in the age of 11 to 18 years old. The results show that 78,4% of children have some experience of violence and abuse. 3/4 — in family, and 2/3 — at school. High level of psychological abuse at home was shown (more than 2/3 ), at home it is more often than at school (54% versus 30%). Children suffer from physical abuse at home (49% versus 33% at school). Though they suffer from sexual abuse at school (27%). All kinds of abuse take place among girls as well as among boys. Except physical abuse at school where it is more usual among boys (45%), versus (33%) girls. Girls suffer more at home. Teenagers suffer less, than youngsters. Emotional abuse is not spread widely (40% versus 60—75% in other groups). In general they suffer from sexual abuse not often, though it is usually at home (8,5% cases).

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BHUNU, C. P. "MODELING THE SPREAD OF STREET KIDS IN ZIMBABWE." Journal of Biological Systems 22, no. 03 (August 28, 2014): 429–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339014500168.

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Child neglect and abuse has been linked with the growth in the number of street kids for some time. A mathematical model is used to explore the impact of peer influence and child abuse in the presence of removal of street kids from the streets into children's homes/foster homes and improvement in the welfare of adults. The threshold quantity known as the reproduction number and equilibria for the model are determined and analyzed. Results from this study suggest that removal of street kids from the streets into children's homes/foster homes and improving the welfare of adults have the potential to reduce the number of children living in the streets. Interestingly, our results illustrate that adult peer influence leading to child abuse of children makes the problem of street kids worse than any other factor. To effectively control the growth in the number of street kids require strategies that address both economic and social factors affecting children and their guardians. Addressing only an issue affecting one group like guardians through improvement of their welfare may not be enough to stem the growth in the number of street kids as some would be turning to the streets due to negative peer influence among children.

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Anderberg, Mats, and Mikael Dahlberg. "Gender differences among adolescents with substance abuse problems at Maria clinics in Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072517751263.

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Aim: The article describes similarities and differences regarding various risk factors between girls and boys with substance abuse problems who begin outpatient treatment at the Maria clinics in Sweden. Potential hypotheses and some implications are also discussed. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on interview data from 2169 adolescents obtained over three years from outpatient clinics in 11 Swedish cities. Results: Girls appear to consistently have more difficult family and childhood environments than boys, and are more likely to have problems related to school, more serious substance abuse problems, and more severe mental health problems. Criminal activity is significantly higher among boys. Conclusions: The study shows that girls entering treatment generally have significantly more risk factors than boys and thus more extensive problems in several aspects of life, which in turn increases the risk of developing serious drug and alcohol problems in adulthood. The study supports the gender-paradoxical relationship in which a smaller proportion of girls than boys enter treatment for substance abuse, even though girls tend to have more problematic life situations.

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Scrandis, Debra A., and Margaret Watt. "Child Sexual Abuse in Boys: Implications for Primary Care." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 10, no. 9 (October 2014): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.07.021.

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Warburton, Emma, and Georgia Raniolo. "Domestic Abuse during COVID-19: What about the boys?" Psychiatry Research 291 (September 2020): 113155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113155.

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Hartill, Mike. "The Sexual Abuse of Boys in Organized Male Sports." Men and Masculinities 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2008): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x07313361.

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Wakhlu, Ashish, Nitin Pant, Sudhir Singh, and Anand Pandey. "Isolated penile injury in boys: Accident, negligence, or abuse?" Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons 26, no. 3 (2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_85_20.

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Gwirayi, Pesanayi, and Almon Shumba. "Childhood Sexual Abuse Experiences of Female Student Teachers in Zimbabwe." Journal of Psychology in Africa 18, no. 2 (January 2008): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2008.10820199.

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Gwirayi, Pesanayi, and Almon Shumba. "Child Physical Abuse Among Urban Secondary School Pupils in Zimbabwe." Journal of Psychology in Africa 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2009.10820267.

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Al-Eissa, Majid A., Hassan N. Saleheen, and Maha Almuneef. "Examining the Relationship Between Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence and Victimization Among Children in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 5-6 (March 10, 2017): 1334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696865.

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Childhood exposure to violence can lead to physical, mental, and emotional harm, whether a child is a direct victim or a witness to violent events. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) and victimization among children. A cross-sectional, national study was conducted in secondary high schools in the five main provinces of Saudi Arabia (SA) using International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) ISPCAN Child Abuse and Neglect Screening Tool–Child: Home version. Boys and girls, public and private schools were selected to participate. Students ( N = 16,939) aged 15 to 18 years completed the survey instrument which included demographics, different types of abuse (physical, psychological, and sexual), neglect, and witnessing IPV. Mean age of the participants was 16.8 ± 0.9 years, and 51% were boys. Eighty-one percent lived with both parents, 6% with single parent, and 2% with step-parent. Fifty-two percent of the participants witnessed IPV. Those who witnessed IPV were more likely to be abused compared with those who did not ( p < .01). Among those who witnessed physical IPV, girls had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing psychological abuse (odds ratio [OR] = 3.7, confidence interval [CI] = [1.9, 6.8]), physical abuse (OR = 1.3, CI = [1.0, 1.6]), and neglect (OR = 1.6, CI = [1.4, 1.9]) but less likelihood of experiencing sexual abuse (OR = 0.6, CI = [0.5, 0.7]) than boys. Among those who witnessed psychological IPV, girls had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing neglect (OR = 1.3, CI = [1.2, 1.5]) but less likelihood of experiencing sexual abuse (OR = 0.5, CI = [0.5, 0.6]) than boys. Boys who witnessed physical IPV and psychological IPV had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing sexual abuse compared with girls. Witnessing IPV increases the chances of child and adolescent victimization. Multidisciplinary approaches involving social workers, law enforcement personnel, and domestic violence and child protection workers could effectively respond to this problem.

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Jackson, Ashley N., Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes, Jewel D. Stafford, Helen Robinson, and Phylicia C. Allen. "“Can I Live”: Black American Adolescent Boys’ Reports of Police Abuse and the Role of Religiosity on Mental Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124330.

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State sanctioned violence aimed at Black individuals and communities is an issue that has pervaded American history and society since before the establishment of the United States. For Black males, anticipating and preparing for involuntary police contact, unfortunately, is an inevitable part of life. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of reports of police abuse on mental health and perceived racial out-group perceptions and the protective role of religiosity among a nationally representative sample of Black American adolescent boys (Mage = 14.98). Linear multiple regression was used to determine the interactive effects of subjective religiosity and reported police abuse on Black American adolescent boys. Higher reports of subjective religiosity were associated with lower depressive symptomatology. Reports of police abuse were associated with lower public regard beliefs (belief that society views Black Americans less favorably). Results highlight the impact experiencing police abuse has on Black adolescent boys and we conclude with implications, areas for future research and intervention points.

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Summers, Carol. "Boys, Brats and Education: Reproducing White Maturity in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1915–1935." Settler Colonial Studies 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2011.10648804.

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Lahlah, Esmah, Leontien M. van der Knaap, and Stefan Bogaerts. "Dangerous boys or boys in danger? Examining the relationship between ethnicity, child abuse and violent offending." European Journal of Criminology 10, no. 6 (November 2013): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370812467570.

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Rienzi, Beth M., J. Daniel McMillin, Candace L. Dickson, Darren Crauthers, Kevin F. McNeill, Maria D. Pesina, and Everett Mann. "Gender Differences regarding Peer Influence and Attitude toward Substance Abuse." Journal of Drug Education 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/52c7-5p6b-fph2-k5ah.

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Gender role socialization differentially influences attitudes toward substance abuse for boys and girls. Students ( n = 968, 456 = males, M age = 16.20, SD = 1.20) were administered a questionnaire to assess their perceptions of attitudes toward substance abuse. Boys' approval was significantly different than the level of approval estimated for girls on teenagers drinking beer or wine coolers χ2 (4, n = 931) = 418.58, p < .00001, drinking hard liquor χ2(4, n = 921) = 432.49, p < .00001, driving after drinking χ2(4, n = 924) = 492.32, p < .00001, smoking marijuana χ2(4, n = 921) = 609.62, p < .00001, smoking cigarettes χ2(4, n = 927) = 480.35, p < .00001, taking diet pills to lose weight χ2(4, n = 914) = 185.05, p < .00001, and taking diet pills to get high χ2(4, n = 921) = 428.43, p < .00001. Teens viewed getting drunk at a party as more acceptable than driving after drinking2 (4, n = 921) = 264.10, p < .00001, but gave boys more approval than girls for driving after drinking. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.

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El-Hamd, MohammedAbu, and Soha Aboeldahab. "Possible role of sexual abuse in boys with perianal warts." Journal of Integrative Nephrology and Andrology 4, no. 2 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2394-2916.208580.

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43

Young, Jon. "The ritualistic circumcision of male babies and boys is abuse." Nursing Standard 26, no. 39 (May 30, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.05.26.39.33.p8494.

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Young, Jon. "The ritualistic circumcision of male babies and boys is abuse." Nursing Standard 26, no. 39 (May 30, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.26.39.33.s48.

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&, Bryn Williams, and Michelle New. "Developmental Perspective on Adolescent Boys Who Sexually Abuse Other Children." Child and Adolescent Mental Health 1, no. 4 (November 1996): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.1996.tb00027.x.

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Hodges, Jill, Arnon Bentovim, Chriso Andreou, Bryn Williams, and Monica Lanyado. "Understanding boys who sexually abuse other children: A clinical illustration." Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 9, no. 3 (January 1995): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02668739500700241.

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Newsom, Walter S. "Review of Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims of Sexual Abuse." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 38, no. 11 (November 1993): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/032816.

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Holmes, William C., and Gail B. Slap. "Sexual Abuse of Boys: Definition, Prevalence, Correlates, Sequelae, and Management." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 38, no. 5 (May 1999): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199905000-00032.

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Kawawe, Seliwe M. "The impact of family abuse on women and children in Zimbabwe." New Global Development 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486830008415782.

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Bennell, Paul, and Mkhululi Ncube. "Jobs for the Boys? The employment experiences of secondary school‐leavers in Zimbabwe." Journal of Southern African Studies 20, no. 2 (June 1994): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079408708401.

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