Journal articles: 'BP Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Oil Spill'

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Noussia, Kyriaki. "The BP Oil Spill Environmental Pollution Liability and Other Legal Ramifications." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 20, Issue 3 (June 1, 2011): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2011009.

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The financial impact of the April 20th, 2010 explosion and sinking of the "Deepwater Horizon'' in the Gulf of Mexico is estimated to overall eclipse the financial impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. In spite of having managed to contain the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill nevertheless, the environmental liability and other legal ramifications of the disaster continue to loom large. We examine the legal consequences that the environmental pollution owed to the explosion and sinking of the "Deepwater Horizon" bears and, in doing so, also draw conclusions and lessons to be learned.

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Garner, Steve A., and Michael J. Lacina. "Environmental disclosures and changes in firm value: new evidence from the BP oil spill." Accounting Research Journal 32, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 610–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-06-2018-0095.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to use a sample of oil and gas firms and examine the relationship between environmental disclosure in the USA Form 10-K and the stock market reaction after the BP oil spill. Design/methodology/approach The study focused on three important time periods associated with the oil spill: the time period beginning with the explosion on April 20, 2010 and ending August 5, 2010, one day after BP permanently sealed the oil leak; the period beginning with the explosion on April 20 and ending with the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig on April 22; and the period associated with President Obama’s first public comments on the oil spill and his administration’s ban on oil drilling, i.e. April 29-30 and May 3. Findings The results show a negative relationship between environmental disclosure and stock market reaction. Social implications The findings of a negative association could be the result of higher disclosure by firms with more environmental risk because they indeed are riskier and/or they engage in “window dressing” to legitimize their operations and practices and maintain acceptance by society. Originality/value The results in this study run counter to a positive association documented in prior research studying the effects of environmental disasters.

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Houridis, Harry, and Mellor Peter. "Oil spill tracking buoy—revolutionising offshore response and recovery." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14130.

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April 2014 marked the four-year anniversary of the BP Deepwater Horizon Disaster; a rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico that killed 11 workers and led to the worst offshore oil spill in US history. Oil gushed from the sea floor for 87 days before the well was capped an estimated 5 million BBL spilled into the Gulf, inflicting untold environmental damage. The event highlighted how little the industry knows about containing deep-water oil spills or about how oil spreads. Oil washed up hundreds of miles away on coastlines in Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida, but scientists struggled to determine where all of the oil had gone. Had some of it evaporated or was it hiding below the surface? Had it been carried by currents to the Gulf’s deep waters or perhaps even further? No one can say for sure. The resulting science highlighted that oil drifts along the surface of ocean water at 97% of current speed, but at only a fraction of the wind speed. During the Deepwater Horizon Disaster, the tracking buoys sat too proud and were driven the wrong way by the wind. It is essential to track the currents, since they account for at least 95%–98% of the ultimate oil spill trajectory. WorleyParsons designed, developed and deployed an oil spill tracking buoy (OSTB) to provide a scientific instrument for capturing only the surface currents. The specific gravity of each buoy is such that it tracks surface currents. Material selection and manufacture, ocean validation and telecommunication engineers came together to produce such a device, which is largely underwater but can continue to communicate with satellites.

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Zimmermann, Leigh, Michael Feldman, Debra Benoit, Michael Carron, Nilde Dannreuther, Katie Fillingham, James Gibeaut, et al. "From Disaster to Understanding: Formation and Accomplishments of the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative." Oceanography 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.114.

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The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) was created in 2010 following the catastrophic Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill. BP engaged Rita Colwell to form and lead an independent board of experts to oversee an unprecedented program of scientific research on the effects of the spill. As a new and uniquely funded organization, GoMRI quickly developed and implemented a set of management processes, policies, and frameworks while simultaneously building an interconnected research community that eventually grew to nearly 4,500 individuals. The GoMRI Research Board and Management Team successfully produced and operated a system for requests for proposals, grants management, scientific and programmatic data management, and outreach and education, and assembled a scientific synthesis of results to create a lasting legacy 10 years after the disaster. Here, we document the challenges and key decisions underlying the design and operation of GoMRI as a model for independent, industry-funded research. In short, GoMRI represents a unique multi-sector partnership and a community of researchers that will advance science in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere for decades to come.

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Bothun, Gregory D. "Ignoring Quantitative Reasoning: The Initial Estimates of the Size of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill of 2010 and the Failure of Science in Properly Shaping the Policy Response." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001578.

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The initial estimate of the flow rate of now liberated crude oil following the explosion and sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil platform turned out to be a factor of 50 times lower than the physical reality. This initial estimate, provided by the corporate owner of the oil platform, British Petroleum (BP), was a leak rate of 1,000 barrels per day (bpd). This number was not based on any scientific approach and was never put into context, for the media or the public, of whether this was a big or small number (i.e., how many bpd is equivalent to filling a bathtub for 24 h) and was simply accepted as the physical reality. As a consequence, the initial response to the disaster would plan for a scope that was much smaller than what ultimately unfolded. Furthermore, since 1,000 bpd turns out to be a small number, the initial strategy was based on the belief that the leak could be patched and therefore a fix was manageable. Here we show that (a) simple physical reasoning at the time of the occurrence would have lead to initial estimates that were close to the final estimate (determined 2 months after the initial incident) of about 50,000 bpd; (b) there was an unnecessarily slow time evolution to involve the scientific community to gather relevant data that would vastly improve the estimate and; (c) this slow evolution in unmasking the physical reality of the situation prevented a more robust governmental response to the problem. Even though the government, through National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), revised the leak rate to 5,000 bpd one week after the disaster, another month would elapse before it was officially recognized that the leak rate was essentially 10 times higher.

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Trout, Douglas, and Maureen Niemeier. "BP Oil Spill Deepwater Horizon Response." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v29.79.

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In June and July 2010, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated potential exposures and health effects of workers involved in Deepwater Horizon response activities due to the BP oil spill. The evaluation included on–shore wildlife cleaning and rehabilitation workers in AL, FL, LA, and MS. NIOSH investigators assessed site factors and surveyed workers to collect information on demographics, job duties, occupational exposure to oil or other agents, and health symptoms experienced. Birds were the most common type of wildlife being treated and rehabilitated at the centers. For nearly all health outcomes, more injuries and symptoms were reported among wildlife cleaning workers than among a comparison group. Among the most commonly reported health conditions, scrapes and cuts were reported by 67 percent of workers, and itchy or red skin or rash were reported by 46 percent. Occupational factors unique to oiled wildlife cleaning and rehabilitation likely contributed to the health conditions reported. These factors included: skin contact with oil on the wildlife and in cleaning water; skin exposure to detergents and cleaners; persistent wet skin; and, frequent handling and awkward lifting and moving of wildlife and cages. An occupational health concern common among all Deepwater Horizon response workers was heat stress from work in a hot and humid environment. NIOSH recommended continuing heat stress management plans and use of protective equipment to minimize skin and mucus membrane contact with oil and oil–contaminated water, measures to reduce ergonomic hazards, housekeeping to prevent slippery surfaces, and encouraging workers to report and seek care for health concerns and injuries.

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Oldenburg, Shannon, Ted Holt, and Walton Jackson. "Alabama Oil and Gas Update." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 19, no. 2 (March 2013): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v19.i2.2.

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The following cases are but two of many lawsuits filed by environmental groups challenging offshore oil and gas leasing, exploration, and development in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion and oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. The first case, filed in Alabama district court, involves agency approvals of lease sales that began shortly before and continued during and after the Deepwater Horizon incident, prior to concluding the environmental reviews of the specific impacts of the Deepwater Horizon spill. The second case, filed in the Eleventh Circuit, challenges a later phase agency approval of an exploration plan under similar circumstances.

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Kurmelovs, Royce. "Australian science agency faces scrutiny over industry influence." Science 382, no. 6672 (November 17, 2023): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adm9509.

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Hayworth, J. S., T. P. Clement, and J. F. Valentine. "Deepwater Horizon oil spill impacts on Alabama beaches." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 3639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3639-2011.

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Abstract. From mid June 2010 to early August 2010, the white sandy beaches along Alabama's Gulf coast were inundated with crude oil discharged from the Deepwater Horizon well. The long-term consequences of this environmental catastrophe are still unfolding. Although BP has attempted to clean up some of these beaches, there still exist many unanswered questions regarding the physical, chemical, and ecological state of the oil contaminated beach system. In this paper, we present our understanding of what is known and known to be unknown with regard to the current state of Alabama's beaches in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Motivated by our observations of the evolving distribution of oil in Alabama's beaches and BP's clean-up activities, we offer our thoughts on the lessons learned from this oil spill disaster.

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Hayworth, J. S., T. P. Clement, and J. F. Valentine. "Deepwater Horizon oil spill impacts on Alabama beaches." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 12, 2011): 6721–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-6721-2011.

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Abstract. From mid June 2010 to early August 2010, the white sandy beaches along Alabama's Gulf coast were inundated with crude oil discharged from the Deepwater Horizon well. The long-term consequences of this environmental catastrophe are still unfolding. Although BP has attempted to clean up some of these beaches, there still exist many unanswered questions regarding the physical, chemical, and ecological state of the oil contaminated beach system. In this paper, we present our understanding of what is known and known to be unknown with regard to the current state of Alabama's beaches in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Motivated by our observations of the evolving distribution of oil in Alabama's beaches and BP's clean-up activities, we offer our thoughts on the lessons learned from this oil spill disaster.

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Sullivan, John, and Katelyn Parady. "Social Justice and Environmental Justice Is an Easy Blend For Us: You Can’t Have One Without the Other—An Interview With CEEJ." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 28, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291118811162.

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Reverend James Black and his daughter, Joi Black-Tate, are key members of the Center for Environmental and Economic Justice team that served as a community hub for risk dissemination and clinical cohort management during the Gulf Coast Health Alliance: Health risks related to the Macondo Spill effort to characterize risk from the Deepwater Horizon well explosion and crude oil spill. In this interview, Reverend James Black and Ms. Black-Tate discuss how their community in Biloxi, Mississippi, was impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and connect this catastrophe to their previous experiences with collaborative Environmental Protection Agency projects measuring dioxin in “Back Bay Biloxi” and toxic chemical seepage from the Keesler Air Force Base. They elaborate on why they view their organization’s commitment to environmental justice as a natural outgrowth of the struggle for African-American civil rights and social justice in Mississippi and share reflections on the spiritual core of their relationship to community, social change, health, and the natural world.

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MEJRI, Mohamed, and Daniel DE WOLF. "Crisis Management: Lessons Learnt from the BP Deepwater Horizon Spill Oil." Business Management and Strategy 4, no. 2 (December 25, 2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bms.v4i2.4950.

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Nelson, Robert K., Christoph Aeppli, Catherine A. Carmichael, and Christopher M. Reddy. "High Resolution Forensic Analysis Of Surface Sheens Helps Pinpoint Source Of Oil Leakage From The Deepwater Horizon." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300290. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300290.1.

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Alkenes commonly found in synthetic drilling-fluids were used to identify sources of oil sheens that were first observed in September 2012 close to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster site more than two years after the Macondo MC-252 well was sealed. Exploration of the sea floor by BP confirmed that the well was capped and sound. BP scientists and engineers identified the likely source as leakage from an 80-ton cofferdam abandoned during a failed attempt to control the Macondo well in May 2010. We acquired and analyzed sheen samples at the sea-surface above the Deepwater Horizon wreckage as well as oil collected directly from the cofferdam using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). This allowed the identification of drilling-fluid C16- to C18-alkenes in sheen samples that were absent in cofferdam oil. Furthermore, the spatial pattern of evaporative losses of sheen oil alkanes indicated that oil surfaced closer to the Deepwater Horizon wreckage than the abandoned cofferdam site. Lastly, ratios of alkenes and petroleum hydrocarbons pointed to a common source of oil found in both sheen samples and recovered from oil-coated Deepwater Horizon riser pipe buoyancy compensator module debris collected shortly after the explosion. These lines of evidence suggest that the observed sheens do not originate from the Macondo well, cofferdam, or from natural seeps. Rather, the likely source is oil trapped in tanks and pits on the Deepwater Horizon wreckage, representing a finite oil leakage volume.

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Murakami, Tomohiro. "Development of Lubricating EA Gel Oil of Marine Engine for VGP." Impact 2020, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.4.57.

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In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill – the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum history – occurred. The cause of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was an explosion on the oil drilling well. There are other causes of major oil spills, including leakages from sunken vessels. As a result, there is increasing attention on environmental protections. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has, in recent years, put more stringent measures in place in an attempt to curb the potential for oil spillages. One of their key focuses has been on accidental spills during the operation of marine vessels, which culminated in its Vessel General Permit (VGP). In 2013, the EPA ruled that the VGP mandated the use of environmentally friendly lubricants, where all ship operators entering the US had to use eco-friendly lubricants in all of the equipment that came into contact with seawater. Tomohiro Murakami is a Japanese researcher who has focused the majority of his studies on the development of novel gels and lubricants that have attractive properties. Based at the Yuge National College of Maritime Technology in Japan, he and his team has been working on overcoming the challenges associated with creating eco-friendly lubricants for use in marine vessels.

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Starbird, Kate, Dharma Dailey, Ann Hayward Walker, Thomas M. Leschine, Robert Pavia, and Ann Bostrom. "Social Media, Public Participation, and the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 21, no. 3 (November 18, 2014): 605–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.947866.

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Cano-Urbina, Javier, Christopher M. Clapp, and Kevin Willardsen. "The effects of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill on housing markets." Journal of Housing Economics 43 (March 2019): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2018.09.004.

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Harrison, Jill Ann. "“Down Here We Rely on Fishing and Oil”: Work Identity and Fishers’ Responses to the BP Oil Spill Disaster." Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121419881140.

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Survey research on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has documented both short-term and longer term effects of the spill and chemical agents on physical, mental, and environmental health, but less is known about how individuals living in and around affected areas make sense of the oil spill disaster. Prior research on disaster describes how people make sense of these events through social, political, and relational processes, yet have not explored the mediating role that work identity might play in the sense-making process. Using in-depth interviews with Louisiana shrimp fishers, I show how interpretations of the British Petroleum (BP) oil spill and its aftermath are fundamentally grounded in work identity. Findings indicate fishers recognize the role BP played in their ongoing health and environmental problems related to the spill. At the same time, they generally view BP as favorable and hold optimistic views regarding their abilities to continue to fish in grounds where they find evidence of the oil spill. Work identity filters how these fishers make sense of their experience and limits the range of responses available to them. This project, thus, centers work within research on the subjective experience of disaster, and further contributes to understanding the socially constructed nature of disaster perceptions and responses.

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Morgan, O. A., J. C. Whitehead, W. L. Huth, G. S. Martin, and R. Sjolander. "Measuring the Impact of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Consumer Behavior." Land Economics 92, no. 1 (January 12, 2016): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.92.1.82.

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Kim, Seong-Jae, Ohgew Kweon, John B. Sutherland, Hyun-Lee Kim, Richard C. Jones, Brian L. Burback, Steven W. Graves, Edward Psurny, and Carl E. Cerniglia. "Dynamic Response of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 to BP Deepwater Horizon Crude Oil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 13 (April 17, 2015): 4263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00730-15.

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ABSTRACTWe investigated the response of the hydrocarbon-degradingMycobacterium vanbaaleniiPYR-1 to crude oil from the BP Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill, using substrate depletion, genomic, and proteome analyses.M. vanbaaleniiPYR-1 cultures were incubated with BP DWH crude oil, and proteomes and degradation of alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed at four time points over 30 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed a chain length-dependent pattern of alkane degradation, with C12and C13being degraded at the highest rate, although alkanes up to C28were degraded. Whereas phenanthrene and pyrene were completely degraded, a significantly smaller amount of fluoranthene was degraded. Proteome analysis identified 3,948 proteins, with 876 and 1,859 proteins up- and downregulated, respectively. We observed dynamic changes in protein expression during BP crude oil incubation, including transcriptional factors and transporters potentially involved in adaptation to crude oil. The proteome also provided a molecular basis for the metabolism of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon components in the BP DWH crude oil, which included upregulation of AlkB alkane hydroxylase and an expression pattern of PAH-metabolizing enzymes different from those in previous proteome expression studies of strain PYR-1 incubated with pure or mixed PAHs, particularly the ring-hydroxylating oxygenase (RHO) responsible for the initial oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on these results, a comprehensive cellular response ofM. vanbaaleniiPYR-1 to BP crude oil was proposed. This study increases our fundamental understanding of the impact of crude oil on the cellular response of bacteria and provides data needed for development of practical bioremediation applications.

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BOLLT, ERIK M., AARON LUTTMAN, SEAN KRAMER, and RANIL BASNAYAKE. "MEASURABLE DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT IN THE GULF OF MEXICO DURING THE OIL SPILL." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 22, no. 03 (March 2012): 1230012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127412300121.

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On April 20, 2010, an oil well cap explosion below the Deepwater Horizon, an off-shore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico, started the worst human-caused submarine oil spill ever. Though an historic tragedy for the marine ecosystem, the unprecedented monitoring of the spill in real time by satellites and increased modeling of the natural oceanic flows has provided a wealth of data, allowing analysis of the flow dynamics governing the spread of the oil. In this work, we present the results of two computational analyses describing the mixing, mass transport, and flow dynamics of the oil dispersion in the Gulf of Mexico over the first 100 days of the spill. Transfer operator methods are used to determine the spatial partitioning of regions of homogeneous dynamics into almost-invariant sets, and Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents are used to compute pseudo-barriers to the mixing of the oil between these regions. The two methods give complementary results, generating a comprehensive description of the oil flow dynamics over time.

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Wilson, Charles, Michael Feldman, Michael Carron, Nilde Dannreuther, Kenneth Halanych, Jennifer Petitt, Jürgen Rullkötter, et al. "Summary of Findings and Research Recommendations from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative." Oceanography 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.128.

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Following the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010, the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) was established to improve society’s ability to understand, respond to, and mitigate the impacts of petroleum pollution and related stressors of the marine and coastal ecosystems. This article provides a high-level overview of the major outcomes of the scientific work undertaken by GoMRI. This initiative contributed to significant knowledge advances across the physical, chemical, geological, and biological oceanographic research fields, as well as in related technology, socioeconomics, human health, and oil spill response measures. For each of these fields, this paper outlines key advances and discoveries made by GoMRI scientists (along with a few surprises), synthesizing their efforts in order to highlight lessons learned, future research needs, remaining gaps, and suggestions for the next generation of scientists.

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Silliman, B. R., J. van de Koppel, M. W. McCoy, J. Diller, G. N. Kasozi, K. Earl, P. N. Adams, and A. R. Zimmerman. "Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP-Deepwater Horizon oil spill." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 28 (June 25, 2012): 11234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204922109.

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McCall, Brittany D., and Steven C. Pennings. "Disturbance and Recovery of Salt Marsh Arthropod Communities following BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (March 7, 2012): e32735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032735.

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Hughes, Joseph T., and Scott Rudolph. "NIEHS Oil Spill Health and Safety Training: Learning from Deepwater Horizon to Improve Future Response Training." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2129.

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ABSTRACT: When the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico, the United States faced an enormous challenge. The massive oil release had significant consequences in the region for the environment and for human health. The U.S. government has plans in place for an emergency response to disasters, and these plans are based on experiences during previous disasters, including the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster, and Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. After each disaster, the emergency response was evaluated and analysis of lessons learned led to revised emergency response plans for oil spills and for other types of disasters. In the case of the Deepwater Horizon event, the National Contingency Plan (NCP) was activated. The disaster response was implemented rapidly on a huge scale. Numerous governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, local groups, and BP employees and contractors were engaged. Over 47,000 cleanup workers were trained to deal with the oil release. (See Table One) Over time, concerns have been raised about the health of cleanup workers, and the monitoring of their health continues.Table One:DWH Workforce Metrics The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Worker Education and Training Program (WETP) held a workshop in Mobile, AL on May 4–5, 2011 that included a broad range of participants who were involved in the Deepwater Horizon response. This paper summarizes findings from the workshop report of what worked and what did not work as the basis for improvements in preparedness for future disasters. Specifically, workshop findings and recommendations focused on two topics: community engagement in the response process and the development of safety training for non-professional cleanup workers. The dialogue revealed that local community resources were utilized during the Deepwater Horizon response. However, workshop attendees noted areas for improving community engagement. They expressed that communities possess unparalleled knowledge of their local environments and can provide a valuable workforce to support response efforts. Workshop participants also called attention to a need to consider local community health issues in the response plan, so that information, appropriate medical care, and other health needs are addressed rapidly. While worker training was implemented quickly, training quality needs improvement. Issues around appropriate pre-incident training need to be addressed by OSHA and others responsible for worker protection. The Deepwater Horizon oil release was a disaster that called upon the U.S. to assemble and deploy tremendous resources to address an evolving challenge. The response was rapid, resilient, and in many ways effective. Workshop participant experience documents areas for improvement. The government has taken experiences from previous disasters to revise national disaster response plans. Deepwater Horizon response, as summarized in this report, can be applied to further improve worker safety and health training so that emergency responses to future disasters can more effectively address the challenges and needs of those involved in the event.

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Leifer, Ira, William J. Lehr, Debra Simecek-Beatty, Eliza Bradley, Roger Clark, Philip Dennison, Yongxiang Hu, et al. "State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: Application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill." Remote Sensing of Environment 124 (September 2012): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.024.

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Ye, Lan, and Eyun-Jung Ki. "Organizational crisis communication on Facebook." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 22, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-07-2015-0045.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore British Petroleum’s (BP) crisis response on Facebook and factors contributing to its stakeholders’ perceptions of its crisis response strategies during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Design/methodology/approach Applying crisis response strategies, this study content analyzed BP’s crisis communication messages and Facebook users’ comments on BP America’s Facebook page. Findings The results revealed that information giving strategies dominated BP’s crisis response, and Facebook users were more likely to comment favorably when BP used information giving strategies and accommodative strategies. Bolstering strategies and third-party endorsement did not achieve anticipated effectiveness. Originality/value The findings of this study will contribute to effective application of crisis response strategies.

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Cope, Michael R., and Tim Slack. "Emplaced social vulnerability to technological disasters: Southeast Louisiana and the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill." Population and Environment 38, no. 3 (May 19, 2016): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-016-0257-8.

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Stewart, Patricia, Caroline P. Groth, Tran B. Huynh, Melanie Gorman Ng, Gregory C. Pratt, Susan F. Arnold, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, et al. "Assessing Exposures from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response and Clean-up." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 66, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i3—i22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab107.

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Abstract The GuLF Study is investigating adverse health effects from work on the response and clean-up after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil release. An essential and necessary component of that study was the exposure assessment. Bayesian statistical methods and over 135 000 measurements of total hydrocarbons (THC), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, and n-hexane (BTEX-H) were used to estimate inhalation exposures to these chemicals for >3400 exposure groups (EGs) formed from three exposure determinants: job/activity/task, location, and time period. Recognized deterministic models were used to estimate airborne exposures to particulate matter sized 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) and dispersant aerosols and vapors. Dermal exposures were estimated for these same oil-related substances using a model modified especially for this study from a previously published model. Exposures to oil mist were assessed using professional judgment. Estimated daily THC arithmetic means (AMs) were in the low ppm range (<25 ppm), whereas BTEX-H exposures estimates were generally <1000 ppb. Potential 1-h PM2.5 air concentrations experienced by some workers may have been as high as 550 µg m−3. Dispersant aerosol air concentrations were very low (maximum predicted 1-h concentrations were generally <50 µg m−3), but vapor concentrations may have exceeded occupational exposure excursion guidelines for 2-butoxyethanol under certain circumstances. The daily AMs of dermal exposure estimates showed large contrasts among the study participants. The estimates are being used to evaluate exposure–response relationships in the GuLF Study.

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Chapman, Piers, Steven DiMarco, Robert Hetland, and Scott Socolofsky. "From Bubbles to Beaches: An Integrated Modeling Approach to Oil Spill Response." Marine Technology Society Journal 52, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.6.4.

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AbstractThe BP-operated Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig blowout in April 2010 led to the release of about 700,000 tons of crude oil and 250,000 tons of gas into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) before it was capped. It also led, tragically, to 11 deaths and 16 injuries to people on the rig. This was the first deep, subsurface ocean spill in offshore oil exploration and posed many technical issues as a result. The GoM Research Initiative (GoMRI) was set up with funding provided by BP to improve the science for responding to future spills. Under GoMRI, the Gulf Integrated Spill Research (GISR) consortium was established to increase the understanding of how petroleum fluids in the ocean behave and improve the ability to predict what happens after a spill. GISR's aim was to construct a multiscale nested model suite that covers scales from droplets to an ocean basin, validated by field and laboratory experiments. Thus, we can follow an oil drop from its first release to its arrival on a shoreline, taking into account natural rates of mixing, dissolution, evaporation, and degradation. This was needed, because during the spill, available models all tended to operate at different scales but did not interact. There are also a number of shallow bays along the northern GoM that are of great importance to local fisheries, and these were not included in existing models.

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Boudreaux, Denis O., SPUma Rao, Praveen Das, and Nancy Rumore. "How Much Did The Gulf Oil Spill Actually Cost British Petroleum Shareholders?" Journal of International Energy Policy (JIEP) 2, no. 1 (May 24, 2013): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jiep.v2i1.7891.

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On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon Drilling Platform, a British Petroleum (BP) licensed rig, exploded. Two days later the huge rig sank to thebottom of the Gulf of Mexico triggering the United States worst offshore oilspill. By April 26, investors and themarket began realizing that the costs associated with this catastrophic eventto BP could be significant and BP shares fell by over two percent. The next day BP reported its annual earningswhich showed a huge rise in profits, due in part to much higher oil prices forthe previous year and BPs common stock price increased. However, on May 6, 2010, analysts warned that the Gulf ofMexico oil spill disaster would likely cost BP over $23 billion dollars (15bn)and its shares can be expected to lag behind those of its competitors by 5% forthe lasting future. At the same time,Tony Hayward insisted the company would "bounce back" from thesetback though he could not give a timescale for when the flow of oil would behalted. This study investigated BPsstock returns using two models to determine if their stocks experiencedabnormal returns for the period April 20, 2010 through April 5, 2011. Results show that the most significant impact of the oilspill to the stock price was over the first 34 days of the event period. This study estimates a significant negativeimpact of 38% to 41% in share value for BP during this event period.

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McGuire, William, Ellen Alexandra Holtmaat, and Aseem Prakash. "Penalties for industrial accidents: The impact of the Deepwater Horizon accident on BP’s reputation and stock market returns." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): e0268743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268743.

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Do visible industrial accidents damage firms’ reputations and depress their stock market returns, and do these penalties spill over to other firms in the industry? On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico leased by BP exploded and sank, causing 11 deaths and the largest marine oil spill in US history. We examine the impact of this accident on BP’s reputation and stock market performance using data from YouGov’s BrandIndex and Capital IQ’s financial data for the period 2007–2017. We employ a synthetic control analysis to examine the extent and duration of these penalties. We find that in the aftermath of the Deepwater accident, BP’s reputation declined by approximately 50% relative to the synthetic control, and this decline persisted through the end of 2017. Yet, in terms of financial market returns, though the stock price dropped drastically in the first two months, we do not find a statistically significant decline in the stock market returns either in the mid-term (1–2 years) or the long term (2–7 years). In terms of spillover effects, we find no evidence of reputational damage or a decline in stock market returns for other oil and gas firms. These findings suggest that while environmental accidents invite swift and lasting reputational penalties, they might not depress the stock market performance in the long run. Moreover, the impact either on reputation or stock market returns does not necessarily spill over to other firms in the same industry.

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Gavenus, Katie Aspen, Jennifer Tobin-Gurley, and Lori Peek. "Children of the Spills - Phase II: The Gulf Coast and the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." Children, Youth and Environments 23, no. 1 (2013): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cye.2013.0006.

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Sammarco, Paul W., Steve R. Kolian, Richard A. F. Warby, Jennifer L. Bouldin, Wilma A. Subra, and Scott A. Porter. "Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico." Marine Pollution Bulletin 73, no. 1 (August 2013): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029.

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Cherry, Katie E., Bethany A. Lyon, Loren D. Marks, Pam F. Nezat, Rachel Adamek, S. Devon Walsh, Kristina B. Fitzgerald, Dina R. Anbinder, and Claire V. Bernacchio. "After the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Financial and Health Concerns Among Coastal Residents and Commercial Fishers." Current Psychology 34, no. 3 (August 18, 2015): 576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9372-4.

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Cope, Michael R., and Tim Slack. "Correction to: Emplaced social vulnerability to technological disasters: Southeast Louisiana and the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill." Population and Environment 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-018-0300-z.

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Cherry, Katie E., Laura Sampson, Sandro Galea, Loren D. Marks, Kayla H. Baudoin, Pamela F. Nezat, and Katie E. Stanko. "Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Coastal Residents After Multiple Disasters." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.177.

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AbstractObjectiveExposure to multiple disasters, both natural and technological, is associated with extreme stress and long-term consequences for older adults that are not well understood. In this article, we address age differences in health-related quality of life in older disaster survivors exposed to the 2005 Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the role played by social engagement in influencing these differences.MethodsParticipants were noncoastal residents, current coastal residents, and current coastal fishers who were economically affected by the BP oil spill. Social engagement was estimated on the basis of disruptions in charitable work and social support after the 2005 hurricanes relative to a typical year before the storms. Criterion measures were participants’ responses to the SF-36 Health Survey which includes composite indexes of physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health.ResultsThe results of logistic regressions indicated that age was inversely associated with SF-36 PCS scores. A reduction in perceived social support after Hurricane Katrina was also inversely associated with SF-36 MCS scores.ConclusionsThese results illuminate risk factors that impact well-being among older adults after multiple disasters. Implications of these data for psychological adjustment after multiple disasters are considered. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:90–96)

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Chen, Huan, Nabanita Bhattacharyya, Rui Zhang, Aixin Hou, Ryan Rodgers, and Amy M. McKenna. "Characterization of the BP petroleum residuals in the sediment of the Salt Marshes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometry." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 299941. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-299941.1.

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Of the estimated 5 million barrels of crude oil released into the Gulf of Mexico from the BP Deepwater Horizon event, a fraction heavily oiled Louisiana's coastal salt marshes. Oil inputs may significantly alter the abundance, structure and diversity of the microbial communities inhabited in the sediments, and subsequently affect essential microbial services. In this study, detailed analysis was conducted to investigate the possible impact of petroleum residuals on soil microbial communities of salt marsh in northern Barataria Bay of the Gulf of Mexico after the oil spill. Sediment samples from heavily, moderately, non-oiled sites were collected after 7 months, 16 months and 29 months of the spill and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) were measured. Since traditional gas chromatography (GC) analysis cannot identify heavy fractions of the oil containments, we incorporated ultrahigh resolving power Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) to address the compositional complexity of high molecular weight, nonvolatile petroleum fractions of the oil containments that are not readily degraded by the indigenous microbial community. The petrogentic material was extracted with methylene chloride followed by positive and negative electrospray (ESI) FT-ICR-MS characterization. These data can be correlated with the analysis of the diversity and structure of the microbial community to elucidate how the oil contamination perturbed the microbial community and how the microbes responded to the perturbation. Mass spectrometry analysis of these samples display a 1.5 to 2.5 fold increase in the molecular complexity, particularly oxygen compounds relative to the original Macondo well oil and ketone species were abundantly present in the oiled sediment extracts. The comprehensive analysis on the petroleum residues will help us better understand the fate of oil released into the environment and the long-term impact of BP oil spill.

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Sammarco, Paul W., Stephan R. Kolian, Richard A. F. Warby, Jennifer L. Bouldin, Wilma A. Subra, and Scott A. Porter. "Concentrations in human blood of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Gulf of Mexico." Archives of Toxicology 90, no. 4 (May 22, 2015): 829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1526-5.

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Bates, Seumas. "“Before the Storm”: Hurricane Katrina, the BP Oil Spill, and the Challenges to Racial Hierarchies in Rural Louisiana." Nature and Culture 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2017.120105.

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By conceptualizing the recovery from Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon/BP oil spill as forming part of ongoing processes of “becoming” and the everyday, this article explores how the relative power of a historically privileged group of White males in rural Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, faced significant challenge. First, through the breakdown of informal racial segregation in local social institutions, and through the newly ubiquitous nature of mobile homes threatening their rejection of “trailer trash” culture. Second, however, this impact must be understood within ongoing changes across wider American society, where a locally valorized ideal of normative 1950s culture was seen to be in conflict with the civil rights and feminist movements of the late twentieth century. This imagined cultural hegemony was therefore in serious decline long before these catastrophes, yet has now been confined to the time “before the Storm.”

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Buckner, Ayanna V., Leslie M. Beitsch, and Bernard D. Goldstein. "The Gulf Region Health Outreach Program – An integrated public health response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.215.

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ABSTRACT We describe the Gulf Region Health Outreach Program (GRHOP), a series of four integrated community-based projects designed to be embedded in and to complement the existing efforts undertaken by the public health community along the Gulf Coast. Funded from the Deepwater Horizon Medical Settlement, the GRHOP target beneficiaries are residents of 17 coastal counties and parishes in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The GRHOP is unique in that it integrates projects focused on primary care, mental and behavioral health, environmental and occupational medicine, and training community health workers to help residents navigate the healthcare system and access needed care. We explore the evolution of the program, integration and collaboration among GRHOP projects, sustainability, and lessons learned. We also discuss how health professionals, public health organizations, and community groups, have come together, with lawyers from both the Plaintiff's Steering Committee and BP, to integrate their efforts toward the ultimate goal of bolstering evidence-based services and community resilience by increasing sustainable access to high-quality medical and mental and behavioral healthcare, increasing health knowledge among individuals, communities, and providers, and strengthening public health research infrastructure within an integrated public health program.

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Humphrey, Phillip, David A. Carter, and Betty Simkins. "The market’s reaction to unexpected, catastrophic events." Journal of Risk Finance 17, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-08-2015-0072.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the stock market reaction to the Gulf oil spill and determine if the markets exhibited rational pricing. On April 20, 2010, the US Coast Guard received a report of an explosion and fire aboard Transocean’s Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig. The resulting spill exceeded the Exxon Valdez oil spill as the worst in US history. With the total cost of the disaster reaching almost $54 billion for British Petroleum, clearly the spill had far-reaching effects on its market value. However, the more interesting question is what valuation effects might exist for other oil and gas firms, due to an increase in perceived risk for all offshore drilling and/or the likelihood of an increase in the regulation of the industry. Design/methodology/approach – Because the new information was released piecemeal over time and has the potential to affect a number of firms simultaneously, Gibbon’s (1980) multivariate regression model methodology (MVRM) was used to examine share price reactions of firms in the oil and gas industry in the aftermath of the oil spill. This methodology allows one to test whether significant abnormal returns occur on days where new information is released. Further, one is able to test whether the market reaction was the same for each firm or whether the market differentiated between firms. Findings – Evidence of abnormal returns was found for the majority of the information dates in our investigation. Further, the results reject the notion that the market reaction was the same for all oil and gas firms, leading to the conclusion that the market did differentiate between firms. Originality/value – This research is important because the results support rational pricing of the US stock markets following this unexpected and catastrophic event. The market was examined over the period following the oil spill on multiple dates when important new information is provided. This study contributes to financial and economic research on market efficiency and reactions to major risk events.

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Wu, Y. "(A191) The Challenge of the Mexican Oil SPILL (MC252)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002081.

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This proposal considers the recent events in the Gulf of Mexico during the British Petroleum MC 252 explosion and subsequent spill. It will discuss the challenges and innovative solutions applied by those involved in the Safety and Pre-hospital medical branch of the Deepwater Horizon spill response. First, it examines the logistical and practical challenges faced by emergency medicine planners working with a large temporary workforce on a HAZMAT scene for many months. It will also discuss the geographic challenges with working on dock sites that existed in local communities with mostly a rural medicine and hospital system, while also considering the potential for ambulance and further pre-hospital support. Impacts resulting from the public/private Incident Command Structure (ICS) will also be discussed liberally throughout the presentation. The author is the former Emergency Response Coordinator for one of BP's largest contractors in charge of the Vessels of Opportunity (VOO) and Near-Shore Skimming (NSS) programs. He was in charge of coordinating all emergency medicine in multiple US states throughout the response. It will analyze the multi-layered approach taken by on-site contractors in addressing these issues from a planning and operational perspective. Planners discovered that a uniform, one-size-fits-all approach applied by the Unified Area Command in New Orleans was virtually inapplicable to sites that had unique geographic and personnel characteristics. Furthermore those who involved in cleanup work in the Gulf had very different requirements than those on-shore. Therefore, site-specific personnel had to adapt to conditions while working within the framework established in New Orleans in order to satisfy ICS guidelines and ensure that emergency medicine in local communities was not overwhelmed. Lessons for future responses will be discussed, as there will be an examination of both the land-based NSS and the water-borne VOO programs.

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Ritchie, Liesel A., Duane A. Gill, and Michael A. Long. "Mitigating Litigating: An Examination of Psychosocial Impacts of Compensation Processes Associated with the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." Risk Analysis 38, no. 8 (January 31, 2018): 1656–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12969.

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Casey, Drew, and John Caplis. "Improving Planning Standards for the Mechanical Recovery of Oil Spills on Water." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1772–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1772.

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ABSTRACT As observed during several recent major oil spills, most notably the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, the current regulatory planning standard for mechanical recovery equipment has been often scrutinized as an inadequate means for vessel and facility plan holders to calculate their oil spill equipment needs. Effective Daily Recovery Capacity, or EDRC, was developed during a negotiated rulemaking process following the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. During an IOSC 2011 Workshop sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), and the U.S. Coast Guard, there was general agreement among workshop participants that EDRC is not an accurate planning tool for determining oil spill response equipment needs. In addition, many attendees agreed that EDRC should account for the skimmer system as a whole, not individual skimmer components such as pump nameplate capacity. In 2012, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and the U.S. Coast Guard initiated and completed a third-party, independent research contract to review the existing EDRC regulations and make recommendations for improving planning standards for mechanical recovery. The contractor's final report methodology is based on oil spill thickness as a fundamental component in calculating mechanical recovery potential, and it emphasizes the importance of response time on-scene and storage for recovered oil. This research provides a more realistic and scientific approach to evaluating skimmer system performance, and more accurately accounts for a wide range of operating conditions and external influences. The federal government, with input from the oil industry, OSRO community, and other interested stakeholders, now has a sound methodology to serve as a starting point for redesigning the current planning standard that more accurately reflects skimmer system performance.

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Gagnon, Marie-Hélène, and Gabriel J. Power. "Testing for changes in option-implied risk aversion." Review of Behavioral Finance 8, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 58–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-02-2014-0011.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate and test for changes in investor risk aversion and the stochastic discount factor (SDF) using options data on the West Texas Intermediate crude oil futures contract during the 2007-2011 period. Design/methodology/approach – Risk aversion functions and SDFs are estimated using parametric approaches before and after four specific dates of interest. The dates are: the summer 2008 end of the bull market regime; the late 2008 credit freeze trough; the BP Deepwater Horizon explosion; and the Libyan uprising. Findings – Absolute risk aversion functions and SDFs are significantly flatter (less decreasing in wealth) after the end of the bull market and the credit freeze trough. After these two market reversals, oil market participants were less risk-averse for low levels of wealth but more risk-averse for high wealth levels. Oil market investors also increased their valuation of anticipated future wealth in average states of nature relative to very high or very low-asset return states after reversals. The BP explosion and the Libyan uprising led to steeper risk aversion functions (decreasing more rapidly in wealth) and SDF. Oil market investors were more risk-averse for lower future wealth, but less risk-averse for higher future wealth. Oil market investors increased their valuation of anticipated future wealth in extreme states of nature relative to average states of nature after both dates. Originality/value – Documenting statistically and economically significant changes in oil market investors’ attitude toward risk and inter-temporal appetite for risk in relation to changes in financial and political conditions.

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Lyden-Kluss, Carleen. "The Positives and Perils of Communicating with the Public." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1057–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1057.

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Abstract In today’s age of 24/7/365 news cycles, the pace, outlets and breadth of news is faster and more comprehensive than ever before. Every citizen with a cell phone is a reporter, social media is beginning to dominate traditional news sources, and time has become an even more critical factor. There is an old maxim that you don’t want to be exchanging business cards in the middle of a crisis—and in today’s world of instant communications that is valuable time lost. We have also seen the impact of poor media communications when both the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon are featured in public relations classrooms as textbook cases of poor management (notwithstanding that the Deepwater Horizon was the largest marine spill in US history by a factor of 20 times, was politically charged, and had a continuous release with related imagery for 60+ days). The Exxon Corporation’s reputation was bound to suffer after the Exxon Valdez ran aground off Alaska and dumped 250,000 barrels of oil into Prince William Sound. But experts in public relations say that Exxon seriously worsened the damage to its public standing by failing to seize control of developments after the spill and establish itself as a company concerned about the problems it had caused (1). In the case of the Deepwater Horizon, people familiar with the inside of BP’s crisis control effort and outside experts say early on, BP didn’t have a public relations strategy. It failed to communicate the three key messages the public needed to hear: That BP was accountable for the disaster, was deeply concerned about the harm it caused and had a plan for what to do. Experts also agree that Hayward’s propensity to say the wrong thing made him the wrong choice to be the face of the crisis, and BP’s board took too long to figure that out. (2) In a world that is increasingly “wired”, it is imperative to address the public in a responsible, prepared, professional and comprehensive fashion. Every posting is a permanent record of the narrative, if not the events themselves. It is critical to be in control of the narrative to take advantage of positive community engagement, and avoid community backlash, which could lead to interference, or at least a distraction, from the mission at hand, which is to manage an effective response and minimize the impact on lives, the environment, and property. One of the most important, and lingering, aspects of a successful spill response is managing the public and the press. In the Deepwater Horizon, these aspects proved to be an enormous distraction to the responders, sucking valuable time and energy away from the response itself. This paper covers the importance of addressing the public, fundamentals of the maritime industry, tools for addressing crisis media management in advance of an event, as well as community building activities that companies can deploy on a regional basis which will bolster a company’s reputation in the region, as well as build a sense of trust with communities that may be affected by an incident.

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Fuoli, Matteo, and Charlotte Hommerberg. "Optimising transparency, reliability and replicability: annotation principles and inter-coder agreement in the quantification of evaluative expressions." Corpora 10, no. 3 (November 2015): 315–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2015.0080.

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Manual corpus annotation facilitates exhaustive and detailed corpus-based analyses of evaluation that would not be possible with purely automatic techniques. However, manual annotation is a complex and subjective process. Most studies adopting this approach have paid insufficient attention to the methodological challenges involved in manually annotating evaluation – especially concerning transparency, reliability and replicability. This article illustrates a procedure for annotating evaluative expressions in text that facilitates more transparent, reliable and replicable analyses. The method is demonstrated through a case study analysis of appraisal ( Martin and White, 2005 ) in a small-size specialised corpus of CEO letters published by the British energy company, BP, and four competitors before and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010. Drawing on Fuoli and Paradis's (2014) model of trust–repair discourse, we examine how attitude and engagement resources are strategically deployed by BP's CEO in the attempt to repair stakeholders’ trust after the accident.

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Chapman, Piers, Scott Socolofsky, and Robert Hetland. "FROM BLOWOUT TO BEACH: AN INTEGRATED MODELING APPROACH." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.919.

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ABSTRACT As part of the response to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010, we have been funded by the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative to construct a nested model suite that can follow an oil particle from its first release to its arrival on a shoreline, taking into account natural rates of mixing and degradation of the oil components. The model suite incorporates (at increasing levels of resolution) a coupled ocean-atmosphere model of the full Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic Ocean, a deep Gulf of Mexico model, a regional model of the Texas-Louisiana shelf, a 3D, non-hydrostatic bay model, a 3D Navier-Stokes model of the spill plume, and a particle tracking and transformation model for dispersed and dissolved oil and gas fate and transport integrated within the full flow domain. The models are supported by a series of laboratory and field experiments, including studies of single droplets, with and without dispersant, plumes, a deep-sea tracer release experiment and bubble releases to simulate an underwater blowout. The laboratory experiments will improve modeling of small-scale, near-field processes such as bubble and droplet formation, dissolution, droplet-turbulence interaction, and evaporation and dispersion at the air-sea interface. We show how the models are linked and how we are making progress towards the complete nested model suite, which will be available for use in future spills.

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Cherry, Katie E., Bethany A. Lyon, Laura Sampson, Sandro Galea, Pamela F. Nezat, and Loren D. Marks. "Prior Hurricane and Other Lifetime Trauma Predict Coping Style in Older Commercial Fishers After the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research 22, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): e12058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12058.

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Katie Aspen Gavenus, Jennifer Tobin-Gurley, and Lori Peek. "Children of the Spills - Phase II: The Gulf Coast and the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." Children, Youth and Environments 23, no. 1 (2013): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.23.1.0167.

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Journal articles on the topic 'BP Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Oil Spill'

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