Academic literature on the topic 'BP Islam'

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui korelasi dan hubungan antara variasi gaya mengajar guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti dengan hasil belajar peserta didik kelas XI di SMA N 1 Rambatan Semester Genap T.A 2019/2020. Metode yang digunakan metode korelasional. Hasil korelasi variasi gaya mengajar guru PAI-BP dengan hasil belajar PAI-BP peserta didik kelas XI di SMA N 1 Rambatan : tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara penerapan variasi gaya mengajar dengan hasil belajar PAI-BP peserta didik kelas XI di SMA N 1 Rambatan. Hasil penelitian : korelasi variasi gaya mengajar dengan hasil belajar terdapat harga rxy sebesar -0,114, dilihat pada tabel indek korelasi “r’ product moment pada kelas interval 0,00-0,20 dinyatakan dengan harga r_xy dengan interpretasi variasi gaya mengajar dan hasil belajar peserta didik terdapat korelasi, akan tetapi sangat lemah atau rendah. variasi gaya mengajar guru pendidikan agama Islam memberikan konstribusi terhadap hasil belajar PAI-BP peserta didik di SMA N 1 Rambatan sebesar 1,3%, sedangkan sisanya 98,7% berasal dari variabel lain yang tidak termasuk dalam penelitian.

Tulisan ini mendiskripisikan tentang substansi moral dan etika sosial dalam mata pelajaran agama di sekolah. Objek kajian dalam tulisan ini adalah telaah kritis terhadap terhadap buku pendidikan agama Islam (PAI) dan budi pekerti (BP). Sementara metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah metode studi pustaka (library research), yaitu melalui analisis deskriptif dengan cara mengumpulkan data, menyusun atau mengklarifikasi, menyusun dan menginterpretasinya sehingga akan mengarah pada hasil yang didapat. Tulisan ini memperlihatkan bahwa, jika materi Pendidikan Agama Islam bercorak Islam moderat, maka peserta didik dapat bersikap santun atau memiliki etika moral yang baik dan terbuka dalam menyikapi banyak pluralitas sosial. Disamping itu, peserta didik juga dapat memposisikan dirinya sebagai pribadi yang yang taat beragama dengan menjaga kemurnian akidah tetapi disaat yang sama dapat menghargai adat dan budaya lokal yang ada di lingkungan sekolah. Dengan mengejawantahkan Islam yang moderat, maka dapat dipastikan sikap spiritual peserta didik akan dapat semakin berkembang sesuai dengan perkembangan dan tuntutan zaman.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui muatan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter pada buku pelajaran PAI dan Budi pekerti kelas X SMK dan strategi pengintegrasian nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter pada buku PAI dan budi pekerti kelas X SMK. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metode content analisis (analisis isi).Sumber data dalam penelitian ini yaitu buku ajar Buku Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti kelas X Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) diterbitkan oleh penerbit Erlangga.Tim penyusunnya yaitu Drs. H. Abd.Rahman, MA, Dra.Hj.Lim Halimah, Munawir A.M., Drs. HA. Sholeh Dimyathi, MF, MM., Drs. H. Ridwan, Ms, MM.Nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter yang terkandung atau termuat didalam buku ajar Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti SMK kelas X yang ditemukan peneliti yaitu Religius, kerja keras, semangat kebangsaan, bersahabat/komunikatif, cinta damai, peduli lingkungan, peduli social, tanggung jawab, demokrasi, disiplin, jujur, rasa ingin tahu, menghargai prestasi, gemar membaca, kreatif, toleransi. Didalam buku mata pelajaran ini juga terdapat intruksi atau petunjuk-petunjuk yang tidak jauh berbeda dengan strategi yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan materi. Buku teks ini baik digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran karena materi yang terdapat didalam buku sudah termuat nilai-nilai karakter,hanya perlu disempurnakan pada proses pembelajaran atau kegiatan pembelajaran.

<strong></strong><p class="05Abstrak">Abstract</p><p class="06IsiAbstrak">Research on Distance Learning Management (PJJ) in the subject of Islamic Religious Education and Characteristics aims to identify distance learning management conducted on Islamic Education and BP SMP teachers in Tegal City. The distance learning management studied includes the Learning Management System (LMS) and PJJ Applications, the approaches and methods used, as well as the implications for competency attainment and the problems encountered. The Learning Management System and applications used are Google Classroom, WhatsApp, Google Form, Google Meeting, Zoom Cloud Meeting, and AGPAII Digital. The approach used is a scientific approach with the method of Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning, Inquiry, and Discovery Learning. The implication of distance learning that is carried out is related to the achievement of students' competencies, including Attitude, Spiritual, Social, Knowledge and Skill Competencies. The training was carried out to overcome the problems faced, namely training on the use of LMS and PJJ applications, training on distance learning methods, and training on making ICT-based teaching materials. Effective communication with parents is needed in order to achieve competency attainment.</p><p class="061AbstrakIndonesia">Abstrak</p>Penelitian Manajemen Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ) pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi manajemen pembelajaran jarak jauh yang dilakukan pada guru PAI dan BP SMP di Kota Tegal. Manajeman pembelajaran jarak jauh yang diteliti meliputi Learning Management Sytem (LMS) dan Aplikasi PJJ, pendekatan dan metode yang digunakan, serta implikasi terhadap ketercapaian kompetensi dan permasalahan yang ditemui. Learning Management Sytem dan aplikasi yang digunakan adalah Google Classroom, WhatsApp, Google Form, Google Meeting, Zoom Cloud Meeting, dan AGPAII Digital. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan saintifik dengan metode Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning, Inquiry, dan Discovery Learning. Implikasi dari pembelajaran jarak jauh yang dilakukan berhubungan dengan ketercapaian kompetensi peserta didik, meliputi Kompetensi Sikap, yakni Spiritual dan Sosial, Pengetahuan, dan Ketrampilan. Pelatihan dilakukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang dihadapi, yaitu Pelatihan penggunaan LMS dan Aplikasi PJJ, Pelatihan metode pembelajaran jarak jauh, dan pelatihan pembuatan bahan ajar berbasis TIK. Komunikasi efektif dengan orang tua diperlukan guna mencapai ketercapaian kompetensi.

Kasus pencampuran daging babi pada produk olahan asal daging sapi yang meresahkan masyarakat, terutama yang beragama Islam, masih ditemukan di Indonesia. Metode multipleks Polymerase Chain Reaction (multipleks-PCR) dapat mendeteksi cemaran daging babi pada produk olahan asal daging sapi. Metode ini menggunakan beberapa primer spesifik yang dapat mengamplifikasi beberapa target DNA dalam satu kali reaksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendesain primer spesifik untuk digunakan dalam mendeteksi cemaran daging babi pada produk olahan daging sapi menggunakan metode multipleks-PCR. Pertama-tama, primer didesain secara in silico menggunakan perangkat lunak bioinformatika MegAlign, Seqbuilder, dan AmplifX. Desain ini menggunakan gen mt-12s rRNA sebagai dasarnya. Primer yang didesain berupa dua primer forward untuk sapi: 5’-AGATTCACTGCATCTAACCCT-3’ dan babi: 5’-CTACATAAGAATACCCACCATACG-3’, serta satu primer reverse universal untuk sapi dan babi: 5’-CCAAGCACACTTTCCAGTATG-3’ Amplikon yang terbentuk secara in silico dari primer tersebut untuk DNA sapi 91 bp, sementara pada babi sebesar 230 bp. Selanjutnya, primer diuji untuk mengamplifikasi DNA daging sapi, daging babi, campuran kedua daging, dan produk olahan asal daging sapi, yaitu bakso sebanyak dua belas sampel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa primer hasil pendesainan dapat digunakan untuk mengamplifikasi target DNA dari daging sapi, daging babi, campuran kedua daging, dan produk olahan. Dengan demikian, primer hasil pendesainan ini terbukti dapat digunakan dalam metode multipleks-PCR untuk mendeteksi cemaran daging babi pada produk olahan sapi.

Consumer confidence in halal integrity of the unique and various food products provides Hat Yai, Thailand a great potential for a global destination of Muslim-friendly tourism. Islam prohibits the consumption of pork and its derivatives in any food products. The issue of food adulteration and contamination, particularly in the processed halal meat products with pork and its derivatives, greatly concern Muslim consumers. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of pork DNA from processed meat products collected from self-proclaimed “halal” Muslim street food stalls at Hat Yai, Thailand. Thirty-six samples of various processed meat products were randomly collected from seven Muslim street food stalls including patties, meatballs, and sausages containing processed chicken, beef, or a mixture of various meats. The detection of the presence of pork and its derivatives was performed by a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique based on the pork-specific primers for a conserved region in the mitochondrial (mt) 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The results revealed that three out of the thirty-six samples (8.3%) were positively identified to contain porcine DNA by the detection of the expected single band of size 387 bp. The DNA method conveniently provides reliable results for routine food analysis for halal requirement. Overall, the study highlights the importance of halal integrity between the producers, suppliers, and street food business owners to provide halal food products particularly to Muslim consumers.

Artykuł przedstawia panoramę utworów biograficznych, kreślących obrazy życia w społecznościach muzułmańskich. Opowieści były budowane przez autobiografów wokół kilku zasadniczych tematów: konfliktów w małżeństwach mieszanych, doświadczeń specyficznej przemocy w rodzinie muzułmańskiej, prześladowań innowierców, terroru w dominiach pod panowaniem m.in. ISIS, Boko Haram, współczesnych zagrożeń terroryzmem i fanatyzmem islamskim. Ponadto dużą grupę pamiętników tworzą te, których głównym tematem jest reforma religii oraz konwersje z islamu na chrześcijaństwo. Wizerunek świata islamu, który wyłania się z pamiętników, to rzeczywistość, w której podstawowym problemem jest przemoc motywowana w sposób religijno-kulturowy. Doświadczenie przemocy lub sprzeciw wobec niej jest zazwyczaj główną osią narracji pamiętnikarskich. Autorzy biografii wskazują przede wszystkim na szariat – prawo religijne islamu jako główne źródło zachowań przemocowych.

Megalithic culture research at Labuaja Site, Kahu sub-district and other sites in Bone Regency aims to determine the distribution and chronology. This research doing by survey and excavation techniques. Archaeological data found from megalithic sites in Bone Regency are presented in descriptive analysis. In addition, C14 analysis was also carried out with charcoal in Beta Analytic Inc. Miami, Florida, USA to find out its absolute date. The results showed that megalithic sites in Bone had a fairly even distribution and occupy the slope to hilltops with a height of 28 - 218 meters above sea level. The results of radiocarbon dating indicate that the age of the site and megalithic culture in Labuaja, Bone ranges from 400 - 190 BP (around the 15th-17th century AD). Based on that date, the megalithic culture in Labuaja began in the golden age of the kingdom of Bone. Megalithic culture in Bone has associations with natural resources such as rivers and rice fields which are very supportive in the activities of human life that depend on agricultural resources. With the exploitation of agricultural resources, thus produce the social system and ideology adopted by the people who reach the Islamic period. Penelitian kebudayaan megalitik pada situs Labuaja, Kecamatan Kahu dan situs-situs yang lainnya di Kabupaten Bone bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran dan menentukan kronologinya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik survei dan ekskavasi. Data arkeologis yang ditemukan dari situs situs megalitik di Kabupaten Bone disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif analisis. Selain itu, dilakukan pula analisis C14 dengan bahan arang di Beta Analytic Inc Miami Florida, USA untuk mengetahui pertanggalan absolutnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa situs-situs megalitik di Bone memiliki sebaran yang cukup merata dan menempati wilayah lereng hingga puncak bukit dengan ketinggian antara 28 – 218 meter di atas permukaan laut. Hasil pertanggalan radiokarbon menunjukkan bahwa umur situs dan kebudayaan megalitik di Labuaja, Bone berkisar antara 400 – 190 BP (sekitar abad ke-15–17 Masehi). Berdasarkan pertanggalan tersebut, kebudayaan megalitik di Labuaja berawal pada zaman keemasan kerajaan Bone. Kebudayaan megalitik di Bone memiliki asosiasi dengan sumber-sumber alam seperti sungai dan persawahan yang sangat menunjang dalam aktivitas kehidupan manusia yang bergantung pada sumber sumber pertanian. Dengan kegiatan eksploitasi sumber pertanian, sehingga melahirkan sistem sosial dan ideologi yang dianut oleh masyarakat yang menjangkau periode Islam.

The popular historical narrative of the batik Sidoarjo needs to be reexamined based on historical methodology so that there is no historical bias based only on oral stories of the general public. Many studies are trapped in an inaccurate understanding of local historicity. As a result, these various studies have failed to fit batik Sidoarjo into its full context, instead it has become a kind of narrative standardization on its characteristics and history. This study aims to criticize the historical construction that has been popular in relation to the basic understanding of batik Sidoarjo and to explain the position of batik Sidoarjo in the cultural framework of its people. This article is the author's attempt to provide an analysis or explanation that is different from the historical narrative of batik Sidoarjo which is commonly used in various discussions. This research is classified as a qualitative research, using the historical method which consists of four stages, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This research uses historical and sociological approaches to collect, select, and critically examine historical sources of Sidoarjo batik, resulting in historical facts. The results showed that the historicity of batik Sidoarjo refers to the batik activities in the areas of Kedungcangkring, Jetis, Sekardangan, Gajah Mada St. (Peranakans), and Tulangan, all of which have a direct relationship with both Peranakans nor indigenous. Batik Sidoarjo is not framed by traditional rituals, nor is it under the control and domination of the royal aristocracy. Its growth is based on the factor of the economic needs of the supporting community, which tends to be a trading commodity. The presence of other groups of people or nations such as Peranakan Chinese, Indo-European, Dutch, Arabic contributed to the birth of Sidoarjo batik. Keywords: batik, Sidoarjo, historical criticism.AbstrakNarasi sejarah batik Sidoarjo yang populer perlu dikaji ulang dengan didasari metodologi sejarah sehingga tidak terjadi bias sejarah yang hanya berdasar pada cerita lisan masyarakat umum. Banyak penelitian yang terjebak dalam pemahaman historisitas setempat yang kurang tepat. Akibatnya, berbagai kajian tersebut tidak berhasil mendudukkan batik Sidoarjo sesuai dengan konteksnya secara utuh, malah menjadi semacam standardisasi narasi pada karakteristik maupun sejarahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkritisi konstruksi sejarah yang telah populer terkait pemahaman dasar tentang batik Sidoarjo serta menjelaskan kedudukan batik Sidoarjo dalam kerangka budaya masyarakatnya. Artikel ini merupakan upaya penulis untuk memberikan analisis atau paparan yang berbeda dari narasi sejarah batik Sidoarjo yang umum dilakukan pada berbagai pembahasan. Penelitian ini tergolong dalam penelitian kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas empat tahap, yaitu heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan historis dan sosiologis untuk mengumpulkan, menyeleksi, dan menguji secara kritis sumber-sumber sejarah batik Sidoarjo, sehingga menghasilkan fakta sejarah. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa historisitas batik Sidoarjo merujuk pada aktivitas pembatikan yang ada di wilayah Kedungcangkring, Jetis, Sekardangan, Jl. Gajah Mada (China Peranakan), dan Tulangan yang kesemuanya saling terkait memiliki hubungan langsung baik itu pembatikan China peranakan maupun pribumi. Batik Sidoarjo tidak dikerangkai oleh ritual adat, juga tidak di bawah kendali dan dominasi aristokrasi kraton. 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This research study aims to explore the concept of motivation from the Islamic perspective, which is explored to a poor extent. It seeks to shed light on Islām and how it motivates its followers to behave appropriately while fulfilling their needs and desires, guided by the Holy Qur’ān and Ḥadīth. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to study and understand the various perspectives presented by other scholars on human psychology and motivation specifically from the perspectives of Islām, Christianity and Jewish cultures. This study adopts a qualitative approach and focuses on gathering secondary data from a broad range of sources. The data collected is then analysed in an interpretative yet subjective manner. To achieve the aims of this research, the emphasis is laid on gathering both comprehensive secondary data from the religious journals and academic books. The evidence was gathered from the holy books of these religions which include Holy Qur’ān, Bible and Torah. From the findings of the research, it was concluded by the researcher that Islām significantly highlighted and differentiated from Christianity and Judaism in endorsing motivation among its followers. It is identified that Allāh created mankind to spread His word and to perform His actions. He motivated humans by offering them certain rewards and making them fearful of the consequences in case they fail to follow His commands. This thesis provides greater insight into the role played by Islām in motivating human beings to live a life in a way that is beneficial here on earth and in the afterlife. This study is expected to contribute further to the collective knowledge and understanding of motivation and human behavior.

'Conversion of African Americans to Islam: A Sociological Analysis of the Nation of Islam Associated groups' is an empirical study of the religious experience of people who had/have distinctive features in terms of race, ethnicity and historical experience. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how African Americans' (AAs) conversion experience in general, and the Nation of Islam associated groups' conversion in particular, differ from the studies of recruitment and conversion in the sociology of religion and New Religion Movements (NRMs). More specifically, their recruitment and conversion experiences to Islam diverge from those who converted to mainstream Islam. The study investigates how AAs' historical experience, soci-economic difficulties and the racism they encountered shaped and influenced their religious understanding. Research methods involved participant observations, a survey questionnaire, interviews, conversations, personal communications and correspondence. To collect ethnographic data eleven months field research was conducted mainly in the Chicago area and on two short visits to Detroit, and three years continued communications with Muslim officials and academics in the area. During the field research and afterwards through personal communication 181 survey questionnaire responses were received, and 23 Muslim officials, academics and ordinary Muslims were interviewed through semi-structured, unstructured interviews, conversation and correspondence. The thesis begins with a brief history of Islam and Muslims in general and the African American Muslims (AAMs) in particular. More emphasis is given on the historical development of the Nation of Islam (NOl). Then in Chapter III, discussions of schisms in the history of the NOT are examined from sociological perspectives of social and religious movements. In Chapter IV I aimed to formulate my own perspective to analyse and study the conversion experiences of AAMs to Islam. I used a multivariate approach, considering selectively widely held conversion and recruitment theories in the sociology of the religion. I consider in Chapter V the predisposing conditions for AAMs that influence their decision-making to join in the NOT, for example, political and nationalistic sentiments and socio-economic deprivations. In Chapter VI I have applied different terms to describe their religious experiences, such as conversion, alteration and reversion. I have analysed further their encounters with the NOT, the methods of recruitment they used and their major motives for joining the NOT and converting to Tslam. In the concluding chapters (Chapter VII VTTT) I describe the different responses of AAMS to Islam following the death of Elijah Muhammad. It is found out that the Islamic appeal has polarised. While Farakhan's NOT appeared to continue the tradition and style of the old NOI with the emphasis on nationalistic and socio-economic factors, Tmam W. D. Mohammed's community turned more to the religious and spiritual aspects of Tslam. These different approaches led to a polarisation of the appeal of Tslam to AAMS. This thesis contributes to knowledge in four key areas; the sociology of religion and religious movements, the sociology of social and nationalistic movements, religious and Islamic studies.

This research aims to demonstrate how archaeology can contribute to the analysis of religion and religious change. By viewing religion as a social construct, that takes meaning within its own context, the analysis of material culture provides an opportunity to look at long term religious change. This is because while religion strongly influences material culture, it is also reproduced by it. In particular, the body is critical in recreating and negotiating ideology due to physical conformity to religious ideals, which actively constructs identity. As bone adapts to reflect the physical strain placed on it during life, the analysis of changes in activity-related skeletal modifications provides a mechanism for assessing whether religious identity, and therefore ideology, changed and adapted over time. When combined with other evidence from material culture and historic sources, this social-cultural approach explores the development of religion and its role as a structuring principle, but also how it is influenced by other social, political and historic factors. This was demonstrated through the analysis of physical activity patterns from skeletal material from early Medieval Islamic Iberia (al-Andalus) AD 711- 1200, a region that underwent rapid social change with the emergence of Islam into a previously Christian state. Islam, as a historicx religion, has well established religious traditions. A comparison of ideal behaviour and actual behaviour, as evidenced through activity patterns, was carried out in order to analyse the impact of other social factors on identity in the region. In particular, this thesis focused on whether ideals surrounding gender division and prayer were adhered to in al-Andalus. Entheseal changes, osteoarthritis, non-pathological particular modifications and bone morphology data from Islamic and pre-Islamic individuals from the Islamic cemetery at Écija, Sevilla, and the pre-Islamic basilica at Cortijo de Coracho, Córdoba were compared. A distinct hange in activity patterns occurred with the emergence of Islam. A greater gendered division of labour was identified in the Islamic group, as well as possible evidence for the adoption of ritual prayer and reduced female mobility. The emergence of an Islamic identity was supported by clear trends in burial data and historic sources. Diachronic analysis of Islamic data implied that adherence to Islamic tradition appeared to strengthen over time. Overall, this research appeared to support historical documentation which suggests an orthodox Islamic identity in Iberia. To understand the emergence of an orthodox Islamic Iberian entity, important social and political factors were considered. Firstly, proximity to Christianity meant the observance of Islamic tradition was important for creating a distinction between ‘us’ (Muslims) and ‘them’ Christians. This became more important later when religious tensions increased in Iberia, where the Christian north organised into a credible threat to the Islamic South, but also in the east, with the initiation of the crusades. Secondly, the arrival and staunch Caliphal support of Maliki law, which has strong emphasis on Qur’anic rituals. Thirdly, Écija, is close to Córdoba, the capital of al-Andalus, and traditions could have spread easily from Córdoba along well stablished trade routes. This research therefore demonstrated that Islamic identity, and therefore Islam in Iberia was a product of the interpretation of tradition in a particular context, thus demonstrating the unique nature of Iberian Islam.

It has become almost impossible to engage in any useful discussion on global peace or violence without considering the activities of Islamist groups. Some of these groups use religious radicalization as a tool to promote extremism among Muslims across the world. It has been argued that Muslims will reject violence if they are made aware of peace lessons inherent in the Islamic primary sources and recurrent rituals. In view of the above, the study set out to examine peacebuilding avenues and values in Islam as a religious tradition; and to explore how Islamic recurrent rituals such as Hajj can be used to promote peacebuilding among Muslims, particularly in Ghana. Consequently, the study utilized participant observation, closed-ended survey questionnaire, and semi-structured interview as the main research methodological techniques to collect data. One of the key findings of the study is that Islam is replete with peacebuilding values such as forgiveness, reconciliation, compassion, justice, and tolerance among others. The study recommends among other things that with the existing fragile peace in Ghana, Muslim and non-Muslim religious bodies should engage in collaborative social projects which can create positive interaction amongst them.

This thesis addresses how interpretations of Islam in an Arab society shape the lives and experiences of young people with visual impairments. The study explores the understanding of disability and of visual impairment in particular, through an analysis of the interface and interplay of gender, culture, religion and disability in an Islamic society and the way in which these influence people's lives. It also analyses the ways in which the teachings of Islam are interpreted in relation to both disability and gender by policy makers and individuals. This topic is approached through a case study of people living with visual impairment in Bahrain. The data was collected through narrative interviews with users, semi-structured interviews with service providers and policy makers, and focus groups _with teachers. Some documentary analysis and observations were also undertaken. Within disability studies, the medical and social models of disability are well established and are being increasingly considered together, in a rational model in order to deal with impairment more judiciously. Diversity, in terms of to what extent these models are applicable or transferable to other cultures and societies, is a neglected area that this thesis addresses. The argument of this thesis is that in Bahrain, Islamic teachings are interpreted to promote a compassionate and charitable approach to people with disabilities which, in some ways, is congruent with the medical model of disability. Segregated specialist educational provision is provided, with limited inclusion in the sixth form, university and in adult life. Owing to Islamic interpretations of gender segregation, visually impaired girls and young women experience the intersection of gender and disability in ways that disadvantage them more than visually impaired boys and young men. Because of their gender and impairment they experience a double jeopardy. It is argued that there is the potential for Islamic teachings to be interpreted to support further social inclusion of disabled people with a focus on a rights-based approach.

The career of the Anglican scholar and bishop, Kenneth Cragg, focusses attention on the Christian understanding of other faiths in general and of Islam in particular. Cragg has been a leading exponent of a particular missionary approach to Islam, emphasizing that there is a 'mission to Islam' as much as a mission to Muslims. To this end he interprets Islam as pointing in its deepest meaning towards Christianity, a course which has aroused both admiration and opposition among Christians and Muslims alike. I attempt to show that his theology is strongly influenced by distinctive Anglican traditions, and nourished by one particular Arab Christian source. Cragg, however, resists any easy classification, and faces the accusation of theological evasiveness as well as hermeneutic sleight of hand. His writings show a remarkable consistency over thirty years and point to possibilities for reconciliation between deeply rooted religious antagonisms. A further significance of Cragg is his awareness of contemporary secularity in its interaction with and impact upon religious belief. Here again his conviction that the deepest convictions of unbelief are at heart religious needs to be tested. The central question is whether he illegitimately 'christianises' Islam, and by extension, other faiths and ideologies. His keyword is 'retrieval', but there are attitudes and beliefs that cannot be retrieved, only abandoned. Few would quarrel with the ethics he advocates, but the question remains whether his theological method can be accepted as valid.

The purpose of the present study is to assess the contribution of the renowned Mamluk-period scholar Shams al-Dīn Muhammad b. Abū Bakr, known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah (d. 751/1350) in the maghāzī and sīrah genres, by investigating and examining the features of his approach in critiquing and evaluating the authenticity of maghāzī narratives in his sīrah collection, Zād al-Maʿād fī Hadī Khayr al-ʿIbād, and to reveal the main methods that he utilised in critiquing the isnāds and the matns of these narratives. This thesis also provides a comprehensive overview of the maghāzī genre and highlights the main theories that have been put forward in both Western and Muslim scholarship, to explain its nature, emergence, development and position among other Islamic genres. This thesis includes an introduction, five main chapters and a conclusion. The first includes the introduction where the rational, objectives, research questions and the methodology of the present research are discussed; the second outlines Ibn al-Qayyim's life and age; the third explores maghāzī literature and the work of Ibn al-Qayyim within this genre; the fourth provides an analytical survey of the main resources on which Ibn al-Qayyim built his maghāzī work; the fifth investigates first isnād criticism in the work of both Western and Muslim scholars and then analyses Ibn al-Qayyim's approach with respect to the isnād; the sixth chapter outlines the origin of matn criticism and explores the main methods of content criticism used by Ibn al-Qayyim to evaluate maghāzī narratives; finally comes the conclusion of the whole work which provides the main results of the present research and recommendations. The present thesis suggests that Ibn al-Qayyim's approach combines and intertwines between different methods applied by earlier traditionists, jurists and historians, by which he developed an advanced approach in critiquing and evaluating maghāzī narratives.

This thesis questions what was the religious structure of the region of Najrān was during the period between 525 and 661 CE by examining the factors of forming the religious structure, how each religious community practised its religious life and the influence of Islam on this religious structure. It therefore consists of six chapters, Chapter one contains a discussion on primary and secondary sources relevant to the research questions. In Chapter two, the background on Najrān is given, in terms of its geography, demography, economy and political history prior to the period under research. The following three chapters after that investigate the religious aspects of polytheism, Judaism and Christianity in terms of origins, types of worship, rituals of worship and theological beliefs. The discussions also shed light on their religious leaders, places of worship and doctrinal sects. In Chapter six, the study debates how Islam influenced the religious structure of Najrān, by tracing its arrival and the policy of Muslim authorities to spread Islam among the Najrānite people. The thesis discusses the main features of the policy of the Muslim authority towards non-Muslims in terms of religion, security, economy and citizenship. It finally evaluates the impact of this policy on the lives of non-Muslim Najrānites. The thesis concludes that Najrān seems to represent a multi-religious society during the period under research. It points out that geographical, economic and political factors contributed towards making it. The thesis also deduces that each religious community established its identity which developed over the course of time to include places of worship, clergy, types of deity, doctrines, theological beliefs and rituals of worship, and that the domination of Islam clearly made the most important change in this multi-religious society by making Muslims the majority in the region.

This study analyses interpretations of Hadiths among selected feminists and fundamentalists, in which they have different views on the meaning of the texts of Hadiths concerning women. The feminists argue that the Hadith literature contain misogynistic and anti-women reports. This debate has gradually developed in the nineteenth century and the issues continuously disputed until the present day. However, the debate receives different reactions from the fundamentalists who believe that Hadiths contain equal treatment to both men and women. Therefore, the present study seeks firstly to investigate which Hadiths that have caught the attention of both feminists and fundamentalists, and to identify the features of those Hadiths that have been claimed as anti-women. Secondly, to examine and compare various approaches applied by both feminists and fundamentalists in comprehending Hadiths concerning women by examining their strength and weakness. Finally, this study aims to develop a means of utilising the findings to tum the debates between feminists and fundamentalists into something constructive in the interpretation of Hadith. The study is qualitative in nature, by applying textual analysis on literary works written by selected women figures from the feminists and fundamentalists. The study in its findings argues that both feminists and fundamentalist have their own interpretative approach towards the Hadith, but both have similar objective in protecting women's rights. It recommends that future research on the Hadiths concerning women inquire further into said problems and limitations, in order to produce fair and better understanding of the Prophetic texts that can contribute to the contemporary gender discourse.

Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (d.1328), is one of the most quoted medieval scholars by contemporary jihadists from the 1980s to the present time. Jihadists from ʿAbd Salām Faraj (d. 1981) to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) cite Ibn Taymiyya frequently in justifying their doctrines. These doctrines include excommunicating contemporary Muslim rulers and their allies and calling for jihad against them, classifying the Muslim countries as a domain of war and obligating emigration from them, suicide attacks in the name of jihad, and others. This thesis studies the relationship between Ibn Taymiyya’s concept of jihad and how it is appropriated by the contemporary jihadists. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part one studies selected works of Ibn Taymiyya on jihad to outline his concept of jihad while part two studies selected works of the contemporary jihadists to outline how Ibn Taymiyya’s concept of jihad is appropriated by them. The thesis argues that while some contemporary jihadi doctrines could be justified from Ibn Taymiyya’s concept of jihad, most of the doctrines cannot be justified from Ibn Taymiyya if his works on jihad are approached holistically. The thesis identifies the jihadi doctrines that can be justified from Ibn Taymiyya and those that cannot be. The thesis also identifies some sources that the jihadists use besides Ibn Taymiyya in justifying their doctrines.