Academic literature on the topic 'Br fe mg'

Mixed oxides based on Mg-Al, Mg-Fe, Zn-Al, and Ni-Mg-Al were prepared, characterized and used as sorption materials for different types of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)– nicotinic acid, salicylic acid, ibuprofen, paracetamol and ascorbic acid. Immobilization of APIs on solid supports was confirmed using X-Ray diffraction and<br /> infrared spectroscopy. Overall, the best sorption material for mentioned substances<br /> showed to be mixed Mg-Al oxides (&gt;80 % of immobilized substance after 4 h except<br /> ascorbic acid). On the other hand, Mg-Fe and Mg-Ni-Al materials did not possess high<br /> sorption capacity (max. 59 % after 4 h). From studied substances, the immobilization<br /> amount was the lowest in the case of ascorbic acid (max. 44 % immobilized after 4 h),<br /> the highest amount was immobilized in the case of salicylic and nicotinic acids (&gt;95 %,<br /> 4 h). The discussion regarding the structure of substances and properties of sorption materials is also offered.

A study on the heavy metal impact of a paint industry effluent on the surrounding water and soil environment was carried out. This investigation included a variety of sample types essentially related to the impact assessment. The effluent samples collected from Berger Paints Bangladesh Ltd., Savar, were found to contain K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Sr with the mean concentrations of 9.78, 221, 0.027, 0.031, 0.067 and 0.29 mg L-1, and values of pH, EC, TDS, TSS, BOD and COD measured in those samples were 5.8, 1.28 mS cm-1, 1084 mgL-1, 66 mg L-1 and 101 mg L-1, respectively. The mean concentrations of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Sr in groundwater samples and the values of pH, EC, TDS, TSS found in those samples were 1.58, 16.27, 0.25, 0.013, 0.058 and 0.14 mg L-1 and 7.2, 0.17 mS cm-1, 145 mg L-1, and 10 mg L-1, respectively. The effluent receiving pond water showed the presence of K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Br, and Sr with the average concentrations of 3.37, 23, 0.32, 0.37, 0.03 and 0.11 mg L-1, respectively. The respective concentrations of elements-K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Sr detected in aquatic plant (Halenchi shak) growing on effluent receiving pond water were 46400, 4846, 148, 174, 12.7, 62, 37, 124 and 23 mg kg-1. The mean contents of K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb and Sr in samples of paint industry-adjacent agricultural land soil were 10128, 8131,5260, 642, 24025, 56, 84, 135 and 138 mg kg-1, respectively. The mean concentrations of elements in pond water (K: 2.49, Ca: 15.2, Fe:0.19, Zn: 0.24, Br: 0.03 and Sr: 0.11 mgL-1), Halenchi shak (K: 42259, Ca: <1837, Mn: <58, Fe: 163, Cu: <14, Zn: 47, Br: 20, Rb: 68 and Sr: 16 mg kg-1) and soil samples (K: <5491, Ca: <3300, Ti: 5034, Mn: 514, Fe: 34660, Cu: 58, Zn: 65, Rb: 135 and Sr: 38 mg kg-1) collected from a pollution free non-industrial zone indicated lower levels for the same parameters than those in corresponding above mentioned effluent-polluted samples. Journal of Bangladesh Chemical Society, Vol. 25(2), 159-165, 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcs.v25i2.15068

ABSTRACT<br /><br />Background: The prevalence of having intestinal worms among malnourished children under fi ve as the cause of anemia at the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur is still relatively high. Efforts to minimize intestinal worm infection and anemia and to increase nutrition status of malnourished children under fi ve who get recovery complementary foods are made through supply of intestinal worm drugs, Fe syrup and vitamin C.<br /><br />Objective: To identify the effect of the supply of intestinal worm drugs, Fe syrup, and vitamin C supplementation to the increase of haemoglobin (Hb) level and nutritional status of malnourished children under fi ve who got recovery complementary foods.<br /><br />Method: This was an experimental study with factorial design. Subject of the study were malnourished children under fi ve of 1–3 years of age at Kupang Municipality. There were as many as 128 samples divided into 4 experiment groups. The group got pyrantel pamoat intestinal worm drugs 125 mg (n=32), Fe syrup + vitamin C (n=32), and placebo (n=32). Hb level was measured using “Hemocue-B Hemoglobin photometer”, intestinal worm infection was observed through facces of the subject to identify the presence of worm eggs. Statistical analysis used t-test to identify the relationship before and after the supply and ANOVA to fi nd out the difference in the effect of the supply among the groups. <br /><br />Result: After 3 months, the supply of the intestinal worm drugs before intervention had signifi cant effect to intestinal worm infection status among the group with intestinal worm drugs and the group with intestinal worm drugs, Fe syrup + vitamin C. The highest increase of Hb level was found in the group with intestinal worm drugs, Fe syrup + Vitamin C with average increase as much as 1.2 g/dL. Average increase of weight among the groups was 0.3 kg. Increase of<br />Z-score signifi cantly affected index of weight/age and weight/height.<br /><br />Conclusion: The increase of Hb level signifi cantly affected changes of nutritional status increase among the experiment groups.<br /><br />KEYWORDS: intestinal worm drugs, Fe syrup, vitamin C, Hb level, nutritional status, malnourishment<br /><br />ABSTRAK<br /><br />Latar Belakang: Prevalensi kecacingan pada balita gizi buruk sebagai penyebab anemia di Provinsi NTT masih tinggi. Upaya menurunkan infeksi kecacingan dan anemia serta meningkatkan status gizi pada balita gizi buruk yang mendapat PMT-P antara lain dengan pemberian obat cacing dan suplementasi sirup Fe + vitamin C.<br />Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian obat cacing, suplemen sirup Fe, dan vitamin C terhadap peningkatan kadar Hb dan status gizi balita gizi buruk penerima PMT-P.<br /><br />Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimental dengan rancangan faktorial. Sasaran penelitian adalah balita gizi buruk usia 1–3 tahun di Kota Kupang. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 128 anak dibagi dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan. Perlakuan obat cacing pirantel pamoat 125 mg (n=32), sirup Fe + vitamin C (n=32), obat cacing, sirup Fe+ vitamin C (n=32) dan plasebo (n=32). Pengukuran kadar hemoglobin dengan ”HemoCue”, infeksi cacing diperiksa melalui tinja subjek untuk melihat adanya telur cacing. Analisis menggunakan uji T-test untuk mengetahui hubungan sebelum dan sesudah suplementasi dan uji ANOVA untuk melihat perbedaan efek suplementasi antar kelompok. <br /><br />Hasil: Setelah 3 bulan, pemberian obat cacing sebelum intervensi berpengaruh signifi kan terhadap status infeksi kecacingan pada kelompok obat cacing dan kelompok obat cacing, sirup Fe + vitamin C. Peningkatan kadar hemoglobin antarkelompok yang tertinggi adalah pada kelompok obat cacing, sirup Fe dan vitamin C dengan ratarata kenaikan sebesar 1,2 g/dL. Rata-rata kenaikan berat badan antar kelompok sebesar 0,3 kg. Peningkatan nilai Z-score berpengaruh signifi kan terhadap indek BB/U dan BB/TB.<br /><br />Kesimpulan:<br />Peningkatkan kadar hemoglobin berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan peningkatan status gizi antar kelompok suplementasi.<br /><br />KATA KUNCI: obat cacing, sirup Fe +vitamin C, kadar hemoglobin, Z-score, status gizi

Nodular goiter (NG) is an internationally important health problem. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine the content of silver (Ag), bromine (Br), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cooper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb), ammonium (Sb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn) in the normal thyroid and in the thyroid tissues with diagnosed colloid NG.. Thyroid tissue levels of twenty chemical elements (ChE) were prospectively evaluated in 46 patients with NG and 105 healthy inhabitants. Measurements were performed using non-destructive energy-dispersive X-Ray fluorescent analysis combined with instrumental neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of short– and long-lived radionuclides. Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for ChE analysis. It was found that during a goitrous transformation the levels of Ag, Br, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Na, and Sc in thyroid tissue significantly increased, whereas the levels of I and Sr decrease. It was supposed that the changes in levels Ag, Br, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, Mg, Na, Sc, and Sr in thyroid tissue can be used as NG markers.

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p><br />Latar Belakang: Edukasi gizi yang tepat dapat merubah remaja putri untuk berperilaku hidup sehat. Inovasi program edukasi yang dapat memotivasi remaja putri dalam mencari dan mengkonsumsi tablet zat besi secara teratur sangat dibutuhkan sehingga dapat menurunkan prevalensi anemia di Indonesia.<br />Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh edukasi melalui buku diary gizi terhadap pengetahuan gizi, minat mencari tablet zat besi dan kepatuhan remaja putri dalam mengkonsumsi tablet zat besi (Fe).<br />Metode: Quasi experimental (Non-Randomized group pre–post test) study dengan 50 subyek penelitian yang terbagi menjadi dua kelompok perlakuan. Subjek penelitian adalah siswi remaja putri di SMA di Kota Pontianak, dengan kriteria umur 14-16 tahun sudah haid dan bersedia menjadi subjek penelitian. Intervensi berlangsung selama dua bulan efektif. Kelompok intervensi diberikan tablet zat besi (Fe) + buku Diary Gizi dan kelompok kontrol tanpa buku Diary Gizi. Tablet zat besi (Fe) yang diberikan mengandung 60 mg Fe elemental dan 20 mg asam folat. Data dianalisis menggunakan software komputer dan disajikan dalam bentuk tekstular dan table, dengan uji statistik Chi square dan t test. <br />Hasil: Hasil penelitian program suplementasi zat besi (Fe) dikalangan remaja putri belum popular. Tingkat pengetahuan siswi yang mendapatkan edukasi gizi dengan Buku Diary lebih baik dibandingkan dengan siswi yang mendapatkan edukasi melalui penyuluhan (p&lt;0,05). Siswi dari kelompok buku Diary Gizi lebih patuh dalam mengkonsumsi tablet zat besi (p&lt;0,05). <br />Kesimpulan: Pemberian dan aktivitas dengan catatan harian buku Diary Gizi dapat digunakan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan meningkatkan kepatuhan remaja putri dalam mengkonsumsi tablet zat besi (Fe). Penggunaan Buku Diary Gizi dapat dipertimbangkan dalam mensukseskan program suplementasi zat besi (Fe) pada remaja putri<br /> <br />KATA KUNCI: buku diary gizi; kepatuhan; konsumsi; pengetahuan; remaja putri; tablet zat besi (Fe)</p><p><br /> <br />ABSTRACT</p><p>Background: Proper education about nutrition can change adolescent females to have a healthy lifestyle. Innovation of education programs which can motivate female adolescents in finding and consuming iron tablets regularly is highly necessary, so that it can decrease the prevalence of anemia in Indonesia.<br />Objectives: To find out the effect of Nutrition Diary-Book education on nutritional knowledge, effort to find iron tablets and consuming iron tablets in adolescence.<br />Methods: A quasi experimental study (non-randomized group pre–post test) was conducted with 50 subjects divided into two groups. The age of the subjects were 14-16 years old, already had menstruation and were willing to be research subjects for 2 months. Iron tablets and nutrition diary-books were administered to intervention group and were administered to control group without nutrition diary-books. The results were analyzed using chi square and t-test.<br />Results: The level of knowledge who get education about nutrition by having nutrition diary-books is better compared to female students who get the education through elucidation (p&lt;0.05). The female students from the intervention group were proven to be more obedient in consuming iron tablets (p&lt;0.05).<br />Conclusion: The administration of nutrition diary-book and activity of writing nutrition diary-book can be used to increase knowledge and adherence in consuming iron tablets among adolescent female students.</p><p>KEYWORDS: adherence; adolescent; iron tablet; knowledge; nutrition diary-book</p>

Green seaweeds contain many bioactive compounds which one of them act as antioxidants as well as rich in fibers and essential minerals. This study was aimed to determine physicochemicals properties of Caulerpa lentillifera, Halimeda opuntia and Ulva lactuca and as well as their antioxidant activities. Research consists of proximate analysis, mineral composition, phytochemical compounds, heavy metal content and<br />antioxidant activity of extract green seaweed by CUPRAC, DPPH and FRAP method. The results of the study macronutrient analysis shows the moisture content ranged from 10.83% to 28.41%, ash 24.97% to 70.66%, fat 3.80% to 5.26%, fiber 2.63% to 3.86%, protein 0.18% to 1.43% and carbohydrate 10.69% to 36.49%. Mineral Ca C. lentillifera, H. opuntia and U. lactuca about 17, 95-124,39 g/kg, Fe 0,13-0,34 g/kg,<br />K 2,29-12,28 g/kg, Mg 2.63-22.23 g/kg and Na 21.16-34.18 g/kg. The heavy metals content of C. lentillifera, H. opuntia and U. lactuca ranged in Pb 13.57 mg/kg to 37.76 mg/kg, Cu 5.02 mg/kg to 8.32 mg/kg and Hg 0.170 mg/kg to 0.265 mg/kg. Phytochemicals properties of C. lentillifera, H. opuntia and U. lactuca were<br />alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols hydroquinone, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract DPPH showed IC50 values ranged from 1.6–4 445 mg /L, CUPRAC 138.21–212.43 μmol trolox/g extract, FRAP 175.93–181.79 μmol trolox/g extract. <br /><br />

<p>Limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun yang mengandung logam berat hasil proses pengecatan.di instalasi pengolahan air limbah Limbah Panasonic Manufacturing Indonesia diteliti untuk menentukan karakteristik limbah lumpur industri elektronik, parameter logam berat yang paling banyak diikat dalam agregat, pengaruh kadar lumpur dalam agregat terhadap tegangan tekan batako, dan mengetahui kadar limbah lumpur yang paling optimal untuk dijadikan bahan campuran dalam pembuatan batako yang aman dari segi kimia mobilitas logam berat dan fisik dari tegangan tekan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Nusantara Water Centre, serta Laboratorium Teknik Lingkungan dan Laboratorium Beton Teknik Sipil Universitas Trisakti. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu uji leaching pada lumpur dan pasir untuk menentukan kadar Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, dan Co. Ukuran batako yang diperlukan untuk laboratorium 5 x 5 x 5 cm 3 untuk uji kuat tekan dan uji leaching (TCLP) 15 x 15 x 15 cm 3 dengan perbandingan lumpur dan semen 10 / 100 ; 20 / 100 ; 25 / 100 dan 30 / 100 . Hasil analisis lumpur memperlihatkan konsentrasi Pb (0,12 mg/L), Co <br />(&lt; 0,05 mg/L), Ni (6,39 mg/L), Cd (&lt;0,01 mg/L), Fe (0,24 mg/L), Cr (&lt;0,02 mg/L) dan (Cu 0,05 mg/L). Hasil analisis fraksi pasir untuk semua logam berat berada di bawah baku mutu PP No. 85 Tahun 1999. Hasil uji TCLP memperlihatkan, logam berat Ni dan Fe paling banyak diikat dalam agregat. Hasil uji kuat tekan menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan tegangan tekan bersamaan dengan penambahan lumpur. Dilihat dari uji leaching dapat disimpulkan sampai dengan rasio berat lumpur 0,3 terhadap semen, hasilnya masih di bawah baku mutu berdasarkan PP No. 85 Tahun 1999. Dari uji leaching dan uji kuat tekan dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel dengan rasio berat lumpur 0,2 memiliki kuat tekan batako 85 kg/cm 2 yang memenuhi persyaratan Peraturan Beton Indonesia Tahun1971 dan memenuhi baku mutu PP No. 85 Tahun 1999 tentang baku mutu TCLP zat pencemar dalam limbah. <br /> <br />Kata kunci: lumpur, batako, solidifikasi, uji leaching, kuat tekan</p>

Isparta city center is selected as a work area in this study because the public believes that the tap water is dirty and harmful. In this study, the city's drinking water in the distribution system and other spring waters which are used as drinking water in this region were investigated from the point of water quality and health risk assessment. Water samples were collected from major drinking water springs, tap waters, treatment plants and dam pond in the Isparta province center. Ca-Mg-HCO3, Mg-Ca-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, Ca-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 are dominant water types. When compared to drinking water guidelines established by World Health Organization and Turkey, much greater attention should be paid to As, Br, Fe, F, NH4, PO4 through varied chemicals above the critical values. The increases of As, Fe, F, NH4 and PO4 are related to water–rock interaction. In tap waters, the increases of As and Fe are due to corrosion of pipes in drinking water distribution systems. The major toxic and carcinogenic chemicals within drinking water are As and Br for both tap water and spring water. Also, F is the non-carcinogenic chemical for only spring waters in the study area.

This study is an attempt to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity ofTabernaemontana divaricataagainst DEN and Fe NTA induced liver necrosis in rats. Ethanolic extract of the whole plant ofTabernaemontana divaricataat doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and 5-fluorouracil (standard drug) was orally administered to male Wistar Albino rats once daily for 24 weeks, simultaneously treated with the carcinogen DEN and Fe NTA. In simultaneously treated animals, the plant extract significantly decreased the levels of uric acid, bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP in serum and increased the levels of liver marker enzymes in liver. Treatment with the extracts resulted in a significant increase in the levels of antioxidants accompanied by a marked reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde when compared to DEN and Fe NTA treated group. When compared with 200 mg/kg bw rats, 400 mg/kg bw rats and 5-fluorouracil treated rats showed better results in all the parameters. The histopathological studies confirmed the protective effects of extract against DEN and Fe NTA induced liver necrosis. Thus, it could be concluded that the use ofTabernaemontana divaricataextract in the treatment of carcinogen induced hepatic necrosis.

The exotic flavor of Brazilian tropical fruits led to increased consumption. Consumers awareness regarding balanced diets, makes necessary determining nutritional composition - vitamins and minerals of the fruits ordinarily consumed. This study contributed to the evaluation of macro (K, Ca) and microelements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Br) in eight exotic Brazilian tropical fruits: "abiu" (Lucuma caimito Ruiz & Pav.), "jenipapo" (Genipa americana L.), "jambo rosa" (rose apple, Eugenia Jambos L.), "jambo vermelho" (Syzygium malaccence L., Merr & Perry), "macaúba" (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq. Lood. Ex Mart.), "mangaba" (Hancornia speciosa), "pitanga" (Brazilian Cherry, Eugenia uniflora L.), and tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), using the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. "jambo vermelho" and "macaúba" presented the highest values of K concentrations, 1,558 and 1,725 mg 100 g-1, respectively. On the other hand, Ca concentrations were highest in "macaúba" (680 mg 100 g-1) and "jenipapo" (341 mg 100 g-1). The microelemental concentrations in these eight fruits ranged from: 0.9 to 2.0 mg 100 g-1 for Mn, 3.9 to 11.4 mg 100 g-1 for Fe, 0.5 to 1.0 mg 100 g-1 for Cu, 0.6 to 1.5 mg 100 g-1 for, Zn and 0.3 to 1.3 mg 100 g-1 for Br. The amounts of macro and microelements in the eight fruits analyzed were compared to other tropical fruits and it was found that some of them could be classified as rich sources for these macro and microelements.

Nous avons principalement etudie le systeme ferromagnetique heisenberg-3d frustre cdcr#2#(#1##x#)in#2#xs#4, dans la limite des faibles dilutions x. La structure des phases ferromagnetiques et verre de spin reentrante a ete exploree par diffraction de neutrons et mesures d'aimantation macroscopiques. Les resultats s'interpretent dans le cadre d'un modele inhomogene du systeme de spins. Par diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles, spectrometries trois-axes et d'echo de spin, nous avons caracterise le comportement critique statique et dynamique des composes x=0 et 0. 05. Cette etude a revele la pertinence de la dilution et ainsi un des effets de la frustration qui est de porter le systeme dans la limite des forts desordres. Nos resultats suggerent l'existence de deux comportements statiques differents du compose cdcr#1#. #9in#0#. #1s#4, de part et d'autre de t#c, concernant la dynamique, nous avons mis en evidence une evolution non monotone du temps de relaxation en fonction du moment transfere, pour des valeurs de celui-ci tres inferieures a l'inverse de la longueur de correlation, et voisines de l'inverse de la distance moyenne entre impuretes in#3#+. La derniere partie de ce travail est consacree au systeme frustre ising-3d fe#1##xmg#xbr#2. Les mesures de la dispersion des ondes de spin pour differentes directions du moment transfere nous ont permis de preciser le modele des interactions d'echange pour le compose febr#2. Nous avons etudie la transition de phase para-antiferromagnetique pour les deux valeurs de la dilution x=0 et 0. 1. Les resultats sont interpretes dans le cadre d'une theorie classique de champ moyen

An increasing number of the 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth are now known to be essential to humans and other vertebrate species. In addition to the ten main constituents (H, N, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca), twelve elements present in trace quantities are generally accepted to have necessary functions in the human body. These essential trace elements are Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, F, bromine (Br), Si, and I. Most of these elements are present in human serum at levels orders of magnitude lower than their mean concentrations in the Earth’s crust (e.g., Mn and Cr are less than 10-6 of average rock composition), except for I and Se, which occur in similar concentrations in human serum and in rocks. This indicates that the pathways of these two elements to humans are basically different from those of other essential trace elements. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that the marine environment is an important source of I and Se to humans and other terrestrial species through biogeochemical cycling involving atmospheric transport. The dissolved matter in ocean water is enriched relative to the earth’s crust in a few elements (e.g., Na, Mg, S, Cl, Br) but depleted in most others. Some elements, such as I and Se, are strongly enriched in marine organisms relative to their concentrations in sea water. Fish and other marine food may constitute an important source of these elements to humans. It has become increasingly evident, however, that atmospheric transport of substances from marine to terrestrial systems may constitute an alternative pathway of some essential elements to humans and livestock.

Our starting point is not hidden, nor is it far off. It is not an extreme place like Mono Lake or Freswick Castle, but it is a central concept expressed on a single page. The periodic table is the center of chemistry, and therefore of this book. You can spot it at a distance from its vaguely cathedral-like shape. You can see the chemical symbols that it contains on magnets and T-shirts and restaurant signs. Its regular columns are not quite symmetric, but that is because it has been twisted out of its natural shape by the contingencies of history. Rearrange it just a little and a simple mathematical pattern appears. To see this pattern, imagine that the periodic table is made out of beads on an abacus, arranged in the familiar U shape. Then push all the beads to the left: … Row 1 = H- He Row 2 = Li- Be- B- C- N- O- F- Ne Row 3 = Na- Mg- Al- Si- P- S- Cl- Ar Row 4 = K- Ca- Sc- Ti- V- Cr- Mn- Fe- Co- Ni- Cu- Zn- Ga- Ge- As- Se- Br- Kr Row 5 = Rb- Sr- Y- Zr- Nb- Mo- Tc- Ru- Rh- Pd- Ag- Cd- In- Sn- Sb- Te- I- Xe … By row, there are 2, 8, 8, 18, and 18 elements. The pattern continues in the rows below, but it is obscured by the fact that on most tables 14 elements have been moved out of the sixth and seventh rows. On the table here I have put them where they belong. These rows have 32 elements each. This can be simplified even more. The rows increase, first by 2, then by 6 more (2 + 6 = 8), then by 10 more (2 + 6 + 10 = 18), then by 14 (2 + 6 + 10 + 18 = 32). The series 2, 6, 10, 14 is the doubles of counting up by odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7. Put another way, each row is equal to 2n + 1 with n = integers from 0.