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Journal articles on the topic 'Bradford Hill Criteria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Colebunders, Robert, Alfred K. Njamnshi, Sonia Menon, et al. "Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy: A comprehensive review using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (2021): e0008965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008965.

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Background The possibility that onchocerciasis may cause epilepsy has been suggested for a long time, but thus far, an etiological link has not been universally accepted. The objective of this review is to critically appraise the relationship between Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy and subsequently apply the Bradford Hill criteria to further evaluate the likelihood of a causal association. Methods PubMed and gray literature published until September 15, 2020, were searched and findings from original research were synthesized. Adherence to the 9 Bradford Hill criteria in the context of onchoce

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Ulmer, Hans-Volkhart. "Let’s discuss the Criteria of Bradford Hill (1965)." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 15, no. 2 (2021): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9508.

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Yaz, Hamid. "Evaluating the Association between Human Papillomavirus and Vulvar Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis Using Bradford Hill Criteria." Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 8, no. 7 (2024): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v8i7.7891.

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Background: The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of vulvar cancer (VC) has been widely studied, but findings have been inconsistent. Despite numerous meta-analyses exploring the potential link between HPV and VC, the association remains controversial due to inherent limitations in meta-analytic methods. Objectives: To address this controversy, the study aims to investigate the potential link between HPV and VC using the Bradford Hill criteria, which offer a more comprehensive framework for establishing causation. Methodology: The study began by extracting all relevant stud

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Davidson, Terence M., and Wendy M. Smith. "The Bradford Hill Criteria and Zinc-Induced Anosmia." Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 136, no. 7 (2010): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archoto.2010.111.

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Usman, Muhammad, Mukhtiar Ahmad, Yasir Hameed, et al. "Identification of correlation between human papillomavirus and prostate cancer: Bradford Hill Criteria Based Evaluation." International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research (IJEHSR) 9, no. 2 (2021): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29052/ijehsr.v9.i2.2021.248-256.

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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) association has effectively been decoded in prostate cancer (PC) worldwide with controverting conclusions. Though the different groups of researchers explored the potential association of HPV with PC using meta-analysis but it still remains controversial due to the major limitations. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the potential link of HPV with PC using Bradford Hill criteria. Methodology: Initially using PubMed, we extracted studies that associated HPV to PC. Then, to assess the potential association of HPV with PC, an exa

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Muhammad, Usman, Ahmad Mukhtiar, Hameed Yasir, et al. "Identification of correlation between human papillomavirus and prostate cancer: Bradford Hill Criteria Based Evaluation." International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research 9, no. 2 (2021): 248–56. https://doi.org/10.29052/IJEHSR.v9.i2.2021.248-256.

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Abstract <strong>Background:</strong> Human papillomavirus (HPV) association has effectively been decoded in prostate cancer (PC) worldwide with controverting conclusions. Though the different groups of researchers explored the potential association of HPV with PC using meta-analysis but it still remains controversial due to the major limitations. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the potential link of HPV with PC using Bradford Hill criteria. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Initially using PubMed, we extracted studies that associated HPV to PC. Then, to assess t

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Sanderson, Penelope, Tara McCurdie, and Tobias Grundgeiger. "Interruptions in Health Care: Assessing Their Connection With Error and Patient Harm." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 7 (2019): 1025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819869115.

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Objective: We address the problem of how researchers investigate the actual or potential causal connection between interruptions and medical errors, and whether interventions might reduce the potential for harm. Background: It is widely assumed that interruptions lead to errors and patient harm. However, many reviewers and authors have commented that there is not strong evidence for a causal connection. Method: We introduce a framework of criteria for assessing how strongly evidence implies causality: the so-called Bradford Hill criteria. We then examine four key “metanarratives” of research i

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Marshall, Tom. "Bradford-Hill Criteria provide the way ahead for controversial theory." International Journal of Surgery 3, no. 4 (2005): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2005.10.006.

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Gurdasani, Deepti, Mallory Trent, Hisham Ziauddeen, et al. "Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children: evidence for and against causal relationships with SARS-CoV-2, HAdv and AAV2." BMJ Paediatrics Open 8, no. 1 (2024): e002410. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2023-002410.

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BackgroundThe cause of acute paediatric hepatitis of unknown aetiology (2022) has not been established despite extensive investigation.ObjectiveTo summarise the evidence for and against a causal role for human adenovirus (HAdv), adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV-2) and SARS-CoV-2 in outbreaks of paediatric hepatitis in 2022.MethodsWe appraised and summarised relevant evidence for each of the Bradford Hill criteria for causality using quantitative (statistical modelling) and qualitative (narrative coherence) approaches. Each team member scored the evidence base for each criterion separately for HAd

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Vlastos, Ioannis Michael, Natalia Tsotsiou, Mohannad Almomani, Maria Doulaptsi, Alexandros Karatzanis, and Emmanuel Prokopakis. "Is Allergic Rhinitis Related to Otitis Media with Effusion in Adults and Children? Applying Epidemiological Guidelines for Causation." Cells 14, no. 11 (2025): 805. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14110805.

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This review studies the potential relationship between the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and otitis media with effusion (OME) in both adults and children, applying the modified Bradford Hill criteria. While AR and OME are distinct conditions, several epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a significant association, primarily through allergic mechanisms such as Th-2 immune responses, Eustachian tube dysfunction, and inflammatory mediators in the middle ear. Given the substantial diversity and, in many instances, the “low quality” of related studies when assessed against the s

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O'Brien, JM. "Progestogen safety in multiple gestations: application of the Bradford Hill criteria." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 122, no. 5 (2015): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13277.

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Piemonte, Eduardo David, and Jerónimo Lazos. "Evidence for chronic mechanical irritation as a causative factor in oral cancer: application of Bradford Hill criteria." Translational Research in Oral Oncology 3 (January 1, 2018): 2057178X1879103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057178x18791034.

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Chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) of the oral mucosa has been proposed as a risk factor for oral cancer (OC), but the available evidence is limited and controversial. One of the main limitations is the lack of proper criteria to define and classify CMI. The objective of this narrative review is to apply the Bradford Hill causality criteria to assess such an association based on the published literature. The level of evidence is not conclusive, mainly due to methodological shortcomings. Hence, to systematize future CMI research, we recommend the following items should be included: a clear def

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Șerban, Costela Lăcrimioara, Denis Mihai Șerban, Ștefania Ioana Butica, and Diana Lungeanu. "Web of Causation between Dietary Patterns and Childhood Obesity: Applying Hill's Criteria." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 25, no. 4 (2018): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjdnmd-2018-0052.

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Abstract Since their publication in 1965, the Bradford Hill criteria for causality have been largely used as a framework for causal inference in epidemiology. We aim at employing this classical approach to shed new light onto the web of causation of childhood obesity. Although the fundamental cause of obesity is the long-term imbalance between energetic need and intake, this medical condition is multifactorial in its origin, influenced by genetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. This imbalance leads to accumulation of excessive adipose tissue. Observational studies tend t

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Fundora, Jennifer B., Pallabi Guha, Darla R. Shores, Mohan Pammi, and Akhil Maheshwari. "Intestinal dysbiosis and necrotizing enterocolitis: assessment for causality using Bradford Hill criteria." Pediatric Research 87, no. 2 (2019): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0482-9.

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Cox, Louis Anthony. "Modernizing the Bradford Hill criteria for assessing causal relationships in observational data." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 48, no. 8 (2018): 682–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2018.1518404.

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Holt, R. I. G., and R. C. Peveler. "Antipsychotic drugs and diabetes—an application of the Austin Bradford Hill criteria." Diabetologia 49, no. 7 (2006): 1467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0279-3.

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Dubuisson, Nicolas, Fabiola Puentes, Gavin Giovannoni, and Sharmilee Gnanapavan. "Science is 1% inspiration and 99% biomarkers." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23, no. 11 (2017): 1442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517709362.

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Neurodegeneration plays a key role in multiple sclerosis (MS) contributing to long-term disability in patients. The prognosis is, however, unpredictable coloured by complex disease mechanisms which can only be clearly appreciated using biomarkers specific to pathobiology of the underlying process. Here, we describe six promising neurodegenerative biomarkers in MS (neurofilament proteins, neurofilament antibodies, tau, N-acetylaspartate, chitinase and chitinase-like proteins and osteopontin), critically evaluating the evidence using a modified Bradford Hill criteria.

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18

Perrio, Michael, Simon Voss, and Saad AW Shakir. "Application of the Bradford Hill Criteria to Assess the Causality of Cisapride-Induced Arrhythmia." Drug Safety 30, no. 4 (2007): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200730040-00006.

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Feldman, Ryan, Jonathan Meiman, Matthew Stanton, and David D. Gummin. "Culprit or correlate? An application of the Bradford Hill criteria to Vitamin E acetate." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 6 (2020): 2249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02770-x.

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Maharaj, Tobias, Colin Angus, Niamh Fitzgerald, et al. "Impact of minimum unit pricing on alcohol-related hospital outcomes: systematic review." BMJ Open 13, no. 2 (2023): e065220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065220.

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ObjectiveTo determine the impact of minimum unit pricing (MUP) on the primary outcome of alcohol-related hospitalisation, and secondary outcomes of length of stay, hospital mortality and alcohol-related liver disease in hospital.DesignDatabases MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, APA Psycinfo, CINAHL Plus and Cochrane Reviews were searched from 1 January 2011 to 11 November 2022. Inclusion criteria were studies evaluating the impact of minimum pricing policies, and we excluded non-minimum pricing policies or studies without alcohol-related hospital outcomes. The Effective Public Health Practice Project t

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Gomersall, Judith C., Vivienne M. Moore, Renae C. Fernandez, et al. "Maternal modifiable factors and risk of congenital heart defects: systematic review and causality assessment." BMJ Open 14, no. 8 (2024): e082961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082961.

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ObjectivePrimary prevention strategies are critical to reduce the global burden of congenital heart defects (CHDs); this requires robust knowledge of causal agents. We aimed to review associations between CHDs and maternal advanced age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and alcohol consumption and assess the causal nature of the associations.DesignSystematic review of reviews with application of a Bradford Hill criteria score-based causal assessment system.Data sourcesWe searched PubMed, Embase and Episteminokos (January 1990–April 2023).Eligibility criteriaSystematic reviews of origina

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Raj, A. Thirumal, Govindarajan Sujatha, Jayanandan Muruganandhan, et al. "Reviewing the oral carcinogenic potential of E-cigarettes using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation." Translational Cancer Research 9, no. 4 (2020): 3142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2020.01.23.

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Lawson, James S., and Wendy K. Glenn. "Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus (MMTV) in Human Breast Cancer—The Value of Bradford Hill Criteria." Viruses 14, no. 4 (2022): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040721.

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For many decades, the betaretrovirus, mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), has been a causal suspect for human breast cancer. In recent years, substantial new evidence has been developed. Based on this evidence, we hypothesise that MMTV has a causal role. We have used an extended version of the classic A. Bradford Hill causal criteria to assess the evidence. 1. Identification of MMTV in human breast cancers: The MMTV 9.9 kb genome in breast cancer cells has been identified. The MMTV genome in human breast cancer is up to 98% identical to MMTV in mice. 2. Epidemiology: The prevalence of MMTV posi

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MacIntyre, C. Raina, and Anita Elizabeth Heywood. "The Bradford-Hill criteria and evidence of association between influenza vaccination and ischaemic heart disease." Heart 100, no. 6 (2014): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305435.

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McDonald, Rebecca, and John Strang. "Are take‐home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria." Addiction 111, no. 7 (2016): 1177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13326.

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Snyder, Robert B., and James B. Talmage. "Medical Aspects of Causation for COVID-19." Guides Newsletter 25, no. 4 (2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2020.julaug02.

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Abstract The decision about whether a case of documented COVID-19 illness is accepted as occupationally acquired and thus work compensable is made by insurers, or if contested, by judges or administrative bureaus. Causation for COVID-19 may be difficult to show because of the lack of accurate information and difficulty in meeting some of the criteria established by Bradford Hill. Nevertheless, physicians will be asked for medical records and documentation of illness. This article provides preliminary guidance to assist physicians in responding to insurers or workers compensation agencies' requ

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Hill, Erica, Yu Wang, Caroline Clark, Bethany McGowen, Lauren O'Connor, and Wayne Campbell. "Red Meat Intake and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk: An Assessment of Causality Using The Bradford Hill Criteria." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_031.

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Abstract Objectives Higher red meat intake is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases, but causation of this relationships is unclear. This umbrella systematic review qualitatively assessed causality between red meat intake and cardiometabolic diseases. Methods Two researchers independently screened and crosschecked 524 articles from MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL up to November 25,2019. Articles included were systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational or experimental studies using healthy subjects aged 19+ years; included red meat (RM) intake [tota

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Rouquié, David. "Bradford Hill criteria still needed: Applications to MoA elucidation, low dose evaluation and adverse outcome pathway." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.065.

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Cebrián Cuenca, Ana M., Domingo Orozco Beltrán, Jorge Navarro Pérez, Fernando Álvarez-Guisasola, Julio Núñez Villota, and Luciano Consuegra-Sánchez. "Saxagliptin and Heart Failure in the SAVOR-TIMI 53 Trial: Reflections on the Bradford Hill Criteria." Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 70, no. 12 (2017): 1143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2017.02.023.

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Raj, A. Thirumal, Shankargouda Patil, Archana A. Gupta, Chandini Rajkumar, and Kamran H. Awan. "Reviewing the role of human papillomavirus in oral cancer using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation." Disease-a-Month 65, no. 6 (2019): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.09.007.

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Opeyemi Bello, Ridwan, Lily Willis-Powell, Olivia James, et al. "Does Human Papillomavirus Play a Causative Role in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Review Using Bradford Hill’s Criteria." Cancers 15, no. 15 (2023): 3897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153897.

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Globally, prostate cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death among men, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has a high cancer-related mortality rate. However, the aetiology of this disease is not yet fully understood. While human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with several types of cancer, including cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers, studies investigating the relationship between HPV and prostate cancer have shown mixed results. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the causative association between HPV and prostate cancer using Bradford

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Bhunjun, Chitrabhanu S., Alan J. L. Phillips, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Itthayakorn Promputtha, and Kevin D. Hyde. "Importance of Molecular Data to Identify Fungal Plant Pathogens and Guidelines for Pathogenicity Testing Based on Koch’s Postulates." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091096.

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Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem, but they can also cause mild and severe plant diseases. Plant diseases are caused by a wide array of fungal groups that affect a diverse range of hosts with different tissue specificities. Fungi were previously named based only on morphology and, in many cases, host association, which has led to superfluous species names and synonyms. Morphology-based identification represents an important method for genus level identification and molecular data are important to accurately identify species. Accurate identification of fungal pathogens is vital

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Degelman, Michelle L., and Katya M. Herman. "Smoking and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation." Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 17 (October 2017): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.07.020.

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Ljubenović, Nenad, and Vladimir Nikolić. "Revisiting hill's criteria: Bridging historical foundations and modern epidemiological challenges." Medicinski casopis 58, no. 3 (2024): 114–19. https://doi.org/10.5937/mckg58-55560.

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Causal assessment is a cornerstone of epidemiological research, providing a framework for understanding the relationships between exposures and health outcomes. In his seminal 1965 paper, Sir Austin Bradford Hill proposed nine criteria to guide the evaluation of causal associations. These criteria - strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy - continue to serve as foundational principles in modern epidemiology. However, the application of these criteria has evolved significantly in response to advances in scientific kn

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Muganurmath, Chandrashekhar S., Amy L. Curry, and Andrew H. Schindzielorz. "Causality Assessment of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction Associated with Intranasal Fluticasone Propionate: Application of the Bradford Hill Criteria." Advances in Therapy 35, no. 2 (2018): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0665-5.

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Nosyk, Bohdan, Bertrand Audoin, Chris Beyrer, et al. "Examining the evidence on the causal effect of HAART on transmission of HIV using the Bradford Hill criteria." AIDS 27, no. 7 (2013): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e32835f1d68.

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Palm, Michael J., Amanda N. Flanscha, and Zachary K. Winkelmann. "Effectiveness of Take-Home Naloxone Programs in Athletic Training: An Evidence-to-Practice Review." Clinical Practice in Athletic Training 4, no. 2 (2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31622/2021/04.2.4.

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The number of opioid overdoses (ODs) has risen in recent years and has become more complex due to the co-involvement of both prescription and illicit opioid drug use. Provisional programs for take-home naloxone (a medication designed to rapidly reverse opiate OD symptoms) kits have been distributed to combat this potentially fatal epidemic. Although there is strong evidence to support the efficacy of naloxone in the reversal of opiate OD, there is limited evidence to support the efficacy of take-home naloxone (THN) kits. The purpose of this evidence-to-practice review was to summarize a system

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Holt-Lunstad, Julianne. "The Major Health Implications of Social Connection." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 3 (2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721421999630.

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The influence of social relationships extends beyond emotional well-being to influence long-term physical-health outcomes, including mortality risk. Despite the varied measurement approaches used to examine social relationships within the health literature, the data can be synthesized using social connection as an organizing framework. This review discusses cumulative scientific evidence of links between various aspects of social connection and mortality, as well as supporting evidence for links with morbidity and plausible mechanisms. This evidence fulfills the criteria outlined in the Bradfo

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Perrio, M., S. Voss, and S. A. W. Shakir. "Application of the Austin Bradford Hill Criteria to Assess Causality in Pharmacovigilance Using the Example of Cisapride-Induced Arrhythmia." Drug Safety 29, no. 10 (2006): 911–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200629100-00025.

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Olsen, Anna, David McDonald, Simon Lenton, and Paul M. Dietze. "Assessing causality in drug policy analyses: How useful are the Bradford Hill criteria in analysing take-home naloxone programs?" Drug and Alcohol Review 37, no. 4 (2017): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dar.12523.

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Acres, Meghan J., and James A. Morris. "The pathogenesis of retinal and subdural haemorrhage in non-accidental head injury in infancy: Assessment using Bradford Hill criteria." Medical Hypotheses 82, no. 1 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.09.017.

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Maggi, Daniela, Claudio Papi, Stefano Festa, and Annalisa Aratari. "Changes in Medical Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Reducing Surgical Risk: Investigating Causality Through the Bradford-Hill Criteria." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 11 (2025): 3824. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113824.

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Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic progressive conditions, and their management has evolved over time, not only in the number of available medications but also in therapeutic strategies, resulting in a paradigm shift from treat-on-flare to treat-to-target, with the ultimate goal of modifying disease course. Several studies have shown a reduction in the risk of surgery associated with the concomitant increase in anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) drug prescription, thus inferring a positive impact of anti-TNFα therapy on IBD natural history. However, establishing a caus

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Dart, MD, PhD, Richard C., Janetta L. Iwanicki, MD, Nabarun Dasgupta, PhD, Theodore J. Cicero, PhD, and Sidney H. Schnoll, MD, PhD. "Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?" Journal of Opioid Management 13, no. 6 (2017): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2017.0415.

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Objective: We performed a systematic review to answer the question, “Does the introduction of an opioid analgesic with abuse deterrent properties result in reduced overall abuse of the drug in the community?”Design: We included opioid analgesics with abuse deterrent properties (hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone) with results restricted to the metasearch term “delayed onset,” English language, use in humans, and publication years 2009-2016. All articles that contained data evaluating misuse, abuse, overdose, addiction, and death were included. The results were categorized using the Bradford-Hill

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Borger, Tamara, Elsa J. Nel, Laura M. Kok, Florine E. Marinelli, and Kees H. Woldendorp. "Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Complaints in Female Musicians: A Systematic Review and Exploration for Future Studies." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 36, no. 4 (2021): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2021.4031.

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BACKGROUND: Female musicians are prone to the development of musculoskeletal complaints (MSC). The etiology of this increased risk is poorly understood. As the number of professional female musicians increases, so does the importance of understanding female-specific risk factors for MSC in musicians. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of current literature of proven and possible risk factors/etiology of MSC in female musicians, and to identify topics for future studies. METHODS: Systematic review performed according to international guidelines. A database search was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed

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Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo, Márcia Araújo Alexandre, André Siqueira, et al. "Could Plasmodium vivax malaria trigger malnutrition? Revisiting the Bradford Hill criteria to assess a causal relationship between two neglected problems." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 49, no. 3 (2016): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0397-2015.

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Hussain, S., C. Dawson, Y. Wang, et al. "Is Vascular Pathology a Risk Factor for Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review and Analysis Based on Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 25 (April 2017): S348—S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.589.

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Kundi, Michael. "Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 12, no. 2 (2007): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232007000200018.

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There is an ongoing debate regarding how and when an agent's or determinant's impact can be interpreted as causation with respect to some target disease. The criteria of causation, originating from the seminal work of Sir Austin Bradford Hill and Mervyn Susser, are often schematically applied and, furthermore, there is a tendency to misinterpret the lack of evidence for causation as evidence for lack of a causal relation. There are no criteria for the assessment of evidence concerning an agent's or determinant's propensity to cause a disease, nor are there criteria to dismiss the notion of cau

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Boniface, Sadie, Jack W. Scannell, and Sally Marlow. "Evidence for the effectiveness of minimum pricing of alcohol: a systematic review and assessment using the Bradford Hill criteria for causality." BMJ Open 7, no. 5 (2017): e013497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013497.

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Livesey, Geoffrey, Richard Taylor, Helen F. Livesey, et al. "Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (2019): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061436.

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Abstract:

While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal. Here, the results of our recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies of 4 to 26-y follow-up are interpreted in the context of the nine Bradford-Hill criteria for causality, that is: (1)

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van Diepen, Anouk T. N., and Sarbjit V. Jassal. "A Qualitative Systematic Review of the Literature Supporting a Causal Relationship between Exit-Site Infection and Subsequent Peritonitis in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Treated with Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 33, no. 6 (2013): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2012.00082.

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Abstract:

ObjectiveThe objective of our research was to summarize and review evidence supporting a causal relationship between exit-site infection and peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Data SourcesWe undertook a qualitative review of studies retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed, and supplemented that process with a hand search of references and abstracts in the literature.Study SelectionOur quality criteria were based on the Paediatric Risk of Mortality guidelines, definitions, and recommendations from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD), and the Bradford Hill c

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