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Journal articles on the topic 'Brahmi script'
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1
PANDEY, Krishna Kumar, and Smita JHA. "Tracing the Identity and Ascertaining the Nature of Brahmi-derived Devanagari Script." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.9.1.59-73.
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Current research exploits the orthographic design of Brahmi-derived scripts (also called Indic scripts), particularly the Devanagari script. Earlier works on orthographic nature of Brahmi-derived scripts fail to create a consensus among epigraphists, historians or linguists, and thus have been identified by various names, like semi-syllabic, subsyllabic, semi-alphabetic, alphasyllabary or abugida. On the contrary, this paper argues that Brahmi-derived scripts should not be categorized as scripts with overlapping features of alphabetic and syllabic properties as these scripts are neither alphabetic nor syllabic. Historical evolution and linguistic properties of Indic scripts, particularly Devanagari, ascertain the need for a new categorization of its own and, thus preferably merit a unique descriptor. This paper investigates orthographic characteristics of the Brahmi-derived Devanagari script, current trends in research pertaining to the Devanagari script along with other Indic scripts and the implications of these findings for literacy development in Indic writing systems.
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Singh, Ajay Pratap, and Ashwin Kumar Kushwaha. "Analysis of Segmentation Methods for Brahmi Script." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 39, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.39.2.13615.
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Segmentation is an important step for developing any optical character recognition (OCR) system, which has to be redesigned for each script having, non-uniform nature/property. It is used to decompose the image into its sub-units, which act as a basis for character recognition. Brahmi is a non-cursive ancient script, in which characters are not attached to each other and have some spacing between them. This study analyses various segmentation methods for different scripts to develop the best suitable segmentation method for Brahmi. MATLAB software was used for segmentation purpose in the experiment. The sample data belongs to Brahmi script-based ‘Rumandei inscription’. In this paper, we discuss a segmentation methodology for distinct components, namely text lines, words and characters of Rumandei inscription, written in Brahmi script. For segmenting distinct components of inscription different approach were used like horizontal projection profile, vertical projection profile and Relative minima approach. This is fundamental research on an inscription based on Brahmi script, which acts as a foundation for developing a segmentation module of an OCR solution/system of similar scripts in future. Information search and retrieval is an important activity of a library. So, to ensure this support for digitised documents written in ancient script, their character recognition is mandatory through the OCR system.
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Sproat, Richard. "Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness." Written Language and Literacy 9, no. 1 (July 20, 2006): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr.
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In earlier work (Sproat 2000), I characterized the layout of symbols in a script in terms of a calculus involving two dimensional catenation operators: I claimed that leftwards, rightwards, upwards, downwards and surrounding catenation are sufficient to describe the layout of any script. In the first half of this paper I analyze four Indic alphasyllabaries — Devanagari, Oriya, Kannada and Tamil — in terms of this model. A crucial claim is that despite the complexities of layout in alphasyllabic scripts, they are essentially no different in nature than alphabetic scripts, such as Latin. The second part of the paper explores implications of this view for theories of phonology and human processing of orthography. Apparently problematic is evidence that “phonemic awareness” — the ability for literate speakers to manipulate sounds consciously at the phoneme level — is much stronger with alphabetic scripts, than with alphasyllabaries. But phonemic awareness is not categorically absent for readers of Indic scripts; in general, how aware a reader is of a particular phoneme is related to how that phoneme is rendered in the script. Relevant factors appear to include whether the symbol is written inline, whether it is a diacritic, and whether it is ligatured with another symbol.
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Fedorova, Liudmila L. "The development of structural characteristics of Brahmi script in derivative writing systems." Written Language and Literacy 15, no. 1 (January 30, 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.15.1.01fed.
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Indian writing systems reveal a great variety of graphic forms, proceeding from the unique source which is Brahmi script. These graphic forms render structural oppositions developed in phonographic writing systems which stem from Brahmi. This paper aims to highlight the changes scripts underwent to satisfy demands of language structure. The comparison raises the issue of the complexity of writing systems. Keywords: writing system; grapheme; typology; Brahmi; abugida; alphasyllabary; akshara; diacritic; graphon; vowel differentiation
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Coningham, R. A. E., F. R. Allchin, C. M. Batt, and D. Lucy. "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6, no. 1 (April 1996): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001608.
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The island of Sri Lanka, situated off the tip of southern India, is often perceived as the recipient of material culture diffused from more northerly regions. This article counters this model by suggesting that Sri Lanka may have played a pivotal role in the development of Brahmi, South Asia's earliest readable script. Sherds inscribed with this script, recently found at Anuradhapura, with dates of the beginning of the fourth century BC, now represent its earliest dated examples anywhere in the subcontinent. By analyzing the sherds' archaeological and scriptural context it presents a tentative mechanism for Brahmi's development and spread through South Asia and concludes by discussing the dynamic relationships between scripts, langtiage, material culture and ethnic division within Sri Lanka.
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A, Soumya, and G. Hemantha Kumar. "Performance Analysis of Random Forests with SVM and KNN in Classification of Ancient Kannada Scripts." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 4907–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i9.2392.
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Ancient inscriptions which reveal the details of yester years are difficult to interpret by modern readers and efforts are being made in automating such tasks of deciphering historical records. The Kannada script which is used to write in Kannada language has gradually evolved from the ancient script known as Brahmi. Kannada script has traveled a long way from the earlier Brahmi model and has undergone a number of changes during the regimes of Ashoka, Shatavahana, Kadamba, Ganga, Rashtrakuta, Chalukya, Hoysala , Vijayanagara and Wodeyar dynasties. In this paper we discuss on Classification of ancient Kannada Scripts during three different periods Ashoka, Kadamba and Satavahana. A reconstructed grayscale ancient Kannada epigraph image is input, which is binarized using Otsu’s method. Normalized Central and Zernike Moment features are extracted for classification. The RF Classifier designed is tested on handwritten base characters belonging to Ashoka, Satavahana and Kadamba dynasties. For each dynasty, 105 handwritten samples with 35 base characters are considered. The classification rates for the training and testing base characters from Satavahana period, for varying number of trees and thresholds of RF are determined. Finally a Comparative analysis of the Classification rates is made for the designed RF with SVM and k-NN classifiers, for the ancient Kannada base characters from 3 different eras Ashoka, Kadamba and Satavahana period.
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CHOKSI, NISHAANT. "From Language to Script: Graphic practice and the politics of authority in Santali-language print media, eastern India." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (September 2017): 1519–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000470.
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AbstractThis article discusses the way in which assemblages of technologies, political institutions, and practices of exchange have rendered both language and script a site for an ongoing politics of authority among Santals, an Austro-Asiatic speaking Adivasi (Scheduled Tribe) community spread throughout eastern India. It focuses particularly on the production of Santali-language print artefacts, which, like its dominant language counterparts, such as Bengali, has its roots in colonial-era Christian missions. However, unlike dominant languages, Santali-language media has been characterized by the use of multiple graphic registers, including a missionary-derived Roman script, Indic scripts such as Devanagari and Eastern Brahmi, and an independently derived script, Ol-Chiki. The article links the history of Santali print and graphic practice with assertions of autonomy in colonial and early post-colonial India. It then ethnographically documents how graphic practices, in particular the use of multiple scripts, and print technologies mediate a contemporary politics of authority along vectors such as class and generation within communities that speak and read Santali in the eastern state of West Bengal, India.
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S, Dhivya, and Usha Devi G. "TAMIZHİ: Historical Tamil-Brahmi Script Recognition Using CNN and MobileNet." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3402891.
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Computational epigraphy is the study of an ancient script where the computer science and mathematical model is relatively built for epigraphy. The Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions are the most ancient of the extant written of the Tamil. The inscriptions furnish valuable information on many aspects of life in the ancient Tamil country from a period anterior to the literary age of Sangam. The recognition of the script and systematic analysis of the script is required. The recognition of this script is complex, containing various curves for a single character and the style of writing overlap with curves and lines. Generating corpus of the script is necessary, since it is the initial step for computational epigraphy. The archaeological department has supported the raw data that helped to develop a corpus of Tamizhi. In this article, we have implemented a convolution neural network in various ways, i.e., (i) Training the CNN model from scratch a Softmax classifier in a sequential model (ii) using MobileNet: Transfer learning paradigm from a pre-trained model on a Tamizhi dataset (iii) Building Model with CNN and SVM (iv) SVM for evaluation of best accuracy to recognize handwritten Brahmi characters. To train the CNN Model an extensive TAMIZHİ handwritten Brahmi Dataset of 1lakh and 90,000 isolated samples for the character has been created and deployed. The designed dataset consists of 9 vowels and 18 consonants and 209 class so researchers can use machine learning. MobileNet outperformed among all the models implemented with the accuracy of 68.3%, whereas other algorithm ranges from 58% to 67% with respect to the Tamizhi dataset. MobileNet model is trained and tested for the dataset of vowels (8 class), consonants (18 class), and consonants vowels (26 class) with the accuracy of 98.1%, 97.7%, 97.5%, respectively.
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de Voogt, Alexander J. "The Meroitic script and the understanding of alpha-syllabic writing." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 73, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0999036x.
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AbstractAt the time of its decipherment by Griffith (1911), the Meroitic writing system was considered an alphabet. This alphabet was found to have a rather limited vowel notation. It was not until 1970 that the system was understood to have a more complex vowel notation. This system of vowel notation is comparable to what is found in an alpha-syllabary, a term used to describe the scripts of the Indian sub-continent, such as Brahmi and Devanagari. Since alpha-syllabaries were rare when the Meroitic writing system was in use (c. 200 bce–c. 500 ad), it is tempting to suggest a possible historical connection between the Meroitic kingdom in Sudan and the then existent scripts in India. A systematic analysis, as opposed to a description of alpha-syllabic writing, indicates that the structure of this type of script is less regionally confined. Rather, it places Meroitic writing among scripts that were created in the presence of alphabetic writing both in modern and in ancient times.
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Acharya, Eka Ratna. "Ranjana Numeral System: A Brief Information." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v13i1.20370.
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The Ranjana script, which is also known as Kutila or Lantsa, is one of the many alphabets derived from the Brahmi script. This numesmetic inscription was developed 2216 years ago, so its time period was along the 199 BC and it was popular from 11th century AD and was used until the mid-20th century in Nepal and India. It is popularly used by Nepali in the Newari language. This script also known as Lantsa, for writing the Sanskrit titles of books which have been translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan for decoration in temples and mandalas. There were few texts printed with alternating lines in Sanskrit in the Lantsa script followed by a Tibetan translation. There were many original Sanskrit manuscripts written in Lantsa preserved in Newar community in Nepal. Others were destroyed lack of its preservation. In addition, the Ranjana script was used mainly for decoration by Buddhists.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 221-224
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Ross, Fiona. "Historical Technological Impacts on the Visual Representation of Language with Reference to South-Asian Typeforms." Philological Encounters 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340054.
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Abstract The scripts of South Asia, which mainly derive from the Brahmi script, afford a visible voice to the numerous linguistic communities that form over one fifth of the world’s population. However, the transition of these visually diverse scripts from chirographic to typographic form has been determined by historical processes that were rarely conducive to accurately rendering non-Latin scripts. This essay provides a critical evaluation of the historical technological impacts on typographic textual composition in South-Asian languages. It draws on resources from relevant archival collections to consider within a historical context the technological constraints that have been crucial in determining the textural appearance of South-Asian typography. In so doing, it seeks to elucidate design decisions that either purposely or unwittingly shaped subsequent and current typographic practice and questions the validity of the continued legacy of historical technological impacts for contemporary vernacular communication.
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Devi, H. K. Anasuya. "Thinning: A Preprocessing Technique for an OCR System for the Brahmi Script." Ancient Asia 1 (December 1, 2006): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aa.06114.
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Holle, K. F. "Table of Old and New Indic Alphabets." Written Language and Literacy 2, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 167–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.2.2.02hol.
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Editor's note: Although the general policy of this journal is to publish only new research, an exception is being made in the present case, in order to publish a work of unusual value which has been inaccessible to most scholars for a century or more, and which has now been translated into English for the first time. In 1877, K. F. Holle published his Tabel van oud en nieuw-indische alphabetten, with the support of the Batavia Society of Arts and Letters (the Batavia of that period is the Jakarta of today); it was printed by C. Lang at Buitenzorg, Java. Hoik's "Table" is spread over 49 pages followed by four pages of appendices). In 81 rows, arranged in the Indic canonical order, it displays the symbols of 198 scripts, one per column, which are native to areas reaching from the Indian subcontinent to insular Southeast Asia. These are the writing systems of the Indic tradition that begins with the Brahmi script, used in the Buddhist inscriptions of the Emperor Asoka, in the 3rd century BCE. From that starting point, Holle's display moves forward in time and eastward from India, following the Brahmi-descended scripts through Tibet and Southeast Asia, then extending over the length of the Netherlands Indies, and finally ending with a sample from the Philippines. Neither before Hoik's time nor since has a comparable display been published, showing the multiple historical developments of a script over such an extension of time and space. For scholars interested in the myriad ways that scripts can change through history, Holle's "Table" is a unique source of data. It is reprinted here unchanged; readers will find that they need only know something of the Sanskrit phonological system in order to grasp the organization by rows, and a minimum of Dutch in order to understand the labeling of the columns. In 1882, Holle published a commentary on his "Table", with the added subtitle Bijdrage tot de palaeographie van Nederlandsch-Indie 'Contribution to the paleography of the Netherlands Indies'. This work, of just 20 pages, was again published by the Batavia Society of Arts and Letters; it was distributed by W. Bruining & Co., Batavia, and by M. Njhoff in The Hague. It is published here, preceding the "Table" proper, in an English translation by Carol Molony and Henk Pechler. A unified bibliographical listing, giving fuller citations than those provided by Holle, is a great desideratum; unfortunately, resources were not available for preparing such a listing. Also to be desired is a reconsideration and evaluation of Holle's materials in terms of scholarship since his time; I hope that the publication of this reprint will stimulate scholars to undertake such work. The editor is indebted to Elly Amade — a linguist, speaker of Dutch, and native of Indonesia —for help in preparing the translation for publication.
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Devi, H. K. Anasuya. "Thresholding: A Pixel-Level Image Processing Methodology Preprocessing Technique for an OCR System for the Brahmi Script." Ancient Asia 1 (December 1, 2006): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aa.06113.
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GOLOB, Nina. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.9.1.5-6.
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In the mids of cold northern winds and landscape covered with snow we are pleased to announce the first ALA issue of the year 2019, which contains six research articles. Warm congratulation goes to all the authors, and words of appreciation to the Editorial team and recently enlarged proofreading team that have been working very hard in order to offer state-of-the-art contemporary linguistic research in this journal.
The present issue is opened up by Mayuri J. DILIP and Rajesh KUMAR, who present a unified account of licensing conditions of Negative Polarity Items (NPI) in Telugu. In their work “Negative Polarity Items in Telugu” they analyze the distribution of NPIs in complex sentences with embedded clauses, and conclude that negation c-commanding NPI be conducted at the base-generated position.
Kun SUN with his article “The Integration Functions of Topic Chains in Chinese Discourse” thoroughly presents the long and extensive Chinese research tradition on topic chains, and re-examines their core characteristics with the help of the so-called “integration functions”.
The following paper “Tracing the Identity and Ascertaining the Nature of Brahmi-derived Devanagari Script” by Krishna Kumar PANDEY and Smita JHA exploits the orthographic design of Brahmi-derived scripts. Authors argue that such scripts should not be described with the existing linguistic properties of alphabetic and syllabic scripts but should instead gains its own categorization with a unique descriptor.
Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR successfully submitted the article “Image of Japan among Slovenes” in which she represents the process and mechanism of borrowing from Japanese into Slovene. Conclusions briefly touch the image of Japan seen through the borrowing process and consolidated loanwords, and predict possible development of borrowing in the near future.
Another interesting paper “Understanding Sarcastic Metaphorical Expression in Hindi through Conceptual Integration Theory” was authored by Sandeep Kumar SHARMA and Sweta SINHA. Based on a corpus of five thousand sentences, authors examine the abstract notion of sarcasm within the framework of conceptual integration theory, and with special reference to Hindi language. Findings aim to provide a theoretical understanding on how Hindi sarcasm is perceived among the native speakers.
And last but not least, Điệp Thi Nhu NGUYỄN, An-Vinh LƯƠNG, and Điền ĐINH humbly observe research backlog in the area of Vietnamese text readability and write their paper “Affection of the part of speech elements in Vietnamese text readability” to encourage researchers to further explore the field and put Vietnamese findings on the world’s map.
Editors and Editorial Board wish the regular and new readers of the ALA journal a pleasant read full of inspiration.
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Barrett, T. H. "Ronald Emmerick and Edwin G. Pulleyblank: A Chinese text in Central Asian Brahmi script: new evidence for the pronunciation of Late Middle Chinese and Khotanese. (Serie Orientate Roma, LXIX.) vi, 80 pp., 9 plates. Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1993. L.45,000." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 59, no. 3 (October 1996): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00031104.
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Hinkle, Lauren, Albert Brouillette, Sujay Jayakar, Leigh Gathings, Miguel Lezcano, and Jugal Kalita. "Design and Evaluation of Soft Keyboards for Brahmic Scripts." ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing 12, no. 2 (June 2013): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2461316.2461318.
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Falk, Harry. "Śiva or Brahma? The “Masque Court” at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris." Indo-Iranian Journal 56, no. 3-4 (2013): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-13560303.
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A number of “masks” cast in metal are known from the North-West, particularly Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. They are not used as theatre masks, they lack openings for view or speech, and are found in temples fixed to a wall. One, found near Peshawar in Gandhara is conspicuous by its artistic beauty. It is inscribed on its lower rim; both script and style allow to date it in the middle or late Gupta period. The inscription has been read and interpreted by G. Fussman, who assumed that some of his readings would need revision. A new reading is proposed and discussed here, as it admits of two rather divergent interpretations.
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Salomon, Richard. "The Copper Plates of Helagupta." Indo-Iranian Journal 63, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 3–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-06301006.
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Abstract The article presents a new edition, translation, and interpretation of the inscription, which was previously published by H. Falk in 2014, of the otherwise unknown Buddhist patron Helagupta (helaüta). The inscription, datable to the latter half of the first century CE, is recorded on five copper plates and is the second longest one known in Kharoṣṭhī script/Gāndhārī language. This edition proposes several new readings and interpretations as well as discussing its cultural implications for issues such as the performance of ancestral rituals by Buddhists, and Buddhological ramifications such as the concept of “brahma merit” (Gāndhārī bramo puṇyo) and the contemporary understanding of variant forms of titles of the Buddha.
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Bakker, Frank C., Marc S. J. Boschker, and Tjuling Chung. "Changes in Muscular Activity while Imagining Weight Lifting Using Stimulus or Response Propositions." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20, no. 3 (September 1998): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.20.3.313.
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Investigating emotional imagery, Lang (1977, 1979) proposed a dichotomy between stimulus and response propositions. In this study, Lang’s model is applied to movement images of lifting of 4.5 and 9 kg weights. Twenty-two male and 17 female students participated in the study. During the imaginary lifting of the weights, the electromyographical activity (EMG) of both biceps brachii muscles were assessed. Imagery ability was measured with the Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ) and another self-report rating scale. When response propositions were emphasized in the script, imaginary weight lifting resulted in greater muscle activity than when stimulus propositions were emphasized. During imagined lifting, EMG activity of the active arm was greater than that of the passive arm. In addition, in the active arm, a significant difference in EMG activity was found between 9 kg and 4.5 kg. It was concluded that Lang’s model is also applicable to emotionally neutral movement Imagery.
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Bakker, Frank C., Marc S. J. Boschker, and Tjuling Chung. "Changes in Muscular Activity while Imagining Weight Lifting Using Stimulus or Response Propositions." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 1996): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.3.313.
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Investigating emotional imagery, Lang (1977, 1979) proposed a dichotomy between stimulus and response propositions. In this study, Lang’s model is applied to movement images of lifting of 4.5 and 9 kg weights. Twenty-two male and 17 female students participated in the study. During the imaginary lifting of the weights, the electromyographical activity (EMG) of both biceps brachii muscles were assessed. Imagery ability was measured with the Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ) and another self-report rating scale. When response propositions were emphasized in the script, imaginary weight lifting resulted in greater muscle activity than when stimulus propositions were emphasized. During imagined lifting, EMG activity of the active arm was greater than that of the passive arm. In addition, in the active arm, a significant difference in EMG activity was found between 9 kg and 4.5 kg. It was concluded that Lang’s model is also applicable to emotionally neutral movement imagery.
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"Novel Space Efficient Indices for Kannada Text: VKTPY Trie Family." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 6312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1985.109119.
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V-KTPY Trie family is a group of space efficient indices designed to store and search Kannada text. The existing text searching and document fetching methods use different kinds of indices such as indices based on hashing, lexicographical indices and clustering technique based indexing. Each of these indexing methods have their own advantages including the optimal time complexity. However these indices are not space efficient. In this paper we are proposing a family of novel space efficient indices called V-KTPY Tries, which have the features of both lexicographical and hash based indexing. V-KTPY Tries are congruence of V-KTPY Rule (“Vistruta Katapayadi sutra”) and Prefix trees (Trie) , where the text labels of the Trie are encrypted by V-KTPY Rule. This powerful rule is an extension of an ancient “Katapayadi Sutra” (KTPY Rule) which can convert characters of Brahmi/Devanagari scripts to numbers. In this paper V-KTPY Tries are indexing V-KTPY encrypted Kannada text due to which compression is possible. The experiments are conducted on the family of V-KTPY Tries and their corresponding Tries with unicode Kannada. And the results show that the simple V-KTPY Trie gives 35% space efficiency; V-KTPY 10Ary Trie gives 65% space efficiency over simple unicode Trie with almost the same time complexity. The Prefix Hashed Trie is a fully compressed V-KTPY Trie which gives 20% space efficiency when compared to fully compressed unicode Trie. V-KTPY Tries can be used where Tries are applicable. The VKTPY prefix hashed Tries are used in Kannada feature selection. V-KTPY Tries can be extended to index many (120+) Indian languages which follow Brahmi or Devanagari script.
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"The Brahmi Family Of Scripts And Hangul: Alphabets or Syllabaries?" Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, January 1, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kwpl.1808.637.
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Root, Nicholas, Pushpita Bhattacharyya, and Vilayanur S. Ramachandran. "Grapheme–Color Synesthesia in an Abugida: a Bengali Case Study." Multisensory Research, August 31, 2020, 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10036.
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Abstract Grapheme–color synesthetes experience graphemes (e.g., letters of the alphabet) as having a specific, consistent color. Most studies of grapheme–color synesthesia have only examined synesthetes in English, leaving underexplored the question of how synesthetic phenomenology might differ in languages that do not use alphabets. In particular, grapheme–color synesthesia in an abugida (a segmental writing system in which vowels are added to consonant graphemes using ‘accent’-like diacritical marks) has never been studied. Here, we present a case study of a Bengali synesthete, MJ, the first report of a grapheme–color synesthete in an abugida. First, we show that for MJ, diacritics influence the overall color of the consonant grapheme they modify, ‘pulling’ it toward the color she experiences for the vowel. Second, we describe and analyze the complex synesthetic experiences reported by MJ for conjunct graphemes, a unique orthographic feature of Brahmi-derived scripts (such as Bengali) in which multiple graphemes are visually combined into a single ‘merged’ grapheme. Finally, we show that in addition to these language-specific features, MJ’s synesthetic associations are influenced by some of the same linguistic properties (such as orthography and phonology) that influence synesthetic associations in other languages. We conclude that the idiosyncratic features of MJ’s synesthesia reflect unique properties of the Bengali writing system, that more studies of synesthesia in non-alphabetic scripts are needed, and that synesthetic phenomenology can offer insights into how linguistic properties shape grapheme representation in the brain.
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"Recognition of Hindi and Bengali Handwritten and Typed Text from Images using Tesseract on Android Platform." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 3507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a5252.119119.
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The concept of digitization has marked a revolution in the area of data conversion, data storage and data sharing by converting non-editable typographic & handwritten text into editable electronic text. Though numerous such works have been carried out across the world in various languages using Optical Character Recognition (OCR), satisfactory output has been observed only in a few languages. This paper is an endeavor towards taking a step ahead in the digitization of two of the most extensively spoken languages in the Indian sub-continent – Hindi and Bengali - using Google’s open source OCR Engine, Tesseract. Working on the scripts of these two languages of Brahmi origin has its own challenges owing to their varied traits of character segmentation and word formation. Here, the training of Tesseract with data sets of Hindi and Bengali typographic and handwritten characters has been integrated with an inimitable pre-processing stage involving input image customization and image augmentation that significantly enhances the image quality allowing Tesseract to offer more accurate results, especially in cases of handwritten texts and obscure images. Besides, it also incorporates the features of English translation and text to speech translation which render their significance among the non-natives and visually impaired mass. The focal idea of this paper has been to reach out to an extended mass by enabling digitization on the Android platform. Comparative analysis carried out on three distinctive parameters - on images with typographic texts, handwritten texts and on inferior quality images - shows that the paper, to a certain extent, does succeed in projecting superior output in at least two cases as compared to the most consistent Android application of today’s time.