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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Brain development

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Academic literature on the topic 'Brain development'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Brain development"

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Tamminga, Carol A. "Brain Development, V: Experience Affects Brain Development." American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 8 (August 1998): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.8.1000.

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&NA;. "BRAIN DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 7, no. 6 (December 1986): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-198612000-00016.

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Clark, Gary D. "Brain development and the genetics of brain development." Neurologic Clinics 20, no. 4 (November 2002): 917–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(02)00024-5.

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Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne. "Imaging brain development: The adolescent brain." NeuroImage 61, no. 2 (June 2012): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080.

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Wasterlain, Claude G., and Yukiyoshi Shirasaka. "Seizures, brain damage and brain development." Brain and Development 16, no. 4 (July 1994): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0387-7604(94)90025-6.

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GOLDSTEIN, JILL M., DAVID N. KENNEDY, and Verne S. CAVINESS. "Brain Development, XI." American Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.3.352.

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SEEMAN, PHILIP. "Brain Development, X." American Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.2.168.

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Wright, Lisa, and Stan Kutcher. "Adolescent Brain Development." Colloquium Series on The Developing Brain 5, no. 1 (April 18, 2016): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4199/c00133ed1v01y201602dbr012.

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Kollias, S. S., L. L. Barr, J. W. Allison, and W. S. Ball. "FELINE BRAIN DEVELOPMENT." INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY 28, no. 12 (December 1993): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-199312000-00135.

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GIEDD, JAY. "Brain Development, IX." American Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 1 (January 1999): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.1.4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brain development"

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Malkus, Amy J. "Adolescent Brain Development." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4314.

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Broce, Iris J. "Brain Networks Supporting Literacy Development." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3040.

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The development of fluent reading requires coordinated development of key fiber pathways. While several fiber pathways have been implicated in reading, including the recently re-identified vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), arcuate fasciculus and its 3 components, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), whether these fiber pathways support reading in young children with little to no exposure to print remains poorly understood. Consequently, over the course of three studies, the current dissertation aimed to narrow this research gap by addressing the following research questions: 1) Which fiber pathways support early literacy skill in young children 5-10 years old? 2) Are microstructural properties of these tracts predictive of age-related changes in reading across an interval of two years? 3) Do different components of the recently identified VOF differentially support reading? To answer these questions, we used diffusion-weighted imaging to measure white-matter development and to relate the microstructural properties of each fiber pathway to early literacy and literacy development. We report several novel findings that contribute to our growing understanding of the white matter connections supporting early literacy and literacy. For the first time, these studies revealed that the re-identified VOF can be reliably tracked in young children, bilaterally and is composed of three main components, which project from occipital temporal sulcus to angular, and middle and superior occipital gyri. We also found that the left AF, bilateral ILF, and particular components of the VOF play a role in early literacy and literacy development. Implications for contemporary models of reading development are discussed.

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Lowery, Laura Anne. "Mechanisms of brain ventricle development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42949.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references.
The brain ventricles are a conserved system of fluid-filled cavities within the brain that form during the earliest stages of brain development. Abnormal brain ventricle development has been correlated with neurodevelopmental disorders including hydrocephalus and schizophrenia. The mechanisms which regulate formation of the brain ventricles and the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid are poorly understood. Using the zebrafish, I initiated a study of brain ventricle development to define the genes required for this process. The zebrafish neural tube expands into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain ventricles rapidly, over a four-hour window during mid-somitogenesis. In order to determine the genetic mechanisms that affect brain ventricle development, I studied 17 mutants previously-identified as having embryonic brain morphology defects and identified 3 additional brain ventricle mutants in a retroviral-insertion shelf-screen. Characterization of these mutants highlighted several processes involved in brain ventricle development, including cell proliferation, neuroepithelial shape changes (requiring epithelial integrity, cytoskeletal dynamics, and extracellular matrix function), embryonic cerebrospinal fluid secretion, and neuronal development. In particular, I investigated the role of the Na+K+ATPase alpha subunit, Atp1a1, in brain ventricle formation, elucidating novel roles for its function during brain development. This study was facilitated by the snakehead mutant, which has a mutation in the atp1a1 gene and undergoes normal brain ventricle morphogenesis but lacks ventricle inflation. Analysis of the temporal and spatial requirements of atp1a1 revealed an early requirement during formation, but not maintenance, of the neuroepithelium. I also demonstrated a later neuroepithelial requirement for Atp1a1-driven ion pumping that leads to brain ventricle inflation, likely by forming an osmotic gradient that drives fluid flow into the ventricle space.
(cont) Moreover, I have discovered that the forebrain ventricle is particularly sensitive to Na+K+ATPase function, and reducing or increasing Atp1a1 levels leads to a corresponding decrease or increase in ventricle size. Intriguingly, the Na+K+ATPase beta subunit atp1b3a, expressed in the forebrain and midbrain, is specifically required for their inflation, and thus may highlight a distinct regulatory mechanism for the forebrain and midbrain ventricles. In conclusion, my work has begun to define the complex mechanisms governing brain ventricle development, and I suggest that these mechanisms are conserved throughout the vertebrates.
by Laura Anne Lowery.
Ph.D.

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Kyriakopoulou, Vanesa. "Brain development in fetal ventriculomegaly." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11086.

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Introduction Fetal ventriculomegaly is the most common detectable central nervous system abnormality affecting 1% of fetuses and is associated with abnormal neurodevelopment in childhood. Neurodevelopmental outcome is partially predictable by the 2D size of the ventricles in the absence of other abnormalities while the aetiology of the dilatation remains unknown. The main aim of this study was to investigate brain development in the presence of isolated ventriculomegaly during fetal and neonatal life. Methods Fetal brain MRI (1.5T) was performed in 60 normal fetuses and 65 with isolated ventriculomegaly from 22-38 gestational weeks. Volumetric analysis of the ventricles and supratentorial brain structures was performed on 3D reconstructed datasets while cortical maturation was assessed using a detailed cortical scoring system. The metabolic profile of the fetal brain was assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. During neonatal life, volumetric analysis of ventricular and supratentorial brain tissue was performed while white matter microstructure was assessed using Diffusion Tensor Imaging. The neurodevelopmental outcome of these children was evaluated at 1 and 2 years of age. Results Fetuses with isolated ventriculomegaly had significantly increased cortical volumes when compared to controls while cortical maturation of the calcarine sulcus and parieto-occipital fissure was delayed. NAA:Cho, MI:Cho and MI:Cr ratios were lower whilst Cho:Cr ratios were higher in fetuses with ventriculomegaly. Neonates with prenatally diagnosed ventriculomegaly had increased ventricular and supratentorial brain tissue volumes and reduced FA values in the splenium of the corpus callosum, sagittal striatum and corona radiata. At year 2 of age, only 37.5% of the children assessed had a normal neurodevelopment. Conclusions The presence of relative cortical overgrowth, delayed cortical maturation and aberrant white matter development in fetuses with ventriculomegaly may represent the neurobiological substrate for cognitive, language and behavioural deficits in these children.

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Chan, Shiao-yng. "Thyroid status and fetal brain development." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418887.

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Shahidiani, Asal. "Brain development in autism spectrum disorder." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/brain-development-in-autism-spectrum-disorder(ccbdfbdf-e739-4495-9c00-6b9301bb0d7c).html.

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Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition accompanied by differences in brain anatomy and connectivity. Whilst the ASD brain has been widely studied under the lens of neuroimaging, results are both spatially and temporally heterogeneous. The most ubiquitous findings relate to global differences in the trajectory of early brain growth. Thus, there is a compelling need to characterize the neurodevelopmental trajectory of brain maturation in ASD beyond these early years and beneath the global level. Therefore, the present work conducts an investigation into brain development in ASD, utilizing a variety of magnetic resonance metrics in a broad sample of children and adolescents with ASD and typically developing controls. We examine age-related differences in structural connectivity - measured by diffusion tensor imaging and myelin mapping techniques - alongside vertex-based measures of cortical anatomy, including cortical thickness, surface area and gyrification. In addition, we dissect these differences within a developmental framework by investigating linear, quadratic, and cubic age effects on each neuroanatomical component in order to identify the most appropriate model for examining between-group differences in the presence of significant age effects and age ‘by’ group interactions. Finally, we extend our cross-sectional investigations by carrying out a longitudinal study of myelination in ASD, showing for the first time that the ASD is accompanied by altered myelin development. Our overarching finding is that ASD is characterised by age-related, region-specific brain differences. Importantly, these differences encompass the trajectories of both grey- and white-matter development, which we have dissected further into contributions from cortical-thickness, surface-area and gyrification, as well as white matter microstructure and myelination, respectively. Therefore, measures of grey- and white-matter morphology and connectivity should not be interpreted independently, but jointly as they jointly elicit the atypical patterns of brain development and connectivity typically observed in ASD.

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INSOLIA, VIOLETTA. "Brain Development in Prolidase Deficient Mice." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1203288.

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Prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the prolidase gene, the PEPD, causing the reduction or the loss of the prolidase enzyme activity. PD patients present a variable onset, and severe skin ulcers mainly characterize the pathology. However, PD has a broad spectrum of phenotypes including mental impairment and developmental delay of variable degrees. Prolidase is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. MMPs together with their inhibitors (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, TIMPs) regulate the extracellular matrix maturation and remodelling life-long. Among them, prolidase is able to cleave dipeptides when prolin or hydroxyprolin residues are located at the C-terminal end. According to prolidase activity, its function has an impact on the metabolism of many biologically important molecules, particularly during the biosynthesis and degradation of collagen and procollagen. Therefore, prolidase indirectly has a role in the ECM remodelling. In particular, the ECM adjustments are essential in the brain, especially during the critical period of development: from passive structural property, to a direct influence on cell proliferation, migration, axonal guidance, synaptogenesis, homeostatic plasticity, learning and memory processes, and angiogenesis. In particular, the basement membrane beside the pial meninx (pBM) is a specialized structure of ECM whose integrity and proper assembly is essential for a correct cortical development and the collagen IV plays an essential role in pBM stability. Ruptures, even localized, in the pBM are accompanied by changes in the morphology of radial glia cells, subsequent cortical dysplasia, overmigration of neurons, decrease in the proliferation and migration of granule cell precursors, and reduction in Purkinje neuron dendrites. Recently, a mutant mouse with reduced prolidase activity has been identified with a spontaneous 4 bp deletion in the exon 14 of Pepd gene. The mutant mouse was named dark-like (dal) because of its darkened-coat color in homozygosis. The dal/dal phenotype includes small body size, reproductive degeneration, vacuolated cells at the cortical medullary junction of the adrenal gland, mild hydrocephalus, dark urine and altered bone phenotype. The prolidase activity was strongly reduced in cerebrum and cerebellum in dal mice. Moreover, they develop hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but neither skin lesions nor recurrent infections were reported (in contrast to the reported human cases). The aim of this thesis was the study the brain development of dal/+ and dal/dal mice. Since no information were available, the analysis started with a morphological evaluation of the cerebellum, neocortex and hippocampus, through histological stainings. Then, immunohistochemistry reactions and western blotting analysis helped the anomalies characterizations. In particular, the attention has been mainly focused on the cerebellum, since it is the structure in which the ontogenetic events occurred also postnatally. The neocortex and hippocampal results were not described in details. Our results suggested that the absence of a full functional prolidase enzyme in the dal/dal mice results in a damage of the integrity of the pBM with an altered collagen, laminin and reelin profile. Such damage, could affect as a cascade of developmental events the proper lamination process of the cerebellum, leading to a cortical dysplasia together with the presence of degenerating and ectopic cells, defects in cerebellar lobulation and in the excitation/inhibition pattern of the cerebellar circuit.

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Cainelli, Elisa. "Brain electrophysiological development in premature infants." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423450.

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Background. Improvements in postnatal care provided in neonatal intensive care units have resulted in increasing survive percentage of children born at the limits of viability. A large number of premature infants experienced major impairment and/or minor neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cognitive, psychiatric and motor disorders. The etiology of these developmental deficits still remains not completely understood, but they may be the result of neonatal brain injury as well of interruption of the normal process of brain maturation that occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy, a critical period of prenatal ontogenesis. Prediction of the outcome of individual preterm infants is difficult. Although a premature infant may be asymptomatic for abnormal clinical signs, he may exhibit subtle alterations in brain activity which often remain unrecognized. A neurophysiologic evaluation of brain activity in the third trimester of gestation would probably be of great benefit for early detection of pathological processes or subclinical alterations. Electroencephalogram and cortical auditory evoked potentials turned out to be simple and useful techniques in evaluation of brain maturation. Aims. We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations at early crucial phases of development (35 and 40 weeks post-conception) in order to identify differences in cerebral activity between premature infants born at different gestational ages and full-term neonates, using electroencephalogram (EEG) at rest and cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP). We further aimed to correlate the neonatal data with later neurodevelopment. Methods. The research is divided into three studies: Study 1: EEG spectral activity was recorded at 35 post-conception weeks in 40 premature infants and compared between groups of infants born at different gestational age (“extremely low gestational age”, ELGA: 23–27+6, ‘‘very low gestational age’’, VLGA: 28–31+6 and “low gestational age”, LGA: 34-35). The results were correlated with behavioral developmental scores obtained at 12 months corrected age from 20 infants. Study 2: a subgroup of 10 infants of Study 1 repeated the EEG recording at 40 post-conception age. EEG spectral activity of this subgroup was compared longitudinally and further the activity recorded at 40 GA were compared with those of a group of 10 full-term infants. Study 3: CAEP were recorded in active sleep at 35 post-conception weeks in response to an auditory stimulation in 36 premature infants and compared between groups of infants born at different gestational age (ELGA, VLGA, LGA). The results were correlated with behavioral developmental scores obtained at 12 months corrected age from 20 infants. Methodology Study 1 and 2. Electrical brain activity was recorded for 40 minutes on 5 bipolar channels. Data were transformed into the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. Frequency spectrum was divided into the following bands: δ (0.5-4 Hz, comprising δ1 0.5-1 Hz and δ2 1-4 Hz), θ (4-8 Hz), α (8-13 Hz) and β (13-20 Hz). Statistical analysis were performed on absolute and relative power values only on central sites (C3-C4, C3-T3, C4-T4). Methodology Study 3. 1000 Hz (paradigm 1) and 500 Hz (paradigm 2) auditory stimulations were performed on continuous EEG recording. Design consisted of 300 tones for each paradigm. Inter-stimulus interval randomly varied between 600 and 900 ms; 12 monopolar channels were recorded, referenced to the bilateral linked ear lobes. 600 ms epochs were divided for statistical analysis in time windows of 100 ms. Statistical analysis were performed only on central sites (Fz, Cz). Results. Study 1. On C3-C4, relative spectral power values differed significantly between ELGA and LGA groups. Infants born at lower gestational ages had a higher amount of power in the δ and a lower amount of α and β spectral power. The preliminary data on those infants attaining 12 months of corrected age showed that higher amount of δ and a lower amount of β and α resulted associated with poor relational skills and personal self autonomies. Study 2. At 40 post-conception age, premature infants showed on C3-C4 a decrease in δ activity and a mild, not significant, increase in higher frequencies; no significant differences in spectral power values were found with full-term neonates. Study 3. In response to 1000 Hz tones no waveforms became evident on Fz in ELGA infants, while LGA presented a wide and slow positive response; the groups differed significantly. VLGA’s grand average waveform resembled that of LGA group, but characterized by a high variability. Responses to 500 Hz resulted highly variable and not reliable. Conclusions. We found early subtle brain electrical alterations in premature infants experiencing different developmental pathways, suggesting a different cortical organization; these differences seem to be associated with later development. The potential of neurophysiological methodologies is to provide a useful indicator of good prognosis or poor developmental outcomes.
Premesse. Gli avanzamenti tecnologici che negli ultimi decenni hanno caratterizzato le cure perinatali e le tecniche di terapia intensiva neonatale hanno permesso la sopravvivenza di una percentuale sempre maggiore di neonati prematuri nati ad età gestazionali sempre più basse, ai limiti della sopravvivenza. Eppure, studi sullo sviluppo a breve e lungo termine hanno dimostrato che molti neonati prematuri riportano esiti maggiori e/o disordini evolutivi minori, come deficit cognitivi e neuropsicologici, disturbi psichiatrici/comportamentali e motori. La causa di tali disordini dello sviluppo rimane poco chiara, ma può essere il risultato di sofferenza cerebrale in epoca neonatale come anche dell’interruzione del normale processo di sviluppo che avviene nel terzo trimestre di gravidanza, un periodo estremamente critico per la maturazione cerebrale. Predire come sarà lo sviluppo di un neonato prematuro rimane attualmente molto difficile. Infatti, sebbene un neonato possa essere asintomatico per segni clinici indicativi di una condizione patologica in atto, possono essere presenti alterazioni subcliniche del funzionamento cerebrale che spesso non vengono riconosciute. Una valutazione neurofisiologica dell’attività cerebrale nel neonato prematuro può probabilmente essere di grande utilità nel precoce riconoscimento di processi patologici o di alterazioni subcliniche. L’elettroencefalogramma (EEG) e i potenziali evocati uditivi corticali (CAEP) si sono dimostrati tecniche semplici e valide nel valutare la maturazione cerebrale. Obiettivi dello studio. Abbiamo condotto delle valutazioni neurofisiologiche trasversali e longitudinali in due fasi precoci e cruciali dello sviluppo (35 e 40 settimane postconcezionali) allo scopo di identificare differenze nell’attività elettrica cerebrale fra prematuri nati ad età gestazionali diverse e neonati a termine, usando EEG a riposo e i CAEP. Tali indagini in epoca neonatale sono state poi correlate con lo sviluppo comportamentale a distanza. Metodi. La ricerca è stata articolata in tre studi: Studio 1: è stata eseguita l’analisi spettrale dell’EEG registrato a 35 settimane postconcezionali in 40 neonati prematuri; tale attività è stata comparata fra gruppi di neonati nati ad età gestazionali diverse (estremi prematuri, ELGA: 23–27+6, veri prematuri, VLGA: 28–31+6 e prematuri, LGA: 34-35). I risultati ottenuti in epoca neonatale sono stati correlati con l’indice di sviluppo comportamentale ottenuto ai 12 mesi di età corretta nei primi 20 bambini che hanno raggiunto tale età. Studio 2: un sottogruppo di 10 neonati dello Studio 1 ha ripetuto la registrazione EEG a 40 settimane postconcezionali; la potenza spettrale ottenuta dalle registrazioni EEG a 35 e 40 settimane postconcezionali è stata cofrontata longitudinalmente; successivamente l’attività spettrale ottenuta alle 40 settimane postconcezionali è stata confrontata con quella di 10 neonati a termine alla nascita. Studio 3: i CAEP sono stati registrati in sonno attivo a 35 settimane postconcezionali in 36 prematuri e comparati fra gruppi di neonati nati ad età gestazionali diverse (ELGA, VLGA, LGA). I risultati sono stati correlati con l’indice di sviluppo comportamentale ottenuto ai 12 mesi di età corretta nei primi 20 bambini che hanno raggiunto quest’età. Metodologia Studio 1 e 2. L’attività elettrica cerebrale è stata registrata per 40 minuti su 5 canali bipolari. I dati ottenuti sono stati trasformati nel dominio delle frequenze utilizzando una trasformazione Fast Fourier. Lo spettro di frequenza è stato diviso nelle seguenti bande: δ (0.5-4 Hz, composto da δ1 0.5-1 Hz e δ2 1-4 Hz), θ (4-8 Hz), α (8-13 Hz) e β (13-20 Hz). Le analisi statistiche sono state eseguite sui valori di potenza assoluti e relativi ottenute solo dai siti centrali (C3-C4, C3-T3, C4-T4). Metodologia Studio 3. Durante la registrazione continua dell’EEG i neonati sono stati stimolati con treni di toni a 1000 Hz (paradigma 1) e a 500 Hz (paradigma 2). Il disegno sperimentale prevedeva 300 toni per ciascun paradigma. L’intervallo inter-stimolo variava in maniera casuale fra 600 e 900 ms; sono stati registrati 12 canali monopolari, riferiti bilateralmente ai lobi degli orecchi. Le epoche di 600 ms sono state divise per l’analisi statistica in finestre temporali di 100 ms. Le analisi statistiche sono state eseguite solo sui siti centrali (Fz, Cz). Risultati. Studio 1. In C3-C4, i valori di potenza spettrale relativa differivano significativamente fra i gruppi di ELGA e LGA. I neonati nati alle età gestazionali più basse avevano una maggiore potenza relativa in δ e una minore in α e β. La correlazione di questi dati con lo sviluppo comportamentale dei primi bambini che hanno raggiunto i 12 mesi di età corretta ha mostrato come alte percentuali di potenza in δ e basse in β e α fossero associate ad abilità relazionali più povere ed autonomie personali meno mature. Studio 2. A 40 settimane postconcezionali i prematuri hanno mostrato in C3-C4 una riduzione di potenza δ relativa e un lieve, non significativo, aumento di potenza nelle alte frequenze; non sono state trovate differenze significative rispetto i neonati a termine. Studio 3. Nel paradigma a 1000 Hz non è stato possibile rilevare nessuna risposta ai suoni nei neonati ELGA, mentre nei LGA in Fz era evidente una lenta ed ampia onda positiva; la grande media dei due gruppi differiva significativamente in Fz. La grande media dei neonati VLGA assomigliava a quella dei LGA, ma era caratterizzata da un’alta variabilità. Le risposte a toni di 500 Hz sono risultate troppo variabili e non riproducibili. Conclusioni. Confrontando neonati prematuri che hanno sperimentato linee di sviluppo differenti, abbiamo trovato delle differenze sottili nell’attività elettrica cerebrale che suggeriscono un’alterazione dell’organizzazione corticale. Tali differenze sembrano inoltre associate allo sviluppo comportamentale nel primo anno di vita. Questi risultati suggeriscono che le tecniche neurofisiologiche possano essere molto utili nella prognosi dei neonati prematuri.

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Moses, Pamela. "Quantitative MRI analysis of human brain development following pre and perinatal brain injury /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9951427.

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ROCA, ELENA. "BRAIN RETRACTION: dynamic-mechanical characterization of brain tissue and development of novel devices." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11379/568965.

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Background. Brain retraction plays an important role in the cranial surgery, but the problems that can arise from excessive retraction are not negligible. The major limitation to the use of brain retractors is their high possibility of parenchyma’s damage: this becomes particularly evident in interventions of many hours that require a long-lasting spatulation. Possible lesions from cerebral retraction can include contusions, hematomas and haemorrhages that can also affect patient's outcome. Project Objectives. The first our goal was to study the instruments currently present for cerebral retraction by analysing their advantages and disadvantages. After this, the main objective was to create a new brain retraction tool and validate its use in cranial surgery. Another objective was to exploit endoscopic vision also in transcranial surgery designing work chambers perfectly suitable for introducing the endoscope easily while providing safe retraction for the surrounding brain. To achieve these results, it was therefore necessary to carry out an accurate preclinical phase study which also benefits from collaboration of a multidisciplinary team. Research activity and novelty of the project. The careful study of this topic, the anatomical and engineering laboratory tests, have made it possible to create new technological tools with many advantages in the neurosurgical field. The dynamic mechanical characterization of the brain allows to predict the mechanical behaviour of the human brain in health and disease also being able to foresee and possibly avoid complications for patients. Due to the continuous technological progress in the neurosurgery field, today the need to understand the correlation between the material structure and related viscoelastic properties is becoming ever more crucial also in order to develop design guidelines for the next generation of biomaterials, to match tissue and extra cellular matrix mechanics for in vitro tissue models and applications in regenerative medicine. Conclusions and future perspectives. The knowledge of the behaviour of the brain parenchyma in response to a compression force is therefore important in order to understand the mechanisms underlying the damage, the dangerous thresholds and therefore the possible prevention of brain complications. This last aspect was fundamental to be able to create new "intelligent" surgical instruments that operate safely. We therefore performed tests on preclinical model, on specimens and then also on animals; we finally studied the brain parenchyma from the histological point of view, documenting the visible damage of the cerebral retraction. These phases were essential to then proceed with clinical phase on patients: the next steps will be to test the prototyped spatula on patient in the surgical theatre and finish the last preclinical tests of the chamber. We also hope to file the patent for the new spatula by the end of this year.
Background. La retrazione cerebrale svolge un ruolo importante nella chirurgia cranica, ma i problemi che possono derivare da un'eccessiva retrazione non sono trascurabili. Il principale limite all'uso dei divaricatori cerebrali è la loro elevata possibilità di danno del parenchima: questo diventa particolarmente evidente negli interventi di tante ore che richiedono una retrazione di lunga durata. Possibili lesioni da retrazione cerebrale possono includere contusioni, ematomi ed emorragie che possono anche influenzare l’outcome del paziente. Obiettivi del progetto. Il primo nostro obiettivo era quello di studiare gli strumenti attualmente presenti per la retrazione cerebrale analizzandone vantaggi e svantaggi. Successivamente, l'obiettivo principale era creare un nuovo strumento di retrazione cerebrale e convalidarne l'uso nella chirurgia cranica. Un altro obiettivo era quello di sfruttare la visione endoscopica anche nella chirurgia transcranica progettando camere di lavoro perfettamente adatte per introdurre facilmente l'endoscopio fornendo al contempo una retrazione sicura per il cervello circostante. Per raggiungere questi risultati è stato quindi necessario condurre un accurato studio in fase preclinica con la collaborazione di un team multidisciplinare. Attività di ricerca e novità del progetto. L'attento studio di questo argomento, i test eseguiti in laboratorio di anatomia e di ingegneria, hanno permesso di creare nuovi strumenti tecnologici con molti vantaggi in campo neurochirurgico. La caratterizzazione meccanica dinamica del cervello permette di predire il comportamento meccanico del cervello umano sano e malato potendo anche prevedere ed eventualmente evitare complicanze per i pazienti. Grazie al progresso tecnologico nel campo della neurochirurgia, oggi la necessità di comprendere la correlazione tra la struttura del materiale e le relative proprietà viscoelastiche sta diventando sempre più cruciale anche al fine di sviluppare linee guida progettuali per la prossima generazione di biomateriali, per abbinare tessuti ed extra meccanica della matrice cellulare per modelli tissutali in vitro e applicazioni nella medicina rigenerativa. Conclusioni e prospettive future. La conoscenza del comportamento del parenchima cerebrale in risposta ad una forza di compressione è quindi importante per comprendere i meccanismi alla base del danno, le soglie pericolose e quindi la possibile prevenzione delle complicanze cerebrali. Quest'ultimo aspetto è stato fondamentale per poter realizzare nuovi strumenti chirurgici “intelligenti” che operino in sicurezza. Abbiamo quindi eseguito test su modellino preclinico, su cadavere e poi anche su animale; abbiamo infine studiato il parenchima cerebrale dal punto di vista istologico documentando il danno visibile causato dalla retrazione cerebrale. Questi steps sono stati fondamentali per poi procedere con la fase clinica sui pazienti: i prossimi passi saranno testare il prototipo della spatola sul paziente in sala operatoria e terminare gli ultimi test preclinici della camera. Confidiamo anche di depositare il brevetto per la nuova spatola entro la fine di quest'anno

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Books on the topic "Brain development"

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Sprecher, Simon G., ed. Brain Development. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-655-9.

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Sprecher, Simon G., ed. Brain Development. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9732-9.

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Lagercrantz, Hugo. Infant Brain Development. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44845-9.

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Janigro, Damir, ed. Mammalian Brain Development. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-287-2.

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Goffinet, André M., and Pasko Rakic, eds. Mouse Brain Development. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48002-0.

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Nurturing brain development. New York, N.Y: McGraw Hill/Glencoe, 2003.

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Janigro, Damir. Mammalian Brain Development. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009.

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Barnes, Marcia A., ed. Genes, Brain, and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511770708.

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Gerald, Young J., ed. Brain, culture, and development. New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2003.

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A, Schwartzkroin P., ed. Brain development and epilepsy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Brain development"

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Weeks, Andrew. "Brain Development." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_801-1.

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McLellan, Tracey. "Brain Development." In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 286–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_411.

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von Tetzchner, Stephen. "Brain Development." In Child and Adolescent Psychology, 103–20. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315742113-7.

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Black, James E., and William T. Greenough. "Brain development." In Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 1., 455–57. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10516-169.

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von Tetzchner, Stephen. "Brain Development." In Typical and Atypical Child and Adolescent Development 2, 67–77. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292456-18.

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Weeks, Andrew. "Brain Development." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 725–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_801.

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Blows, William T. "Brain development." In The Biological Basis of Mental Health, 28–43. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003097273-2.

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Binti Jauhar, Junaimah, Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, and Rabiul Islam. "Malaysia’s Development Policies." In Brain Drain, 33–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0977-8_2.

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O’Donnell, Sean. "Brain Development and Brain Evolution." In Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 131–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1_163.

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O’Donnell, Sean. "Brain Development and Brain Evolution." In Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_163-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Brain development"

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Yates, Keegan, Elizabeth Fievisohn, Warren Hardy, and Costin Untaroiu. "Development and Validation of a Göttingen Miniature Pig Brain Finite Element Model." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60217.

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The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that there are approximately 1.4 million emergency department visits, hospitalizations, or deaths per year in the USA due to traumatic brain injuries (TBI) [1]. In order to lessen the severity or prevent TBIs, accurate dummy models, simulations, and injury risk metrics must be used. Ideally, these models and metrics would be designed with the use of human data. However, available human data is sparse, so animal study data must be applied to the human brain. Animal data must be scaled before it can be applied, and current scaling methods are very simplified. The objective of our study was to develop a finite element (FE) model of a Göttingen mini-pig to allow study of the tissue level response under impact loading. A hexahedral FE model of a miniature pig brain was created from MRI images. The cerebrum, cerebellum, corpus callosum, midbrain, brainstem, and ventricles were modeled and assigned properties as a Kelvin-Maxwell viscoelastic material. To validate the model, tests were conducted using mini-pigs in an injury device that subjected the pig brain to both linear and angular motion. These pigs are commonly used for brain testing because the brains are well developed with folds and the material properties are similar to human brain. The pigs’ brains were embedded with neutral density radio-opaque markers to track the motion of the brain relative to the skull with a biplanar X-ray system. The impact was then simulated, and the motion of nodes closest to the marker locations was recorded and used to optimize material parameters and the skull-brain interface. The injuries were defined at a tissue level with damage measures such as cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM). In future the animal FE model could be used with a human FE model to determine an accurate animal-to-human transfer function.

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Umadevi Venkataraju, Kannan U., James Gornet, Gayathri Murugaiyan, Zhuhao Wu, and Pavel Osten. "Development of brain templates for whole brain atlases." In Neural Imaging and Sensing 2019, edited by Qingming Luo, Jun Ding, and Ling Fu. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2505295.

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Taleb, L., M. J. Brown, and M. M. Sadeghi. "Towards the Development of a Comprehensive HIC: Predicted Injury – Brain Material Dependency." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0952.

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Abstract This study proposes a systematic computer simulation technique, using strain as a criterion to assess the severity of brain damage under rotational loading, in particular diffuse axonal injury (DAI). A plane strain model representing realistically a section of the brain in the frontal plane (coronal section) is used in this investigation. The Brain-Skull interface has been modelled using a new representation, allowing the brain to move in a true bio-fidelic way, as well as taking into account the damping role of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), which acts as a buoy forming a protective cushion around the brain. Based on accident reconstruction data from the literature, the model is validated against the injury observed on the victims. Furthermore, this study proposes a parametric study of brain material properties to assess their effect on the brains’ dynamic response and suggests a new injury criterion for the DAI. It appears that the need to develop a comprehensive head injury criterion (CHIC) which takes into account head injuries caused by non-direct impact or by inertial loading becomes crucial.

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Rahn, Rachel M., Annie R. Bice, Lindsey M. Brier, Joseph D. Dougherty, and Joseph P. Culver. "Optical Imaging of Functional Connectivity Across Development in the Mouse Cortex." In Optics and the Brain. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/brain.2018.btu2c.6.

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Zimmermann, Bernhard B., Davide Tamborini, Juliette Selb, Antonio Ortega Martinez, and David A. Boas. "Development of a Wearable fNIRS System Using Modular Electronic Optodes for Scalability." In Optics and the Brain. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/brain.2019.bw1a.3.

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Gasimzade, G. Sh. "Early diagnosis of traumatic brain injury." In Global science. Development and novelty. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gdsn-25-12-2019-17.

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Pichette, Julien, Andréanne Goyette, Gilles Soulez, Brian Wilson, and Frédéric Leblond. "Development of a Multispectral Monte Carlo Simulation Technique for Blood Vessels Detection during Brain Needle Biopsy Procedures." In Optics and the Brain. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/brain.2015.brw1b.6.

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Tóth-Bakos, Anita, and Agáta Csehiová. "MUSIC AND BRAIN – MUSIC TRAINING TRANSFER." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2016.0136.

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An, Hyejin, and Hyun-Chool Shin. "Development of multi-channel brain stimulator." In 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoin.2018.8343239.

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Stachowiak, Michal K., Ewa K. Stachowiak, Christopher Handelmann, Brandon Decker, Anna Balcerak, Aesha Desai, Yongho Bae, and Josep M. Jornet. "Integrated genome regulation of brain development." In NANOCOM '18: ACM The Fifth Annual International Conference on Nanoscale Computing and Communication. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3233188.3233226.

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Reports on the topic "Brain development"

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Rosenzweig, Mark, and Rafael J. Santos Villagran. Is Fish Brain Food or Brain Poison? Sea Surface Temperature, Methyl-mercury and Child Cognitive Development. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26957.

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Haacke, E. M. Development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601794.

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Haacke, Ewart M. Development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601883.

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Näslund-Hadley, Emma, Michelle Koussa, and Juan Manuel Hernández. Skills for Life: Stress and Brain Development in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003205.

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Learning to cope with disappointments and overcoming obstacles is part of growing up. By conquering some challenges, children develop resilience. Such normal stressors may include initiating a new activity or separation from parents during preschool hours. However, when the challenges in early childhood are intensified by important stressors happening outside their own lives, they may start to worry about the safety of themselves and their families. This may cause chronic stress, which interferes with their emotional, cognitive, and social development. In developing country contexts, it is especially hard to capture promptly the effects of stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic on childrens cognitive and socioemotional development. In this note, we draw on the literature on the effect of stress on brain development and examine data from a recent survey of households with young children carried out in four Latin American countries to offer suggestions for policy responses. We suggest that early childhood and education systems play a decisive role in assessing and addressing childrens mental health needs. In the absence of forceful policy responses on multiple fronts, the mental health outcomes may become lasting.

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Hannas, William, Huey-Meei Chang, Catherine Aiken, and Daniel Chou. China AI-Brain Research. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190033.

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Since 2016, China has engaged in a nationwide effort to "merge" AI and neuroscience research as a major part of its next-generation AI development program. This report explores China’s AI-brain program — identifying key players and organizations and recommending the creation of an open source S&T monitoring capability within the U.S. government.

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Vannier, Michael W. Traumatic Brain Injury Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Roadmap Development Project. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601792.

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Vannier, Michael W. Traumatic Brain Injury Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Roadmap Development Project. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601870.

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Vannier, Michael W. Traumatic Brain Injury Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Roadmap Development Project. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601911.

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Zervas, Mark. Temporal Loss of Tsc1: Neural Development and Brain Disease in Tuberous Sclerosis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609442.

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Zervas, Mark. Temporal Loss of Tsc1: Neural Development and Brain Disease in Tuberous Sclerosis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584730.

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