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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain reward, motivation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Noritake, Atsushi, Taihei Ninomiya, and Masaki Isoda. "Representation of distinct reward variables for self and other in primate lateral hypothalamus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 10 (2020): 5516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917156117.

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The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has long been implicated in maintaining behavioral homeostasis essential for the survival of an individual. However, recent evidence suggests its more widespread roles in behavioral coordination, extending to the social domain. The neuronal and circuit mechanisms behind the LH processing of social information are unknown. Here, we show that the LH represents distinct reward variables for “self” and “other” and is causally involved in shaping socially motivated behavior. During a Pavlovian conditioning procedure incorporating ubiquitous social experiences where rew

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Buck, Ross. "Conceptualizing motivation and emotion." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (2000): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00262420.

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Motivation and emotion are not clearly defined and differentiated in Rolls's The brain and emotion, reflecting a widespread problem in conceptualizing these phenomena. An adequate theory of emotion cannot be based upon reward and punishment alone. Basic mechanisms of arousal, agonistic, and prosocial motives-emotions exist in addition to reward-punishment systems.

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Rolls, Edmund T. "Précis of The brain and emotion." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (2000): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00002429.

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The topics treated in The brain and emotion include the definition, nature, and functions of emotion (Ch. 3); the neural bases of emotion (Ch. 4); reward, punishment, and emotion in brain design (Ch. 10); a theory of consciousness and its application to understanding emotion and pleasure (Ch. 9); and neural networks and emotion-related learning (Appendix). The approach is that emotions can be considered as states elicited by reinforcers (rewards and punishers). This approach helps with understanding the functions of emotion, with classifying different emotions, and in understanding what inform

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Mobbs, Dean, Demis Hassabis, Ben Seymour, et al. "Choking on the Money." Psychological Science 20, no. 8 (2009): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02399.x.

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A pernicious paradox in human motivation is the occasional reduced performance associated with tasks and situations that involve larger-than-average rewards. Three broad explanations that might account for such performance decrements are attentional competition (distraction theories), inhibition by conscious processes (explicit-monitoring theories), and excessive drive and arousal (overmotivation theories). Here, we report incentive-dependent performance decrements in humans in a reward-pursuit task; subjects were less successful in capturing a more valuable reward in a computerized maze. Conc

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Pessiglione, M. "Why don’t you make an effort? Computational dissection of motivation disorders." European Psychiatry 29, S3 (2014): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.319.

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Apathy can be defined as a reduction of goal-directed behavior. It is frequently observed in psychiatric and neurological diseases, and presently assessed using clinical questionnaires. To understand the neural dysfunction underlying apathy, it is necessary to decompose this syndrome into elementary computational processes. A key distinction is that of costs and benefits: apathy can result either from hyposensitivity to potential rewards or from hypersensitivity to potential efforts. In this talk, I will present a behavioral paradigm that implements the conflict between effort and reward in hu

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Berridge, Kent C., Jun Zhang, and J. Wayne Aldridge. "Computing motivation: Incentive salience boosts of drug or appetite states." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 4 (2008): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004767.

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AbstractCurrent computational models predict reward based solely on learning. Real motivation involves that but also more. Brain reward systems can dynamically generate incentive salience, by integrating prior learned values with even novel physiological states (e.g., natural appetites; drug-induced mesolimbic sensitization) to cause intense desires that were themselves never learned. We hope future computational models may capture this too.

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Rigoli, Francesco, Benjamin Chew, Peter Dayan, and Raymond J. Dolan. "The Dopaminergic Midbrain Mediates an Effect of Average Reward on Pavlovian Vigor." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 9 (2016): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00972.

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Dopamine plays a key role in motivation. Phasic dopamine response reflects a reinforcement prediction error (RPE), whereas tonic dopamine activity is postulated to represent an average reward that mediates motivational vigor. However, it has been hard to find evidence concerning the neural encoding of average reward that is uncorrupted by influences of RPEs. We circumvented this difficulty in a novel visual search task where we measured participants' button pressing vigor in a context where information (underlying an RPE) about future average reward was provided well before the average reward

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Verharen, Jeroen P. H., Roger A. H. Adan, and Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren. "How Reward and Aversion Shape Motivation and Decision Making: A Computational Account." Neuroscientist 26, no. 1 (2019): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858419834517.

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Processing rewarding and aversive signals lies at the core of many adaptive behaviors, including value-based decision making. The brain circuits processing these signals are widespread and include the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and striatum, and their dopaminergic innervation. In this review, we integrate historic findings on the behavioral and neural mechanisms of value-based decision making with recent, groundbreaking work in this area. On the basis of this integrated view, we discuss a neuroeconomic framework of value-based decision making, use this to explain the motivation to pursue rewa

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Roesch, Matthew R., and Carl R. Olson. "Impact of Expected Reward on Neuronal Activity in Prefrontal Cortex, Frontal and Supplementary Eye Fields and Premotor Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (2003): 1766–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00019.2003.

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In several regions of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed response tasks at a rate determined by the value of the reward expected at the end of the trial. The activity of these neurons might be related either to the internal representation of the appetitive value of the expected reward or to motivation-dependent variations in the monkey's level of motor preparation or motor output. According to the first interpretation, reward-related activity should be most prominent in areas affiliated with the limbic system. According to the second interpretation, it should be most prominent in a

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COOPER, D., W. KLIPEC, M. FOWLER, and E. OZKAN. "A role for the subiculum in the brain motivation/reward circuitry." Behavioural Brain Research 174, no. 2 (2006): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2006.05.036.

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Lawn, Will, James Hill, Chandni Hindocha, et al. "The acute effects of cannabidiol on the neural correlates of reward anticipation and feedback in healthy volunteers." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 9 (2020): 969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120944148.

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Background: Cannabidiol has potential therapeutic benefits for people with psychiatric disorders characterised by reward function impairment. There is existing evidence that cannabidiol may influence some aspects of reward processing. However, it is unknown whether cannabidiol acutely affects brain function underpinning reward anticipation and feedback. Hypotheses: We predicted that cannabidiol would augment brain activity associated with reward anticipation and feedback. Methods: We administered a single 600 mg oral dose of cannabidiol and matched placebo to 23 healthy participants in a doubl

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Jiao, Ruiying, Wei Liu, Lili Yin, et al. "A method for recording the two phases of dopamine release in mammalian brain striatum slices." Analyst 145, no. 2 (2020): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9an01941c.

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GROSKREUTZ, DEREK, RAJITA SINHA, CHERYL LACADIE, et al. "Hyperinsulinemia Invokes Greater Brain Perfusion in Reward and Motivation Regions in Obesity." Diabetes 67, Supplement 1 (2018): 365—OR. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db18-365-or.

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Martin-Soelch, Chantal. "Is depression associated with dysfunction of the central reward system?" Biochemical Society Transactions 37, no. 1 (2009): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0370313.

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The neural substrates of MDD (major depressive disorder) are complex and not yet fully understood. In the present review, I provide a short overview of the findings supporting the hypothesis of a dysfunctional dopamine system in the pathophysiology of depression. Because the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system is involved in reward processing, it has been hypothesized that a reduced function of this system could underlie the anhedonia and amotivation associated with depression. This hypothesis is supported by several observations providing indirect evidence for reduced central dopaminergic trans

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Markert, Charlotte, Sanja Klein, Jana Strahler, Onno Kruse, and Rudolf Stark. "Sexual incentive delay in the scanner: Sexual cue and reward processing, and links to problematic porn consumption and sexual motivation." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10, no. 1 (2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00018.

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AbstractBackground and aimsThe use of pornography, while unproblematic for the majority, can grow into addiction-like behavior which in its extreme form is labeled as compulsive sexual behavioral disorder in the ICD-11 (WHO, 2018). The aim of this study was to investigate the addiction-specific reactivity to cues in order to better understand underlying mechanisms in the development of this disorder.MethodsWe have used an optimized Sexual Incentive Delay Task to study brain activity in reward associated brain areas during an anticipation phase (with cues predicting pornographic videos, control

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Aron, Arthur, Helen Fisher, Debra J. Mashek, Greg Strong, Haifang Li, and Lucy L. Brown. "Reward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated With Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 1 (2005): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00838.2004.

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Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. It has an important influence on social behaviors that have reproductive and genetic consequences. To determine which reward and motivation systems may be involved, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and studied 10 women and 7 men who were intensely “in love” from 1 to 17 mo. Participants alternately viewed a photograph of their beloved and a photograph of a familiar individual, interspersed with a distraction-attention task.

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Swain, James E., Suzanne C. Perkins, Carolyn J. Dayton, Eric D. Finegood, and S. Shaun Ho. "Parental brain and socioeconomic epigenetic effects in human development." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 5 (2012): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12001112.

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AbstractCritically significant parental effects in behavioral genetics may be partly understood as a consequence of maternal brain structure and function of caregiving systems recently studied in humans as well as rodents. Key parental brain areas regulate emotions, motivation/reward, and decision making, as well as more complex social-cognitive circuits. Additional key environmental factors must include socioeconomic status and paternal brain physiology. These have implications for developmental and evolutionary biology as well as public policy.

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Richard, Jocelyn M., Daniel C. Castro, Alexandra G. DiFeliceantonio, Mike J. F. Robinson, and Kent C. Berridge. "Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: In the footsteps of Ann Kelley." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 37, no. 9 (2013): 1919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.008.

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Soutschek, Alexander, Pyungwon Kang, Christian C. Ruff, Todd A. Hare, and Philippe N. Tobler. "Brain Stimulation Over the Frontopolar Cortex Enhances Motivation to Exert Effort for Reward." Biological Psychiatry 84, no. 1 (2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.007.

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Lardeux, Sylvie, Remy Pernaud, Dany Paleressompoulle, and Christelle Baunez. "Beyond the Reward Pathway: Coding Reward Magnitude and Error in the Rat Subthalamic Nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (2009): 2526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91009.2008.

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It was recently shown that subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesions affect motivation for food, cocaine, and alcohol, differentially, according to either the nature of the reward or the preference for it. The STN may thus code a reward according to its value. Here, we investigated how the firing of subthalamic neurons is modulated during expectation of a predicted reward between two possibilities (4 or 32% sucrose solution). The firing pattern of neurons responding to predictive cues and to reward delivery indicates that STN neurons can be divided into subpopulations responding specifically to one re

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Baunez, C. "From patient to rat, from rat to patient: innovation for the treatment of addictions." European Psychiatry 28, S2 (2013): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.09.039.

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Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has gained a revival for psychiatric disorders after its application in the SubThalamic Nucleus (STN) for neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The involvement of STN in non-motor processes has also been demonstrated and led to target it for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. In the context of another disease related to loss of impulse control, addiction, we suggest STN to be an appropriate target. We have tested the effects of STN “inactivation” by lesions or DBS in rats on motivation for food (sucrose), cocaine, heroin, alcohol and nic

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Ploog, Detlev W., and Karl M. Pirke. "Psychobiology of anorexia nervosa." Psychological Medicine 17, no. 4 (1987): 843–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700000647.

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SynopsisThe psychobiology of anorexia nervosa is described and explained under four headings; (1) the psychopathology as related to the motivation for fasting; (2) metabolic and somatic consequences of starvation, including brain morphology; (3) endocrine abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axis; and (4) the hunger drive and its possible perversions in terms of aspects of neuroethology and the reward system in the brain.

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Mucci, A., D. Dima, A. Soricelli, et al. "Is avolition in schizophrenia associated with a deficit of dorsal caudate activity? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study during reward anticipation and feedback." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 8 (2015): 1765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714002943.

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BackgroundThe neurobiological underpinnings of avolition in schizophrenia remain unclear. Most brain imaging research has focused on reward prediction deficit and on ventral striatum dysfunction, but findings are not consistent. In the light of accumulating evidence that both ventral striatum and dorsal caudate play a key role in motivation, we investigated ventral striatum and dorsal caudate activation during processing of reward or loss in patients with schizophrenia.MethodWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activation during a Monetary Incentive Delay task in patien

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Krupić, Dino, and Philip J. Corr. "Moving Forward with the BAS." Psihologijske teme 26, no. 1 (2017): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.26.1.2.

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One of the hottest topics in neuroscience is the study of brain-behavioural circuits underlying the processing of reward-related stimuli. A growing body of studies has shed new light on the neural structure of this reward system. In this paper, we discuss the significance of these studies from the perspective of a neuropsychological theory of personality, namely the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). RST assumes that variation in sensitivity/reactivity of the reward system is the cause of individual differences in approach motivation (e.g. desire or need for achievement, persistence, and

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Padmala, Srikanth, and Luiz Pessoa. "Reward Reduces Conflict by Enhancing Attentional Control and Biasing Visual Cortical Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 11 (2011): 3419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00011.

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How does motivation interact with cognitive control during challenging behavioral conditions? Here, we investigated the interactions between motivation and cognition during a response conflict task and tested a specific model of the effect of reward on cognitive processing. Behaviorally, participants exhibited reduced conflict during the reward versus no-reward condition. Brain imaging results revealed that a group of subcortical and fronto-parietal regions was robustly influenced by reward at cue processing and, importantly, that cue-related responses in fronto-parietal attentional regions we

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Massar, S. A., J. Lim, K. Sasmita, and M. W. Chee. "0287 Motivated Performance While Sleep Deprived: Neurobehavioral Correlates of Attentional Effort Deployment." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.285.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep deprivation (SD) has a negative impact on the motivation to exert effort. This may contribute to the decline in attentional performance observed under SD. In this study we examined how SD affects motivated performance and effort-based decision making. Particularly, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying the interplay between SD and motivated behavior. Methods Twenty-seven healthy subjects were tested once after a night of sleep in the lab (9h Time in Bed; Rested Wakefulness = RW), and once after a night of to

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이일선, 권용주, and 변정호. "Development of A Learning Model for Improvement of Biology Learning Motivation Based on the Brain Motivation and Reward System." BIOLOGY EDUCATION 40, no. 1 (2012): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15717/bioedu.2012.40.1.109.

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Ramaswami, Mani. "How “carrots and sticks” are encoded in the brain: Motivation, reward, addiction and fear." Journal of Biosciences 23, no. 3 (1998): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02720015.

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Carland, Matthew A., David Thura, and Paul Cisek. "The Urge to Decide and Act: Implications for Brain Function and Dysfunction." Neuroscientist 25, no. 5 (2019): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858419841553.

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Humans and other animals are motivated to act so as to maximize their subjective reward rate. Here, we propose that reward rate maximization is accomplished by adjusting a context-dependent “urgency signal,” which influences both the commitment to a developing action choice and the vigor with which the ensuing action is performed. We review behavioral and neurophysiological data suggesting that urgency is controlled by projections from the basal ganglia to cerebral cortical regions, influencing neural activity related to decision making as well as activity related to action execution. We also

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Subramaniapillai, Mehala, and Roger S. McIntyre. "A review of the neurobiology of obesity and the available pharmacotherapies." CNS Spectrums 22, S1 (2017): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852917000839.

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Obesity is becoming an increasing problem worldwide. In addition to causing many physical health consequences, there is increasing evidence demonstrating that obesity is toxic to the brain and, as such, can be considered a disease of the central nervous system. Peripheral level regulators of appetite, such as leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin, feed into the appetite center of the brain, which is controlled by the hypothalamus, to maintain homeostasis and energy balance. However, food consumption is not solely mediated by energy balance, but is also regulated by the mesolimbic rewar

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Dolzani, Samuel D., Shinya Nakamura, and Donald C. Cooper. "A novel variable delay Go/No-Go task to study attention, motivation and working memory in the head-fixed rodent." F1000Research 2 (May 10, 2013): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-125.v1.

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In order to parse the causal elements underlying complex behaviors and decision-making processes, appropriate behavioral methods must be developed and used in concurrence with molecular, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches. Presented is a protocol for a novel Go/No-Go behavioral paradigm to study the brain attention and motivation/reward circuitry in awake, head-restrained rodents. This experimental setup allows: (1) Pharmacological and viral manipulation of various brain regions via targeted guide cannula; (2) Optogenetic cell-type specific activation and silencing with simul

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Dolzani, Samuel D., Shinya Nakamura, and Donald C. Cooper. "A novel variable delay Go/No-Go task to study attention, motivation and working memory in the head-fixed rodent." F1000Research 2 (March 19, 2014): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-125.v2.

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In order to parse the causal elements underlying complex behaviors and decision-making processes, appropriate behavioral methods must be developed and used in concurrence with molecular, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches. Presented is a protocol for a novel Go/No-Go behavioral paradigm to study the brain attention and motivation/reward circuitry in awake, head-restrained rodents. This experimental setup allows: (1) Pharmacological and viral manipulation of various brain regions via targeted guide cannula; (2) Optogenetic cell-type specific activation and silencing with simul

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Laming, Donald R. J. "On the behavioural interpretation of neurophysiological observation." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (2000): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00392421.

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Examples of terror generated by an aircraft disaster, of human courtship behaviour, and of the application of laboratory techniques to the commercial training of animals suggest (1) that emotion is simply the subjective counterpart of (objective) motivation (so that separate brain mechanisms would be an embarrassment) and (2) the apparent involvement of reward and punishment is a consequence of the excessively narrow range of experimental procedures used and has no foundation in the design of the brain.

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Ferreri, Laura, Ernest Mas-Herrero, Robert J. Zatorre, et al. "Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 9 (2019): 3793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811878116.

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Understanding how the brain translates a structured sequence of sounds, such as music, into a pleasant and rewarding experience is a fascinating question which may be crucial to better understand the processing of abstract rewards in humans. Previous neuroimaging findings point to a challenging role of the dopaminergic system in music-evoked pleasure. However, there is a lack of direct evidence showing that dopamine function is causally related to the pleasure we experience from music. We addressed this problem through a double blind within-subject pharmacological design in which we directly m

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Murphy, Conor F., Nicholas Stratford, Neil G. Docherty, et al. "A Pilot Study of Gut-Brain Signaling After Octreotide Therapy for Unintentional Weight Loss After Esophagectomy." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 1 (2020): e204-e216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa697.

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Abstract Background Recurrence-free patients after esophageal cancer surgery face long-term nutritional consequences, occurring in the context of an exaggerated postprandial gut hormone response. Acute gut hormone suppression influences brain reward signaling and eating behavior. This study aimed to suppress gut hormone secretion and characterize reward responses and eating behavior among postesophagectomy patients with unintentional weight loss. Methods This pilot study prospectively studied postoperative patients with 10% or greater body weight loss (BWL) beyond 1 year who were candidates fo

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Ginane, C., M. Bonnet, R. Baumont, and D. K. Revell. "Feeding behaviour in ruminants: a consequence of interactions between a reward system and the regulation of metabolic homeostasis." Animal Production Science 55, no. 3 (2015): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14481.

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Feeding behaviour, through both diet selection and food intake, is the predominant way that an animal attempts to fulfil its metabolic requirements and achieve homeostasis. In domestic herbivores across the wide range of production practices, voluntary feed intake is arguably the most important factor in animal production, and a better understanding of systems involved in intake regulation can have important practical implications in terms of performance, health and welfare. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework that highlights the critical involvement and interconnections of two m

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Slaker, Megan, Jordan M. Blacktop, and Barbara A. Sorg. "Caught in the Net: Perineuronal Nets and Addiction." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7538208.

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Exposure to drugs of abuse induces plasticity in the brain and creates persistent drug-related memories. These changes in plasticity and persistent drug memories are believed to produce aberrant motivation and reinforcement contributing to addiction. Most studies have explored the effect drugs of abuse have on pre- and postsynaptic cells and astrocytes; however, more recently, attention has shifted to explore the effect these drugs have on the extracellular matrix (ECM). Within the ECM are unique structures arranged in a net-like manner, surrounding a subset of neurons called perineuronal nets

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Goldfus, Carol, and Anit Karny-Tagger. "Changing Perceptions About Changes in the Teen Brain: An Overview." LEARNing Landscapes 10, no. 2 (2017): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v10i2.809.

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Education changes the brain. The purpose of this meta-review is to afford teachers access to the most upto- date research regarding principal neuro-processes of adolescent development and behavior to improve students’ well-being and motivation in the classroom. This includes facets such as emotional, social, risk and reward mechanisms, stressors, technology, and learning. Understanding the scientific basis behind processes, such as learning and memory, empowers teachers with the knowledge to quantify the effects of their teaching on the brain, to facilitate successful learning, and to contribu

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Evero, Nero, Laura C. Hackett, Robert D. Clark, Suzanne Phelan, and Todd A. Hagobian. "Aerobic exercise reduces neuronal responses in food reward brain regions." Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 9 (2012): 1612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01365.2011.

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Acute exercise suppresses ad libitum energy intake, but little is known about the effects of exercise on food reward brain regions. After an overnight fast, 30 (17 men, 13 women), healthy, habitually active (age = 22.2 ± 0.7 yr, body mass index = 23.6 ± 0.4 kg/m2, V̇o2peak = 44.2 ± 1.5 ml·kg−1·min−1) individuals completed 60 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer or 60 min of rest (no-exercise) in a counterbalanced, crossover fashion. After each condition, blood oxygen level-dependent responses to high-energy food, low-energy food, and control visual cues, were measured by functional magnetic re

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Yamaguchi, H., Y. Maki, and K. Takahashi. "Rehabilitation for dementia using enjoyable video-sports games." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 4 (2010): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210001912.

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The aging of society inevitably leads to an increase in the numbers of elderly with dementia who reside in nursing homes, and delaying disease progression of residents with dementia has become a big concern. Rehabilitation that focuses directly on training cognitive function (e.g. memory training) reveals what patients are unable to do. Realization of their cognitive deficits can devastate their self-confidence and lead to anxiety, depression and the lowering of self-esteem (Small et al., 1997). We propose rehabilitation that encourages patients' motivation for self-improvement through social

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Meier, Isabell M., Marie Eikemo, and Siri Leknes. "The Role of Mu-Opioids for Reward and Threat Processing in Humans: Bridging the Gap from Preclinical to Clinical Opioid Drug Studies." Current Addiction Reports 8, no. 2 (2021): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00366-8.

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Abstract Purpose of Review Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the human brain. A number of features commonly associated with drug use disorder, such as difficulties in emotional learning, emotion regulation and anhedonia, have been linked to endogenous opioid signalling. Whereas chronic substance use and misuse are thought to alter the function of the mu-opioid system, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. We argue that understanding exogenous and endogenous opioid effects in the healthy human brain is an essential foundation for bridging preclinical and clinical findings rela

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Zlebnik, Natalie E., Iness Gildish, Thibaut Sesia, et al. "Motivational Impairment is Accompanied by Corticoaccumbal Dysfunction in the BACHD-Tg5 Rat Model of Huntington’s Disease." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 11 (2019): 4763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz009.

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Abstract Neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as avolition, apathy, and anhedonia, precede the onset of debilitating motor symptoms in Huntington’s disease (HD), and their development may give insight into early disease progression and treatment. However, the neuronal and circuit mechanisms of premanifest HD pathophysiology are not well-understood. Here, using a transgenic rat model expressing the full-length human mutant HD gene, we find early and profound deficits in reward motivation in the absence of gross motor abnormalities. These deficits are accompanied by significant and progressive dysfun

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Anguah, Katherene, Elizabeth Parks, and Shawn Christ. "Exposure to Written Content Eliciting Weight Stigmatization: Neural Control of Appetite and Food Reward." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa057_003.

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Abstract Objectives Weight bias occurs due to environmental cues, and beyond impacting a person's perception, may have direct physiological effects. Here, fMRI was used to investigate whether exposure to written weight stigmatization content influenced the neural control of appetite and food reward in response to high-calorie (HC), low-calorie (LC) and non-food (NF) images. Relationships were assessed between neural activation, blood glucose, age, body weight, eating behavior (assessed by TFEQ), and subjective pleasantness ratings of food pictures. Methods Overweight/obese individuals were ran

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Fico, G., A. M. Monteleone, M. Nigro, G. Patriciello, U. Volpe, and P. Monteleone. "Ghrelin response to hedonic eating in underweight and short-term weight restored patients with anorexia nervosa." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.779.

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IntroductionRecently, anorexia nervosa (AN) has been conceptualized as a reward-related disorder, and brain imaging studies have shown functional and structural abnormalities in areas of the brain involved in reward processes in both acute and recovered AN patients. However, the role of endogenous biochemical mediators, such as Ghrelin, in the modulation of reward processes has been poorly investigated in this eating disorder.ObjectivesHedonic eating, that is the consumption of food exclusively for pleasure and not to maintain energy homeostasis, is a useful paradigm to investigate the physiol

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Colvin, Kayla J., Henry S. Killen, Maxwell J. Kanter, Maximilian C. Halperin, Liv Engel, and Paul J. Currie. "Brain Site-Specific Inhibitory Effects of the GLP-1 Analogue Exendin-4 on Alcohol Intake and Operant Responding for Palatable Food." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (2020): 9710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249710.

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Approximately 14.4 million Americans are experiencing alcohol use disorder (AUD) and about two-thirds of people who experience drug addiction will relapse, highlighting the need to develop novel and effective treatments. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone implicated in the mesocorticolimbic reward system and has become a peptide of interest with respect to its putative inhibitory effects on drug reward. In order to further develop treatments for those diagnosed with AUD, the interplay between GLP-1 receptor signaling and ethanol consumption must be elucidated. In the present

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Kobayashi, Yasushi, Yuka Inoue, Masaru Yamamoto, Tadashi Isa, and Hiroshi Aizawa. "Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to Performance of Visually Guided Saccade Tasks in Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 2 (2002): 715–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.715.

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The cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) is one of the major ascending arousal systems in the brain stem and is linked to motor, limbic, and sensory systems. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that PPTN would be related to the integrative control of movement, reinforcement, and performance of tasks in behaving animals. To investigate how PPTN contributes to the behavioral control, we analyzed the activity of PPTN neurons during visually guided saccade tasks in three monkeys in relation to saccade preparation, execution, reward, and performance of the task. During visua

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Fischer, Benjamin, and Detlef Wegener. "Emphasizing the “positive” in positive reinforcement: using nonbinary rewarding for training monkeys on cognitive tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 1 (2018): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00572.2017.

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Nonhuman primates constitute an indispensable model system for studying higher brain functions at the neurophysiological level. Studies involving these animals elucidated the neuronal mechanisms of various cognitive and executive functions, such as visual attention, working memory, and decision-making. Positive reinforcement training (PRT) constitutes the gold standard for training animals on the cognitive tasks employed in these studies. In the laboratory, PRT is usually based on application of a liquid reward as the reinforcer to strengthen the desired behavior and absence of the reward if t

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Lopez, Richard B., Andrea L. Courtney, and Dylan D. Wagner. "Recruitment of cognitive control regions during effortful self-control is associated with altered brain activity in control and reward systems in dieters during subsequent exposure to food commercials." PeerJ 7 (February 28, 2019): e6550. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6550.

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Engaging in effortful self-control can sometimes impair people’s ability to resist subsequent temptations. Existing research has shown that when chronic dieters’ self-regulatory capacity is challenged by prior exertion of effort, they demonstrate disinhibited eating and altered patterns of brain activity when exposed to food cues. However, the relationship between brain activity during self-control exertion and subsequent food cue exposure remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether individual differences in recruitment of cognitive control regions during a difficult respons

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Aleman, A. "Reward Circuits and Apathy in Schizophrenia: Neuroimaging and Treatment Strategies." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.040.

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Approximately 50% of patients with schizophrenia shows deficits in motivation and initiation of goal-directed behavior, which are suggestive of reward system dysfunction. We conducted a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies reporting on the neural correlates of reward processing and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A significant mean weighted correlation was observerd, revealing deficits in activation of reward neurocircuitry. A more specific findings is comprised activation of the ventral striatum, involved in anticipation of reward, and structures that play a critical role in the ability

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Mifune, Hiroharu, Yuji Tajiri, Yusuke Sakai, et al. "Voluntary exercise is motivated by ghrelin, possibly related to the central reward circuit." Journal of Endocrinology 244, no. 1 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-19-0213.

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We previously reported that voluntary exercise contributed to the amelioration of abnormal feeding behavior with a concomitant restoration of ghrelin production in a rat model of obesity, suggesting a possible relationship between exercise and appetite-regulating hormones. Ghrelin is known to be involved in the brain reward circuits via dopamine neurons related to motivational properties. We investigated the relevance of ghrelin as an initiator of voluntary exercise as well as feeding behavior. The plasma ghrelin concentration fluctuates throughout the day with its peak at the beginning of the

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