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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain Tonic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Del Vecchio, Maria, Carlotta Fossataro, Flavia Maria Zauli, et al. "Tonic somatosensory responses and deficits of tactile awareness converge in the parietal operculum." Brain 144, no. 12 (2021): 3779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab384.

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Abstract Although clinical neuroscience and the neuroscience of consciousness have long sought mechanistic explanations of tactile-awareness disorders, mechanistic insights are rare, mainly because of the difficulty of depicting the fine-grained neural dynamics underlying somatosensory processes. Here, we combined the stereo-EEG responses to somatosensory stimulation with the lesion mapping of patients with a tactile-awareness disorder, namely tactile extinction. Whereas stereo-EEG responses present different temporal patterns, including early/phasic and long-lasting/tonic activities, tactile-

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2

Scimemi, Annalisa, Anna Andersson, Joost H. Heeroma, et al. "Tonic GABAAreceptor-mediated currents in human brain." European Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 4 (2006): 1157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04989.x.

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3

Kantode, Dipti* Kavitake Dhiraj. "Kaempferol's pharmacological effects on strychnine-induced convulsions in lab mice (Albino mice)." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 12 (2024): 1543–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14409093.

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Historical background of epilepsy The word epilepsy is derived from Greek word Epilambane in and means to seizure upon or to taking hold of or to take over. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, with a prevalence of about 1%, which is characterized by the recurrent appearance of spontaneous seizures due to neuronal hyperactivity in the brain (Dell;1986) Whitman S, 01  Definition of epilepsy Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, with a prevalence of about 1%, which is characterized by the recurrent appearance of spontaneous seizures due to neuronal hyperactivity in the brain

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4

He, Xiaosong, Ganne Chaitanya, Burcu Asma, et al. "Disrupted basal ganglia–thalamocortical loops in focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures." Brain 143, no. 1 (2019): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz361.

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Abstract Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures are associated with lower quality of life, higher risk of seizure-related injuries, increased chance of sudden unexpected death, and unfavourable treatment outcomes. Achieving greater understanding of their underlying circuitry offers better opportunity to control these seizures. Towards this goal, we provide a network science perspective of the interactive pathways among basal ganglia, thalamus and cortex, to explore the imprinting of secondary seizure generalization on the mesoscale brain network in temporal lobe epilepsy. Specifically, we pa

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5

Bhavani J and Ravichandran S. "Underlying antioxidant activity in the anticonvulsant potency of polyherbal tonic." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Life Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijprls.v7i2.1219.

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Convulsions are the commonest of the symptoms that prevail in the most of the diseases that affect the human nervous system. Almost 1% of the world’s population now suffer from epilepsy as a long-term disease and had been on medication for an extended period of time. There are many investigations and theories advocating that the elevated enzyme activity in the brain and their inability to protect the brain from the free radical generation and normalization will lead to convulsions and seizures. There were investigations that the free radicals were counter acted by the protective enzymes in the

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6

Varghese, G. I., M. J. Purcaro, J. E. Motelow, et al. "Clinical use of ictal SPECT in secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures." Brain 132, no. 8 (2009): 2102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp027.

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7

Blumenfeld, H., G. I. Varghese, M. J. Purcaro, et al. "Cortical and subcortical networks in human secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures." Brain 132, no. 4 (2009): 999–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp028.

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8

Sirigu, Angela, and Michel Desmurget. "Somatosensory awareness in the parietal operculum." Brain 144, no. 12 (2021): 3558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab415.

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9

Li, Zhongxia, Jiangping Wang, Huimin Yu, and Kewen Jiang. "Opening of KATP Channel Regulates Tonic Currents From Pyramidal Neurons in Rat Brain." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 44, no. 6 (2017): 718–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.455.

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AbstractBackground: ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels couple metabolic state to cellular excitability. Activation of neuronal and astrocytic mitochondrial KATP (mitoKATP) channels regulates a variety of neuronal functions. However, less is known about the impact of mitoKATP on tonic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibition. Tonic GABA inhibition is mediated by the binding of ambient GABA on extrasynaptic GABA A-type receptors (GABAARs) and is involved in regulating neuronal excitability. Methods: We determined the impact of activation of KATP channels with diazoxide (DIZ) on tonic inhibition and r

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10

Spampanato, Jay, Anne Gibson, and F. Edward Dudek. "The antihelminthic moxidectin enhances tonic GABA currents in rodent hippocampal pyramidal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 5 (2018): 1693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00587.2017.

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Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are commonly used treatments for parasitic worm and insect infections in humans, livestock, and companion animals. MLs target the invertebrate glutamate-activated chloride channel that is not present in vertebrates. MLs are not entirely inert in vertebrates, though; they have been reported to have activity in heterologous expression systems consisting of ligand-gated ion channels that are present in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, these compounds are typically not able to reach significant concentrations in the CNS because of the activity of the

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11

Atcherley, Christopher W., Kevin M. Wood, Kate L. Parent, Parastoo Hashemi, and Michael L. Heien. "The coaction of tonic and phasic dopamine dynamics." Chemical Communications 51, no. 12 (2015): 2235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06165a.

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12

Walker, Matthew C. "GABAAreceptor subunit specificity: a tonic for the excited brain." Journal of Physiology 586, no. 4 (2008): 921–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.150581.

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13

Hemant, Kumar. "A Hospital-Based Assessment of Clinical Radiological and EEG Profile of Patients Presenting with First Episode of Generalized Tonic Clonic Convulsions." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 12 (2022): 1424–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13242554.

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<strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the present study was to assess the Clinical, Radiological and EEG profile of patients presenting with first episode of generalised tonic clonic convulsions and its significance in the management of seizure. <strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted for period of one year in Paras HMRI Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India . The study included a sample size of 100 patients which satisfied the case definitions of generalised tonic clonic convulsions. Descriptive statistics was used in present study.  Continuous variable is expressed as mean +

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14

Tang, Xin, Ciria C. Hernandez та Robert L. Macdonald. "Modulation of Spontaneous and GABA-Evoked Tonic α4β3δ and α4β3γ2L GABAA Receptor Currents by Protein Kinase A". Journal of Neurophysiology 103, № 2 (2010): 1007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00801.2009.

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Protein kinase A (PKA) has been reported to regulate synaptic αβγ γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor currents, but whether PKA regulates GABAA receptor peri- and extrasynaptic tonic currents is unknown. GABAA receptors containing α4 subunits are important in mediating tonic inhibition and exist as both α4βδ and α4βγ receptors in the brain. To mimic GABA-independent and GABA-dependent tonic currents, we transfected HEK 293T cells with α4β3δ or α4β3γ2L subunits and recorded spontaneous currents in the absence of applied GABA and steady-state currents in the presence of 1 μM GABA. Both α

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15

BRANDT, THOMAS, and MARIANNE DIETERICH. "PATHOLOGICAL EYE-HEAD COORDINATION IN ROLL: TONIC OCULAR TILT REACTION IN MESENCEPHALIC AND MEDULLARY LESIONS." Brain 110, no. 3 (1987): 649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/110.3.649.

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16

Ameen, Mohamed, Pavlos Topalidis, Peter Simor, Manuel Schabus, and Kerstin Hoedlmoser. "0080 Selective Brain and Eye Responses to Auditory Stimuli During Phasic and Tonic REM Sleep." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (2024): A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0080.

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Abstract Introduction Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is divided into phasic and tonic episodes based on the presence or absence of eye movements, respectively. Phasic REM, often linked with dreaming, is traditionally seen as a phase of brain isolation from the surroundings. On the contrary, during tonic REM periods, the brain is thought to maintain a stronger connection to the environment and a higher sensitivity to external stimuli. However, the processing of external information during these distinct REM microstates is not well-understood. Here, we aim to investigate sensory processing durin

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17

Castagnola, Elisa, Elaine M. Robbins, Bingchen Wu, et al. "Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (2022): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070540.

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Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which regulates the phasic firing. Real-time measurements of tonic and phasic DA concentrations in the living brain can shed light on the mechanism of DA dynamics underlying behavioral and psychiatric disorders and on the action of pharmacological treatments targeting DA. Current state-of-the-art in vivo DA

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18

Savic, Ivanka, Rudiger J. Seitz, and Stefan Pauli. "Brain distortions in patients with primarily generalized tonic clonic seizures." NeuroImage 3, no. 3 (1996): S511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80513-1.

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19

Kovács, Gábor L., Zoltán Sarnyai, Gyula Szabó, and Gyula Telegdy. "Development of morphine tolerance under tonic control of brain oxytocin." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 17, no. 4 (1986): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(86)90087-6.

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20

Savic, Ivanka, Rudiger J. Seitz, and Stefan Pauli. "Brain Distortions in Patients with Primarily Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures." Epilepsia 39, no. 4 (1998): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01388.x.

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21

Rahal, Ahmad K., Phu V. Truong, and K. James Kallail. "Oxaliplatin-Induced Tonic-Clonic Seizures." Case Reports in Oncological Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/879217.

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Oxaliplatin is a common chemotherapy drug used for colon and gastric cancers. Common side effects are peripheral neuropathy, hematological toxicity, and allergic reactions. A rare side effect is seizures which are usually associated with posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES). A 50-year-old male patient presented with severe abdominal pain. CT scan of the abdomen showed acute appendicitis. Appendectomy was done and pathology showed mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was started with Folinic acid, Fluorouracil, and Oxaliplatin (FOLFOX). During the third

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22

Bhattarai, Janardhan P., Seon Ah Park, Jin Bong Park, et al. "Tonic Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptor Currents Control Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Excitability in the Mouse." Endocrinology 152, no. 4 (2011): 1551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1191.

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Abstract It is well established that the GABAA receptor plays an important role in regulating the electrical excitability of GnRH neurons. Two different modes of GABAA receptor signaling exist: one mediated by synaptic receptors generating fast (phasic) postsynaptic currents and the other mediated by extrasynaptic receptors generating a persistent (tonic) current. Using GABAA receptor antagonists picrotoxin, bicuculline methiodide, and gabazine, which differentiate between phasic and tonic signaling, we found that ∼50% of GnRH neurons exhibit an approximately 15-pA tonic GABAA receptor current

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23

Stahl, Stephen M., Rebecca Hammond, Manny Garcia, et al. "Zuranolone, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of the GABA_A Receptor: Hypothesized Mechanism of Action in Major Depressive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 28, no. 2 (2023): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923002092.

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AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by depressed mood and/or loss of interest/pleasure in activities, among other symptoms. Most currently available treatments for depression were developed on the hypothesis that depressive symptoms arise from a depletion of monoamines within the central nervous system (CNS). However, clinical understanding has advanced to identify brain network dysregulation as the primary driver of depression, with monoamines playing a lesser role. Prolonged inability to regulate brain networks may lead to the core symptoms and

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24

Mody, Istvan, Joseph Glykys, and Weizheng Wei. "A new meaning for “Gin & Tonic”: tonic inhibition as the target for ethanol action in the brain." Alcohol 41, no. 3 (2007): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.03.009.

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25

Romo-Parra, H., P. Blaesse, L. Sosulina, and H. C. Pape. "Neurosteroids increase tonic GABAergic inhibition in the lateral section of the central amygdala in mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 9 (2015): 3421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00045.2015.

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Neurosteroids are formed de novo in the brain and can modulate both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. Recent evidence suggests that the anxiolytic effects of neurosteroids are mediated by the amygdala, a key structure for emotional and cognitive behaviors. Tonic inhibitory signaling via extrasynaptic type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs) is known to be crucially involved in regulating network activity in various brain regions including subdivisions of the amygdala. Here we provide evidence for the existence of tonic GABAergic inhibition generated by the activation of δ-subu

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26

Woo, Junsung, Joo Ok Min, Dae-Si Kang, et al. "Control of motor coordination by astrocytic tonic GABA release through modulation of excitation/inhibition balance in cerebellum." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (2018): 5004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721187115.

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Tonic inhibition in the brain is mediated through an activation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors by the tonically released GABA, resulting in a persistent GABAergic inhibitory action. It is one of the key regulators for neuronal excitability, exerting a powerful action on excitation/inhibition balance. We have previously reported that astrocytic GABA, synthesized by monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), mediates tonic inhibition via GABA-permeable bestrophin 1 (Best1) channel in the cerebellum. However, the role of astrocytic GABA in regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and cerebella

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27

Bouairi, Euguenia, Harriet Kamendi, Xin Wang, Christopher Gorini, and David Mendelowitz. "Multiple Types of GABAA Receptors Mediate Inhibition in Brain Stem Parasympathetic Cardiac Neurons In the Nucleus Ambiguus." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 6 (2006): 3266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00590.2006.

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Recent work suggests neurons can have different types of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors that mediate phasic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and tonic currents. This study examines the diversity of GABAergic synaptic currents in parasympathetic cardioinhibitory neurons that receive rhythmic bursts of GABAergic neurotransmission. Focal application of gabazine (25 μM) to cardiac vagal neurons in vitro did not change the frequency of firing in spontaneously active neurons or the resting membrane potential; however, picrotoxin (100 μM) significantly depolarized cardiac vagal

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28

Davitkov, Dajana, Vladimir Nesic, Darko Marinkovic, et al. "Lafora disease in a Chihuahua dog: a case report." Acta Veterinaria Brno 92, no. 4 (2023): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202392040369.

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The aging process is still not fully understood, although it has been studied for centuries. One of the processes in the brain during aging is the accumulation of extracellular and intracellular deposits of amyloid and lipofuscin. Deposits of various polyglucosan bodies (PGBs) are also found in brain tissue. The accumulation of the Lafora bodies (LB), a type of PGBs, can cause the Lafora disease (LD). Initial signs of the disease in humans are tonic-clonic seizures with blindness and myoclonus seizures. Normally, all haematological and biochemical indices are within the reference range in dogs

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Amador, Ariadna, Christopher D. Bostick, Heather Olson, et al. "Modelling and treating GRIN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in mice." Brain 143, no. 7 (2020): 2039–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa147.

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Abstract NMDA receptors play crucial roles in excitatory synaptic transmission. Rare variants in GRIN2A encoding the GluN2A subunit are associated with a spectrum of disorders, ranging from mild speech and language delay to intractable neurodevelopmental disorders, including but not limited to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. A de novo missense variant, p.Ser644Gly, was identified in a child with this disorder, and Grin2a knock-in mice were generated to model and extend understanding of this intractable childhood disease. Homozygous and heterozygous mutant mice exhibited altered hip

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30

Oparil, S., and JM Wyss. "Atrial Natriuretic Factor in Central Cardiovascular Control." Physiology 8, no. 5 (1993): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1993.8.5.223.

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A complete atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) synthetic, processing, and effector system is found in rat brain. ANF in critical brain regions, including anterior hypothalamic area and nucleus tractus solitarii, contributes importantly to the tonic control of blood pressure, sympathetic outflow, and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

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31

Kim, Jeong Ah, Jin Il Chung, Pyeong Ho Yoon, Dong Ik Kim, Tae Sub Chung, and Joo Hee Kim. "MR Imaging Findings of Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure Induced Brain Changes." Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 42, no. 3 (2000): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.2000.42.3.411.

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32

Huang, R. S., T. P. Jung, A. Delorme, and S. Makeig. "Tonic and Phasic Brain Dynamics during Responses to Simulated Driving Challenges." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70897-3.

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33

Ye, Yvaine. "Tonic taste bad to you? It may be a brain thing." New Scientist 241, no. 3218 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)30317-3.

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34

Wong, Chong H., Armin Mohamed, George Larcos, Rochelle McCredie, Ernest Somerville, and Andrew Bleasel. "Brain activation patterns of versive, hypermotor, and bilateral asymmetric tonic seizures." Epilepsia 51, no. 10 (2010): 2131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02723.x.

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35

Slivko, �. I., and N. N. Lyubimov. "Tonic inhibitory influence of the brain on spinal interneurons in cats." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 102, no. 5 (1986): 1481–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00854660.

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36

De Ridder, Dirk, and Sven Vanneste. "Burst and Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation: Different and Common Brain Mechanisms." Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 19, no. 1 (2015): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ner.12368.

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37

De Ridder, Dirk, and Sven Vanneste. "Burst and Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation: Different and Common Brain Mechanisms." NeuroTarget 11, no. 2 (2017): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47924/neurotarget2017157.

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Objetivo: La estimulación medular eléctrica se usa generalmente para tratar el dolor médicamente incoercible. Para lograr la supresión del dolor se utilizan distintos diseños de estimulación como la estimulación tónica, la estimulación de alta frecuencia y la estimulación en ráfagas. Un análisis preliminar de los mismos datos utilizados en este estudio demostró que la estimulación en ráfagas probablemente modula las vías mediales de dolor, a diferencia de la estimulación tónica. El tema plantea qué mecanismos supraespinales comunes y diferentes usan la estimulación tónica y en ráfagas. Materia

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38

Arocha Pérez, Jorge L., Lilia M. Morales Chacón, Karla Batista García Ramo, and Lídice Galán García. "Sequential Semiology of Seizures and Brain Perfusion Patterns in Patients with Drug-Resistant Focal Epilepsies: A Perspective from Neural Networks." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12040107.

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Ictal semiology and brain single-photon emission computed tomography have been performed in approaching the epileptogenic zone in drug-resistant focal epilepsies. The authors aim to describe the brain structures involved in the ictal and interictal epileptogenic network from sequential semiology and brain perfusion quantitative patterns analysis. A sequential representation of seizures was performed (n = 15). A two-level analysis (individual and global) was carried out for the analysis of brain perfusion quantification and estimating network structures from the perfusion indexes. Most of the s

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39

Fujiwara, T. "Mutations of sodium channel alpha subunit type 1 (SCN1A) in intractable childhood epilepsies with frequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures." Brain 126, no. 3 (2003): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg053.

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Carroll, Briana J., Richard Bertram, and Richard L. Hyson. "Intrinsic physiology of inhibitory neurons changes over auditory development." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 1 (2018): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00447.2017.

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During auditory development, changes in membrane properties promote the ability of excitatory neurons in the brain stem to code aspects of sound, including the level and timing of a stimulus. Some of these changes coincide with hearing onset, suggesting that sound-driven neural activity produces developmental plasticity of ion channel expression. While it is known that the coding properties of excitatory neurons are modulated by inhibition in the mature system, it is unknown whether there are also developmental changes in the membrane properties of brain stem inhibitory neurons. We investigate

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41

Vardya, Irina, Kim R. Drasbek, Zita Dósa, and Kimmo Jensen. "Cell Type–Specific GABAA Receptor–Mediated Tonic Inhibition in Mouse Neocortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 1 (2008): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01224.2007.

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Activity of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors mediating tonic inhibition is thought to play an important role for the excitability of the mammalian cerebral cortex. However, little is known about the cell type–specific expression of tonic inhibition in particular types of cortical interneurons. Here, we used transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in somatostatin-positive (SOM) interneurons and investigated tonic inhibition in SOM interneurons versus pyramidal cells in neocortical layers 2/3. In brain slices, pyramidal cells showed a tonic current of 66 ± 19 pA in response to th

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42

Ransom, Christopher B., Wucheng Tao, Yuanming Wu, William J. Spain, and George B. Richerson. "Rapid regulation of tonic GABA currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 3 (2013): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00460.2012.

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Subacute and chronic changes in tonic GABAergic inhibition occur in human and experimental epilepsy. Less is known about how tonic inhibition is modulated over shorter time frames (seconds). We measured endogenous tonic GABA currents from cultured rat hippocampal neurons to evaluate how they are affected by 1) transient increases in extracellular GABA concentration ([GABA]), 2) transient postsynaptic depolarization, and 3) depolarization of presynaptic cells. Transient increases in [GABA] (1 μM) reduced tonic currents; this reduction resulted from GABA-induced shifts in the reversal potential

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Ikeda, Akio, Akira Sengoku, Nobuhisa Aoyagi, et al. "Seizure with prominent tonic initial signs followed by psychomotor features: a case report clinically manifesting an unusual ictal evolution." Epileptic Disorders 1, no. 2 (1999): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/j.1950-6945.1999.tb00308.x.

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ABSTRACT A clinically tonic seizure phase, immediately followed by psychomotor features (right hand dystonic posture, left hand and oral automatisms), was recorded by video and EEG, in a patient who had gliosis of the left temporal lobe and left hippocampal atrophy. Interictal epileptiform discharges were frequently seen in the left temporal area, and at the time of the tonic seizure phase, ictal spike discharges were continuously observed at the left posterior temporal area, which was recognized only by applying a high frequency filter (HFF) of 15 Hz to the digitally recorded EEG because EMG

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44

Kim, Uhnoh, and Lee-yup Chung. "Dual GABAergic Synaptic Response of Fast Excitation and Slow Inhibition in the Medial Habenula of Rat Epithalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 3 (2007): 1323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00575.2007.

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We report here a novel action of GABAergic synapses in regulating tonic firing in the mammalian brain. By using gramicidin-perforated patch recording in rat brain slices, we show that cells of the medial habenula of the epithalamus generate tonic firing in basal conditions. The GABAergic input onto these cells at postnatal days 18–25 generates a combinatorial activation of fast excitation and slow inhibition. The fast excitation, mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs), is alone capable of triggering robust action potentials to increase cell firing. This excitatory influence

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Krieger, Don, Paul Shepard, Ryan Soose, et al. "Symptom-Dependent Changes in MEG-Derived Neuroelectric Brain Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with Chronic Symptoms." Medical Sciences 9, no. 2 (2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci9020020.

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Neuroelectric measures derived from human magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings hold promise as aides to diagnosis and treatment monitoring and targeting for chronic sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study tests novel MEG-derived regional brain measures of tonic neuroelectric activation for long-term test-retest reliability and sensitivity to symptoms. Resting state MEG recordings were obtained from a normative cohort, Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (CamCAN), baseline: n = 619; mean 16-month follow-up: n = 253) and a chronic symptomatic TBI cohort, Targeted Evalua

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Ogren, Jennifer A., Luke A. Allen, Bhaswati Roy, et al. "Regional variation in brain tissue texture in patients with tonic-clonic seizures." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (2022): e0274514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274514.

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Patients with epilepsy, who later succumb to sudden unexpected death, show altered brain tissue volumes in selected regions. It is unclear whether the alterations in brain tissue volume represent changes in neurons or glial properties, since volumetric procedures have limited sensitivity to assess the source of volume changes (e.g., neuronal loss or glial cell swelling). We assessed a measure, entropy, which can determine tissue homogeneity by evaluating tissue randomness, and thus, shows tissue integrity; the measure is easily calculated from T1-weighted images. T1-weighted images were collec

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Thunberg, Johan, Eugene Lyskov, Alexander Korotkov, et al. "Brain processing of tonic muscle pain induced by infusion of hypertonic saline." European Journal of Pain 9, no. 2 (2005): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.05.003.

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Filipovic, Tatjana, Katarina Surlan Popovic, Alojz Ihan, and David Bozidar Vodusek. "Dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced (DSC) MRI perfusion and plasma cytokine levels in patients after tonic-clonic seizures." Radiology and Oncology 51, no. 3 (2017): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/raon-2017-0031.

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Abstract Background Inflammatory events in brain parenchyma and glial tissue are involved in epileptogenesis. Blood concentration of cytokines is shown to be elevated after tonic-clonic seizures. As a result of inflammation, blood-brain barrier leakage occurs. This can be documented by imaging techniques, such is dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced (DSC) MRI perfusion. Our aim was to check for postictal brain inflammation by studying DSC MRI perfusion and plasma level of cytokines. We looked for correlations between number and type of introducing seizures, postictal plasma level of cytoki

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Lin, Chin-Teng, Jung-Tai King, Chun-Hsiang Chuang, et al. "Exploring the Brain Responses to Driving Fatigue Through Simultaneous EEG and fNIRS Measurements." International Journal of Neural Systems 30, no. 01 (2019): 1950018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065719500187.

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Fatigue is one problem with driving as it can lead to difficulties with sustaining attention, behavioral lapses, and a tendency to ignore vital information or operations. In this research, we explore multimodal physiological phenomena in response to driving fatigue through simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings with the aim of investigating the relationships between hemodynamic and electrical features and driving performance. Sixteen subjects participated in an event-related lane-deviation driving task while measuring their brain

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Heimbuch, Ian S., Tiffany K. Fan, Allan D. Wu, Guido C. Faas, Andrew C. Charles, and Marco Iacoboni. "Ultrasound stimulation of the motor cortex during tonic muscle contraction." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0267268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267268.

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Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (tUS) shows potential as a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique, offering increased spatial precision compared to other NIBS techniques. However, its reported effects on primary motor cortex (M1) are limited. We aimed to better understand tUS effects in human M1 by performing tUS of the hand area of M1 (M1hand) during tonic muscle contraction of the index finger. Stimulation during muscle contraction was chosen because of the transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced phenomenon known as cortical silent period (cSP), in which transcranial magnetic s

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