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Journal articles on the topic 'Brake pedal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Brackett, R. Quinn, and Rodger J. Koppa. "Preliminary Study of Brake Pedal Location Accuracy." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 15 (1988): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786761983.

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Three experiments of brake pedal location accuracy were conducted using 24 subject drivers. The first experiment tested the accuracy of recall of drivers for the brake pedal location of the vehicle with which they were very familiar. The second experiment examined the accuracy of recall for a brake pedal location with which they had recent practice. The last experiment attempted to determine if practice with one brake pedal location would interfere with the accuracy of reproduction of a newly learned pedal location. The results of the experiments indicate that subject drivers have difficulty in reproducing the location of brake pedals. This difficulty exists for familiar brake pedal locations as well as newly learned brake pedal locations. Further there is an indication that practice with one brake pedal location may influence the accuracy of reproducing the location one newly learned.

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2

Ganesh, Ghadage, Pawar Unmesh, and Satish S. Kadam. "Design and Analysis of Commercial Automotive Vehicle Brake Pedal ." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.964.

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Over the years, designers have been developing various brake pedals in a bid to eliminate the operator’s risk of pressing the wrong pedal and to reduce his or her braking reaction time. One of the effective methods for reducing weight of trucks brake pedal is to change the design structure of it. The brake pedal is designed and analysed using Ansys 14.0. Different materials are used for the effective design of brake pedal with weight reduction of pedal and improved grip between foot and the pedal. The FEA results obtained and discussed herein confer optimum, cost effective design solution, easy to manufacture, and exhibits better grip.

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3

Zheng, Zhu An, Chuan Xue Song, Hui Lin, and Si Lun Peng. "Research of the Brake Pedal Feel on Wire-by-Brake-System." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1131.

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Analysis and comparison with conventional brake systems and brake-by-wire-system with pedal stroke simulator, and the establishment of the pedal stroke simulator model with the AMESim software, joint Matlab/Simulink software to design single neuron adaptive intelligent PID control strategy of the pedal stroke simulator. Through simulation verification draw that this brake-by-wire-systems and the control strategy can achieve the requirements of brake pedal feel of conventional brake systems, and effectively improve comfort during braking.

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4

Zhu, Wen Bo, Fen Zhu Ji, and Xiao Xu Zhou. "Design and Simulation of Pedal Simulator in Brake by Wire System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1358.

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Wire of the brake pedal is not directly connected to the hydraulic environment in the braking By-wire system so the driver has no direct pedal feel. Then pedal simulator is an important part in the brake-by-wire system. A pedal force simulator was designed based on the traditional brake pedal curve of pedal force and pedal travel, AMESim and Matlab / Simulink were used as a platform to build simulation models and control algorithms. The simulation results show that the pedal stroke simulator and the control strategy meet the performance requirements of traditional braking system. It can be used in brake by wire system.

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5

Khan, Y., P. Kulkarni, and K. Youcef-Toumi. "Modeling, Experimentation and Simulation of a Brake Apply System." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 116, no. 1 (1994): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2900665.

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This study presents the development and validation of an analytical dynamic model of the brake apply system of a vehicle. The brake apply system includes the models for brake pedal, vacuum booster, master cylinder, and proportioning valves; the interactions with the wheel brake system, which comprises the front and rear foundation brakes, are included by modeling their compliances. Laboratory experiments are performed on a bench setup of the brake system and the experimental data is compared with the simulation results. The model is formulated such that the inputs are the pedal force applied by the driver, the vacuum supplied by the engine and the physical parameters of the brake components. Preliminary analysis shows that the simulation tracks the data quite closely throughout the regime of operation. Sensitivity studies are performed to show the effect of different friction parameters on the system performance.

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6

Tang, Jin Hua, Kui Yang Wang, and Chuan Yi Yuan. "Research on Pedal Feeling Simulator Based on Magnetorheological Liquid." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.641.

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Brake-by-wire is development direction of vehicle brake system, pedal feeling simulator is an important part of brake-by-wire. In this paper, one type of pedal feeling simulator whose damping is adjustable based on controllable rheological properties of magnetorheological liquid is proposed on the basis of analyzing relationship between pedal displacement and pedal pressure of traditional brake system. The structure is designed, damping is calculated, magnetic circuit is analysed and parameters are confirmed. The result shows that the pedal feeling simulator designed can meet actual requirements, and has certain practical value.

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7

Sharke, Paul. "No Breaks for Noise." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 08 (1999): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-aug-5.

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This article highlights the fact that engineers who design and test anti-lock brake systems (ABS) have been trying to come up with ways to minimize the noise and vibration that drivers hear and feel when they stomp on the brake pedals. The ABS engineers want drivers to do during a panic stop is to let their feet off the brakes. According to the engineers, braking should be the concern, because the less time the driver worries about stopping the car, the more time there is to concentrate on steering it. The mechanical components in both systems are functionally identical, consisting of a brake pedal, a master cylinder and booster, hydraulic lines and fluid, wheel calipers, brake pads, and rotors. In fact, unless the system is actuated by hard braking, ABS acts just like an ordinary disc brake system. Engine noise would only mask the ABS noise reaching the binaural head, which sits inside the passenger compartment where a driver would normally be.

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8

Li, Jian Hu, Man Bok Park, and Hun Mo Kim. "The Fault Tolerant Output Selector Based on Fault-Detection Considering Realistic Fault Modes for Pedal Simulator of Brake-by-Wire System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1946.

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A brake pedal simulator in a Brake-by-Wire system is studied for fault tolerant control of the brake pedal signals. This study is conducted for the pedal simulator installed with a sensor that generates two analogue signals. Several realistic fault modes recognized by automotive experts have been analyzed. To solve the fault modes, we propose a fault tolerant output selector that can handle transient, intermittent, or permanent faults. The fault tolerant output selector, based on a fault detection algorithm, uses the BLS(brake light switch) signal and the Acc(acceleration pedal) signal to find faults and isolate them. To confirm the system performance, the fault modes were simulated. The result showed the reliability and safety of the pedal simulator for dealing with unexpected faults.

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9

Guan, Hsin, Wei Tuo Hao, and Jun Zhan. "A Vacuum Booster Model for Brake Pedal Feeling Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1248.

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The feeling of the brake pedal is one of the most important factors for the driver confidence during brake. Vacuum booster plays a significant role on the brake pedal feeling analysis. The traditional characteristic model cannot satisfy our objective, so a model based on the structure is needed. This paper presents a model based on the structure defined as 3 springs, 2 valves, 1 reaction washer and dynamic air flows, gives out the detailed condition to judge for the states of vacuum booster which can give more details to the brake pedal feeling. After simulation, the conclusion that the model is proper for pedal feeling can be drawn.

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10

Wang, Cong, Hong Wei Liu, Liang Yao, Yan Bo Wang, Liang Chu, and Yong Sheng Zhang. "Design of Brake Pedal Stroke Simulator for Hybrid Electric Car." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.73.

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A brake pedal stroke simulator is a key component of realizing a Regenerative Braking System. It provides a good pedal feeling to a driver, improves energy recovery and ensures braking security. This paper presents the hardware solution of the braking control system, the structure and key design parameters of a brake pedal stroke simulator. Through simulation, the energy recover rate and brake pedal feeling of drivers can be improved. The simulator can be used to realize the regenerative braking system in hybrid or electric vehicles.

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11

Mortimer, Rudolf G. "An Early (1969) Case of “Unintended Acceleration” Crash." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 19, no. 1 (2011): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804611400987.

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This article describes the human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) design considerations of the accelerator and brake pedal configuration of a 1970 automobile in which a driver experienced unintended acceleration, resulting in injuries to a pedestrian when the car suddenly backed into him. HF/E experts were consulted by the attorneys for the defendant and for the plaintiff in the ensuing lawsuit. Their procedures, analyses, and conclusions centered on the requirements for the vertical and horizontal separations between the accelerator and the brake pedals to minimize inadvertent operation of the accelerator pedal when braking was intended.

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12

Roush, Laura, V. J. Pezoldt, and R. Quinn Brackett. "Initial Driver Foot Placement as an Antecedent to Pedal Error." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 13 (1992): 970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601310.

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Two observational studies were conducted to examine driver foot pedal operation characteristics which may influence pedal activation errors. Driver behaviors were observed during controlled closed-course and natural driving situations to document individual pedal operating characteristics. A substantial portion of the drivers in both studies shifted from park to forward and/or reverse gears without positioning a foot over or on the brake pedal. A small percentage of drivers used both feet for pedal activation. The results of these studies suggest that pedal design and layout should take these behaviors into consideration. Either method would likely be less accurate and potentially more hazardous than when the right foot is directly over the brake pedal, and suggests the efficacy of a mechanical interlock to prevent gear selection from park to either forward or reverse gears until contact with the brake pedal is made.

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13

Li, Yuxing, Hanchi Hong, and Luigi D’Apolito. "Reliability Control of Electric Racing Car’s Accelerator and Brake Pedals." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010001.

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Considering the rules of Formula Student Racing regarding functional and safety requirements of an electric vehicle’s power system, a reliability control model of accelerator and brake pedal is developed in the Matlab/Simulink platform. Voltage signals of the accelerator pedal are filtered. An amplitude limit module and consistency module check the filtered voltage signals of the accelerator pedal. The voltage signal of the brake pedal is processed to achieve the accurate position of the accelerator pedal and avoid the influence of incorrect signals and mis-operation on safety. The control model need not change the structure of the pedal and increase the sensors. Simulation and experimental results verified that the model can effectively avoid influences of pedal vibration on the voltage signal, identify the faulty signals and cut power output when the accelerator and brake pedal are depressed simultaneously.

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14

de Groot, S., M. Mulder, and P. A. Wieringa. "Car Racing in a Simulator: Validation and Assessment of Brake Pedal Stiffness." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 20, no. 1 (2011): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00033.

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Car racing is a mentally and physically demanding sport. The track time available to train drivers and test car setups is limited. Race car simulators offer the possibility of safe, efficient, and standardized human-in-the-loop training and testing. We conducted a validation study of a race car simulator by correlating the fastest lap times of 13 drivers during training events in the simulator with their fastest lap times during real-world race events. The results showed that the overall correlation was .57 (p = .044). Next, the effect of brake pedal stiffness (soft: 5.8 N/mm vs. hard: 53.0 N/mm) on racing performance was investigated in the simulator. Brake pedal stiffness may have an important effect on drivers' lap times, but it is impractical to manipulate this variable on a race car during a real-world test session. Two independent experiments were conducted using different cars and tracks. In each experiment, participants (N = 6 in Experiment 1 and N = 9 in Experiment 2) drove alternately with the soft and hard pedal in eight 20-min sessions (Experiment 1) or six 15-min sessions (Experiment 2). Two hypotheses were tested: (1) the soft pedal yields faster cornering times for corners that include a long brake zone, and (2) the hard pedal yields more high-frequency brake forces. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed the second hypothesis but not the first. Drivers were highly adaptable to brake pedal stiffness, and the stiff pedal elicited higher pedal forces and more high-frequent brake pedal inputs. It is concluded that the racing simulator is a valuable tool for driver assessment and for testing adoptations to the human–machine interface.

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15

Cai, Jian Wei, Liang Chu, Zi Cheng Fu, and En Fen Liu. "Brake Pedal Feel Verification of the Energy Recovery System." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1054–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1054.

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Brake pedal feel is intuitive feelings for the driver and affected vehicle safety performance. Due to the participation of the motor, brake force distribution and the original pedal feel of the driver would be changed. Based on the traditional hydraulic unit of ESC, Jilin University developed a braking energy recovery system of uniaxial decoupled. A series of fixed partition coefficient control strategy was developed, coordinated control of electrical regenerative braking and hydraulic braking was carried out. Vehicle test was carried out for coordinated braking strategy, parallel strategy and traditional control strategy. Vehicle test results show that the brake pedal travel simulator and the coordinated braking strategy can improve the energy recovery, and ensure that the brake pedal feel is consistent with the traditional vehicle.

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16

Broen, Nancy L., and Dean P. Chiang. "Braking Response Times for 100 Drivers in the Avoidance of an Unexpected Obstacle as Measured in a Driving Simulator." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 18 (1996): 900–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001807.

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This study examined the effect of brake and accelerator pedal configuration on braking response time to an unexpected obstacle. One hundred subjects drove in the Dynamic Research, Inc, (DRI) Interactive Driving Simulator through a simulated neighborhood 21 times, each time with a different pedal configuration. Each subject was presented with an unexpected obstacle only one time, for one of three previously selected pedal configurations, to which he or she was instructed to brake as quickly as possible. Foot movements were recorded with a video camera mounted above the pedals. Data were analyzed manually, using time and course location information superimposed on the video data. Response times were analyzed using ANOVA to determine effects of pedal configuration and various driver factors. Response times ranged from 0.81 sec to 2.44 sec with a mean of 1.33 sec and a standard deviation of 0.27 sec. There was no significant effect of pedal configuration on response time. Driver age was significant, with increased age corresponding to increased response time. Car normally driven, gender, driver height, and shoe size had no significant effect.

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17

Fujita, Kazuki, Yasutaka Kobayashi, Mamiko Sato, et al. "Kinematic and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Pedal Operation by Elderly Drivers during Emergency Braking." Healthcare 9, no. 7 (2021): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070852.

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Age-related decline in lower limb motor control may cause errors in pedal operation when driving a car. This study aimed to clarify the kinematics and electrophysiological characteristics of the pedal-switching operation associated with emergency braking in the case of elderly drivers. The participants in this study consisted of 11 young drivers and 10 elderly drivers. An experimental pedal was used, and the muscle activity and kinematic data during braking action were analyzed using the light from a light-emitting diode installed in the front as a trigger. The results showed that elderly drivers took the same time from viewing the visual stimulus to releasing the accelerator pedal as younger drivers, but took longer to switch to the brake pedal. The elderly drivers had higher soleus muscle activity throughout the process, from accelerator release to brake contact; furthermore, the rectus femoris activity was delayed, and the simultaneous activity between the rectus femoris and biceps femoris was low. Furthermore, elderly drivers tended to have low hip adduction velocity and tended to switch pedals by hip internal rotation. Thus, the alteration in joint movements and muscle activity of elderly drivers can reduce their pedal operability and may be related to the occurrence of pedal errors.

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18

Lotte, Julia Sophie, Daan Sem Luuk, Sven Noah Max, and Alexander Simon Nick. "The brake pressure depends upon the pedal ratio." International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 6, no. 6 (2019): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n6.794.

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The brake disc having a factor of safety (FOS) within the range of 2 to 3 is sustainable. The disc with a FOS less than 2 or greater than 3 undergoes distortion and are less sustainable. Theoretically it has been proven using graphs and calculations that a slight variation in the pedal ratio leads to a large variation in the clamping forces and stopping distance. As per the comparisons made from the FOS and as per result from Ansys, when the pedal force is 1200N and the pedal ratios are 7.2and 4.5, the FOS are 2.1 and 2.8 respectively. Hence the disc is sustainable. When the pedal force is 1500N, and the pedal ratio is 4.5, the FOS is 2.2. Hence in this case too, the disc is sustainable. Therefore by maintaining proper pedal ratios, the length of the pedal can be made compact and with effective braking effects. This phenomenon is useful in case of racing vehicles as it reduces the effort of driver. The proper pedal design work also determines the size of master cylinder to be adopted for the vehicle.

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19

Zhao, Xun, Liang Li, Xiangyu Wang, Mingming Mei, Congzhi Liu, and Jian Song. "Braking force decoupling control without pressure sensor for a novel series regenerative brake system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 7 (2018): 1750–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018785740.

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Regenerative braking can save energy consumption greatly for electric vehicles. For a series regenerative brake system, it is foundational to make the hydraulic braking torque and braking force decoupled and to provide the same pedal feeling as conventional braking system. In this paper, a high-performance and low-cost solution of series regenerative brake system is designed, which consists of a conventional anti-lock brake system and a motor-driven electromechanical booster (E-booster). Based on the series regenerative brake, a braking force decoupling control scheme without pressure sensor is proposed. First, a dynamic model of vacuum booster is established to calculate the desired brake pedal feeling in real time. Then, a sliding mode observer is used to estimate the load torque of the E-booster so that the expensive pressure sensors are eliminated. Finally, a sliding mode controller is developed to work with a robust threshold–controlled anti-lock brake system hydraulic control unit adjusting the pedal feeling and the wheel cylinder pressure simultaneously. Simulations and experiments were conducted in MATLAB/SIMULINK and on a test bench, respectively. The results show that the tracking ability of wheel cylinder pressure and quality of braking pedal feeling in different conditions are both good, providing a practical method to realize fully series regenerative brake.

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20

Morrison, Ronald W., J. Geoffrey Swope, and Charles G. Halcomb. "Movement Time and Brake Pedal Placement." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 28, no. 2 (1986): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088602800211.

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21

Zhou, Jie, and Neal Wiggermann. "Effects of Brake Pedal Horizontal Location of Hospital Beds on Force Exertions and Work Efficiency." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (2017): 1005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601734.

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The brake pedal on hospital beds is critical during bed maneuvering, however, substantial force and awkward postures are usually required during pedal engagement tasks. Nine professional caregivers were recruited to investigate how brake pedal horizontal location affected maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, acceptable force to engage the pedal (AFE), force efficiency and task completion time. The results demonstrated reduced MVC, AFE and force efficiency whereas increased task completion time with greater pedal depths. Pedal depth was significantly correlated with MVC, force efficiency and task completion time and these correlations are moderate (0.25≤r<0.50) or good (0.50≤r<075). These findings provide important information for hospital bed design.

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22

Zheng, Yu Qing, Hai Yan Xu, and Bing Li. "Vehicle Brake-Pedal Arm Strength Analysis and Optimization Based on ABAQUS." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.875.

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During the whole vehicle design and development phase, the brake pedal arm strength is vital to vehicle drive control. In this paper, the original FEA model was built in Hypermesh and the strength analysis was operated based on ABAQUS Standard module. Because the 1st stress result couldn’t match stress requirement, the brake pedal arm structure was optimized and recalculated again until it passed the design requirement. This analysis process may be applied in verifying the brake pedal arm strength of a new developing vehicle and guiding other parts’ strength before the real experiments in the lab.

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23

Koizumi, Naoyoshi. "Effect of Phenolic Brake Piston Tribology on Brake Pedal Feel." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 7, no. 1 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2051.

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24

Li, Jie Hui, Ming Chuan Wang, Lina Yuan, and Lu Yun Zhang. "Research of Self-Study Arithmetic on Energy Recovery Brake Pedal in Hybrid Cars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 1302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.1302.

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This study summarizes the necessity of researching brake pedal in hybrid cars, analyzing the shortcomings in self-study algorithm of capacitive hybrid cars and puts forward the improved algorithm to brake pedal self-study, combined with capacitive hybrid cars. Braking effects with the self-study algorithm control software are proved through the experiment.

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25

Iskandar, Norman, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, and Fuad Arief Raharjo. "ANALISIS PROSES DRAWING UNTUK PEMBUATAN PEDAL BRAKE SEPEDA MOTOR RODA TIGA DENGAN SOFTWARE BERBASIS FEM." Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 9, no. 1 (2018): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v9i1.1947.

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Pedal Brake berfungsi sebagai tempat pijakan kaki pada sistem pengereman pada salah satu produk motor roda tiga di Indonesia. Pembuatan pedal brake menggunakan proses drawing yaitu proses dimana gaya diberikan pada benda kerja agar terdeformasi plastis mengikuti bentuk dari punch dengan kedalaman tertentu. Dalam pembuatan pedal brake menggunakan proses drawing terdapat potensi cacat yang bisa terjadi akibat besarnya gaya serta tingkat kedalaman cetakan. Analisa draw ability dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kedalaman proses drawing sebelum benda kerja mengalami kegagalan dengan menghitung nilai Limiting Drawing Ratio (LDR) dan rata-rata plastic strain ratio (Ravg). Simulasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui parameter seperti gaya pembentukan, jumlah energi yang digunakan beserta potensi cacat yang timbul pada pedal brake seperti earing dan kegagalan pada saat melakukan proses drawing. Dari hasil perhitungan LDR sebesar 1,028 dan Ravg sebesar 2,8 untuk jenis material ST-37 menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan draw ability yang rendah dengan gaya pembentukan maksimum sebesar 92,8 kN dan energi yang diserap sebesar 0,69 kJ. Nilai Ravg sebesar 1,2 untuk jenis material ST-37 cukup besar sehingga potensi terjadinya earing tidak terlalu nampak untuk proses drawing. Perbandingan antara analisa teoritis dan simulasi memiliki error sebesar 6% sehingga hasil masih dapat dikatakan valid.

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Nilsson, Rickard. "Evaluation of a combined brake–accelerator pedal." Accident Analysis & Prevention 34, no. 2 (2002): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00011-2.

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Guan, Hsin, Wei Tuo Hao, Jun Zhan, and Xin Li. "Analytical Target Cascading Method on Braking System Characteristics Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 307 (February 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.307.9.

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Because of the Limitations and shortcomings of the traditional multi-disciplinary optimization methods, this paper presents a useful optimal method named Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) for braking system characteristics optimization. The deceleration and pedal sense are chosen as the design targets. Brake system is divided into 4 subsystems: pedal, vacuum booster, master cylinder, brake. The optimization results show that ATC has a high degree of accuracy.

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28

Farshizadeh, Emad, David Steinmann, Hermann Briese, and Hermann Henrichfreise. "A concept for an electrohydraulic brake system with adaptive brake pedal feedback." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 229, no. 6 (2015): 708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407015574172.

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29

Vernoy, Mark W., and John Tomerlin. "Pedal Error and Misperceived Centerline in Eight Different Automobiles." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 31, no. 4 (1989): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088903100401.

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The hypothesis that misperception of an automobile's centerline is related to pedal error was tested in eight late-model automobiles. Pedal error is described as hitting the accelerator pedal when instructed to depress the brake pedal. One hundred twenty-nine subjects participated in an experiment in which pedal errors and perceived centerline were measured in all eight automobiles. The results indicate that subjects misperceive the centerline of the automobile to be to the right of the actual centerline. Although 26 pedal errors were recorded, no relationship between pedal errors and misperceived centerline was found.

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30

Schmidt, Richard A., Douglas E. Young, Thomas J. Ayres, and Joseph R. Wong. "Pedal Misapplications: Their Frequency and Variety Revealed through Police Accident Reports." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (1997): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100266.

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Earlier work indicated that pedal misapplications, where the right foot contacts the accelerator instead of the brake that was intended, were mainly limited to the start of a driving cycle and the phenomenon of unintended acceleration. Our present work with the North Carolina Police Accident Report database, however, reveals that pedal misapplications are far more frequent causes of accidents than we had believed. We uncovered 219 accidents in which the driver(s) stated that the foot contacted the accelerator rather than the brake. We categorized these accidents in various ways, leading to an initial understanding of the frequency, the mechanisms, and the traffic conditions surrounding these events. Contrary to our expectations, most of the misapplications were classed as “unhurried,” and about half were caused by the foot slipping off the brake. Pedal errors during the driving cycle may occur much more frequently—and for reasons other than those previously proposed—than during start-up.

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31

Shang, Ying Hui, Yu Nan Zhang, Nan Ming Yan, Jian Zhang, and Dong Wang. "Simulation Research on Performance of All Electric Brake System in Tracked Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.315.

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In order to improve brake performance of military tracked vehicles, a novel all electric brake system (AEBS) is studied in this paper. Besides its system scheme and construction are presented, its Object Oriented simulation models are built with Simulink to analyze its two operating modes, parking button brake and foot pedal brake. Screw linear speed and brake compressive stress in the parking brake and running brake under various given condition are simulated with the model. Simulation results prove that the performance of the all electric brake system improve remarkably and satisfy the design requirement of military tracked vehicles.

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32

Bhonge, Ajinkya, Prashant Gunai, and Kaushal Joshi. "Design and Analysis of Brake and Gas Pedal." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 11 (2016): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/3.11.16.

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Dhande, Dr K. K., Prof N. I. Jamadar, and Sandeep Ghatge. "Conceptual Design and Analysis of Brake Pedal Profile." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 03, no. 11 (2014): 17432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2014.0311048.

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34

Miao, Jiayu, Ming Yao, Pengjing Wen, and Hongjie Chai. "Optimization for springs of electronic brake pedal simulator." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 612 (October 19, 2019): 032064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/612/3/032064.

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35

Al-Osaimy A. S., Al-Osaimy A. S. "Influence of Tread Width of the Brake Pedal Pads on the Friction Coefficient Generated by Bare Foot and Footwear Soles." journal of King Abdulaziz University Engineering Sciences 23, no. 1 (2012): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eng.23-1.10.

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The present work discusses the effect of the treads width of the rubber brake pedal pads on the friction coefficient. Measurement of friction coefficient generated by bare foot and rubber footwear soles sliding against the brake pedal pads of different treads width in dry, sand contaminated, water and oil lubricated conditions is discussed. Experiments of the sliding of bare foot against the rubber pedal pad showed that friction coefficient of dry sliding significantly decreased with increasing tread width. The sliding direction has no effect on the friction coefficient for the tested pads. In the presence of sand particles separating the two contact surfaces, load had no influence on friction coefficient. Friction coefficient slightly decreased with increasing tread width. For water wetted pedal pad, friction coefficient displayed higher values than that observed for the condition of presence of sand particles. Friction values showed consistent trend with increasing the tread width. Friction displayed by oil lubricated pedal pads was the lowest and the sliding condition could be considered as unsafe.

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36

Zhang, Junzhi, Chen Lv, Jinfang Gou, and Decong Kong. "Cooperative control of regenerative braking and hydraulic braking of an electrified passenger car." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226, no. 10 (2012): 1289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407012441884.

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With the aims of regeneration efficiency and brake comfort, three different control strategies, namely the maximum-regeneration-efficiency strategy, the good-pedal-feel strategy and the coordination strategy for regenerative braking of an electrified passenger car are researched in this paper. The models of the main components related to the regenerative brake and the frictional blending brake of the electric passenger car are built in MATLAB/Simulink. The control effects and regeneration efficiencies of the control strategies in a typical deceleration process are simulated and analysed. Road tests under normal deceleration braking and an ECE driving cycle are carried out. The simulation and road test results show that the maximum-regeneration-efficiency strategy, which causes issues on brake comfort and safety, could hardly be utilized in the regenerative braking system adopted. The good-pedal-feel strategy and coordination strategy are advantageous over the first strategy with respect to the brake comfort and regeneration efficiency. The fuel economy enhanced by the regenerative braking system developed is more than 25% under the ECE driving cycle.

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37

Yeo, H., and H. Kim. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of regenerative braking for a hybrid electric vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 11 (2002): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440702321031405.

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A regenerative braking algorithm and a hydraulic module are proposed for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with a continuous variable transmission (CVT). The regenerative algorithm is developed by considering the battery state of charge, vehicle velocity and motor capacity. The hydraulic module consists of a reducing valve and a power unit to supply the front wheel brake pressure according to the control algorithm. In addition, a stroke simulator is designed to provide a similar pedal operation feeling. In order to evaluate the performance of the regenerative braking algorithm and the hydraulic module, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) is performed. In the HILS system, the brake system consists of four wheel brakes and the hydraulic module. Dynamic characteristics of the HEV are simulated using an HEV simulator. In the HEV simulator, each element of the HEV powertrain such as internal combustion engine, motor, battery and CVT is modelled using MATLAB SIMULINK. In the HILS, a driver operates the brake pedal with his or her foot while the vehicle speed is displayed on the monitor in real time. It is found from the HILS that the regenerative braking algorithm and the hydraulic module suggested in this paper provide a satisfactory braking performance in tracking the driving schedule and maintaining the battery state of charge.

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38

Iskandar, Norman, Fuad Arief Raharjo, and Sri Nugroho. "Analisis Pengaruh Modifikasi Gerakan Pahat pada Proses Permesinan Rumah Poci Komponen Dies Drawing Pedal Brake dengan Software Inventor CAM." ROTASI 21, no. 3 (2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.21.3.173-180.

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Pedal Brake adalah komponen otomotif untuk pijakan kaki pada sistem pengereman pada kendaraan roda tiga. Untuk membuat pedal brake diperlukan adanya dies berupa dies drawing pedal brake. Salah satu komponen dari dies tersebut adalah yang dinamakan komponen rumah poci. Rumah Poci terbuat dari material baja ST-42 yang berfungsi sebagai landasan utama dan wadah dari semua komponen die bawah pada dies drawing pedal brake. Proses permesinan yang dapat dilakukan untuk membuat rumah poci adalah proses milling dimana terdapat tiga proses permesinan yaitu proses pembuatan profil, pembuatan pocket dan pembuatan lubang (drill). Salah satu tipe mesin yang digunakan untuk memproduksi rumah poci adalah mesin CNC Hermle UWF 721H. Proses permesinan yang efektif dan efisien diperlukan untuk menjamin produk yang berkualitas dengan biaya produksi beserta waktu produksi yang minimal. Penelitian ini mengkaji proses pembuatan rumah poci menggunakan software InventorCAM untuk mengetahui waktu permesinan, plotting dan kode pemrograman (G-Code) mesin CNC yang selama ini digunakan apakah sudah optimal secara biaya dan perhitungan waktu. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses optimasi dengan memodifikasi tahapan pemrograman untuk mencari program yang lebih efisien dan efektif. Dari hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa hasil modifikasi proses permesinan CNC rumah poci dengan mengubah gerakan pembuatan profil dan pembuatan lubang (drill) diperoleh waktu yang lebih singkat yaitu menjadi 209,44 menit dimana sebelum dimodifikasi sebesar 240,41 menit. Dari sudut pembiayaan dengan mengambil tarif jasa dari salah satu perusahaan di Kota Semarang dimana tarifnya adalah sebesar Rp. 200.000/jam maka, rumah poci yang diproduksi sebelum dilakukan modifikasi program memerlukan biaya jasa sebesar Rp. 801.400,- dan setelah dilakukan modifikasi biaya yang diperlukan berkurang menjadi sebesar Rp. 698.150,-.

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Luo, Mei Fu, Ya Nan Qiu, and Xian Zhong Ren. "Design and Experimental Study of a New Vehicle Brake-Assist Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.501.

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The brake system plays a key role in the vehicle safety system. The drivers usually cannot depress the brake pedal immediately in emergencies. A new vehicle brake-assist mechanism using the transmission principle of the clutch is designed to solve this problem. This mechanism can automatically assist drivers to handle the emergency when they failed to brake in time. Thus, the danger can be avoided initiatively. Through experiment, the reliability and effectiveness of the actuator is proved. Compared to manual brake, the designed mechanism can be more exact and rapid.

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Farr, G. P. R. "Brake Pressure Apportioning Valves." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 3 (1987): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_176_02.

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The increasing popularity of front wheel drive cars and the requirements of the European braking regulations have resulted in a corresponding increase in the use of brake pressure apportioning valves. These valves are suitable for conventional braking systems where the driver can push harder on the brake pedal, after the front wheels have locked, to obtain extra retardation from the rear wheels. However, the recent introduction of low-cost front-controlled anti-lock systems has limited the level of rear retardation and has made it necessary to optimize the braking utilization for all conditions of loading and road surface friction levels.

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Cai, Jian Wei, Liang Chu, Zi Cheng Fu, Yan Bo Wang, and Wen Hui Li. "Study on Regenerative Braking Control Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 898 (February 2014): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.898.873.

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Based on the traditional hydraulic unit of ESC, Jilin University developed a braking energy recovery system of uniaxial decoupled. A first-order hysteresis filtering method with filtering time factor adaptively corrected was used to calculate driver's braking demand based on pressure of the master cylinder. A series of fixed partition coefficient control strategy was developed, coordinated control of electrical regenerative braking and hydraulic braking was carried out. Vehicle test was carried out. Vehicle test results show that the brake pedal travel simulator and the braking control strategies can improve the energy recovery, and ensure that the brake pedal feel is consistent with the traditional vehicle.

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Antanaitis, David, Mark Riefe, and Joel Sanford. "Automotive Brake Hose Fluid Consumption Characteristics and Its Effects on Brake System Pedal Feel." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 3, no. 1 (2010): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0082.

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Cao, Guoxiang, Anlin Wang, and Donghuan Xu. "Wheel Loader Driving Intention Recognition with Gaussian Mixture - Hidden Markov Model." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823703001.

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Accurate recognition of driving intentions can delay upshifts under the intention of quick acceleration to maximize vehicle power performance; avoid frequent gear changes in automatic transmissions for rapid deceleration intention and make all power to flow to the bucket in the desire for fast motion of cylinders. However, due to the ambiguity of the human intentions and multiple meanings of depressing on the accelerator pedal in wheel loader, it is difficult to recognize driving intention. Nevertheless, the driver’s intentions are directly reflected in the accelerator pedal, brake pedal and hydraulic valve control handle. By detecting these observable signals such as the signals of acceleration pedal’s displacement and velocity, brake pedal’s displacement and velocity and valve status Gaussian Mixture – Hidden Markov Model(MGHMM) can recognize the unobservable driving intentions. The experiment is done in Simulink and the results show that MGHMM can recognize driving intentions as expected.

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44

Noh, Byeong Wook, Young Woo Choi, and Sung In Bae. "A Study on Load Analysis and Durability Test Condition of Automobile Brake Pedal." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 1273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.1273.

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Automobile pedal which is loaded by driver’s input is transmitting load to throttle cable, braking device and clutch device and controlling automobile. Measuring working condition and applying equivalent damage are needed for reliability of developing pedal. The measuring working condition is requiring more investigation with various respects because of widely ranged drivers, road condition and environmental condition. Additionally, when equivalent damage is applied, there are not suitable for test condition if equivalent damage is too high level to apply or unused region. In this study, load history is measured with 95percentile customer. Measured load history is converted to stress history about critical area of pedal by FEM. There are drawn up histogram of pedal cycles and load from stress history with rain flow cycle counting method, calculated relative damage of extended stress history with Palmgren-Miner rule. From the results, calculated total relative damage is applied to calculation method of test time and load. Calculation method for test condition is carried out with three methods which are enforcing with total stress by rain flow cycle counting, representative load and blocked load. Accelerated durability test condition of pedal using with relative damage and acceleration factors are proposed.

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45

Podusenko, Albert, Vsevolod Nikulin, Ivan Tanev, and Katsunori Shimohara. "Coevolution of the Features of the Dynamics of the Accelerator Pedal and Hyperparameters of the Classifier for Emergency Braking Detection." Actuators 7, no. 3 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act7030039.

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We investigate the feasibility of inferring the intention of the human driver of road motor vehicles to apply emergency braking solely by analyzing the dynamics of lifting the accelerator pedal. Focusing on building the system that reliably classifies the emergency braking situations, we employed evolutionary algorithms (EA) to coevolve both (i) the set of features that optimally characterize the movement of accelerator pedal and (ii) the values of the hyperparameters of the classifier. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the coevolutionary approach over the analogical approaches that rely on an a priori defined set of features and values of hyperparameters. By using simultaneous evolution of both features and hyperparameters, the learned classifier inferred the emergency braking situations in previously unforeseen dynamics of the accelerator pedal with an accuracy of about 95%. We consider the obtained results as a step towards the development of a brake-assisting system, which would perceive the dynamics of the accelerator pedal in a real-time and in case of a foreseen emergency braking situation, would apply the brakes automatically well before the human driver would have been able to apply them.

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46

Flad, Michael, Simon Rothfuss, Gunter Diehm, and Sören Hohmann. "Active Brake Pedal Feedback Simulator Based on Electric Drive." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 7, no. 1 (2014): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0325.

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47

Kim, Heejin, and Daewon Lee. "The Study on Precision Enhancement at Brake Pedal Analysis." Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 21, no. 1 (2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2013.21.1.030.

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48

Sendler, Jan, Ralf Trutschel, Klaus Augsburg, Nikolaus Peter Schumann, and Hans Christoph Scholle. "Methods of evaluating and developing pedal and brake characteristics." ATZ worldwide 111, no. 7-8 (2009): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03225091.

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49

Nandanwar, Tanmay, Keyour Waghela, Eshaan Gupta, and T. Narendiranath Babu. "TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF THE BELL CRANK & BRAKE PEDAL." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1123, no. 1 (2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1123/1/012035.

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Liao, Xiao Mei. "Design and Application of Electromechanical Brake System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.152.

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Aim at the brake fluid system cannot protect the automobile security effectively, this article analyzes the electromechanical brake system in details. At first, it introduces the theory and the advantage composition of the electromechanical brake system. Then, this article introduces the hardware of EBS system and evaluates the design of EMB electrical machine and electron pedal. At last, it particularly analyzes the system software. This article has significant meaning to the automobile maintainers and the braking system researchers.

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