Relevant bibliographies by topics / Branching factor

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Branching factor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Branching factor"

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Simian, Marina, Yohei Hirai, Marc Navre, Zena Werb, Andre Lochter, and Mina J. Bissell. "The interplay of matrix metalloproteinases, morphogens and growth factors is necessary for branching of mammary epithelial cells." Development 128, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 3117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.16.3117.

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The mammary gland develops its adult form by a process referred to as branching morphogenesis. Many factors have been reported to affect this process. We have used cultured primary mammary epithelial organoids and mammary epithelial cell lines in three-dimensional collagen gels to elucidate which growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and mammary morphogens interact in branching morphogenesis. Branching stimulated by stromal fibroblasts, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 7, fibroblast growth factor 2 and hepatocyte growth factor was strongly reduced by inhibitors of MMPs, indicating the requirement of MMPs for three-dimensional growth involved in morphogenesis. Recombinant stromelysin 1/MMP3 alone was sufficient to drive branching in the absence of growth factors in the organoids. Plasmin also stimulated branching; however, plasmin-dependent branching was abolished by both inhibitors of plasmin and MMPs, suggesting that plasmin activates MMPs. To differentiate between signals for proliferation and morphogenesis, we used a cloned mammary epithelial cell line that lacks epimorphin, an essential mammary morphogen. Both epimorphin and MMPs were required for morphogenesis, but neither was required for epithelial cell proliferation. These results provide direct evidence for a crucial role of MMPs in branching in mammary epithelium and suggest that, in addition to epimorphin, MMP activity is a minimum requirement for branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland.
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Sakurai, H., and S. K. Nigam. "Transforming growth factor-beta selectively inhibits branching morphogenesis but not tubulogenesis." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 272, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): F139—F146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.272.1.f139.

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When cultured in type I collagen gels, two kidney-derived cell lines, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and murine inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cells, from branching tubular structures in the presence of Swiss 3T3 conditioned medium, in which hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is the major branching tubule inducing factor. However, upon incubation with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the presence of 3T3 conditioned medium, MDCK tubulogenesis and branching was markedly inhibited. In contrast, mIMCD3 cells, which are much less susceptible to growth and tubulogenesis inhibition by TGF-beta, formed long straight tubulelike structures in presence of TGF-beta, suggesting a dissociation between tubulogenesis and branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, those long tubules that did branch often superficially resembled the early branching ureteric bud in embryonic kidneys. Quantitation of branching events revealed a selective branch-inhibiting effect of TGF-beta on mIMCD3 cells at concentrations between 0.02 and 2 ng/ml. There was no qualitative or quantitative difference among TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 on inhibition of branching events, suggesting existence of potentially redundant mechanisms for modulating branching morphogenesis. Concentrations of TGF-beta that resulted in long nonbranching tubules also altered the profile of extracellular matrix-degrading proteases and their inhibitors expressed by developing tubules. Ratios of urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA) to plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-l) and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 to tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease (TIMP)-1 were both markedly decreased. In addition, apart from a direct effect on epithelial cell branching morphogenesis, TGF-beta downregulated the expression of HGF mRNA in Swiss 3T3 cells. Thus TGF-beta exerts at least three distinct effects relevant to tubulogenesis and branching morphogenesis inhibition of branching morphogenesis alone (mIMCD3 cells), inhibition of both tubulogenesis and branching morphogenesis (MDCK cells), and inhibition of the expression of growth factor which induce tubulogenesis and branching morphogenesis (3T3 cells). In the context of epithelial tissue development, which requires tightly regulated branching tubulogenesis of epithelial cells, the data suggest a model where branching patterns are regulated by a precise temporal and spatial balance between branching morphogens such as HGF and inhibitory morphogens such as members of the TGF-beta superfamily [e.g., TGF-beta isoforms, certain bone morphogenetic proteins].
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BERG, THOMAS. "Branching direction in recursive structures." English Language and Linguistics 16, no. 3 (October 22, 2012): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674312000160.

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English makes regular use of a number of recursive structures spanning the syntax–lexicon continuum. While NPs with recursive relative clauses occupy the syntactic end, nominal compounds are located at the lexical end. In between these extremes we find NPs with recursive periphrastic genitives (towards the syntactic end) and NPs with recursive Saxon genitives (towards the lexical end). This study presents a comparative analysis of the branching direction preferences in these recursive structures. The empirical focus is on double of-genitives, which exhibit an overwhelming predilection for right-branching. This contrasts sharply with the double Saxon genitives, which gravitate towards left-branching. The branching direction decision is argued to be under the sway of several distinct factors: a syntactic factor controlling the alternative between leftward and rightward expansion; a lexical factor regulating the idiomatization of a given pair of elements; and a processing factor geared towards preventing garden path effects. Furthermore, branching direction is determined by listeners’ desire to minimize constituent recognition domains. Taken together, these factors are held accountable for the varying branching direction biases found in the different types of NP.
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Sakurai, Hiroyuki, Kevin T. Bush, and Sanjay K. Nigam. "Identification of pleiotrophin as a mesenchymal factor involved in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis." Development 128, no. 17 (September 1, 2001): 3283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.17.3283.

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Branching morphogenesis is central to epithelial organogenesis. In the developing kidney, the epithelial ureteric bud invades the metanephric mesenchyme, which directs the ureteric bud to undergo repeated branching. A soluble factor(s) in the conditioned medium of a metanephric mesenchyme cell line is essential for multiple branching morphogenesis of the isolated ureteric bud. The identity of this factor had proved elusive, but it appeared distinct from factors such as HGF and EGF receptor ligands that have been previously implicated in branching morphogenesis of mature epithelial cell lines. Using sequential column chromatography, we have now purified to apparent homogeneity an 18 kDa protein, pleiotrophin, from the conditioned medium of a metanephric mesenchyme cell line that induces isolated ureteric bud branching morphogenesis in the presence of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. Pleiotrophin alone was also found to induce the formation of branching tubules in an immortalized ureteric bud cell line cultured three-dimensionally in an extracellular matrix gel. Consistent with an important role in ureteric bud morphogenesis during kidney development, pleiotrophin was found to localize to the basement membrane of the developing ureteric bud in the embryonic kidney. We suggest that pleiotrophin could act as a key mesenchymally derived factor regulating branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud and perhaps other embryonic epithelial structures.
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Ohmichi, H., U. Koshimizu, K. Matsumoto, and T. Nakamura. "Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) acts as a mesenchyme-derived morphogenic factor during fetal lung development." Development 125, no. 7 (April 1, 1998): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.7.1315.

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Mesenchymal-epithelial tissue interactions are important for development of various organs, and in many cases, soluble signaling molecules may be involved in this interaction. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mesenchyme-derived factor which has mitogenic, motogenic and morphogenic activities on various types of epithelial cells and is considered to be a possible mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during organogenesis and organ regeneration. In this study, we examined the role of HGF during lung development. In situ hybridization analysis showed HGF and the c-met/HGF receptor gene to be respectively expressed in mesenchyme and epithelium in the developing lung. In organ cultures, exogenously added HGF apparently stimulated branching morphogenesis of the fetal lung. In contrast, HGF translation arrest or neutralization assays resulted in clear inhibition of epithelial branching. These results suggest that HGF is a putative candidate for a mesenchyme-derived morphogen regulating lung organogenesis. We also found that HGF is involved in epithelial branching, in collaboration with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family molecule(s). In mesenchyme-free culture, HGF alone did not induce epithelial morphogenesis, however, addition of both HGF and acidic FGF (aFGF) or keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), ligands for the KGF receptor, induced epithelial branching more extensively than that was observed in explants treated with aFGF or KGF alone. In addition, the simultaneous inhibition of HGF- and FGF-mediated signaling using neutralizing antibody and antisense oligo-DNA resulted in drastic impairment of epithelial growth and branching. Possible interactions between HGF and FGFs or other growth factors in lung development is given consideration.
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Motokawa, Tomonori, Takahiro Miwa, Mayu Mochizuki, Minako Toritsuka, Aya Sakata, and Masaaki Ito. "Adrenomedullin: A novel melanocyte dendrite branching factor." Journal of Dermatological Science 79, no. 3 (September 2015): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.06.001.

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Wescott, Melanie P., Meritxell Rovira, Maximilian Reichert, Johannes von Burstin, Anna Means, Steven D. Leach, and Anil K. Rustgi. "Pancreatic Ductal Morphogenesis and the Pdx1 Homeodomain Transcription Factor." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 22 (November 15, 2009): 4838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0203.

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Embryonic development of the pancreas is marked by an early phase of dramatic morphogenesis, in which pluripotent progenitor cells of the developing pancreatic epithelium give rise to the full array of mature exocrine and endocrine cell types. The genetic determinants of acinar and islet cell lineages are somewhat well defined; however, the molecular mechanisms directing ductal formation and differentiation remain to be elucidated. The complex ductal architecture of the pancreas is established by a reiterative program of progenitor cell expansion and migration known as branching morphogenesis, or tubulogenesis, which proceeds in mouse development concomitantly with peak Pdx1 transcription factor expression. We therefore evaluated Pdx1 expression with respect to lineage-specific markers in embryonic sections of the pancreas spanning this critical period of duct formation and discovered an unexpected population of nonislet Pdx1-positive cells displaying physical traits of branching. We then established a 3D cell culture model of branching morphogenesis using primary pancreatic duct cells and identified a transient surge of Pdx1 expression exclusive to branching cells. From these observations we propose that Pdx1 might be involved temporally in a program of gene expression sufficient to facilitate the biochemical and morphological changes necessary for branching morphogenesis.
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Sakurai, H., T. Tsukamoto, C. A. Kjelsberg, L. G. Cantley, and S. K. Nigam. "EGF receptor ligands are a large fraction of in vitro branching morphogens secreted by embryonic kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 273, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): F463—F472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.3.f463.

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Much attention has recently focused upon hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a potential regulator of epithelial branching morphogenesis. However, since neither the HGF nor c-met "knockout" mice show abnormal kidney branching morphogenesis, we sought to analyze the relative importance of HGF in in vitro branching morphogenesis compared with other factors secreted by the embryonic kidney. Exploiting an assay that employs kidney epithelial cells (murine inner medullary collecting duct, mIMCD3) seeded in collagen cocultured with the embryonic kidney, we found that a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is highly specific for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), tyrphostin AG1478, inhibited mIMCD3 cell process formation (an early step in branching tubulogenesis) by 40%, whereas high concentrations of neutralizing anti-HGF antibodies had a lesser effect (20% inhibition), suggesting that EGFR ligands account for a larger fraction of branching morphogens secreted by the embryonic kidney than HGF. In addition, when an embryonic epithelial cell line derived from c-met (-/-) mice was cocultured with the embryonic kidney, these c-met (-/-) cells underwent process formation. EGFR ligands but not HGF were able to induce branching tubulogenesis in these cells. All EGFR ligands tested, including EGF, transforming growth factor-alpha, heparin-binding EGF, betacellulin, and amphiregulin, induced mIMCD3 cell tubulogenesis. EGFR ligands caused upregulation of urokinase, urokinase receptor, and matrix metalloprotease-1, and tubulogenesis could be inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline. Our results support the notion that multiple parallel and potentially redundant growth factor-dependent pathways regulate branching tubulogenesis.
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RAGGI, MAURO. "TESTS OF CHPT WITH ${\rm K}_{{\rm e}4}^{+-}$ AND ${\rm K}_{{\rm e}4}^{00}$ DECAYS AT THE NA48/2 EXPERIMENT AT CERN." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 35 (January 2014): 1460458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451460458x.

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The NA48/2 experiment has collected the largest samples to date of semi-leptonic charged kaon decays in the [Formula: see text] (K± → π+π-e±ν) and [Formula: see text] (K± → π0π0e±ν) modes. From 1.1 million [Formula: see text] decays, form factors in the S- and P-wave have been extensively studied. Branching ratio and form factors have been measured at unprecedented precision. From ~ 66000 [Formula: see text] decays, preliminary values of the Branching ratio and form factor have been obtained at a percent level precision. The comparison of Branching ratio and form factor values in both Ke4 modes sheds new light on isospin symmetry breaking effects. Form factor measurements are major inputs to the study of low energy QCD and are powerful tests of Chiral Perturbation Theory predictions.
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Sicouri, Lara, Federica Pisati, Salvatore Pece, Francesco Blasi, and Elena Longobardi. "Prep1 (pKnox1) transcription factor contributes to pubertal mammary gland branching morphogenesis." International Journal of Developmental Biology 62, no. 11-12 (2018): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.180278fb.

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Prep1 (pKnox1) is a homeodomain transcription factor essential for in utero and post-natal development and an oncosuppressor gene in human and adult mice. We have analyzed its role in the development of the mouse mammary gland. We used Prep1i/i hypomorphic and Prep1F/F-Ker5CRE crosses to analyze the role of Prep1 in vivo in adult mouse mammary gland development. We also cultured mammary gland stem/progenitor cells in mammospheres to perform biochemical studies. Prep1 was expressed in mammary gland progenitors and fully differentiated mammary gland cells. Using different Prep1-deficient mouse models we show that in vivo Prep1 contributes to mammary gland branching since the branching efficiency of the mammary gland in Prep1-deleted or Prep1 hypomorphic mice was largely reduced. In-vitro, Prep1 sustained functions of the mammary stem/progenitor compartment. Prep1-deficient mammary stem/progenitor cells showed reduced ability to form mammospheres; they were not able to branch in a 3D assay, and exhibited reduced expression of Snail1, Snail2 and vimentin. The branching phenotype associated with increased Tp53-dependent apoptosis and inability to properly activate signals involved in branching morphogenesis. Finally, Prep1 formed complexes with Snail2, a transcription factor essential in branching morphogenesis, and its absence destabilizes and promotes Snail2 proteasome-mediated degradation. We conclude that Prep1 is required for normal adult mammary gland development, in particular at its branching morphogenesis step. By binding Snail2, Prep1 protects it from the proteasomal degradation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Branching factor"

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Decker, Kimberly Jean. "Gata6 regulates pancreatic branching morphogenesis and endocrine differentiation /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Molecular Biology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-175). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Armijo, Weingart Lorena Armijo. "NERVE GROWTH FACTOR INDUCES MITOCHONDRIAL FISSION THAT IS REQUIRED FOR AXON BRANCHING." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/599002.

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Neuroscience
Ph.D.
The formation of axon collateral branches from the pre-existing shafts of axons is an important aspect of neurodevelopment and the response of the nervous system to injury. Both the actin filament and microtubule components of the cytoskeleton are required for the formation of axon branches. Recent work has begun to shed light on how these two elements of the cytoskeleton are integrated by proteins that functionally or physically link the cytoskeleton. While a number of signaling pathways have been determined as having a role in the formation of axon branches, the complexity of the downstream mechanisms and links to specific signaling pathways remain to be fully determined. Neurotrophins are growth factors that have a multitude of roles in the nervous system. In sensory neurons nerve growth factor (NGF) induces branching through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Recently, mitochondria have emerged as major determinants of the sites of axon branching. In this work we reveal a new role of neurotrophins in mitochondria fission. We report that NGF promote a rapid burst of mitochondria fission, followed by a new steady state of mitochondria length and density. Mek- Erk and PI3k pathways are required for NGF-induced fission. Mek-Erk controls fission through Drp1 activation, while we suggest that PI3K may contributes to the actin dependent aspect of fission. Drp1 mediated fission is required for NGF- induced branching in sensory neurons in vitro and the branching of sensory axons along the developing spinal cord. We reveal that fission is also required for the intra-axonal translation of the actin regulatory proteins Cortactin and Arp2 subunit from the Arp2/3 complex, an important aspect of NGF induced branching. Collectively, these observations reveal a novel role of neurotrophins in mitochondria fission and the formation of collateral branching
Temple University--Theses
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METZGER, DAVID EDWARD. "THE ROLE OF THE ETS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR Elf5 IN LUNG DEVELOPMENT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1197664589.

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Bevan, A. J. "Measurement of the branching ratio and form factor parameters of the decay KL → m+m-g." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596618.

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Data from the 1998 run of the fixed target experiment NA48, located in the high intensity region of CERN's North Area, has been used to measure the branching ratio of KL → μ+ μ- γ. In addition to this, form factor parameters for a vector meson dominance models proposed by Bergstrom et. al. (BMS), D'Ambrosio et. al (API) and that of Chiral Perturbation Theory (χPT) have been measured for this mode. A total of 1150 μμγ candidates was observed with an estimated background of 13.2±6.2 events. The branching ratio BR(KL → μ+ μ- γ) was measured to be (4.00±0.12±0.7±0.7)x 10-7 where the first error is statistical, the second is systematic and the third error comes from the uncertainty in the knowledge of the branching ratio of normalization mode, KL → π+ π-. The BMS model form factor parameter, αK*, is measured to be -0.20±0.05. The χPT form factor parameters, αMK and α1.0 are measured to be 0.90±0.08 and 3.55±0.30 respectively. The measured value of the API model form factor parameter is αAPI = -1.71±0.16. From this one can calculate a lower bound of -0.39 (90% CL) on the Wolfenstein CKM matrix parameter ρ.
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Needham, Matthew David. "Measurement of the branching ratio and the form factor of the decay K_L-258⁺e⁻γ." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624130.

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Öberg, Viktor. "EVOLUTIONARY AI IN BOARD GAMES : An evaluation of the performance of an evolutionary algorithm in two perfect information board games with low branching factor." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11175.

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It is well known that the branching factor of a computer based board game has an effect on how long a searching AI algorithm takes to search through the game tree of the game. Something that is not as known is that the branching factor may have an additional effect for certain types of AI algorithms. The aim of this work is to evaluate if the win rate of an evolutionary AI algorithm is affected by the branching factor of the board game it is applied to. To do that, an experiment is performed where an evolutionary algorithm known as “Genetic Minimax” is evaluated for the two low branching factor board games Othello and Gomoku (Gomoku is also known as 5 in a row). The performance here is defined as how many times the algorithm manages to win against another algorithm. The results from this experiment showed both some promising data, and some data which could not be as easily interpreted. For the game Othello the hypothesis about this particular evolutionary algorithm appears to be valid, while for the game Gomoku the results were somewhat inconclusive. For the game Othello the performance of the genetic minimax algorithm was comparable to the alpha-beta algorithm it played against up to and including depth 4 in the game tree. After that however, the performance started to decline more and more the deeper the algorithms searched. The branching factor of the game may be an indirect cause of this behaviour, due to the fact that as the depth increases, the search space increases proportionally to the branching factor. This increase in the search space due to the increased depth, in combination with the settings used by the genetic minimax algorithm, may have been the cause of the performance decline after that point.
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Crawford, Scott Robert. "An investigation into factors governing the regulation of shoot branching in Arabidopsis." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516597.

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Brandt, Thorsten. "Electron Identification and Measurement of the Inclusive Semileptonic Branching Fraction of B Mesons at the BABAR Experiment." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2002. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1017820098859-67299.

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Ein Algorithmus zur Identifizierung von Elektronen mit dem BABAR Detektor wird entwickelt. Basierend auf Spuren, deren Teilchenidentität aus rein kinematischen Überlegungen gefolgert werden kann, wird für Impulse zwischen 0.5 und 2.5 GeV/c die Selektionseffizienz für Elektronen zu 90% bestimmt. Im gleichen Impulsbereich liegt die Wahrscheinlichkeit, Pionen als Elektronen zu identifizieren, zwischen 0.05% und 0.1%. Auf diesem Algorithmus basiert die Messung des inklusiven Elektronen Impulsspektrums aus B-Meson Zerfällen anhand der Daten, die mit dem BABAR Detector am asymmetrischen Speicherring PEP-II ("B-Factory") aufgezeichnet wurden. Das Volumen der analysierten Daten entspricht einer integrierten Luminosität von 4.13 1/fb auf der Y(4S) Resonanz und 0.97 1/fb bei einer um 40 MeV verringerten Schwerpunktsenergie. B - Anti-B Ereignisse werden anhand hochenergetischer Elektronen identifiziert. Elektronen von einem semileptonischen Zerfall des zweiten B-Mesons werden durch die relative Ladung und Impulsrichtung zum hochenergetischen Elektron vom Untergrund aus semileptonischen Charm Zerfällen isoliert. Das inklusive Verzweigungsverhältnis für den semileptonischen Zerfall des B-Mesons wird zu (10.85 +-0.22(stat.) +-0.34(sys))% gemessen. Zusammen mit der Lebenszeit von B-Mesonen lässt sich daraus |V_cb| bestimmen: |V_{cb}| = 0.0406 +-0.0009(exp) +-0.0019(theory)
An algorithm for identification of electrons with the BABAR detector is developed. Based on pure samples of electrons and hadrons obtained from data, we determine the electron identification efficiency to be above 90% for momenta above 0.5 GeV/c in the laboratory frame, while the pion fake rate lies between 0.05% and 0.1%. Based on this algorithm, a measurement of the inclusive lepton momentum spectrum in B meson decays is performed. We analyze 4.13 fb^-1 and 0.97 fb^-1 of data recorded at and slightly below the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II a symmetric B-Factory. B-Bbar events are tagged by a high momentum electron. Using charge and angular correlations, leptons from a second semileptonic $B$ decay are separated from secondary charm semileptonic decays. The inclusive branching ratio is measured to be (10.85 +-0.22(stat.) +-0.34(sys))% . Combined with the B lifetime we determine |V_cb| = 0.0406 +-0.0009(exp) +-0.0019(theory)
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LIU, GONG-SHE. "Ontogenese, genetique et approche physiologique du caractere isomature chez le tournesol (helianthus annuus l. )." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF21028.

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Le nouveau genotype wjr::(1629) de tournesol (helianthus annuus l. , seconde plante oleagineuse du monde) est remarquable par son caractere isomature : il possede deux ou plusieurs capitules symetriques qui fleurissent et murissent simultanement. Son interet sur le plan agronomique est prometteur. Il est mis en evidence que la realisation du caractere isomature est sous la dependance de un a trois genes dominants et d'un effet maternel. Ce resultat impliquera necessairement, dans le futur, l'utilisation d'un parent femelle isomature pour le creation d'hybrides commerciaux
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Brandt, Thorsten. "Electron identification and measurement of the inclusive semileptonic branching fraction of B mesons at the BABAR experiment." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964428229.

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Books on the topic "Branching factor"

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Fehlzeiten-Report 2007: Arbeit, Geschlecht und Gesundheit : Zahlen, Daten, Analysen aus allen Branchen der Wirtschaft : [Geschlechteraspekte im betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagment]. Heidelberg: Springer Medizin, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Branching factor"

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Razgon, Igor, and Amnon Meisels. "A CSP Search Algorithm with Reduced Branching Factor." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 59–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11754602_5.

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Manickam, Shan. "On Penetrance and Branching Factor for Search Trees." In Empirical Foundations of Information and Software Science, 381–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2521-5_31.

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Keÿzer, Richard, and Martin Post. "Lung Branching Morphogenesis: Role of Growth Factors and Extracellular Matrix." In Lung Development, 1–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7537-8_1.

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Rubtsov, Nikolai M. "Nonlinear Phenomena and Kinetic Mechanism of a Gaseous Branching Chain Process by the Example of Thermal Decomposition of Nitrogen Trichloride." In Key Factors of Combustion, 1–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45997-4_1.

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Lefaucheux, Engel, Joël Ouaknine, David Purser, and James Worrell. "Porous Invariants." In Computer Aided Verification, 172–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_8.

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AbstractWe introduce the notion of porous invariants for multipath (or branching/nondeterministic) affine loops over the integers; these invariants are not necessarily convex, and can in fact contain infinitely many ‘holes’. Nevertheless, we show that in many cases such invariants can be automatically synthesised, and moreover can be used to settle (non-)reachability questions for various interesting classes of affine loops and target sets.
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Lereah, Yossi. "Material Factors Leading to Dense Branching Morphology in Al:Ge Thin Films." In Random Fluctuations and Pattern Growth: Experiments and Models, 123–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2653-0_22.

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Nagahashi, Gerald, and David D. Douds. "Environmental Factors That Affect Presymbiotic Hyphal Growth and Branching of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi." In Soil Biology, 95–110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27331-x_6.

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Havard, Trevor, and Peter Wallace. "Factors Affecting Molecular Weight and Branching Analysis of Metallocene Catalyzed Polyolefins Using On-Line GPC with Light Scattering, and Viscometry Detection." In ACS Symposium Series, 232–48. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0731.ch017.

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Tachinina, Olena, and Oleksandr Lysenko. "Methods for the Synthesis of Optimal Control of Deterministic Compound Dynamical Systems With Branch." In Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Aviation and Aerospace Industries, 323–51. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1415-3.ch014.

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This chapter states the result of the development of optimal control methods for deterministic discontinuous systems of optimal control problems for deterministic compound dynamical systems (CDS) with branching paths. The necessary conditions for optimality of the CDS branching paths are formulated in the form convenient for subsequent development of algorithms for the operational synthesis of these paths. The optimality conditions developed by the authors allow both preliminary and in real time (on-line) optimization of the CDS branching paths. The need for an operational synthesis of the CDS branching trajectory is caused by the inaccuracy of prior knowledge of information about the factors affecting CDS movement which are critical for the implementation of the CDS end-use. The developed conditions are universal for solving problems with any finite number of branches of a branching trajectory and are focused on the use of artificially intelligent systems which allow analyzing the structure of optimal control of CDS components as they move along the path branches.
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Chu, C. Y. Cyrus. "Demographic Models and Branching Processes." In Population Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121582.003.0006.

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All models describing the dynamic pattern of human population have two common features. First, the human population is usually divided into several types, and second, each type has a type-specific stochastic reproduction rate. The traditional literature of demography has been dominated by the age-specific models of Lotka (1939) and Leslie (1945,1948), where the type refers to the age of an individual and the type-specific reproduction rates refer to the age-specific vital rates in a life table, It has been shown that, mathematically, these age-specific models can be analyzed in a more general framework, namely, the multitype branching process. Most demography researchers, however, do not bother to pursue properties of the general branching process. They prefer to follow Lotka’s (1939) age-specific renewal equation approach in proceeding with their analysis because that renewal equation is technically convenient, whereas the steady-state and dynamic properties of a general branching process are usually much more difficult to derive. Although the analytical convenience of the age-specific models has facilitated the research on age-related topics, it also tends to obscure the fact that the age-specific model is merely a special kind of branching process. When female fertility becomes a decision variable of the family and the fertility-related family decision problems expand, these age-specific models are often unworkable. Despite the difficulties inherent in applying the traditional age-specific models to these decision dimensions, researchers still hesitate to go back to the general, but more difficult, branching process for solutions. This is perhaps why, as we mentioned in chapter 1, the demand-side theory of demography has not made much progress in describing the macro aggregate pattern of the population. In this chapter, I separate the discussion into the age-specific branching process and general branching processes. I show that the steady states and ergodic properties of these models can both be established under some regularity conditions. Although the material in this chapter is mostly a reorganization of previously established mathematical results, I believe that my summary is systematic and will be helpful to most readers. All the results summarized will be used in later chapters, but aspects of branching processes that are irrelevant to our purposes will not be discussed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Branching factor"

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Mohandas, Sabarinath, and M. Abdul Nizar. "A.I for Games with High Branching Factor." In 2018 International CET Conference on Control, Communication, and Computing (IC4). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cetic4.2018.8531047.

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Han, Shuangshuang, and Chintha Tellambura. "Partial expansion sphere decoder with reduced branching factor for MIMO systems." In 2012 1st IEEE International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccchina.2012.6356937.

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Lu, Zhanpeng, He Xue, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Crack Branching and Its Effect on Environmentally Assisted Cracking in High Temperature Water Environments." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25818.

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Crack kinking or branching has been observed in laboratory stress corrosion cracking tests and in some components suffering from stress corrosion cracking in nuclear power plant coolants. There are several types of crack branching: i.e., macroscopic multiple branching cracks, local crack branching or the combination of both. Crack branching affects the crack tip stress/strain distribution in terms of stress intensity factor and crack tip strain rate, and consequently affects crack growth behavior. The crack tip mechanical fields in some typical crack branching systems are quantified using empirical, analytical and numerical simulation methods. The effect of crack branching is less significant in contoured double cantilever beam specimens than in compact tension specimens for the same size and configuration of branched cracks. The applications of the analysis results to some observed crack branching phenomena of austenitic alloys in high temperature water environments are discussed based on the theoretical crack growth rate formulation.
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Ha, Youn D., and Florin Bobaru. "Dynamic Brittle Fracture Captured With Peridynamics." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65515.

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The bond-based peridynamic model is able to capture many of the essential characteristics of dynamic brittle fracture observed in experiments: crack branching, crack-path instability, asymmetries of crack paths, successive branching, secondary cracking at right angles from existing crack surfaces, etc. In this paper we investigate the influence of the stress waves on the crack branching angle and the velocity profile. We observe that crack branching in peridynamics evolves as the phenomenology proposed by the experimental evidence [1]: when a crack reaches a critical stage (macroscopically identified by its stress intensity factor) it splits into two or more branches, each propagating with the same speed as the parent crack, but with a much reduced process zone.
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Ning Huang, Chunju Fan, and Shan Jiang. "Analysis of influence on branching factor of ac grid based on characteristics of grid-side inverter." In 8th Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2019). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2019.0506.

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Seto, Hitoshi, Masato Koshiishi, Shigeaki Tanaka, and Ryoji Obata. "Evaluation of Crack Growth Rate of Neutron Irradiated Austenitic Stainless Steels at High Stress Intensity Factor Levels." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21365.

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Abstract Crack growth rates (CGRs) at high K levels (more than 30 MPa·m0.5) were obtained in simulated boiling water reactor normal water chemistry under constant K conditions for Type 316NG stainless steel irradiated up to 2.0 dpa. Valid CGRs were obtained even at high K conditions such as K ≈ 40 MPa·m0.5 although branching was observed on the fracture surface of the specimen after CGR testing. CGRs were compared with predictions by a theoretical model and a disposition curve and it was found that these predictions are applicable even to high K levels around K ≈ 40 MPa·m0.5.
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Gao, Chao, Martin Müller, and Ryan Hayward. "Focused Depth-first Proof Number Search using Convolutional Neural Networks for the Game of Hex." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/513.

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Proof Number search (PNS) is an effective algorithm for searching theoretical values on games with non-uniform branching factors. Focused depth-first proof number search (FDFPN) with dynamic widening was proposed for Hex where the branching factor is nearly uniform. However, FDFPN is fragile to its heuristic move ordering function. The recent advances of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have led to considerable progress in game playing. We investigate how to incorporate the strength of CNNs into solving, with application to the game of Hex. We describe FDFPN-CNN, a new focused DFPN search that uses convolutional neural networks. FDFPN-CNN integrates two CNNs trained from games played by expert players. The value approximation CNN provides reliable information for defining the widening size by estimating the value of the node to expand, while the policy CNN selects promising children nodes to the search. On 8x8 Hex, experimental results show FDFPN-CNN performs notably better than FDFPN, suggesting a promising direction for better solving Hex positions where learning from strong players is possible.
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Gebb, Sarah A., Ashley DeCoux, and Peter L. Jones. "Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation Mediates Fetal Oxygen Tension Induced Branching In Mesenchyme Free Fetal Lung Epithelial Cultures." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a1224.

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Shui, Linqi, Bo Huang, Kunkun Dong, and Chunyan Zhang. "Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics in Fractal Tree-Like Microchannel With Steam Cooling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63973.

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Using closed-loop steam to cool blades is beneficial to improve the gas turbine thermal efficiency. Although the steam-cooled blade can provide sufficient cooling for the main body of high temperature blade, the high thermal load is found in the leading and trailing edge. To alleviate the thermal loads as well as thermal stresses, it is necessary to optimize the cooling configuration of closed loop steam-cooled blades. The tree-like branching network systems have the unique high cooling efficiency and low flow resistance as well as even temperature distribution characteristics. Utilizing the efficient transportation branching network as the internal cooling configuration for the steam-cooled blades, is likely to provide useful hits of optimal solution for solving the uneven and insufficient cooling problems at the high thermal load regions. For this purpose, the heat transfer and flow friction features of coolant flow in the tree-like branching microchannel is studied experimentally and numerically. The results indicate that, influenced by the branch effects, the fractal tree-like microchannel provides a desirable low friction factor for the turbulent flow, and an expected better heat transfer performance under the conditions of a higher Re number and larger heat flux. In addition, compared the wall temperature distributions between the fractal tree-like microchannel and serpentine channels with different coolant, adopting the tree-like branching channel configuration combination with steam cooling could provide an excellent even cooling performance for the high temperature metal wall.
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Handa, Tsunehisa, Takahiro Kubo, Keniti Amano, Mitsuhiro Okatsu, Kazunori Miyamoto, and Michio Satoh. "Study on Unstable Brittle Crack Arrest Toughness of Extremely-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel Plates." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59739.

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The extremely-low carbon bainitic steel (ELCB steel) is a high strength steel with about 0.02 mass% or less carbon. In this research, unstable brittle crack arrest toughness of ELCB steel plates was investigated by temperature-gradient ESSO tests, compared with that of conventional TMCP steel plates. Both of ELCB and TMCP steel plates without pre-straining had sufficient crack-arrest toughness at 0°C. After 10% prestraining, the TMCP steel plate had not sufficient crack-arrest toughness at 0 °C . The ELCB steel plates, however, maintained high crack arrest toughness at 0°C. even after 10% pre-straining. ELCB steel were also different from TMCP steels in the correlation between transition temperature of crack arrest toughness and fracture appearance transition temperature (vTrs) obtained by Charpy impact test. When the vTrs of an ELCB steel and that of a TMCP steel were the same value, crack arrest toughness of an ELCB steel was higher than that of a TMCP steel. In the cross section of the ESSO test piece of the ELCB steels, many sub-cracks and micro-crack branching were observed. However, in the cross section of the ESSO test piece of the conventional TMCP steels, there were few subcracks and branching. Initiation of sub-cracks and branching around the main crack tip reduces the stress intensity factor of the main crack. It was considered that the above features of the ELCB steel were caused by initiation of sub-cracks and branching at the tip of the main brittle crack.
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Reports on the topic "Branching factor"

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Quinn, Gene Breese. A Measurement of the Branching Ratio and Form-Factor of $K_L \to \mu^+ \mu^- \gamma$. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1421444.

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Cote, David. Measurement of the B0 -> pilnu form-factor shape and branching fraction, and determination of |Vub| with a loose neutrino reconstruction technique; Mesure du rapport d'embranchement et du facteur deforme de la desintegration B0 to pilnu, et determination de |Vub| avec unetechnique de reconstruction relachee du neutrino. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922603.

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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