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Journal articles on the topic 'Branchiostoma'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 14 July 2025

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1

He, Chunpeng, Tingyu Han, Xin Liao, et al. "Phagocytic intracellular digestion in amphioxus ( Branchiostoma )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (2018): 20180438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0438.

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The digestive methods employed by amphioxus ( Branchiostoma )—both intracellular phagocytic digestion and extracellular digestion—have been discussed since 1937. Recent studies also show that epithelial cells lining the Branchiostoma digestive tract can express many immune genes. Here, in Branchiostoma belcheri , using a special tissue fixation method, we show that some epithelial cells, especially those lining the large diverticulum protruding from the gut tube, phagocytize food particles directly, and Branchiostoma can rely on this kind of phagocytic intracellular digestion to obtain energy throughout all stages of its life. Gene expression profiles suggest that diverticulum epithelial cells have functional features of both digestive cells and phagocytes. In starved Branchiostoma , these cells accumulate endogenous digestive and hydrolytic enzymes, whereas, when sated, they express many kinds of immune genes in response to stimulation by phagocytized food particles. We also found that the distal hindgut epithelium can phagocytize food particles, but not as many. These results illustrate phagocytic intercellular digestion in Branchiostoma , explain why Branchiostoma digestive tract epithelial cells express typical immune genes and suggest that the main physiological function of the Branchiostoma diverticulum is different from that of the vertebrate liver.

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2

Bi, Changwei, Na Lu, Tingyu Han, et al. "Whole-Genome Resequencing of Twenty Branchiostoma belcheri Individuals Provides a Brand-New Variant Dataset for Branchiostoma." BioMed Research International 2020 (January 26, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3697342.

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As the extant representatives of the basal chordate lineage, amphioxi (including the genera Branchiostoma, Asymmetron and Epigonichthys) play important roles in tracing the state of chordate ancestry. Previous studies have reported that members of the Branchiostoma species have similar morphological phenotypic characteristics, but in contrast, there are high levels of genetic polymorphisms in the populations. Here, we resequenced 20 Branchiostomabelcheri genomes to an average depth of approximately 12.5X using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. In this study, over 52 million variations (~12% of the total genome) were detected in the B. belcheri population, and an average of 12.8 million variations (~3% of the total genome) were detected in each individual, confirming that Branchiostoma is one of the most genetically diverse species sequenced to date. Demographic inference analysis highlighted the role of historical global temperature in the long-term population dynamics of Branchiostoma, and revealed a population expansion at the Greenlandian stage of the current geological epoch. We detected 594 Single nucleotide polymorphism and 148 Indels in the Branchiostoma mitochondrial genome, and further analyzed their genetic mutations. A recent study found that the epithelial cells of the digestive tract in Branchiostoma can directly phagocytize food particles and convert them into absorbable nontoxic nutrients using powerful digestive and immune gene groups. In this study, we predicted all potential mutations in intracellular digestion-associated genes. The results showed that most “probably damaging” mutations were related to rare variants (MAF < 0.05) involved in strengthening or weakening the intracellular digestive capacity of Branchiostoma. Due to the extremely high number of polymorphisms in the Branchiostoma genome, our analysis with a depth of approximately 12.5X can only be considered a preliminary analysis. However, the novel variant dataset provided here is a valuable resource for further investigation of phagocytic intracellular digestion in Branchiostoma and determination of the phenotypic and genotypic features of Branchiostoma.

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3

Klootwijk, Wim, Edith C. H. Friesema, and Theo J. Visser. "A Nonselenoprotein from Amphioxus Deiodinates Triac But Not T3: Is Triac the Primordial Bioactive Thyroid Hormone?" Endocrinology 152, no. 8 (2011): 3259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1408.

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Thyroid hormone (TH) is important for metamorphosis in many species, including the cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae, a marine invertebrate (amphioxus) living in warmer coastal areas. Branchiostoma expresses a TH receptor, which is activated by 3,3′,5-triiodothyroacetic acid (TA3) but not by T3. The Branchiostoma genome also contains multiple genes coding for proteins homologous to iodothyronine deiodinases in vertebrates, selenoproteins catalyzing the activation or inactivation of TH. Three Branchiostoma deiodinases have been cloned: two have a catalytic Sec, and one, bfDy, has a Cys residue. We have studied the catalytic properties of bfDy in transfected COS1 cells by HPLC analysis of reactions with 125I-labeled substrates and dithiothreitol as cofactor. We could not detect deiodination of T4, T3, or rT3 by bfDy but observed rapid and selective inner ring deiodination (inactivation) of TA3 and 3,3′,5,5′-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TA4). Deiodination of TA3 by bfDy was optimal at 25 C and 10 mm dithiothreitol. bfDy was extremely labile at 37 C, showing a half-life of less than 2 min, in contrast with a half-life of more than 60 min at 25 C. Deiodination of labeled TA3 was inhibited dose dependently by unlabeled TA3≈TA4&gt;T4≈T3. Michaelis-Menten analysis yielded Michaelis-Menten constant values of 6.8 and 68 nm and maximum velocity values of 1.4 and 5.4 pmol/min·mg protein for TA3 and TA4, respectively. bfDy was not inhibited by propylthiouracil and iodoacetate and only weakly by goldthioglucose and iopanoic acid. In conclusion, we demonstrate rapid inactivation of TA3 and TA4 but not of T3 and T4 by the first reported natural nonselenodeiodinase. Our findings support the hypothesis that TA3 is a primordial bioactive TH.

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4

Niang, Tania Marcia S., André Luiz M. Pessanha, and Francisco Gerson Araújo. "Dieta de juvenis de Trachinotus carolinus (Actinopterygii, Carangidae) em praias arenosas na costa do Rio de Janeiro." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 100, no. 1 (2010): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212010000100005.

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Estudamos a dieta dos juvenis de Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) em praias da Baía de Sepetiba (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) entre janeiro de 2000 e abril de 2001. Procuramos avaliar a plasticidade trófica de peixes desta espécie ao longo de um gradiente espacial com diferentes níveis de exposição às ondas, sazonalidade, além de avaliar mudanças ontogenéticas na dieta. Os itens alimentares foram analisados através do índice de importância relativa (IIR), determinado pelos valores das frequências de ocorrência, de número e de peso. Os itens de maior importância foram do subfilo Crustacea, ordens Mysidacea, e o representante da ordem Decapoda Emerita brasiliensis (Schmitt, 1935), além de Cefalochordata, representado por Branchiostoma platae (Fitzinger, 1862). Na zona de maior exposição às ondas (praia de Barra de Guaratiba) e com substrato predominantemente arenoso, a dieta foi constituída principalmente por Emerita brasiliensis e Cirripedia, este último presente nos costões rochosos que limitam a praia; na zona de exposição intermediária (praia de Muriqui), houve um predomínio de Mysidacea e Branchiostoma platae; na zona mais protegida (praia de Itacuruçá), os itens de maior abundância foram Polychaeta, Mysidacea e Branchiostoma platae. Sazonalmente não ocorreu variação no uso de Mysidacea, enquanto Branchiostoma platae foi mais consumido durante o inverno, Polychaeta na primavera e Cirripedia e Emerita brasiliensis, no verão. Mysidacea foi o alimento predominante em todas as classes de tamanho, enquanto Polychaeta foi utilizado predominantemente por peixes menores que 20 mm de comprimento padrão e Emerita brasiliensis e Cirripedia foram consumidos principalmente por indivíduos maiores que 40 mm, somente na praia de maior exposição. O sucesso no uso de praias desprotegidas e zonas de arrebentação por esta espécie de peixe pode ser em parte devido à estratégia trófica oportunista, que utiliza uma ampla variedade de recursos disponíveis no ambiente.

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5

Vergara, Makarena, Marcelo E. Oliva, and José M. Riascos. "Population dynamics of the amphioxus Branchiostoma elongatum from northern Chile." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 3 (2011): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411000804.

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Amphioxi represent the evolutionary link between vertebrates and invertebrates. For this reason, research dealing with these animals has been focused mainly on embryological and anatomical studies. Out of 30 described species, only one, Branchiostoma elongatum, is known to inhabit shallow sandy bottoms along the Humboldt Current System (HCS) of Chile and Peru. The population dynamics of B. elongatum from northern Chile was studied between February 2008 and January 2009, and the results were compared with other species within the genus Branchiostoma inhabiting distinct ecosystems. Mean abundance of B. elongatum was low (158.6 ind m−2) in comparison with the abundance of other species within Branchiostoma. Although the gametogenic activity was continuous, a clear spawning event was observed between August and October, which seemingly produced a recruitment pulse during the summer and consequently a simultaneous increase in population density and decrease of mean length during that period. Growth of B. elongatum was best fitted to the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function (K = 0.45 year−1 and L∞ = 64.6 mm), with faster growth during summer–autumn. Growth performance (Ф′ = 3.273) was high in comparison with other species within the genus. Mortality of B. elongatum (Z = 1.075 year−1) was well fitted to the single exponential model (r2 = 0.92). The annual total production of B. elongatum reached 0.68 g ash-free dry mass (AFDM) m−2 and the annual mean biomass was 0.56 g AFDM m−2, which determined a production to biomass ratio of 1.22. The huge productivity of the HCS was not reflected in a high abundance and biomass of B. elongatum. However, this species displayed a high growth efficiency and P/B ratio that are comparable to those of other Branchiostoma inhabiting highly productive ecosystems.

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6

Kusakabe, Rie, Noriyuki Satoh, Linda Z. Holland, and Takehiro Kusakabe. "Genomic organization and evolution of actin genes in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri and Branchiostoma floridae." Gene 227, no. 1 (1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00608-8.

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7

Bi, Changwei, Na Lu, Zhen Huang, Junyuan Chen, Chunpeng He, and Zuhong Lu. "Whole‐genome resequencing reveals the pleistocene temporal dynamics of Branchiostoma belcheri and Branchiostoma floridae populations." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 15 (2020): 8210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6527.

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8

Nishikawa, Teruaki. "Reinstatement of the Lancelet Name Asymmetron lucayanum, Recently Proposed as a Junior Synonym of Branchiostoma pelagicum (Cephalochordata)." Species Diversity 23 (May 25, 2018): 83–85. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.23.83.

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Nishikawa, Teruaki (2018): Reinstatement of the Lancelet Name Asymmetron lucayanum, Recently Proposed as a Junior Synonym of Branchiostoma pelagicum (Cephalochordata). Species Diversity 23: 83-85, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.83

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9

Del Moral-Flores, Luis Fernando, Miguel Ángel Guadarrama-Martínez, and César Flores-Coto. "Taxonomic composition and distribution of cephalochordates (Cephalochordata: Amphioxiformes) from Mexico." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 44, no. 3 (2017): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol44-issue3-fulltext-8.

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Based on the number of specimens examined, review of reference collections and literature, we determined the presence of four cephalochordates (two genera and one family) in the seas of Mexico; moreover, the registry of the locations is denoted also a taxonomic key for their identification comes attached. The presence of three of the four species for the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean is registered, of which Branchiostoma caribaeum has the largest distributional area, from Veracruz coasts to the Yucatan Peninsula; B. longirostrum has been registered only on the west part of the Gulf of Mexico and Asymmetron lucayanum in front of the northeastern coast of Yucatan. Branchiostoma californiense is the only one registered on the Pacific coast of Mexico but it counts with a wider distribution.

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10

Yu, Jr-Kai, Francoise Mazet, Yen-Ta Chen, Song-Wei Huang, Kuo-Chen Jung, and Sebastian M. Shimeld. "The Fox genes of Branchiostoma floridae." Development Genes and Evolution 218, no. 11-12 (2008): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-008-0229-9.

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11

Fagotti, Anna, Ines Di Rosa, Francesca Simoncelli, Christine Chaponnier, Giulio Gabbiani, and R. Pascolini. "Actin isoforms in amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum." Cell and Tissue Research 292, no. 1 (1998): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051047.

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12

Bányai, László, Krisztina Kerekes, Mária Trexler, and László Patthy. "Morphological Stasis and Proteome Innovation in Cephalochordates." Genes 9, no. 7 (2018): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9070353.

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Lancelets, extant representatives of basal chordates, are prototypic examples of evolutionary stasis; they preserved a morphology and body-plan most similar to the fossil chordates from the early Cambrian. Such a low level of morphological evolution is in harmony with a low rate of amino acid substitution; cephalochordate proteins were shown to evolve slower than those of the slowest evolving vertebrate, the elephant shark. Surprisingly, a study comparing the predicted proteomes of Chinese amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri and the Florida amphioxus, Branchiostoma floridae has led to the conclusion that the rate of creation of novel domain combinations is orders of magnitude greater in lancelets than in any other Metazoa, a finding that contradicts the notion that high rates of protein innovation are usually associated with major evolutionary innovations. Our earlier studies on a representative sample of proteins have provided evidence suggesting that the differences in the domain architectures of predicted proteins of these two lancelet species reflect annotation errors, rather than true innovations. In the present work, we have extended these studies to include a larger sample of genes and two additional lancelet species, Asymmetron lucayanum and Branchiostoma lanceolatum. These analyses have confirmed that the domain architecture differences of orthologous proteins of the four lancelet species are because of errors of gene prediction, the error rate in the given species being inversely related to the quality of the transcriptome dataset that was used to aid gene prediction.

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13

Zhang, Shicui, Li Li, Hongyan Li, and Huarong Guo. "Histochemical localization of constitutive nitric oxide synthases in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, no. 6 (2002): 1041–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315402006641.

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The present study demonstrated histochemically that the enzyme activity was present in the cerebral vesicle, epidermis, muscles, endostyle and anus of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtaunese. This is the first noted report on localization of constitutive nitric oxide synthases in a celphalochordate.

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14

Maghsoudlou, Abdolvahab, Published Online, and Final Version. "Iranian Branchiostoma species (Cephalochordata, Branchiostomatidae) inhabiting Chabahar Bay (Gulf of Oman), with remarks on habitat preferences." Turkish Journal of Zoology 42, no. 2 (2017): 179–86. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1708-12.

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Maghsoudlou, Abdolvahab, Online, Published, Version, Final (2018): Iranian Branchiostoma species (Cephalochordata, Branchiostomatidae) inhabiting Chabahar Bay (Gulf of Oman), with remarks on habitat preferences. Turkish Journal of Zoology 42 (2): 179-186, DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1708-12, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1708-12

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15

Nielsen, S. E., Q. Bone, P. Bond, and G. Harper. "On particle filtration by amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 4 (2007): 983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407053519.

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We show in this paper that amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) is capable of collecting sub-micron particles on its mucous filter. This is made by an endostyle in some respects simpler than those of tunicates, and that unlike the filters in tunicates, the strands of the amphioxus filter are sticky. It therefore does not act simply as a sieve.

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16

Caccavale, Filomena, David Osca, Salvatore D’Aniello, and Fabio Crocetta. "Molecular taxonomy confirms that the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea harbor a single lancelet, Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) (Cephalochordata: Leptocardii: Branchiostomatidae)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251358.

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Branchiostomatidae (lancelets or amphioxus) comprises about 30 species, several of which are well-established models in evolutionary development. Our zoological and ecological knowledge of the family is nonetheless limited. Despite evident differences can be found among known populations, the taxonomy of Branchiostoma lanceolatum (type species of the genus Branchiostoma) has never been investigated with modern methods through its range in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. We address this via a multilocus molecular approach and comparing specimens collected from different European populations. Results obtained here confirm the presence of a single species inhabiting the range between the topotypical localities of B. lanceolatum (Atlantic Ocean) and of its junior synonym B. lubricum (Mediterranean Sea), without evincing geographical structure between populations. This suggests that environment most likely drives the characteristics observed in different geographic areas. The long larval phase and the slow mutation rate in lancelets may have played a key role in the evolutionary history of this iconic species.

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17

Riisgard, Hans Ulrik, and Ib Svane. "Filter Feeding in Lancelets (Amphioxus), Branchiostoma lanceolatum." Invertebrate Biology 118, no. 4 (1999): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3227011.

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18

Saotome, Kyoko, and Yoshio Ojima. "Chromosomes of the Lancelet Branchiostoma belcheri Gray." Zoological Science 18, no. 5 (2001): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.18.683.

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19

Xian-han, Wu, Zhang Bao-lu, Guo Zhen-yu, and Qu Yan-mei. "Artificial culture of amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense)." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 18, no. 4 (2000): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02876081.

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20

Yu, J. K. S., and L. Z. Holland. "Amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) Spawning and Embryo Collection." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 9 (2009): pdb.prot5285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5285.

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21

Zhou, Xue, Ping Jin, Sheng Qin, Liming Chen, and Fei Ma. "Systematic investigation of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) microRNAs." Gene 508, no. 1 (2012): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.065.

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22

Möck, A., D. Mitterhuber, and L. Renwrantz. "Lysozyme activity in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 60, no. 3 (1992): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90014-u.

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23

Wang, Changliu, Shicui Zhang, and Yongzhong Zhang. "The karyotype of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense (Cephalochordata)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 1 (2003): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403006969h.

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The chromosome number and karyotype of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense were studied using embryonic cells. The diploid chromosome number (2n) of B. belcheri tsingtauense is 36, and its karyotype 2n=36, 2st+34t, FN=36. This is the first report on the karyotype of the cephalochordate. Evidence suggesting the possible presence of a pair of sex-chromosomes in the amphioxus has been provided.

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24

Cobb, Christopher S., John Rundle, Susan C. Frankling, and J. Anne Brown. "Angiotensin I-converting enzyme-like activity in a cephalochordate." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 6 (2003): 1307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008725.

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The presence of angiotensin I-converting enzyme-like activity (ACELA) was investigated in whole body homogenates of Branchiostoma lanceolatum using a highly sensitive fluorimetric assay. The measured enzyme activity was inhibited by the two angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril and enalapril, suggesting a biochemical pathway that could generate the angiotensins observed in the central nervous system of amphioxus.

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25

Yasui, Kinya, Makoto Urata, Nobuo Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Ueda, and Yasuhisa Henmi. "Laboratory Culture of the Oriental Lancelet Branchiostoma belcheri." Zoological Science 24, no. 5 (2007): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.24.514.

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26

Kaji, Takao, Yoichi Hoshino, Yasuhisa Henmi, and Kinya Yasui. "Longitudinal Observation of Japanese Lancelet, Branchiostoma japonicum, Metamorphosis." Dataset Papers in Biology 2013 (September 23, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7167/2013/839671.

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The lancelet (amphioxus) performs metamorphosis and produces minute and ciliate pelagic larvae commonly found in other metamorphic marine invertebrates. During larval life and metamorphosis, however, the animal displays interesting combination of features not found in other animals such as long coexistence of ciliate and muscular locomotion and no change in feeding behavior. The uniqueness of lancelet metamorphosis can provide important data to understand the evolutionary history of this animal as well as the metamorphosis broadly appeared in metazoans. Although lancelet metamorphosis has been studied, all previous studies depended on cross-sectional observations. To get serial data on metamorphic events, we performed longitudinal observations on the Japanese lancelet under the culture condition and confirmed the following: (1) there were individual variations of the duration of metamorphosis from 15 to 27 days; (2) growth was arrested for a month and the maximum reduction of the body length (2.2%–3.2%) occurred when gill slits became paired; (3) during rather long duration of metamorphosis, the oral transformation and the division of the gill pores by tongue bar were completed within two to four days. Our observations suggest that the duration and mode of lancelet metamorphosis depend mainly on intrinsic requirements rather than on extrinsic selective pressures.

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27

He, Chunpeng, Tingyu Han, Xin Liao, et al. "Correction to ‘Phagocytic intracellular digestion in amphioxus ( Branchiostoma )’." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1881 (2018): 20181277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1277.

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28

Karabinos, Anton, and Dieter Riemer. "The single calmodulin gene of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma." Gene 195, no. 2 (1997): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00145-5.

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29

Cai, Xiaoqing, Huamin Wang, Linxuan Huang, Juntao Chen, Qinfen Zhang, and Yan Zhang. "Establishing primary cell cultures from Branchiostoma belcheri Japanese." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 49, no. 2 (2013): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11626-013-9579-3.

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30

Millar, Douglas A., and Norman A. Ratcliffe. "Activity and preliminary characterization of Branchiostoma lanceolatum agglutinin." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 14, no. 4 (1990): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-305x(90)90033-b.

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31

Adkins, Patrick, John Bishop, Joanna Harley, and Peter W. H. Holland. "The genome sequence of the amphioxus, Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774)." Wellcome Open Research 10 (February 24, 2025): 95. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23671.1.

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We present a genome assembly from a specimen of Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Amphioxus; Chordata; Leptocardii; Amphioxiformes; Branchiostomatidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 468.40 megabases and 465.81 megabases, respectively. Most of haplotype 1 (99.34%) is scaffolded into 19 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 is a scaffold level assembly. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.14 kilobases in length.

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32

Ruppert, Edward E., Troy R. Nash, and Allison J. Smith. "The size range of suspended particles trapped and ingested by the filter-feeding lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (Cephalochordata: Acrania)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 2 (2000): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499001903.

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Lancelets of the genus Branchiostoma (amphioxus) are widespread and locally abundant filter-feeding animals in shallow coastal waters of the south-eastern US (up to 5000 ind/m2) and in temperate and tropical seas worldwide (up to 9000 ind/m2). Lancelets are consumed by bottom-dwelling fish and humans. As part of a larger project to aquaculture lancelets, an experiment was conducted to determine the range of diameters of suspended particles filtered and ingested by the Florida lancelet, Branchiostoma floridae (Chordata: Cephalochordata). After a period of starvation, animals were exposed to a suspension of tracer particles of seven different diameters (range 90–0.062 μm) and the protein, ferritin (0.012 μm) and their faeces were examined subsequently for the presence or absence of tracer. Particles ranging from 90–0.062 μm, but not ferritin, were filtered and ingested. Many of the 90 μm diameter particles, however, were excluded from entering the body by the oral cirri. Under experimental conditions, B. floridae filters and ingests particles in the range of ∼100–0.062 μm (microplankton to colloidal particles). This result suggests that the lancelet diet, like that of appendicularians, includes microbial as well as phytoplankton production.

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33

Campos-Dávila, Lucía, Claudia J. Pérez-Estrada, Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella, Enrique Morales-Bojórquez, Fernando G. Brun-Murillo, and Eduardo F. Balart. "Seagrass Halodule wrightii as a new habitat for the amphioxus Branchiostoma californiense (Cephalochordata, Branchiostomidae) in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico." ZooKeys 873 (August 29, 2019): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.873.33901.

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The first record of the amphioxus Branchiostoma californiense on seagrass patches of Halodule wrightii in the Gulf of California is reported. Sixty individuals (19 males, 18 females, and 23 undifferentiated) were collected in May 2017 at Bahía Balandra, Gulf of California, from subtidal seagrass patches at a depth of 0.5 m at low tide. The length and weight ranged from 15.88–28.44 mm and from 0.01–0.11 g for females and 11.7–27.9 mm and 0.01–0.09 g for males, respectively. The minimum size of sexually mature individuals was 11.70 mm for males and 15.88 mm for females; 62% of the specimens were sexually mature. Analysis of the total length-weight relationship suggested an allometric growth pattern among females, males and undifferentiated individuals, whereas an analysis of the entire sample suggested an isometric growth pattern. Typical and additional morphological characters were used to identify the amphioxi. High morphological variability between individuals was found, suggesting the presence of several morphotypes. Branchiostoma californiense had been previously reported as exclusively associated with bare sandy areas, but our study shows that this species can also be found in seagrass patches, using them as breeding and feeding grounds. Thus, seagrass patches are evidenced as suitable habitats for amphioxus.

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34

Campos-Dávila, Lucía, Claudia J. Pérez-Estrada, Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella, Enrique Morales-Bojórquez, Fernando G. Brun-Murillo, and Eduardo F. Balart. "Seagrass Halodule wrightii as a new habitat for the amphioxus Branchiostoma californiense (Cephalochordata, Branchiostomidae) in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico." ZooKeys 873 (August 29, 2019): 113–31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.873.33901.

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The first record of the amphioxus Branchiostoma californiense on seagrass patches of Halodule wrightii in the Gulf of California is reported. Sixty individuals (19 males, 18 females, and 23 undifferentiated) were collected in May 2017 at Bahía Balandra, Gulf of California, from subtidal seagrass patches at a depth of 0.5 m at low tide. The length and weight ranged from 15.88–28.44 mm and from 0.01–0.11 g for females and 11.7–27.9 mm and 0.01–0.09 g for males, respectively. The minimum size of sexually mature individuals was 11.70 mm for males and 15.88 mm for females; 62% of the specimens were sexually mature. Analysis of the total length-weight relationship suggested an allometric growth pattern among females, males and undifferentiated individuals, whereas an analysis of the entire sample suggested an isometric growth pattern. Typical and additional morphological characters were used to identify the amphioxi. High morphological variability between individuals was found, suggesting the presence of several morphotypes. Branchiostoma californiense had been previously reported as exclusively associated with bare sandy areas, but our study shows that this species can also be found in seagrass patches, using them as breeding and feeding grounds. Thus, seagrass patches are evidenced as suitable habitats for amphioxus.

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35

Vallet, P. G., M. G. Ody, and H. Huggel. "Etude ultrastructurale du Neuropore d'Amphioxus adulte (Branchiostoma lanceolatum Pallas)." Revue suisse de zoologie. 92 (1985): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.81916.

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36

Kosushkin, S. A., and N. S. Vassetzky. "Extreme diversity of SINE families in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri." Biopolymers and Cell 36, no. 1 (2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000a1d.

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37

Li, Guang, Xi Yang, ZongHuang Shu, XiaoYing Chen, and YiQuan Wang. "Consecutive Spawnings of Chinese Amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri, in Captivity." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (2012): e50838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050838.

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38

Stokes, M. D., and N. D. Holland. "Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana) feeding on lancelets (Branchiostoma floridae)." Journal of Fish Biology 41, no. 6 (1992): 1043–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb02732.x.

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39

Churcher, Allison M., and John S. Taylor. "Amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) has orthologs of vertebrate odorant receptors." BMC Evolutionary Biology 9, no. 1 (2009): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-242.

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40

Yu, Jr-Kai, Ming-Chih Wang, Tadasu Shin-I, et al. "A cDNA resource for the cephalochordate amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae." Development Genes and Evolution 218, no. 11-12 (2008): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-008-0228-x.

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41

Zhang, Yu, Yi Cong, Shaohui Wang, and Shicui Zhang. "Antioxidant activities of recombinant amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) apolipoprotein D." Molecular Biology Reports 38, no. 3 (2010): 1847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0301-1.

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42

Vallet, P. G., M. G. Ody, and H. Huggel. "Etude ultrastructurale du Neuropore d'Amphioxus adulte (Branchiostoma lanceolatum Pallas)." Revue suisse de zoologie 92 (June 7, 1985): 845–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13682600.

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43

Ji, Ren-Lei, Shan-Shan Jiang, Gunnar Kleinau, Patrick Scheerer, and Ya-Xiong Tao. "Are Melanocortin Receptors Present in Extant Protochordates?" Biomolecules 14, no. 9 (2024): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14091120.

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Functional melanocortin receptor (MCR) genes have been identified in the genomes of early chordates, e.g., the cyclostomata. Whether they appear in the most ancient chordates such as cephalochordate and urochordata, however, remains unclear due to missing genetic data. Herein, we studied five putative (from NCBI database), sequence-based predicted MCR-like receptors from urochordata and cephalochordate, including Styela clava, Ciona intestinalis, Branchiostoma floridae, and Branchiostoma belcheri. The BLAST and phylogenetic analyses suggested a relationship between these specific receptors and vertebrate MCRs. However, several essential residues for MCR functions in vertebrates were missing in these putative chordata MCRs. To test receptor functionality, several experimental studies were conducted. Binding assays and functional analyses showed no specific binding and no ligand-induced cAMP or ERK1/2 signaling (with either endogenous α-MSH or synthetic ligands for MC4R), despite successfully expressing four receptors in HEK 293T cells. These four receptors showed high basal cAMP signaling, likely mediated by ligand-independent Gs coupling. In summary, our results suggest that the five predicted MCR-like receptors are, indeed, class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which in four cases show high constitutive activity in the Gs-cAMP signaling pathway but are not MCR-like receptors in terms of ligand recognition of known MCR ligands. These receptors might be ancient G protein-coupled receptors with so far unidentified ligands.

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44

O’Reilly, M., S. Nowacki, M. Baptie, E. Gerrie, and M. MacKenzie. "New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum in Scottish waters." Glasgow Naturalist 27, no. 1 (2019): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37208/tgn27105.

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New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum from Scottish waters are presented. Most of the records originate from sublittoral monitoring around fish farms from Orkney, Shetland, the Western Isles, the Isles of Skye and Mull, but also from a distillery discharge in the Firth of Clyde and a plankton survey in the Sea of the Hebrides. Lancelets were recovered in sediment grab samples from 6 - 60 m depth. Some recent accounts of intertidal lancelets are also cited. The lancelets appear to prefer coarser sediments and in the fish farm surveys were found predominantly at reference sites, away from the immediate influence of farm deposition.

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45

Schmitz, A., M. Gemmel, and S. F. Perry. "Morphometric partitioning of respiratory surfaces in amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum Pallas)." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 22 (2000): 3381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.22.3381.

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The anatomical diffusing factors (ADFs), defined as the ratio of surface area to the thickness of the diffusion barrier, of possible respiratory surfaces of adult amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) were evaluated using stereological methods. The ADF is greatest for the lining of the atrium and for the skin covering the segmental muscles. Calculation of the diffusing capacities for O(2) revealed that the lining of the atrium makes up nearly 83 % of the entire diffusing capacity (8.86 × 10(−3) microl min(−1)mg(−1)kPa(−1) while the skin over the segmental muscles (9%), the skin over the metapleural fold (4%) and the gill bars (4%) are of minor importance. The diffusing capacity of surfaces lying over coelomic cavities makes up 76% of the whole diffusing capacity, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the coelom may function as a circulatory system for respiratory gases. Muscles have approximately 23% of the entire diffusing capacity, indicating that they may be self-sufficient for O(2) uptake. The diffusing capacity of the blood vessels in the gill bars is only 1% of the total. Thus, the ‘gills’ lack significant function as respiratory organs in amphioxus (lancelets).

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46

Shaner, Nathan C., Gerard G. Lambert, Andrew Chammas, et al. "A bright monomeric green fluorescent protein derived from Branchiostoma lanceolatum." Nature Methods 10, no. 5 (2013): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2413.

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47

Andersson, Eva, and Ragnar Olsson. "The Oral Papilla of the Lancelet Larva (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) (Cephalochordata)." Acta Zoologica 70, no. 1 (1989): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1989.tb01052.x.

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48

Benterbusch, R., and W. Melzer. "Ca2+ current in myotome cells of the lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)." Journal of Physiology 450, no. 1 (1992): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019135.

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49

Teng, Lei, Hiroshi Wada, and Shicui Zhang. "Identification and functional characterization of legumain in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri." Bioscience Reports 30, no. 3 (2009): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20090049.

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Legumain has been reported from diverse sources such as plants, parasites (animals) and mammals, but little is known in the lower chordates. The present study reports the first characterization of legumain cDNA from the protochordate Branchiostoma belcheri. The deduced 435-amino-acid-long protein is structurally characterized by the presence of a putative N-terminal signal peptide, a peptidase_C13 superfamily domain with the conserved Lys123-Gly124-Asp125 motif and catalytic dyad His153 and Cys195 and two potential Asn-glycosylation sites at Asn85 and Asn270. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that B. belcheri legumain forms an independent cluster together with ascidian legumain, and is positioned at the base of vertebrate legumains, suggesting that B. belcheri legumain gene may represent the archetype of vertebrate legumain genes. Both recombinant legumain expressed in yeast and endogenous legumain are able to be converted into active protein of ~37 kDa via a C-terminal autocleavage at acid pH values. The recombinant legumain efficiently degrades the legumain-specific substrate Z-Ala-Ala-Asn-MCA (benzyloxycarbonyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-asparagine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide) at optimum pH 5.5; and the enzymatic activity is inhibited potently by iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide, partially by hen's-egg white cystatin, but not by E-64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane], PMSF and pepstatin A. In addition, legumain is expressed in vivo in a tissue-specific manner, with main expression in the hepatic caecum and hind-gut of B. belcheri. Altogether, these results suggest that B. belcheri legumain plays a role in the degradation of macromolecules in food.

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Lacalli, Thurston C., and Shufen Hou. "A reexamination of the epithelial sensory cells of amphioxus (Branchiostoma)." Acta Zoologica 80, no. 2 (1999): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6395.1999.80220005.x.

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