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Absell, Christopher David, and Antonio Tena-Junguito. "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF BRAZIL’S FOREIGN TRADE SERIES, 1821-1913." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, no. 1 (2017): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000143.
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AbstractTo date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on official foreign trade statistics, the accuracy of which has repeatedly been put into question. This paper provides insights into the accuracy of the official series by examining the accuracy of the export and import series for Brazil during the 19th century. We re-estimate the official import series using trading partner sources, and find that the official series was marginally under-valued during certain periods of the 19th century. Furthermore, we provide new upper- and lower-bound estimates of the export series by testing different assumptions regarding the size of the cost, insurance and freight to free on board factor adjustments. Finally, we introduce a new import price index for the period 1827-1913.
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Samuel Tracol and Arnaud-Dominique Houte. ""Aqui começa o Brasil”: penal colonization, territorialization and border construction of the Oyapock river. 1853-1927." Diálogos 24, no. 2 (2020): 25–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v24i2.53572.
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The Oyapock River has been the border between France and Brazil since the Treaty of Bern came to resolve a centuries-old dispute between the two states. Only populated by indigenous communities and a few adventurers, the two banks of the river are untouched by any lasting colonial and national settlement before the second half of the 19th century. Penal colonization is the formula adopted by the two states to fill the "void" of a border to be formalized. The criminal models circulate and are reinterpreted by participating with great intensity in the making of the territory.
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Fontoura, P. "The 'Ajuda Paralyses': history of a neuropsychiatric debate in mid-19th-century Portugal." Brain 133, no. 10 (2010): 3141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq211.
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Silva, Adolfo Henrique Coutinho e., Amaury José Rezende, Flávia Zóboli Dalmácio, and José Paulo Cosenza. "Accounting Practices Concerning the Boris Family Business in Brazil: 1882–1896." Accounting Historians Journal 47, no. 1 (2020): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aahj-17-008.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to provide a general narrative of the accounting practices of the company Boris Frères & Co. Ltd., popularly known as “Casa Boris,” which played an important role in the trade practices in Brazil's history in the late 19th century. To accomplish this objective, the authors reviewed and summarized the company's account books, accounting records, and other documents from 1882 to 1896, focusing on the usefulness of the accounting practices adopted and identifying the economic and legal factors that influenced its accounting system at the time. The findings constitute important records of Brazil's accounting history in the 19th century and provide evidence concerning the levels of development and adequacy of the accounting practices adopted by Brazilian commercial firms in the period. JEL Classifications: F13; M10; N00; N76.
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Cantisano, Pedro Jimenez, and Mariana Armond Dias Paes. "Legal Reasoning in a Slave Society (Brazil, 1860–88)." Law and History Review 36, no. 3 (2018): 471–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000196.
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AbstractThis article analyses arguments used in an 1866 Brazilian freedom suit to highlight a substantive legal perspective. Historians of Brazilian slavery law have given attention to the politics of freedom suits, largely disregarding the role of law in their origins, developments, and outcomes. By looking at legal arguments, we show how law and political views mutually framed each other. We focus on the impact of 19th century legal modernizations in the distinction and contradictions between the law of status and property law, the legal translations of freedom, and the uses of arguments based on codes, natural law, and pragmatic considerations about the judiciary's role in a slave society. This is a micro-history of a suit that, with the help of other 19th-century freedom suits and legal doctrine, allows us to move up and down different historical scales to understand law's centrality in the political perpetuation and demise of slavery in Brazil.
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Inácio Filho, Geraldo. "Princípios de composição: descripções, narrações, cartas etc. por Guilherme do Prado (1895)." Cadernos de História da Educação 17, no. 1 (2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/che-v17n1-2018-6.
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Os manuais escolares são utilizados no Brasil, para uso de professores e alunos desde fins do século XIX e, no decorrer do século XX firmaram-se como objetos ou utensílios da cultura escolar. Este artigo analisa um manual escolar produzido no Brasil em 1895 – Princípios de Composição por Guilherme do Prado. A investigação centra-se nas prescrições para o ensino da redação/composição na escola e procura ressaltar como o autor assimilou conhecimentos que contribuíram para fazer da composição/redação um saber escolarizado.Palavras-chave: Manual escolar. Redação. Cultura escolar; História da Educação. AbstractSchool manuals to be used by teachers and students were established in Brazil in the late 19th century and were consolidated throughout the 20th century as objects or instruments of school culture. This article examines a school manual produced in Brazil at 1895 – Princípios de Composição, by Ghuilherme do Prado. This research focuses on the requirements for the teaching of writing at school and seeks to highlight how authors used knowledge that contributed to make writing a school knowledge.Keywords: School textbook. Writing. School culture. History of Education.ResumenLos manuales escolares han sido utilizados en Brasil para uso de profesores y alunos desde finales del siglo XIX y se consolidaron a lo largo del siglo XX como objetos ou instrumentos de la cultura escolar. Este articulo analiza un manual escolar produzido en Brasil nel año 1895 por Guilherme do Prado. La investigación se centra en las prescripciones para la enseñanza de la escritura y procura ressaltar como el autor ha integrado conocimientos que contribuyeron a hacer de la escritura un saber escolarizado.Palabras-clave: Manual escolar. Escritura. Cultura escolar. Historia de la Educación.
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Baten, Joerg, Ines Pelger, and Linda Twrdek. "The anthropometric history of Argentina, Brazil and Peru during the 19th and early 20th century." Economics & Human Biology 7, no. 3 (2009): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2009.04.003.
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Rosi, Bruno Gonçalves. "Brazil-USA relations from Tiradentes to Barão do Rio Branco." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 6, no. 1 (2017): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2017.v6n1.04.p37.
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The Baron of Rio Branco is popularly known as the greatest diplomat in Brazil's history. In the literature on Brazilian Foreign Policy, the Baron is seen (along with Joaquim Nabuco) as the founder of Americanism, a foreign policy paradigm in which bilateral relations with the United States were privileged within the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. This paradigm has been adopted with little opposition by the Foreign Ministry until the 1950s, when it was gradually replaced by a globalist paradigm that defines the Brazilian foreign policy since. Without completely denying this now traditional perspective, this article makes a brief assessment of relations between Brazil and the United States in the 19th century, ie before the Baron became foreign minister of Brazil. What is observed is that Brazil and the United States had peaceful, although distant, relations during most of the 19th century. This scenario, however, went through significant changes at the end of the century. Thus, it is important to note that the Baron and Nabucco have not created a new paradigm without any precedent. The analysis provided here is intended to help better consider the role of the Baron and Nabucco in the history of Brazilian foreign policy, particularly in relations between Brazil and the United States.
 Keywords: Baron of Rio Branco; Joaquim Nabuco; Brazil-USA relations.
 
 
 Recebido em: outubro/2016;Aprovado em: abril/2017.
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de Mendonça Figueirôa, Silvia. "German-Brazilian Relations in the Field of Geological Sciences During the 19th Century." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (1990): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.x805715275065573.
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This paper analyses the German presence in the development of geological sciences in Brazil during the 19th century, taking into account the local situation - for Brazil was Portugal's colony until 1822 - as well as the importance of mineral extraction activities which played an embryonic role in that process. The German-Brazilian geoscientific relations may be classified as follows: Brazilians sent to visit and to study in German institutions, especially in the Bergakademie Frieberg; German functionaries invited by the Portuguese government to work in mining activities in Brazil; German travelers in Brazil; exchange of geological and mineralogical samples; Brazilian geological problems studied by German scientists.
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Myers, Scott. "A Survey of British Literature on Buenos Aires During the First Half of the 19th Century." Americas 44, no. 1 (1987): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006849.
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The British involvement with Argentina has a long and, at times, tumultous history. Dating as far back as the 18th century the Rio de la Plata basin held a great attraction for British merchants. England needed Spanish America as a source of bullion and an outlet for individual goods.As early as the 1540s British vessels explored the coastlines, of Argentina. There already existed a considerable amount of trade between Brazil and England throughout the sixteenth century. The buccaneer William Hawkins, along with other Englishmen, was intent on expanding on this clandestine trade to other areas in the New World. Sometimes with the cooperation of the Spanish authorities, certain British merchants were able to maneuver themselves into the commercial life of these new colonies. By the eighteenth century the British had established numerous slave markets in Hispanic America including one in Buenos Aires.
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Aragão, Isabella, and Edna Lucia Cunha Lima. "Um estudo comparativo entre a Fundição de Typos Henrique Rosa e a Funtimod | A comparative study between Henrique Rosa Type Foundry and Funtimod." InfoDesign - Revista Brasileira de Design da Informação 16, no. 3 (2019): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51358/id.v16i3.763.
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A partir do começo do século 19, o Brasil abrigou fundições tipográficas habilitadas a manufaturar ou comercializar todo tipo de material utilizado nas oficinas tipográficas, entre elas encontra-se a Fundição de Typos Henrique Rosa, do Rio de Janeiro, e Funtimod – Fundição de Tipos Modernos, de São Paulo. Recentemente, as duas autoras deste artigo desenvolveram pesquisas com foco na firma carioca. Enquanto Edna Lucia Cunha Lima estava interessada na narrativa da família Rosa, Isabella Ribeiro Aragão intencionava responder questões comerciais, levantadas durante sua pesquisa doutoral sobre a Funtimod. Este artigo, portanto, visa contribuir com a história da tipografia no Brasil por meio da relação dos resultados dos estudos realizados, respectivamente, no Rio de Janeiro e Recife.*****Since the beginning of the 19th century, Brazil has housed type foundries qualified to manufacture or commercialize all types of material used at printing workshops, among them the Fundição de Typos Henrique Rosa, from Rio de Janeiro, and Funtimod – Fundição de Tipos Modernos, from São Paulo. Recently, the two authors of this paper have developed researches with interest in the carioca firm. While Edna Lucia Cunha Lima was interested in the story of the Rosa family, Isabella Ribeiro Aragão intended to answer commercial questions raised during her doctoral research on Funtimod. This paper, therefore, aims to contribute to the history of typography in Brazil by the results of the studies carried out, respectively, in Rio de Janeiro and Recife.
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Zusman, Perla, and Sergio Nunes. "Resonancias de los Tratados de Madrid (1750) y San Ildefonso (1777) en las lecturas sobre la formación de territorio de los Estados de Argentina y Brasil = Echoes of the Treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777) in the readings of the formation of the territory of Argentina and Brazil." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 30 (May 28, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4748.
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Resumen: Las firmas de los Tratados de Madrid (1750) y San Ildefonso (1777) entre las Coronas española y portuguesa fueron reflejo del interés por establecer una forma de ejercicio del poder que evitara la instalación de otras potencias en las áreas coloniales bajo dominio de ambas metrópolis. Estos tratados y la cartografía producida por las partidas demarcadoras fueron recuperadas por los Estados de Argentina y Brasil en el momento de su constitución para definir sus límites internacionales y para dirimir conflictos que surgieron en los procesos de demarcación hacia finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. En este artículo nos interesa identificar las repercusiones de dichos tratados en la literatura producida en las Ciencias Sociales en Argentina y Brasil en torno a la geografía histórica del Río de la Plata. En particular, deseamos comprender qué visiones de la frontera y el territorio ofrecen los textos relevados. Dentro de este marco, entendemos que la identificación de estas perspectivas puede contribuir, por un lado, a entender las implicancias socio-territoriales de la firma de los tratados en los procesos de formación de los Estados Nacionales y, por el otro, a reconocer las potencialidades y limitaciones de dichos estudios para analizar las dinámicas que tuvieron lugar en el Río de la Plata hacia mediados del siglo XVIII.Palabras claves: Tratados de Madrid y San Ildefonso, Estado-Nación, Argentina, Brasil, Frontera, Territorio.Abstract: The signing of the Treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777) between the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns reflects an interest in establishing power without installing potentates in colonial areas under the control of the two Empires. The treaties and the cartography produced by the demarcating parties were adopted by the States of Argentina and Brazil to define their international boundaries and to resolve any conflict arising during the demarcation processes in the late 19th/early 20th century. This article seeks to identify the echoes of these treaties in the literature produced in the social sciences in Argentina and Brazil around the historical geography of the River Plate, with the aim of understanding the conceptions of boundary and territory that underlie these perspectives. Within this framework, we consider that the identification of these visions can help understand, on the one hand, the socio-territorial implications of the signing of the treaties in the formation processes of the National States, and on the other hand, the potentialities and limitations of these studies in analysing the dynamics that took place in the River Plate towards the middle of the 18th century.Key words: Treaties of Madrid and San Ildefonso, nation-state, Argentina, Brazil, frontier, territory.
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Barboza, Christina Helena. "Twentieth-century astronomical heritage: the case of the Brazilian National Observatory." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (2015): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316002519.
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AbstractThis paper aims at contributing to the UNESCO-IAU Astronomy and World Heritage Initiative's discussions by presenting the case study of a 20th-century observatory located in a South American country. In fact, the National Observatory of Brazil was created in the beginning of the 19th century, but its present facilities were inaugurated in 1921. Through this paper a brief description of the heritage associated with the Brazilian observatory is given, focused on its main historical instruments and the scientific and social roles it performed along its history. By way of conclusion, the paper suggests that the creation of the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences with its multidisciplinary team of academic specialists and technicians was decisive for the preservation of that expressive astronomical heritage.
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Gomes, Marleide da Mota, Eliasz Engelhardt, and Leila Chimelli. "The first Brazilian neuropsychiatrist, José Martins da Cruz Jobim, tuberculous meningitis and mental disease." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 3 (2013): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2013000300012.
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The intersection between infectious diseases, poverty and mental disease was an important subject to the Brazilian Neuropsychiatry in the early 19th century. José Martins da Cruz Jobim (1802–1878) was engaged in a hygienist approach based on symptomatological and anatomopathological studies. He wrote “Insânia loquaz” (Loquacious insanity), 1831, the first written text about mental illness in Brazil, founded on clinical and pathological data, compatible with tuberculous meningitis. Thus, Jobim deserves the title of the first neuropsychiatrist in Brazil. The authors critically studied the clinical history and the autopsy findings of his cases, and the main health policies at the time.
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da Cunha, Manuela Carneiro. "Silences of the law: Customary law and positive law on the manumission of slaves in 19th century Brazil." History and Anthropology 1, no. 2 (1985): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1985.9960750.
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Neves, Elizabeth G., Fábio L. da Silveira, and Rodrigo Johnsson. "Cnidaria, Scleractinia, Siderastreidae, Siderastrea siderea (Ellis and Solander, 1786): Hartt Expedition and the first record of a Caribbean siderastreid in tropical Southwestern Atlantic." Check List 6, no. 4 (2010): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/6.4.505.
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Samples of Siderastrea collected by the geologist C. F. Hartt during expedition to Brazil (19th century), and deposited at the National Museum of the Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, have been re-examined. Taxonomical analyses resulted in the identification of a colony of S. siderea from offshore northern Bahia state. Following recent studies, the occurrence of Caribbean siderastreids to western South Atlantic provides new criteria to assess intra- and interpopulational morphological variation of the endemic S. stellata, refuting historical trends of synonymizations possibly biased by long-term taxonomical misunderstandings.
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Vasconcelos, Angélica, Adriana Silva, Patrik Gomes, and Cilene Vieira. "Requirements demanded of accounting practitioners by the market in the second half of the 19th century." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 32, no. 85 (2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201909470.
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ABSTRACT This study aims to identify the requirements demanded of accounting practitioners by the market in the second half of the 19th century in the state of Pará. Standing out from the existing literature, this study broadens the understanding of the history of the accounting profession as an occupation, through the use of concepts derived from the sociological theory of professions. The relevance of the topic chosen lies in understanding the impact of the requirements demanded of accounting practitioners on the professionalization process and on the modeling of the limits of the occupational structure. The evidence provides the possibility of strengthening the research in the area of accounting history by demonstrating the difficulty of defining what an “accounting practitioner” was, since the expression covered an infinity of employment situations, the performance of various tasks, and included specialized sub-occupations. The study involves archival research, based on job advertisements published in newspapers that circulated in Pará in the period from 1859 to 1888, available from the National Library of Brazil. The requirements analyzed were demographic characteristics (sex, age, nationality, and marital status) and competences. The findings were compared with those of similar studies, as well as with studies that analyze a contemporary period. The results of this research indicate that the market required accounting practitioners to be male, between 12 and 16 years old, with good conduct confirmed by a reference provider, and practical knowledge that was not always restricted to the accounting universe. The findings demonstrate that there was no objective definition of the limits of the identity of the occupation and, in essence, the requirements demanded of accounting practitioners in the second half of the 19th century persist over time. The contribution of this research consists of broadening and deepening the historical understanding of the nature of the accounting occupation in Pará, an area of less commercial prominence during the second half of the 19th century.
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Silva, Elizabeth Maria Da. "As viagens de Nísia Floresta pelo solo brasileiro durante o século XIX." Revista de História e Historiografia da Educação 1, no. 2 (2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rhhe.v1i2.51166.
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Objetivamos neste artigo analisar as viagens de Nísia Floresta, feminista, professora, escritora, jornalista do século XIX, onde suas obras eram pautadas na condição intelectual e social da mulher. Para tanto, nos apoiamos nas principais obras da autora, especificamente as que detalhavam suas vivências no Brasil, além de dialogarmos com Câmara (1941), Duarte (2010), Koster (1942) dentre outros e outras que auxiliaram na construção do tempo histórico e social em que Nísia Floresta viveu suas andanças em terras brasileiras. Nesse contexto, exploramos o contexto de cada lugar por onde a viajante passou. Desde o clima de revolta que eclodiu durante o século XIX e que desde menina a acompanhou, a sua infância cercada de livros, o casamento precoce, o contato com os estudantes da Faculdade Direito de Olinda até sua estada no Rio de Janeiro, onde fundou o Collegio Augusto. De fato, as viagens de Floresta, nos revelaram uma mulher forte, ousada, adiante de seu tempo. Uma viajante de olhar reflexivo, trajetórias e vivências singulares por onde passou. Denunciando além das condições de submissão por que passavam as mulheres de sua época à realidade de ensino oferecido.The travels of Nísia Floresta in Brazil of the 19th century. We aim to analyze in this article the travels of Nísia Floresta, feminist, teacher, writer, journalist of the 19th century, where her works were based on the intellectual and social condition of women. To that end, we supported the author's main works, specifically those that detailed her experiences in Brazil, in addition to dialoguing with Câmara (1941), Duarte (2010), Koster (1942) among others and others who assisted in the construction of historical and Social in which Nísia Floresta lived his wanderings in Brazilian lands. In this context, we seek to explore the context of each place where the traveler passed. From the climate of revolt that erupted during the nineteenth century and which since childhood has accompanied her, her childhood surrounded by books, early marriage, contact with the students of the Right Faculty of Olinda until her stay in Rio de Janeiro, where she founded the Collegio Augusto. In fact, the travels of the Forest revealed to us a strong, daring woman ahead of her time. A traveler with a reflective look, unique trajectories and experiences wherever he went. Denouncing beyond the conditions of submission by which the women of their time passed the reality of teaching offered. Keywords: Nísia Floresta; Travels; Education; History.
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Padeski Ferreira, Ana Leticia, and Marchi Júnior Wanderley. "Concerning Abolitionism, Black People, and Capoeira in the History of Brazil: Social and Moral (Im)Balances." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 56, no. 1 (2012): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-012-0021-4.
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Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss the changes that took place in relation to the peculiarities of Capoeira within Brazilian society. This popular practice, which is considered a martial art, a dance and a game, developed during the 19th century, where it was practiced by individuals from the lower walks of life. Practicing Capoeira was a felony, as it posed a threat to public safety, order, and morality. Presently, it has been upgraded to a Brazilian cultural asset, which shows how the perception of its practice has changed. These changes follow the different views of the historical processes related to abolitionism and the perverse incorporation of blacks into society at that time, which have continued until present time, having undergone significant changes and grown as a valued physical expression
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Hickie, Mark M., Rogério Ribeiro de Oliveira, and Mariana Martins da Costa Quinteiro. "The Ecological, Economic, and Cultural Legacies of the Mule in Southeast Brazil." Society & Animals 26, no. 5 (2018): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341539.
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Abstract Resulting from cross-breeding a horse and a donkey, the mule influenced southeast Brazil’s economic development perhaps more so than any other domesticated animal; the mule served as the key transport vehicle during both Brazil’s 18th century gold era and 19th century coffee era. In enabling mining and agriculture products to traverse mountainous terrain to reach port cities near São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the mule played a central role in the region’s economic and ecological history. Although the mule has not been southeast Brazil’s primary transport method since the train’s arrival in the 1870s, rural and urban dwellers still employ the mule over short distances near two protected landmasses despite declining generational interest and use. More recently, with increasing leisure use as a companion animal, the mule stimulates tourism and local economic patterns via large gatherings while serving as a cultural symbol of Brazil’s patrimony.
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Baia, Silvano Fernandes. "“Professor, você não tem orgulho de ser brasileiro?”: a música do Brasil no fim do século XIX e início do século XX." ouvirOUver 13, no. 1 (2017): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ouv20-v13n1a2017-15.
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Este texto apresenta a transcrição adaptada para artigo de uma palestra proferida a alunos do curso de Música da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. A palestra expôs uma visão panorâmica da música no Brasil do fim do século XIX às primeiras décadas do século XX, em especial nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. O artigo identifica quatro vertentes composicionais, abrangendo desde uma linha mais afinada ao romantismo europeu até os compositores/intérpretes populares não letrados musicalmente que começaram a registrar suas invenções após a chegada da gravação mecânica ao Brasil, em 1902. Também localiza os primórdios do nacionalismo na música erudita brasileira, situa o surgimento da corrente do nacionalismo musical no fim dos anos 1920 como uma escola composicional que foi hegemônica até meados dos anos 1960, além de observar a relação dos músicos com o Estado a partir da ditadura de Getúlio Vargas. Enfim, analisa o caráter autoritário do projeto do nacionalismo musical para concluir com a observação de seu aspecto conservador ao cumprir um papel de resistência às técnicas composicionais surgidas na primeira metade do século XX.
 
 ABSTRACT
 This text presents a transcription adapted for paper of a lecture for Music college students at 
 Federal University of Uberlândia. The lecture presented a panoramic view of the music in Brazil between the late 19th Century and the first decades of the 20th Century, especially in the cities of Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Four major compositional lines are identified, ranging from those more aligned with European romanticism up until the composers/performers who are musically non-literate, whose inventions started being registered only after the arrival of mechanical recording in Brazil in 1902. The study herein indicates the beginnings of nationalism in Brazilian classical music and the emergence of the stream of musical nationalism in the late 1920's, as a compositional school that was hegemonic until the mid-1960's. It also takes into account the relation between musicians and the State of former president Getúlio Vargas’s dictatorship. It analyses the authoritarian character of the nationalist musical project and in conclusion, refers to its conservative aspect, seeing that it played a role of resistance to new compositional techniques that emerged in the first half of the twentieth century.
 
 
 KEYWORDS
 Brazilian music; Musical nationalism; History of Brazilian Music
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Hayes, Kelly, and Jerome Handler. "Escrava Anastácia: The Iconographic History of a Brazilian Popular Saint." African Diaspora 2, no. 1 (2009): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254609x430768.
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Abstract This article describes the transformation of an image depicting an unnamed, enslaved African man wearing a metal facemask, a common form of punishment in colonial Brazil, into the iconic representation of the martyred slave Anastácia/Anastasia, the focus of a growing religious and political movement in Brazil. The authors trace the image to an early 19th century engraving based on a drawing by the Frenchman Jacques Arago. Well over a century later, Arago's image increasingly became associated with a corpus of myths describing the virtuous suffering and painful death of a female slave named Anastácia. By the 1990s, Arago's image (and variations of it), now identified as the martyred Anastácia/Anastasia, had proliferated throughout Brazil, an object of devotion for Catholics and practitioners of Umbanda, as well as a symbol of black pride. Cet article décrit la transformation de l'image d'un esclave Africain inconnu, portant un masque de métal, une forme courante de punition dans le Brésil colonial.Cette représentation iconique de l'esclave martyr, Anastacia/Anastasia est devenue le noyau d'un mouvement politique et religieux d'importance croissante au Brésil.Les auteurs font remonter cette image à une gravure du début du 19ème siècle, fondée sur un dessin du français Jacques Arago. Plus d'un siècle après, le dessin d'Arago a été graduellement associé à un corpus de mythes décrivant les souffrances, la vertu et la mort douloureuse d'une femme esclave appelée Anastacia. Vers 1990 l'image dessinée par Arago (et ses variations), à présent identifiées à la martyre Anastacia/Anastasia était répandue dans tout le Brésil, l'objet de dévotion de la part de catholiques et de fidèles de l'Umbanda ainsi qu'un symbole de la fierté noire.
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Lucena, Juan. "Imagining nation, envisioning progress: emperor, agricultural elites, and imperial ministers in search of engineers in 19th century Brazil." Engineering Studies 1, no. 3 (2009): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19378620903225067.
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Emmer, P. C. "IX. Asians Compared: Some Observations regarding Indian and Indonesian Indentured Labourers in Surinam, 1873-1939." Itinerario 11, no. 1 (1987): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300009438.
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The drive towards the abolition of the slave trade at the beginning of the 19th century was not effective until the 1850s. It was perhaps the only migratory intercontinental movement in history which came to a complete stop because of political pressures in spite of the fact that neither the supply nor the demand for African slaves had disappeared.Because of the continuing demand for bonded labour in some of the plantation areas in the New World (notably the Guiana's, Trinidad, Cuba and Brazil) and because of a new demand for bonded labour in the developing sugar and mining industries in Mauritius, Réunion, Queensland (Australia), Natal (South Africa), the Fiji-islands and Hawaii an international search for ‘newslaves’ started.
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Federico, Giovanni, and Ricardo Paixao. "Market Power on the Colonial Frontier? Evidence from São Paulo 1800–1840." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 27, no. 1 (2009): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000690.
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ABSTRACTEconomists often assume that agricultural markets in history were competitive, and all producers received the same price. In contrast, most agricultural historians deem prices to differ among agents, according to their social status and «power». This paper tests these opposite views with a database of some 12,500 transactions for the São Paulo area in Brazil in the first decades of the 19th century. Prices received by farmers were positively related to total sales, a proxy for the size of the estate, and also to the share on the relevant market, which measures the market power. These results are consistent with the anecdotal evidence about the growing importance of large slave estates which, however, did not wipe out small household farms.
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Giraldelli, Mariana Aparecida, Fabricia Cristina Lemos Melo, Osvaldo Alves Pereira, Maria Aparecida Domingues, Stefani Karoline Teodoro Pinheiro, and Mirela Aguiar Brasil. "Construção com Terra: Breve Histórico e Técnicas." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 24, no. 4 (2020): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2020v24n4p357-364.
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A utilização do solo como matéria prima para técnicas construtivas surgiu junto com a necessidade de os seres humanos se fixarem em locais, construindo as primeiras habitações e sociedades. As primeiras construções em terra crua são datas com mais de 7.000 anos A.C., sendo observado que a utilização desta matéria prima ocorreu em quase todos os continentes devido à diversidade quantidade do material e ao clima. No Brasil, as técnicas construtivas com terra crua foram amplamente utilizadas no período colonial com forte influência dos portugueses que introduziram as técnicas de adobe, taipa de mão e taipa de pilão. Tais técnicas construtivas se mantiveram presentes, mas este modo de construir vem perdendo espaço no final do século VIII e até meados do século XIX e se vê cada vez mais marginalizado. Conhecer estas técnicas construtivas que remontam as civilizações antigas, a sua história e seus métodos e necessário para apreender e entender parte da cultura e das tradições humana. Esta revisão narrativa, baseada em livros, artigos e seminários, faz um levantamento sobre a história da matéria prima solo na construção civil, apresentando cronologicamente as técnicas e métodos construtivos que foram utilizadas em diferentes regiões, com foco nas construções em terra crua conhecidos e usuais no Brasil.
 
 Palavras-chave: Construções em Terra. Arquitetura de Terra. Bioconstrução.
 
 Abstract
 The use of soil as raw material for construction techniques arose along with the need for human beings to settle in places, building the first houses and societies. The first constructions on raw earth are dates more than 7,000 years B.C., being observed that the use of this raw material occurred in almost all the continents due to the diversity of the material and the climate. In Brazil, the construction techniques with raw earth were widely used in the colonial period with a strong influence of the Portuguese who introduced the techniques of adobe, rammed earth and rammed earth. Such construction techniques remained present, but this way of building has been losing ground in the late 8th century and until the middle of the 19th century and is increasingly marginalized. Knowing these constructive techniques that go back to ancient civilizations, their history and their methods is necessary to learn and understand part of human culture and traditions. This narrative review, based on books, articles and seminars, surveys the history of soil raw material in civil construction, chronologically presenting the construction techniques and methods that were used in different regions, focusing on the known and usual raw earth constructions in Brazil.
 
 Keywords: Earth Constructions. Earth Architecture. Bioconstruction.
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Donzé, Pierre-Yves. "Multinational Enterprises and the Globalization of Medicine: Siemens and the Business of X-ray Equipment in Non-Western Markets, 1900–1939." Enterprise & Society 15, no. 4 (2014): 820–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700016128.
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Whereas the globalization of medicine since the middle of the 19th century has primarily been approached as the sociopolitical and cultural outcome of imperialism, this article argues that Western big business also played a major role through the worldwide export of standardized medical technologies. It focuses on the expansion of Siemens on the X-ray equipment market in non-Western countries during the first half of the twentieth century. This German multinational enterprise experienced slight growth from the mid-1920s onwards but relied mainly on two markets (Argentina and Brazil). It specialized in providing large-scale equipment to a few urban hospitals and engaged during the 1930s in large-scale hospital development together with local authorities and international organizations in various countries (China, Peru, and Central Africa). However, Siemens had great difficulty in expanding its business to include private doctors and inland outlets, where it faced intense competition from other Western X-ray producers. This paper emphasizes that this shortcoming stemmed from a direct application of the European strategy (high-quality, expensive equipment for hospitals) to non-Western markets, where health systems differed.
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Araújo, Paulo Coelho, and Ana Rosa Jaqueira. "Social history of Capoeira through images. The Raul Pederneiras’ "silhouettes"." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 12, no. 2 (2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v12i2.4417.
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The study of Capoeira through the interpretation of images is characterized by being practically non-existent, and contains superficial and scarcely informed interpretations of its presence in Brazil. This study is based on the historical method and also is supported by the principles of the Historical Archaeology (Orser Jr., 1992) and those developed by Panofsky (1986) on the interpretation of images. For this study, we selected an <em>iconography</em>- "Silhouette" - by Pederneiras (1926). From this artist’s work and the accompanying text it is highlighted the apology of Brazilian's fight and its supremacy over other self-defense expressions known at the time in Brazil, the recognition of the potential of Capoeira as a physical exercise, and Pederneira’s comments on some contextual facts, highlighting the interference of its practitioners in Brazilian politics and their role as bodyguards recruited by politicians. He also referred its most famous practitioners, the gangs of Capoeira and their typical language and costumes in the Carioca society of the late 19th and early 20th century. This information, and specially the strokes depicted in the image, allows us to reconstruct the history of Capoeira movements, given the scarcity of historical sources in this field. Through this silhouette, Pederneiras sought to raise awareness among government authorities to adopt the Brazilian fight as a national identity element and recognize it as the National Gymnastics.<p> </p>
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Nardi, Antonio E., Adriana Cardoso Silva, Jaime E. Hallak, and José A. Crippa. "A humanistic gift from the Brazilian Emperor D. Pedro II (1825 - 1891) to the Brazilian nation: the first lunatic asylum in Latin America." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 2 (2013): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2013000200013.
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Until the beginning of the 19th century, psychiatric patients did not receive specialized treatment. The problem that was posed by the presence of psychiatric patients in the Santas Casas de Misericórdia and the social pressure from this issue culminated in a Decree of the Brazilian Emperor, D. Pedro II, on July 18, 1841. The “Lunatic Palace” was the first institution in Latin America exclusively designed for mental patients. It was built between 1842 and 1852 and is an example of neoclassical architecture in Brazil, located at Saudade Beach in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In the 1930s and 1940s, the D. Pedro II Hospital was overcrowded, and patients were gradually transferred to other hospitals. By September of 1944, all the patients had been transferred and the hospital was deactivated. Key words: psychiatry, history, madness.
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Borges, Priscila Lopes d'Avila. "Museu Imperial: narrar entre as reticências da memória e as exclamações da História." Revista Discente Ofícios de Clio 5, no. 8 (2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/clio.v5i8.19023.
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O presente trabalho propõe a análise dos discursos produzidos na visita guiada do Museu Imperial (Petrópolis-RJ), bem como o estudo de elementos materiais da exposição permanente da instituição. A composição hegemônica formulada pelo museu, como retrato da sociedade oitocentista, promove silenciamentos ensurdecedores acerca de temas sensíveis da história do Brasil, restringindo a percepção dos visitantes. O artigo indica alguns desafios do uso pedagógico de museus históricos. Em seguida, apresenta dados coletados em visitas observadas em pesquisa de campo, entre os anos de 2017 e 2018, com o objetivo de esclarecer a natureza hegemônica das narrativas do setor educativo e da exposição permanente do museu. Finalmente, aborda dificuldades cognitivas do público escolar, decorrentes da atual relação social com o tempo, no uso do patrimônio material e memória coletiva reforçada por museus históricos, superando as fronteiras expográficas.Palavras-chave: Ensino de história; Museus históricos; Educação museal; Museu Imperial.Abstract The present article proposes an analysis of the speeches produced in the guided tour of the Museu Imperial (Petrópolis-RJ), as well as the study of the material elements of the permanent exhibition of the institution. The hegemonic composition formulated by the museum, as a portrait of 19th century society, promotes deafening silences about sensitive themes in the history of Brazil, restricting the perception of visitors. The article indicates some challenges of the pedagogical use of historical museums. After that, it presents some data collected in visits observed in field research, between the years 2017 and 2018, in order to clarify the hegemonic nature of the narratives of the museum's educational sector and permanent exhibition of the museum. Finally, it approaches cognitive difficulties of the school public arising from the current social relationship with time, in the use of material patrimony and collective memory reinforced by historical museums, overcoming expographic boundaries.Keywords: History teaching; Historical museum; Museum education; Museu Imperial.
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Read, Justin. "Intermedial Maps: The Street as Site of Cultural-Political Regulation in Modern Brazil." bâtir, no. 14 (September 15, 2010): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044414ar.
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Since the late 19th century Rio de Janeiro has grown in relation to two primary spatial axes: the planned and regularized cidade (“city”) where most wealth and power are located; and the unregulated morro (“hill”) where most poverty has been concentrated. The history of social order in modern Brazil may not flow from the city per se, but rather from the streets that link cidade and morro the spaces that channel movement between regulated and unregulated areas of the city. One might argue that the modernization of Brazil since 1900 has followed the mapping of Rio de Janeiro’s streets over the same period. Such a claim would require a kind of “alternate” or “intermedial” cartography in which various media are employed to evoke a wide range of sensorial impressions of the city’s streets. This essay therefore attempts an intermedial mapping of Rio’s streets through readings of modernist poetry, modernist architecture, and post-modern television.
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ACOSTA, LUIS E., and ELIÁN L. GUERRERO. "The missing Eusarcus: generic relocation of Pucrolia minuta, with synonymic notes (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptidae)." Zootaxa 4990, no. 3 (2021): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.3.11.
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The harvestmen family Gonyleptidae (Opiliones), the largest one in the Neotropics (Kury 2003), is astonishingly diverse in eastern South America. The species-rich genus Eusarcus Perty, 1833, is characteristic for this area. It is the second largest gonyleptid genus (Kury 2003; Hara & Pinto-da-Rocha 2010), with a long taxonomical history beginning in the 19th century, when Perty (1833) described the genus together with four species. The number of species increased gradually in the 20th century through the addition of new descriptions and the synonymies of several related genera, with the corresponding species transferals (Hara & Pinto-da-Rocha 2010). Eusarcus is a relatively well-studied taxon that has undergone a thorough systematic revision (Hara & Pinto-da-Rocha 2010). Currently the genus contains 40 valid species, some of them cave-dwellers, with 32 species inhabiting the Atlantic rainforest and Paraná semi-deciduous forests (Saraiva & DaSilva 2016; Santos Júnior et al. 2021). The remaining species are peripheral to the core geographic area and are found in the Brazilian Cerrado, in Paraguay, or in the “Pampas” grasslands of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil (Hara & Pinto-da-Rocha 2010).
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Perlingeiro, Ricardo. "A Historical Perspective on Administrative Jurisdiction in Latin America: Continental European Tradition versus U.S. Influence." British Journal of American Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (2016): 241–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjals-2016-0008.
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Abstract From the perspective of U.S. influence, this text analyses the history of administrative jurisdiction, starting from the 19th Century, in the 19 Latin American countries of Iberian origin (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela). The analysis includes the U.S. unified judicial system (generalized courts) and procedural due process of law to decisions by the administrative authorities, the fertile field of primary jurisdiction, which is in conflict with the Continental European tradition firmly established in Latin American administrative law. While setting out the contradictions of administrative jurisdiction in Latin American countries that result from importing rules without putting them in the proper context, the text seeks to identify trends and create perspective to build a model of administrative justice specific to Latin America, drawing on the accumulated experience of the United States and Continental Europe.
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Cordeiro, Andréa Bezerra, and Franciele Ferreira França. "As palavras dos professores e as coisas da escola: materialidade escolar, mobília e fazeres docentes entre os séculos XIX e XX." Revista Educação e Emancipação 13, no. 3 (2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v13n3p94-112.
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Neste artigo, temos por proposição acercar-nos de elementos constitutivos da escola que podem revelar resquícios do cotidiano escolar: os sujeitos que a compõem, as materialidades que a distinguem e as práticas que nela se formalizam, com o intuito principal de voltar o olhar para a materialidade escolar na relação com o fazer docente. Assim, pretendemos perspectivar a constituição da materialidade escolar na e a partir da constituição da profissão docente. Para tanto recorreremos à composição de uma análise a partir de fontes que apresentam perspectivas da relação de docentes com o mobiliário escolar, em meados do século XIX e início do século XX, compreendendo este recorte temporal como significativo na expansão dos discursos e produção, tanto do mobiliário escolar como da profissionalização docente. Buscamos também analisar estas relações abarcando discursos docentes no Brasil e Argentina, compreendendo a relevância da transnacionalização dos saberes e fazeres que compõe a cultura escolar e cultura material escolar no projeto moderno de expansão da escola de massa.Palavras-chave: Materialidade escolar. Saberes docentes. História da Educação Brasil-Argentina.The words of teachers and things of school: school materiality, furniture and teachers practices in the nineteenth and twentieth centuriesABSTRACTIn this article, we propose to approach constituent elements of the school that can reveal traces of its routine: the subjects that compose it, the materialities that distinguish it and the practices that are formalized in it, with the main intention of looking back at school materiality in relation to teaching. Thus, we intend to envisage the constitution of school materiality in and from the constitution of the teaching profession. For that, we will resort to the composition of analysis from sources that present perspectives of the teachers' relationship with school furniture, in the middle of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, understanding this temporal cut as significant in the expansion of the discourses and production, both of the school furniture as well as teaching professionalization. We also seek to analyze these relationships, encompassing teaching discourses in Brazil and Argentina, understanding the relevance of the transnationalization of knowledge and practices that makeup school culture and school material culture in the modern expansion project of the mass school.Keywords: School materiality. Teaching knowledge. History of Education Brazil-Argentina.Las palabras de los maestros y las cosas de la escuela: materialidad escolar, mobiliario y haceres docentes entre los siglos XIX y XXRESUMENEn este artículo, tenemos por proposición acercarnos a elementos constitutivos de la escuela que pueden revelar vestigios de la rutina escolar: los sujetos que la componen, las materialidades que la distinguen y las prácticas que se formalizan en ella, con la principal intención de mirar hacia la materialidad escolar con relación al hacer del docente. Por lo tanto, pretendemos reflexionar sobre la constitución de la materialidad escolar en y desde la constitución de la profesión docente. Para eso, recurriremos a la composición de un análisis de fuentes que presenten perspectivas de la relación del docente con el mobiliario escolar, a mediados del siglo XIX y principios del XX, eAntendiendo este corte temporal como significativo en la expansión de los discursos y la producción, tanto del mobiliario escolar como la profesionalización docente. También buscamos analizar estas relaciones, abarcando discursos docentes en Brasil y Argentina, comprendiendo la relevancia de la transnacionalización de saberes y prácticas que componen la cultura escolar y la cultura material escolar en el proyecto de expansión moderna de la escuela de masas.Palabras clave: Materialidad escolar. Saberes docentes. Historia de la Educación Brasil-Argentina.
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Santos, Ricardo Ventura, and Bronwen Douglas. "‘Polynesians’ in the Brazilian hinterland? Sociohistorical perspectives on skulls, genomics, identity, and nationhood." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 2 (2020): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119891044.
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In 1876, Brazilian physical anthropologists De Lacerda and Peixoto published findings of detailed anatomical and osteometric investigation of the new human skull collection of Rio de Janeiro’s Museu Nacional. They argued not only that the Indigenous ‘Botocudo’ in Brazil might be autochthonous to the New World, but also that they shared analogic proximity to other geographically very distant human groups – the New Caledonians and Australians – equally attributed limited cranial capacity and resultant inferior intellect. Described by Blumenbach and Morton, ‘Botocudo’ skulls were highly valued scientific specimens in 19th-century physical anthropology. A recent genomic study has again related ‘the Botocudo’ to Indigenous populations from the other side of the world by identifying ‘Polynesian ancestry’ in two of 14 Botocudo skulls held at the Museu Nacional. This article places the production of scientific knowledge in multidisciplinary, multiregional historical perspectives. We contextualize modern narratives in the biological sciences relating ‘Botocudo’ skulls and other cranial material from lowland South America to Polynesia, Melanesia, and Australia. With disturbing irony, such studies often unthinkingly reinscribe essentialized historic racial categories such as ‘the Botocudos’, ‘the Polynesians’, and ‘the Australo-Melanesians’. We conclude that the fertile alliance of intersecting sciences that is revolutionizing understandings of deep human pasts must be informed by sensitivity to the deep histories of terms, classification schemes, and the disciplines themselves.
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Lisboa, Wellington Teixeira. "MARCAS TERRITORIAIS DA MULTICULTURALIDADE EM SANTOS/SP: IMIGRANTES PORTUGUESES E ESPANHÓIS NO SÉCULO 19." Revista Prâksis 1 (January 10, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rpr.v1i0.1998.
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A cidade de Santos, situada no litoral paulista, vem se configurando como um território multicultural desde o período colonial brasileiro, com especial destaque na segunda metade do século 19. A dinâmica agroexportadora da economia cafeeira constituiu o cenário de atração de populações variadas a esse município articulador das transações portuárias oitocentistas, sendo que, naquele quadro, os imigrantes portugueses e espanhóis atuaram como personagens centrais no redesenho das realidades econômicas, políticas, socioculturais, urbanísticas em Santos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar elementos que contribuam para um capítulo da história da formação territorial e cultural deste município, com foco particular nos fluxos migratórios ibéricos ao longo do século 19, sobretudo na sua segunda metade. Com efeito, a perspectiva historiográfica e de fontes primárias permitirá a identificação e análise das marcas territoriais que narram o protagonismo dessas populações na formação da Santos multicultural, articulando memória, identidade e patrimônio das migrações ibéricas nesse litoral paulista.Palavras-chave: Santos. Imigração portuguesa. Imigração espanhola. Território multicultural.ABSTRACTLocated on the coast of São Paulo, Brazil, the city of Santos has become a multicultural territory since the colonial period in that country, especially in the second half of the 19th century. The agro-exporting dynamics of the coffee economy constituted the scenario of attraction of varied populations to this municipality that articulated the port transactions. In that context, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants acted as central characters in the redesign of economic, political, socio-cultural and urban realities in Santos. This study aims to present a chapter of the history of the territorial and cultural formation of this municipality, with particular focus on Iberian migratory flows throughout the 19th century, especially in the second half. In fact, the historiographical perspective will allow the identification and analysis of the territorial marks that narrate the protagonism of these populations in the formation of the multicultural Santos, articulating memory, identity and patrimony of the Iberian migrations in this coast of São Paulo.Keywords: Santos. Portuguese immigration. Spanish immigration. Multicultural territory.
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Pietrafesa, José Paulo, Amone Inácia Alves, and Pedro Araújo Pietrafesa. "The Social Division of Labor in Rural Spaces in Brazil." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 7, no. 2 (2018): 202–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2018v7i2.p202-224.
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This study presents an analysis of the course of the agrarian conflicts that existed in Brazil, from 1940 to 2015, which placed the political-ideological centrality of the forces existing in the Brazilian rural sphere. The study is divided into two issues. a) The first, Social division of labor (Mészáros 2004) in the rural area due to the expansion of big rural properties, transforming the land for work into a land for business, opening a sequence of conflicts with peasants. b) The second refers to the analysis of data collected and organized by the Pastoral Land Commission (CPT in Portuguese), identifying agrarian conflicts in Brazil since 1985. The data offered until the year 2015 served as a meeting point to the history of Brazil, marked by its contradictions and memories, which at the same time, remaining alive, as if it is willing to continue to be an eternal present (Jameson 2002), through its structures of spoliation and conflict. Brazil entered the 21st century with large debts to be paid related to the 19th century. One of the biggest debits is the land issue. A question derived from these struggles, and not very simple to answer, is: does the number of families and areas involved in the conflicts change the national land structure in its productive and political aspects? Nowadays, these actions are organized by historical subjects, transforming individual demands into collective proposals in which social subjects perceive themselves as a political force and consolidate knowledge in a permanent educational process. Conflict data registered by the CPT (1985-2016) indicate that there was no change in popular demands for land property and use, and this may also indicate that there was no change in the Brazilian land structure
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Hatzenberger, Dionísio Felipe, Helena Venites Sardagna, and Pedro Vinícius Francisco Reisdorfer. "EDUCAÇÃO COMUNITÁRIA COMO ELEMENTO FUNDANTE DA ESCOLARIZAÇÃO NO TERRITÓRIO DE NOVO HAMBURGO: A TRAJETÓRIA DE 1832 A 1943." Revista Conhecimento Online 1 (January 11, 2021): 04. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rco.v1i0.2313.
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RESUMO:Os imigrantes germânicos que desembarcaram no Vale do Rio dos Sinos durante a primeira metade do século XIX preconizaram o desenvolvimento da educação de Novo Hamburgo. A comunidade, formada basicamente por religiosos de confissão luterana e católica, fora protagonista em ações mobilizadoras no processo de escolarização. O presente artigo resgata essa trajetória, dando evidência à educação comunitária no território da cidade, demonstrando o resultado que se obteve após pesquisa histórica. O leitor será apresentado a contextos históricos que o Brasil viveu, fazendo paralelo com a área da educação, e conhecendo as decisões políticas educacionais que a comunidade de Novo Hamburgo tomava a partir de preâmbulos nacionais. A pesquisa demonstra que a organização dos espaços, tempos e recursos (inclusive humanos) necessários para a abertura das “aulas” foi fruto do empenho de toda a comunidade, mediada pelas lideranças religiosas. 107 anos antes do Poder Público contratar seus primeiros professores, os primeiros moradores da região se prontificaram em fazer da educação um dos alicerces do desenvolvimento local.Palavras-chave: Educação Comunitária. História da Educação. Novo Hamburgo. ABSTRACTGermanic immigrants who landed in the Vale do Rio dos Sinos during the first half of the 19th century advocated the development of education in Novo Hamburgo. The community, basically made up of Lutheran and Catholic religious, was a protagonist in mobilizing actions in the schooling process. This article retrieves this trajectory, giving evidence to community education in the territory of the city, demonstrating the result obtained after historical research. The reader will be introduced to historical contexts that Brazil lived, paralleling the area of education, and knowing the educational political decisions that the community of Novo Hamburgo was taking from national preambles. The research demonstrates that the organization of spaces, times and resources (including human) necessary for the opening of the "classes" was the result of the commitment of the entire community, mediated by religious leaders. 107 years before the Public Power hired its first teachers, the first residents of the region volunteered to make education one of the foundations of local development.Keywords: Community Education. History of Education. Novo Hamburgo.
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Hatzenberger, Dionísio Felipe, Helena Venites Sardagna, and Pedro Vinícius Francisco Reisdorfer. "EDUCAÇÃO COMUNITÁRIA COMO ELEMENTO FUNDANTE DA ESCOLARIZAÇÃO NO TERRITÓRIO DE NOVO HAMBURGO: A TRAJETÓRIA DE 1832 A 1943." Revista Conhecimento Online 1 (January 11, 2021): 04. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rco.v1i0.2313.
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RESUMO:Os imigrantes germânicos que desembarcaram no Vale do Rio dos Sinos durante a primeira metade do século XIX preconizaram o desenvolvimento da educação de Novo Hamburgo. A comunidade, formada basicamente por religiosos de confissão luterana e católica, fora protagonista em ações mobilizadoras no processo de escolarização. O presente artigo resgata essa trajetória, dando evidência à educação comunitária no território da cidade, demonstrando o resultado que se obteve após pesquisa histórica. O leitor será apresentado a contextos históricos que o Brasil viveu, fazendo paralelo com a área da educação, e conhecendo as decisões políticas educacionais que a comunidade de Novo Hamburgo tomava a partir de preâmbulos nacionais. A pesquisa demonstra que a organização dos espaços, tempos e recursos (inclusive humanos) necessários para a abertura das “aulas” foi fruto do empenho de toda a comunidade, mediada pelas lideranças religiosas. 107 anos antes do Poder Público contratar seus primeiros professores, os primeiros moradores da região se prontificaram em fazer da educação um dos alicerces do desenvolvimento local.Palavras-chave: Educação Comunitária. História da Educação. Novo Hamburgo. ABSTRACTGermanic immigrants who landed in the Vale do Rio dos Sinos during the first half of the 19th century advocated the development of education in Novo Hamburgo. The community, basically made up of Lutheran and Catholic religious, was a protagonist in mobilizing actions in the schooling process. This article retrieves this trajectory, giving evidence to community education in the territory of the city, demonstrating the result obtained after historical research. The reader will be introduced to historical contexts that Brazil lived, paralleling the area of education, and knowing the educational political decisions that the community of Novo Hamburgo was taking from national preambles. The research demonstrates that the organization of spaces, times and resources (including human) necessary for the opening of the "classes" was the result of the commitment of the entire community, mediated by religious leaders. 107 years before the Public Power hired its first teachers, the first residents of the region volunteered to make education one of the foundations of local development.Keywords: Community Education. History of Education. Novo Hamburgo.
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Moreira, Danilo Araújo. "Política, instrução pública e civilização: um exercício de pesquisa a partir dos relatórios dos presidentes da província de Minas Gerais / Politics, public instruction and civilization: a research practice from the raports of Minas Gerais province presidents." Revista de História e Historiografia da Educação 3, no. 7 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rhhe.v3i7.66154.
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Durante o século XIX a instrução pública figurou como pauta frequente nos debates políticos do jovem império do Brasil. Nas altas galerias da política nacional e nas salas das assembleias provinciais, a formação escolar dos cidadãos brasileiros foi tema de leis e regulamentos diversos. Iniciava-se neste período a estrutura de ensino público no Brasil independente. Na corte e nas províncias, planejavam-se e fundavam-se faculdades, escolas normais, liceus, externatos, aulas avulsas e outras instituições escolares. Este processo integrou o curso da organização do Estado Nacional no Brasil. No interior deste movimento, a instrução pública foi progressivamente se constituindo como um instrumento a ser utilizado para auxiliar na resolução de algumas questões colocadas às elites imperiais. Pouco ainda tem se discutido, contudo, sobre os discursos e as representações que foram construídas neste processo acerca do valor da instrução, do letramento e da formação escolar. Neste ensaio, buscamos realizar uma reflexão sobre este tema nos orientando pelo seguinte questionamento: ao longo da criação do titubeante sistema de instrução pública da província de Minas Gerais, de que modo a escolarização era abordada nos discursos políticos? A discussão aqui delineada é pautada pelo enfoque sobre uma documentação específica que já foi utilizada em algumas pesquisas em história da educação, mas que ainda consiste em uma fonte de informações importante sobre a organização da instrução pública em Minas Gerais: os Relatórios dos Presidentes da Província.* * *During the 19th century the public instruction has figured as a frequent matter in political debates from the early Brazilian Empire. At the highest galleries of national politics and into the provincial assemblies rooms, the scholar formation of brazilian citizens was theme of a huge variety of laws and rules. In this period, the public education structuration has been started at the independent Brazil. At the court and provincies, it was planned and founded new colleges, normal schools, day-schools, lyceums, single classes and other institutions. This process has integrated the organization course of the National State in Brazil. Within this moviment, the public instruction was progressively constituting itself as an instrument to be used to help finding the answer of some questions posed to the imperial elite. Only a little has been discussed about the topic yet, however, the speech and representation were built at this process around the value of instruction, the literacy and the school education. In this essay, we seek to reflect about the theme, guiding ourselves by the following question: throughout the creation of this hesitant public instruction system in Minas Gerais’ province, in which way did the schooling use to be addressed at the political speeches? The argumentation outlined in this arcticle is marked by the focus on a specific documentation which has already been used in some reaserches in the history of education, but it still represents an important information source about the public instruction organization in Minas Gerais: the Province Presidents’ Reports.
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STURARO, MARCELO JOSÉ, JOÃO CARLOS LOPES COSTA, ADRIANO O. MACIEL, et al. "Resolving the taxonomic puzzle of Boana cinerascens (Spix, 1824), with resurrection of Hyla granosa gracilis Melin, 1941 (Anura: Hylidae)." Zootaxa 4750, no. 1 (2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4750.1.1.
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Expeditions to unexplored or little explored places are important for discovering new species and also for collecting new samples (including specimens and tissues for DNA sequencing ) that may help resolve a plethora of taxonomic problems. In the 19th century, several naturalists explored a number of localities in Amazonia, describing species for which type material was deposited, mostly, in European museums of natural history. Some of these types were lost or destroyed in World War II and recent expeditions have focused on sampling new material from the type localities. material from Boana cinerascens, which allowed us to infer phylogenetic relationships of the Boana punctata group (i.e., green Boana), based on DNA sequence data, and to revaluate the status of B. cinerascens and its synonyms. We designate, redescribe and illustrate a neotype for B. cinerascens, which was described by Spix in 1824, from the Municipality of Tefé, State of Amazonas, Brazil. We revalidate, redescribe, and illustrate Hyla granosa gracilis Melin, 1941(= Boana gracilis). Corroborating previous studies, the green Boana were not recovered as a monophyletic group. Boana cinerascens is sister of B. gracilis plus a clade containing B. atlantica + B. punctata (both species not recovered as monophyletic).
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HENDRICH, LARS, MICHAEL MANUEL, and MICHAEL BALKE. "The return of the Duke—locality data for Megadytes ducalis Sharp, 1882, the world's largest diving beetle, with notes on related species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)." Zootaxa 4586, no. 3 (2019): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4586.3.8.
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Megadytes (Bifurcitus) ducalis Sharp, 1882 is the largest diving beetle in the world and has been considered a candidate for the world’s rarest insect (Jones 2010). It was described from "Brazil", is only known from the male holotype in the Natural History Museum (London), and typically thought to be extinct. Here we report the finding of 10 additional specimens, all collected at the end of the 19th century, which were discovered incidentally in different historical collections, including drawers with unsorted diving beetle accessions of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris). These specimens, whilst old, reveal exact locality data for the first time, enabling focused field campaigns to attempt to rediscover this giant alive. Locality labels all indicate Santo Antônio da Barra (present name Condeúba), in the southern part of Bahia, Brazil, suggesting that the species may have a restricted distribution in wetter parts of the Brazilian savanna or cerrado. We also describe the female of M. ducalis for the first time and present new records of the putatively closely related species Megadytes magnus Trémouilles & Bachmann, 1980 and M. lherminieri (Guérin-Méneville, 1829), the latter being recorded for the first time from Ecuador. These three morphologically similar species together form the subgenus Bifurcitus Brinck, 1945 and we provide photographs of their habitus, median lobes and other morphological details.
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Moraes D’Angelo, Isabele Bandeira de, and Pablo Ricardo de Lima Falcão. "The judicial decisions and their reasons." Revista Electrónica de Direito 21, no. 1 (2020): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2020-0001_0004.
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In May 2018, on the 13th, 130 years of the abolition of slavery in Brazil were celebrated. However, has the exploitation of this workforce really ceased to be practiced in our country? Research has directed the practice of contemporary slavery still wide and its overwhelming numbers. Victims are condemned to sell their labor force precariously in order to survive. Another fact will darken its lawyers: the absence of convictions. Thus, the article again presents sets of sets of mandatory research groups, from the University of Pernambuco, at the Arcoverde Campus, which provided a question: What are the reasons for the absence of convictions for such a crime? Are these legal reasons? Is there really (IN) crime in Brazil? In response, 8 (eight) STF decisions were analyzed, with no delay of 6 (six) years, without a period from 2010 to 2016. The data were analyzed in two lines of attack: a) critical / dogmatic, centered on dogmatic labor policy in the light of Critical Social Theory and b) metadogmatic, centered on the linguistic approach to the legal phenomenon of decision- making. In the light of the first, the study takes a critical / prospective approach to the phenomenon of Sociology, Anthropology and History of Work; In the light of the rhetorical attack as a methodical destructurer, this analytical tool describes the cultural barriers and the condemnations denouncing the use of the expression “work analogous to slavery”, the attempts to signify the related crime (Section XX) classic abusive exploitation (19th Century).
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Szmytkowska, Magdalena, and Karel Doliński. "Charakterystyka polskiej diaspory w Kurytybie (Brazylia) w świetle badań społecznych = Characteristics of the Polish diaspora in Curitiba (Brazil) in the light of social research." Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 2 (2019): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2019.2.5.
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The article addresses an issue of the modern Polish diaspora in Curitiba, which is an important and symbolic city in the context of the Polish migration to Brazil since the second half of the 19th century. Moreover, the article presents an overview of the history of Polish migratory flows to Curitiba as well as significance of the city itself as a unique space for social activeness of the Poles living in Brazil. The main objectives of the article are as follows: identification of “Polish” places and areas in social space of Curitiba, determining a profile of a Polish migrant and assessing relations between the modern Polish diaspora and the mother country in the context of particular migration generations. The city of Curitiba has been perceived a significant and symbolic place for Polish migrants since the very beginning of the Polish migration history. Social activities taken up by the Polish diaspora in Brazil results from the necessity to sustain the national identity and they are aimed at promoting Polish traditions. The public space of Curitiba is marked by Polish monuments, plaques and street names commemorating famous and appreciated Poles as well as by Polish national institutions. There is only one Department of Polish Language in Latin America and it is at the Federal University of Parana in Curitiba. For the purpose of this article, a survey among a significantly differentiated group of respondents has been done. The group comprised representatives of the Polish diaspora having Polish ancestors in the fourth generation as well as modern Polish migrants. As the survey shows, although the descendants of Polish settlers are not fluent Polish speakers and they do not visit their mother country very often, the Polishness is demonstrated by the Polish diaspora in Curitiba. It is clearly visible in public space of the city as there are numerous objects representing Polish historical and cultural heritage as well as cultural events.Since the day when the first Poles settled in Brazil and Curitiba, they have been systematically integrating and assimilating with Brazilians.
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ΚΟΝΤΟΓΕΩΡΓΗΣ, ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ Μ. "ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΗ ΣΤΗ ΡΟΥΜΑΝΙΑ. ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΕΣ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ (1829 - ΑΡΧΕΣ 20ΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΑ). ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΤΙΚΑ - ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΙ - ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΕΣ. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ". Eoa kai Esperia 7 (1 січня 2007): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eoaesperia.97.
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<p>While there exists already a voluminous bibliography on the GreekDiaspora in the Danubian Principalities during the 17th-18th centuries, it wasonly recently that interest was focused on the Greek communities, whichflourished in Romania in the period from the signing of the Andrianople Treatyto the 20th century.</p><p>It was during that era that a great number of Greeks, especially from Epirus,Cephallonia and Ithaca, merchants, sailors, artisans, doctors and intellectualsimmigrated to Wallachia and Moldavia. The majority of them established at theDanubian ports, mainly at Braila and Galatz, and were engaged in the vividcommerce between the principalities and Western Europe.</p><p>Notwithstanding the influential role played by the Greeks in the social andeconomic life of Romania, it was only in the Cuza-Era when the Greekcommunities were officialy founded. Probably the nationalistic state policyurged them to define their legal status more explicitly. Moreover, in the secondhalf of the 19th century a great number of churches was built and many schoolswere organized, some subsided by the community authorities, other bybenefactory associations. Furthermore, the fierce antagonism among Greeks,Jews, Austrian and English shipowners did not impede the development of themarine and riverine fleet of the Greek shipowners, while a substantial numberof banks and factories were also owned by members of the communities.</p><p>In the second part of this study are presented the results of our researchmission in various Romanian cities. The aim of our mission was to locatearchival fonds and collections referring to the economic, social, institutional andpolitical history of the Greek Diaspora in Romania. Important collections arebequeathed in the Archives of Bucharest, Galatz and Constantza, while in theArchives of Giurgiu, Tulcea and Craiova the material was less satisfactory.</p>
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Mansur, Kátia Leite, Ismar Souza Carvalho, Carlos Fernando Moura Delphim, and Emilio Velloso Barroso. "O gnaisse facoidal: a mais carioca das rochas." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 31, no. 2 (2008): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2008_2_9-22.
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The city of Rio de Janeiro is known by its natural beauties. The mountains and the sea make the city the postcard of Brazil. The sculpture of the carioca landscape is closely related to the augen gneiss, very resistant rock to the weathering and, for this reason, it stands out in the relief. It gives form for Sugar Loaf and Corcovado, for example. Augen gneiss was used in the construction of most of the historical buildings of the city, including museums and churches, many of them were built in the 19th century. It was used in the sculpture of ornaments, facades and frames of doors and windows. The exploitation of the augen gneiss was presented by Jean Baptiste Debret in his book "Voyage Pittoresque et Historique au Brésil". A picture of quarry is presented at Morro da Glória and describes the extraction method by slave labor. He informes that the augen gneiss is softer, less expensive and more easily exploited. It was destined, mainly, to the parts of the buildings that should be sculpted. This rock is still present in an important event of the history of the brazilian arts. Pedra do Sal, a stairway sculpted in the augen gneiss Downtown, was the place that African people met in the past to tell their histories, to do religious cults and to sing. In these meetings in Pedra do Sal samba was born
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Driel, Lodewijk van. "19th-century linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (1988): 155–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.09dri.
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Summary In this paper an attempt has been made to draw a picture of linguistics in the Netherlands during the 19th century. The aim of this survey is to make clear that the influence of German linguistics on Dutch works of the period is characteristic of the development of Dutch linguistics in that century. Emphasis has been placed on the period 1800–1870; three traditions are distinguished: First of all there is the tradition of prescriptive grammar and language instruction. Next attention is drawn to the tradition of historical-comparative linguistics. Finally, by about the middle of the century, the linguistic views of German representatives of general grammar become prominent in Dutch school grammars. Successively we point to the reception by the schoolmasters of K. F. Becker’s (1775–1849) work; then Taco Roorda (1801–1874) is discussed, and the relationship between L. A. te Winkel (1809–1868) and H. Steinthal (1823–1899) is presented. In conjunction with Roorda’s work on Javanese the analysis of the so-called exotic languages is mentioned, an aspect of Dutch linguistics in the 19th century closely connected with the Dutch East Indies. It is obvious that the German theme is one of the most conspicuous common elements in 19th-century Dutch linguistics, as Dutch intellectuals in many respects took German culture as a model.
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Wilson, Robin. "19th-Century Mathematical Physics." Mathematical Intelligencer 40, no. 4 (2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-018-9836-0.
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Rockenbach, Stephen, and William L. Barney. "A Companion to 19th-Century America." Journal of Southern History 74, no. 4 (2008): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27650332.
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Kahlow, Andreas. "Materials in 19th century Germany." History and Technology 7, no. 3-4 (1991): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519108581779.
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