Journal articles on the topic 'Brazil-Guyana border'

ABSTRACT: The Geological and Geodiversity Mapping binational program along the Brazil-Guyana border zone allowed reviewing and integrating the stratigraphy and nomenclature of the Roraima Supergroup along the Pakaraima Sedimentary Block present in northeastern Brazil and western Guyana. The area mapped corresponds to a buffer zone of approximately 25 km in width on both sides of the border, of a region extending along the Maú-Ireng River between Mount Roraima (the triple-border region) and Mutum Village in Brazil and Monkey Mountain in Guyana. The south border of the Roraima basin is overlain exclusively by effusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Surumu Group of Brazil and its correlated equivalent the Burro-Burro Group of Guyana.

The Guianas are an important migratory field in the Caribbean migratory system, whereby goods, objects, currencies, and populations circulate for different reasons: geographical, cultural proximity, climatic, geopolitical and socioeconomic factors. From the 1960s and 1970s, Haitian migration increased in the Guianas. Five decades later, after the January 2010 earthquake, the migratory spaces were intensified in the region, Brazil became part of them as a country of residence and transit to reach French Guiana and Suriname. In 2013, the routes were altered. Some migrants started to use the Republic of Guyana to enter Brazil through the border with Roraima, in the Amazon, or to cross the border towards Suriname and French Guiana. This article is divided into two levels. First, it describes the way in which migrants' practices and trajectories intersect national borders in the Guianas. Then, it analyzes the migratory system, documents and papers, and the problems that the different Haitian migratory generations raise in space and time. The ethnographic research is based on the Triple Border Brazil, Colombia and Peru, but also in Suriname, French Guiana and Haiti.

Oreophrynella seegobini sp. nov. is described from 2088 m elevation on Maringma tepui in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, at the Guyana-Brazil border. The new species is mainly distinguished from known congeners by small size, indistinct frontoparietal crests, prominent postorbital crests, prominent suborbital crests, well-developed webbing on hand and foot, dorsal skin minutely spiculate with scattered medium to large elevated tubercles, ventral skin anteriorly rugose with few flat granules, posteriorly tuberculate, blackish brown dorsal colour, and dark brownish orange ventral colour. Data on four specimens of O. macconnelli collected on the southeast slope of the tepui are provided.

Abstract In 4 August 1885, 06:30 local time, a strong earthquake (reported intensities up to VI–VII modified Mercalli intensity [MMI]) was felt in the French Guiana, causing slight damage. Recently discovered newspaper records show that this event was also felt as far as Georgetown (British Guyana), Belém, and several other localities along the Amazon River toward Manaus (Brazil). The distribution of intensities and the radius of the felt area indicate a magnitude around Mw 6.9, which makes it the largest known earthquake in the stable continental region of South America, since the nineteenth century. The epicenter, determined with four different attenuation relations, lies onshore near the border between the French Guiana and Brazil, although an epicenter offshore in the continental slope cannot be ruled out with 95% confidence. The epicenter (03.4° N, 52.9°W±100 km) likely lies in the Transamazonian (2.2–2.0 Ga) geochronological province in the Guyana shield of the Amazon craton. No nearby failed rift is known onshore near the epicenter, which would place this event in the ∼30% class of nonextended stable continental crust. Other nearby smaller earthquakes (both historical and instrumental) with magnitudes up to mb 5.2, indicate a cluster of seismicity in the region of the 1885 earthquake, possibly delineating an onshore seismic zone separate from the sparse seismicity along the continental shelf. This large midplate earthquake will likely affect future reevaluations of seismic hazard in midplate South America.

A new species of Arthrosaura (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) is described based on a female specimen obtained at 2112 m above sea level on Mount Maringma, a poorly known sandstone flat-topped table mountain (tepui) located in the eastern Pakaraima Mountains, at the Guyana-Brazil border. Arthrosaura hoogmoedi sp. nov. is mainly distinguished from its known congeners by the following combination of characters: four supraoculars, prefrontals in contact with loreals, lower eyelid opaque, 32–33 smooth temporal scales, middorsal scales distinctly narrower than adjacent dorsal scales, and a dark brown dorsum with a black middorsal stripe from nape to tail, and a tan ill-defined dorsolateral line from nape to midbody.

We update the list of reptiles of Venezuela, reporting a total of 370 species from the country (four of these exotic), arrangedin 122 genera (one exotic), 30 families and three orders. Introduced species and dubious or erroneous records are discussed.Taxonomic, nomenclatural and distributional comments are provided when required. Considering species of probableoccurrence in the country (known to occur in Colombia, Brazil and Guyana at localities very close to the Venezuelan border) and still undescribed taxa, we estimate that the total number of species in Venezuela could exceed 400.Se actualiza la lista de reptiles de Venezuela a un total de 370 especies (cuatro de ellas exóticas), pertenecientes a 122géneros (un exótico), 30 familias y tres órdenes. Se discuten las especies introducidas, los registros dudosos o erróneos yse proporcionan comentarios taxonómicos, nomenclaturales o de distribución en casos necesarios. Después de considerarlas especies de probable presencia en el país (registros conocidos cercanos a la frontera con Colombia, Brasil y Guyana) y los taxones aun no descritos, se estima que el número total de especies en Venezuela podría superar las 400 especies.

A new strabomantid frog of the genus Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1871 is described from the Eastern Pantepui Region, Guiana Shield, northern South America. The new species, Pristimantis aureoventris sp. nov., is known so far from two neighbouring tepuis, namely Wei Assipu Tepui (type locality) at the border between Guyana and Brazil and Mount Roraima in Guyana, and occurs between 2210–2305 m elevation. The new taxon is distinguished from all known congeners by the following combination of characters: Finger I < II; tympanum distinct; basal webbing between Toes IV-V; broad lateral fringes on fingers and toes; ventral skin areolate; vocal slits absent in male; two non-spinous whitish nuptial pads and vocal sac present in male; high degree of pattern polymorphism; throat, chest, and belly golden yellow, usually with reddish brown to dark brown mottling; internal organs little or not visible through the ventral skin in life. The call of the new species consists of bouts of a single amplitude-modulated (decreasing to the end) note repeated at a rate of ca. 18 notes/min with a dominant frequency ranging from 2180 to 2430 Hz.

The AVR1-CO39 gene that came from a Magnaporthe grisea isolate from weeping lovegrass controls avirulence on the rice cultivar CO39. AVR1-CO39 was not present in the genome of the rice-infecting M. grisea isolate Guy11 from French Guyana, suggesting that the gene had been deleted. Molecular analysis of the deletion breakpoints in the AVR1-CO39 locus revealed the presence of a truncated copy of a previously unknown retrotransposon at the left-hand border. At the right-hand border was a truncated copy of another repetitive element that is present at multiple locations in the genome of Guy11. The structures of avr1-CO39 loci were further examined in 45 rice-infecting isolates collected in Brazil, China, Japan, India, Indonesia, Mali, and the Philippines. Most isolates showed no hybridization signal with the AVR1-CO39 probe and had the same locus structure as Guy11. Some isolates from Japan showed a signal with the AVR1-CO39 probe, but the region specifying avirulence activity was rearranged. These findings suggest that widespread virulence to ‘CO39’ among rice-infecting M. grisea isolates is due to ancestral rearrangements at the AVR1-CO39 locus that may have occurred early in the evolution of pathogenicity to rice.

In recent decades we have witnessed a proliferation of museums, including indigenous museums, with an emphasis on regionalization and active participation of the collectivities in which they are inserted. This article involves the implementation of the Museum of the Indigenous Peoples of Oiapoque, which was a request made by the four ethnic groups that inhabit the region - the Palikur, Galibi Kali'na, Karipuna and Galibi Marworno - to the governor of Amapá in 1998. Since then, projects and actions have been realized for the revival and strengthening of the cultural heritage of these peoples that inhabit the far north of Brazil, on the border with French Guyana. We present these actions, their consequences and the articulation among partnerships (with indigenous organizations, government agencies and NGOs), which led to the development and operation of a regional museological institution that is dedicated to housing, preserving and promoting the cultural archives of these peoples, and to training indigenous museology technicians, teachers and researchers. Finally we address the importance of the different collections about these indigenous peoples that have been formed over the past two decades and report of the exhibitions mounted at the Kuahí Museum in Oiapoque and at the Museum of the Indian in Rio de Janeiro, emphasizing the specificity of each.

Objective. To identify and prioritize municipalities in 22 countries of Latin America for trachoma surveillance activities, to measure the absence or prevalence of trachoma, and to support validation and trachoma elimination efforts in the Region of the Americas. Methods. A prioritization scale was developed in 2017 to rank each municipality by considering a combination of three characteristics: (a) its trachoma vulnerability index, derived from three socioeconomic factors known to be risks for trachoma—lack of access to improved sanitation, to clean drinking water, and to adequate education, according to housing census data from early 2017; (b) its history of trachoma in countries where the disease was not a known public health problem in 2016; and (c) whether or not it shares a border with a municipality where trachoma was a known public health problem in 2016. Municipalities in 22 countries were classified as either very high, high, medium, or low priority for trachoma surveillance. From the Caribbean, only Trinidad and Tobago met inclusion criteria. Results. The prioritization scale identified 1 053 municipalities in Brazil, Colombia, and Guatemala as very high priority for trachoma surveillance. In Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela, 183 municipalities were ranked as high priority, and in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Uruguay, 677 municipalities were designated a medium priority for trachoma surveillance. Conclusions. This prioritization scale will be useful to countries in Latin America that still need to ascertain their current trachoma situation. The absence or prevalence of trachoma in countries designated as very high and high priority for trachoma surveillance activities must be studied to determine the extent of the disease in Latin America.

Abstract The Pakaraima Mountains are an ancient mountain range along the borders of Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela. The high plateau is drained by multiple river systems in all directions. Although hypotheses have been presented for the biogeographical relationships of lowland rivers, the interconnectivity of rivers on the top of the plateau is unknown. With multiple complex rivers in a small, upland area, we predicted a high level of endemism for stream fishes and complex biogeographical relationships. We explored this with the incredibly diverse pencil catfish genus Trichomycterus. Using collections from recent expeditions to the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, we amplified three mitochondrial (16S, COI and Cytb) and one nuclear marker (rag2). We constructed individual gene trees and a concatenated tree to determine the placement of these taxa within the Trichomycterus of the trans-Andean/Amazonian clade. Herein, we identify six endemic lineages of Trichomycterus from the highlands of the Pakaraima Mountains. Of the identified lineages, we find two species occupying multiple basins, suggesting that Pakaraima streams either maintain connectivity or had some degree of recent connectivity.

The auchenipterid catfish genus Tatia is revised. Twelve species are recognized including three described as new. Tatia is diagnosed by the hyomandibula elongated anterodorsally, the anal-fin base of adult males reduced in length, and the caudal peduncle laterally compressed and deep with a middorsal keel. Tatia aulopygia occurs in the Madeira river drainage and is distinguished by the reduced cranial fontanel in adults and male modified anal fin with middle rays reduced in length. Tatia boemia, known from the upper Uruguay river drainage, is distinguished by its unique color pattern with dark chromatophores on the sides of body. Tatia brunnea from river basins in Suriname and French Guiana and the Negro river drainage, Amazon basin, is recognized by its wide head and mouth and by the male modified anal fin with sharply pointed tip. Tatia dunni, from the upper Amazon basin, is recognized by its narrow head, long postcleithral process in some specimens, and body coloration with irregular blotches or stripes. Tatia galaxias, endemic to the Orinoco river basin, is distinguished by its large eye and short snout. Tatia gyrina, distributed in the upper and central Amazon basin and in northern Suriname, has a uniquely reduced mesethmoid, slightly protruding lower jaw, second nuchal plate with slightly concave lateral borders, third nuchal plate reduced, small prevomer, low number of ribs, low number of vertebrae and sexual dimorphism regarding intumescent male genital papilla. Tatia intermedia, recorded from central and lower Amazon basin, Tocantins river, and coastal drainages in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and eastern Pará State, Brazil, is distinguished by the short postcleithral process, small eye and long snout. Tatia neivai, from the upper Paraná river , Paraguay river and upper Paraíba do Sul river basin, is distinguished by its unique vertebral count and caudal-fin coloration consisting of transverse dark bars. Tatia strigata, from central Amazon basin and Negro river, is distinguished by its horizontally striped color pattern and the modified male anal fin with middle rays reduced in length. Tatia caxiuanensis, a new species described from the Curuá river, lower Amazon basin, is recognized by its wide cranial fontanel and distinctive anal fin in mature males. Tatia meesi, a new species described from the Essequibo river basin, Guyana, is distinguished from congeners by the cranial fontanel with two separate openings and thin nasal bone. Tatia nigra, a new species described from the central Amazon basin, is distinguished by its short postcleithral process, low number of vertebrae, and dark color pattern. All twelve species of Tatia are described or redescribed and a key to species is provided.

Abstract Background Cross-border malaria is a major barrier to elimination efforts. Along the Venezuela-Brazil-Guyana border, intense human mobility fueled primarily by a humanitarian crisis and illegal gold mining activities has increased the occurrence of cross-border cases in Brazil. Roraima, a Brazilian state situated between Venezuela and Guyana, bears the greatest burden. This study analyses the current cross-border malaria epidemiology in Northern Brazil between the years 2007 and 2018. Methods De-identified data on reported malaria cases in Brazil were obtained from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System for the years 2007 to 2018. Pearson’s Chi-Square test of differences was utilized to assess differences between characteristics of cross-border cases originating from Venezuela and Guyana, and between border and transnational cases. A logistic regression model was used to predict imported status of cases. Results Cross-border cases from Venezuela and Guyana made up the majority of border and transnational cases since 2012, and Roraima remained the largest receiving state for cross-border cases over this period. There were significant differences in the profiles of border and transnational cases originating from Venezuela and Guyana, including type of movement and nationality of patients. Logistic regression results demonstrated Venezuelan and Guyanese nationals, Brazilian miners, males, and individuals of working age had heightened odds of being an imported case. Furthermore, Venezuelan citizens had heightened odds of seeking care in municipalities adjacent Venezuela, rather than transnational municipalities. Conclusions Cross-border malaria contributes to the malaria burden at the Venezuela-Guyana-Brazil border. The identification of distinct profiles of case importation provides evidence on the need to strengthen surveillance at border areas, and to deploy tailored strategies that recognize different mobility routes, such as the movement of refuge-seeking individuals and of Brazilians working in mining.

Abstract This article studies human-plant relations as technical phenomena in the context of the pluriethnic communities of the border between Brazil and Guyana. It proposes that we consider a technogenesis of the social at the intersection of technical processes and vital flows of manioc stems - the overground part of the plant that produces manioc (Manihot esculenta). Its starting point is a Wapichana agriculturalist’s collection of stem segments. The onomastics of this set provides an idea of the diversity of these plants in the region. However, the article argues that, rather than being referents in a closed classificatory system, names are histories, indexes of ways of knowing and processes of individuation of people and varieties. By emphasising processes of stem manipulation, the article discusses some of the methodological challenges of the ethnography of technique and reflects on contemporary social transformations in dialogue with Indigenous analyses.

ABSTRACT A new species of Paralithoxus is described from the Ajarani River, a small tributary of the Branco River basin, Roraima State, Brazilian Amazon. The genus Paralithoxus comprises species described from the Essequibo drainage in Guyana, Approuague and Maroni in French Guiana, Suriname River in Surinam, and more recently, from Jari and Amapá rivers, in Brazil. Despite occurring in a rock-bottomed fast-flowing stream as the other species of Paralithoxus, this is the first species of the genus collected at 900 m altitude, in the Serra da Mocidade highlands, an isolated and poorly accessible small mountain chain at the southern border of the Guiana Shield. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by having truncate teeth, color pattern with green spots on dark olive-brown background, alternating dark and light blotches on fins and by the pelvic fin being as long as or longer than the pectoral fin. Sex dimorphism of the species is described. Comments on morphology and osteology are provided and compared with congeners.

Abstract Cteniloricaria is a genus of Neotropical armored catfishes belonging to the Loricariinae, currently including two valid species: C. platystoma and C. napova. Cteniloricaria platystoma is presently recorded across the main coastal drainages of the Guiana Shield, from the Sinnamary River, French Guiana, to the Essequibo River basin, Guyana, and is considered to be restricted to the region. Cteniloricaria napova is only known from its type locality at the headwaters of the Paru de Oeste River, Amazon basin, Sipaliwini Savannah, Trio Amerindian territory in Suriname, close to the Brazilian border. Based on a specimen of C. napova, captured in the Cuminapanema River, a tributary to the Curuá River, within Brazilian territory, the geographic distribution of the species and the genus is extended, representing the first record of Cteniloricaria in Brazil. The genus shows a disjoint distribution, and divergence between populations in the north-flowing coastal rivers of the Guianas and the south-flowing Amazon tributaries, and more recent headwater capture between south-flowing Amazon tributaries, may have played a key role in shaping its current distribution. Illustrations, diagnostic characters, morphometrics, description of the habitat where the new specimen was captured, extinction risk assessment, and a discussion of the distribution of the genus are provided.

Este artigo discute as razões para que os estudos históricos sobre a bacia do Rio Branco (correspondente ao atual estado brasileiro de Roraima) levem em conta as suas relações com o espaço mais amplo das Guianas. Embora as fontes coloniais luso-brasileiras raramente denominem a fronteira setentrional como ”Guiana Portuguesa”, o topônimo desde muito cedo foi usado por estrangeiros e pela cartografia internacional para referir-se á região, sempre que ela era objeto de confrontação com as áreas controladas pelas demais potências coloniais (Espanha, França, Holanda e, mais tarde, a Inglaterra). Os europeus inteiraram-se das redes relacionais interétnicas do espaço das Guianas, interferindo no quadro de alianças e rivalidades locais. A história colonial do vale do Rio Branco se define pela disputa geopolá­tica e estratégica de Portugal com os competidores europeus nesse espaço. Os sucessivos tratados entre as metrópoles e, posteriormente, os Estados Nacionais foram modificando as configurações e relações sociais e étnicas na região. O Congresso de Viena (1815), contemporá¢neo das guerras de Independência na América Latina, encerrou um ciclo de conflito global entre França e Inglaterra e ratificou a nova correlação de forças entre as potências coloniais na ilha das Guianas, mas não encerrou os litá­gios territoriais. Além de impor a devolução de Caiena á França (e intervir na questão de fronteiras com a América Portuguesa), sancionou uma mudança indelével na região: a transferência das antigas colônias holandesas de Demerara, Essequibo e Berbice, para a soberania britá¢nica.Palavras-chave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionais. Amazônia colonial. Guianas - História. RORAIMA AS PART OF THE GUYANAS: Rio Branco Valley and the ”Guyana Island”Abstract: This paper discusses why historical studies on the basin of the Branco river (corresponding to the current Brazilian state of Roraima) should take in account its relations with the wider space of the Guyana. Although the Luso-Brazilian colonial sources rarely denominate the northern border as "Portuguese Guyana ", this toponym was used since an early age by foreigners and by international cartography to refer to the area where it was opposed to zones controlled by other colonial powers (Spain, France, Holland and later England). Europeans were aware of interethnic relational networks of the Guyana space, interfering in the framework of alliances and local rivalries. The colonial history of the Branco river Valley is defined by geopolitical and strategic disputes between Portugal and the European competitors in that space. Successive treaties between the colonial powers and subsequently the National States gradually modifyed the social and ethnic relations and settings in the region. The Congress of Vienna (1815), contemporary of independence wars in Latin America, ended a cycle of worldwide conflict between France and England and ratified the new correlation of forces between the colonial powers on the island of Guyana, but did not end the territorial disputes. In addition to imposing the return of Cayenne to France (and intervene on the issue of borders with Portuguese America), signed an indelible change in the region: the transfer of the former Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice to British sovereignty.Keywords: Colonial Brazil. Brazil - International Treaties. Colonial Amazon; Guianas - History. RORAIMA COMO UMA DE LAS GUYANAS: la cuenca del Rio Branco y la ”Isla de Guayana”Resumen: Este artá­culo analiza por que los estudios históricos de la cuenca del Rá­o Branco (correspondiente al actual estado brasileño de Roraima) deben tener en cuenta sus relaciones con el espacio más amplio de las Guayanas. Aunque las fuentes coloniales luso-brasileñas raramente denominan la frontera norte como "Guiana Portuguesa", el topónimo desde muy temprano fue empleado por los extranjeros y por la cartografá­a internacional, en relación con las zonas guayanesas controladas por otras potencias coloniales (España, Francia, Holanda y más tarde Inglaterra). Los europeos se interaron de las redes relacionales interétnicas del espacio de las Guayanas y se introdujeron en el marco de alianzas y rivalidades locales. La historia colonial del Valle del rá­o Branco se define por disputa geopolá­tica y estratégica entre Portugal y los competidores europeos en ese espacio. Tratados sucesivos entre las metrópolis y posteriormente los Estados Nacionales fueron modificando la configuración y las relaciones sociales y étnicas en la región. El Congreso de Viena (1815), contemporáneo de las guerras de independencia en América Latina, terminó un ciclo de conflictos globales entre Francia e Inglaterra y ratificó la nueva correlación de fuerzas entre las potencias coloniales de la isla de Guyana, pero no puso fá­n a las disputas territoriales. Además de imponer el regreso de Cayenne a Francia (e intervenir en la cuestión de las fronteras con la América portuguesa), firmaron un cambio indeleble en la región: la transferencia de las antiguas colonias holandesas de Demerara, Esequibo y Berbice a la soberaná­a británica.Palabras clave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionales. Amazon colonial. Guayana - Historia.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Lagocheirus araneiformis (Linnaeus) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae Cassava borer, almácigo borer. Attacks cassava, sugarcane. Information is given on the geographical distribution in PACIFIC ISLANDS, Hawaii, Society Islands, NORTH AMERICA, USA, Florida, CENTRAL AMERICA and CARIBBEAN, Antigua, Aruba, Bequia Island, Belize, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Grenadines, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Mustique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Barthélemy, St. Croix, St. Eustatius, St. John, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Pará, Roraima, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae (bean pod borer, mung moth, legume pod borer). Attacks Vigna unguiculata, groundnuts, Phaseolus and other legumes. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Angola, Benin, Bioko, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwands, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang (Tibet), Zheijiang, Hong Kong, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Meghalaya, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Borneo, Java, Lombok, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, West Malaysia, Maldive Islands, Nanshei-shoto, Nepal, Nicobar Islands, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, Irian Jaya, Louisiade Archip., Mariana Islands, Marquesas, New Caledonia, New Ireland, New Hanover, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Society Islands, Tonga, Trobriand Islands, Tubuai Islands, Umboi Islands, Vanuatu, Central America and Caribbean, Antilles, Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Amazonas, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uraguay, Venezuela.