Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Brazil Guyana'

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta dissertação tem como finalidade comparar as políticas indigenistas brasileiras e guyanenses voltadas à demarcação de terras, ao autossustento, à educação e à seguridade social. Tem o intuito de perceber a relação entre nacionalidade e acesso a essas políticas por indígenas tranfronteiriços, cujos territórios étnicos foram sobrepostos por uma fronteira nacional. Para tanto, procurou-se compreender as relações dos povos indígenas no contexto histórico de formação dos Estados nacionais brasileiro e guyanense e a delimitação da fronteira entre estes. Compreender, também, o contexto socioeconômico contemporâneo desses países no qual se ambientam as políticas indigenistas e as implicações de nacionalidade para acesso às políticas nacionais por indígenas transfronteiriços.
This dissertation aims to compare the Brazilian and Guyanese indigenous policies focused on land demarcation, self-sustain, education and social security. It has the intention of perceiving the relation between nationality and the access to these policies by transboundary indians, which ethnic territories has been overlapped by a national border. To do so, it was sought to comprehend the relations among the indigenous peoples in the historical context of Brazilian and Guyanese national State formation and the contemporary socioeconomic context of these countries in which take place the indigenous policies and the implications of nationality to access the national policies by transboundary indians.

La Guyane présente la fécondité la plus élevée de l’ensemble des régions françaises et également des autres territoires d’Amérique du Sud et de la Caraïbe : 3,3 enfants par femme estimés en 2018.Cette thèse propose une analyse des principaux déterminants de la fécondité en Guyane, notamment aux zones frontalières, les plus natalistes. Ce travail s’appuie sur les résultats d’une enquête par questionnaire menée auprès de femmes et d’hommes résidant dans quatre communes frontalières avec le Suriname, à l’ouest, et une commune frontalière avec le Brésil, à l’est. Un complément a été réalisé dans le municipio d’Oiapoque, au Brésil, à la frontière guyanaise.Cette thèse présente tout d’abord le contexte historique et ethnologique qui préside à la composition actuelle de la population de Guyane. Puis elle examine les caractéristiques sociologiques de la société guyanaise d’aujourd’hui, et notamment des communes frontalières, où les populations sont économiquement et socialement précaires, peu instruites et fréquemment migrantes.Explorant comment interagissent les déterminants socio­économiques, le niveau d’utilisation de la contraception, l’âge à la première maternité, le nombre actuel d’enfants et les normes de fécondité, les résultats de la recherche montrent qu’il y a deux situations bien distinctes : à l’est, pour les femmes d’origine brésilienne, la transition démographique est pratiquement terminée ; à l’ouest, pour les femmes bushinenge, elle ne fait que commencer.Cette recherche repose sur l’hypothèse que le moment présent se situe, pour les femmes bushinenge, à la charnière entre fécondité non régulée et fécondité régulée
French Guiana has the highest fertility level of all French regions and of other countries in South America and the Caribbean: on average, 3.3 children per woman estimated in 2018.This thesis aims to analyze the main determinants of fertility in French Guiana, particularly in border areas which present high birth rates. It draws on the results of a survey of women and men by questionnaire residing in four municipalities bordering Suriname in the West, and a border town with Brazil in the East. An additional survey was conducted in the municipality of Oiapoque in Brazil at the Guyanese border.Firstly, this thesis presents a historical and ethnological background that determine the current composition of the population of Guyana. Secondly, it examines the sociological characteristics of today’s Guyanese society, notably border municipalities where populations are economically and socially precarious, poorly educated and frequently migrating.Exploring the interaction between socioeconomic determinants, the level of contraceptive use, age at first birth, current number of children and fertility standards, our research findings show two different situations: demographic transition is almost complete in the East for women of Brazilian origin while in the West, for bushinenge women, demographic transition is just beginning.This research is based on the assumption that currently, fertility of bushinenge women is at a transition period between unregulated and regulated fertility

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta dissertação levanta uma análise comparativa dos processos políticos que antecederam a construção de duas pontes transnacionais nas Américas: a ponte sobre o Rio Tacutu, que liga as cidades de Lethem (Região 9, Guyana) e Bonfim (Roraima, Brasil); e a ponte sobre o Rio Hondo, que liga as cidades de Santa Elena (Corozal, Belize) e Subteniente López (Quintana Roo, México). Enquanto isso, o estudo inserese no corpo mais amplo de pesquisas que analisam o processo de integração das Américas através do uso de infraestrutura física. Além disso, a pesquisa aborda a maneira em que poderes emergentes usam infraestrutura para propósito de projeção de poder regional nos seus entornos geopolíticos, particularmente, em relação aos seus vizinhos contíguos menores. Esta análise realiza-se no contexto histórico do reconhecimento da necessidade de fomentar integração entre os países do sul global e de países de tradições coloniais diferentes; e mais ainda, visa alcançar essa meta com o uso da infraestrutura física. Metodologicamente, é um estudo interpretativo quantitativo das fontes bibliográficas e discursos executivos, utilizando o método comparativo para deduzir modos de interação entre dois poderes emergentes latinoamericanos e dois países relativamente pequenos e isolados do Caribe anglófono. Pode-se concluir que as duas pontes foram construídas e inauguradas dentro de projetos mais amplos para integração regional, promovidos pelo México e Brasil, para as regiões imediatas de influência geopolítica, facilitado por fortes vínculos bilaterais históricos no campo de segurança de território; e completado pela transição contemporânea dos países caribenhos na busca para novos parceiros internacionais, frente à perda de viabilidade de vínculos tradicionais.
This dissertation carries out a comparative analysis of the political processes leading up the construction of two transnational bridges in the Americas; these are the Takutu River Bridge linking Lethem, Region 9, Guyana and Bonfim, Roraima, Brazil; and the Hondo River Bridge linking Santa Elena, Cozoral, Belize and Subteniente López, Quintana Roo, Mexico. In so doing, the study is inserted in a wider body of researches that analyse the process of integration in the Americas through the use of physical infrastructure. The research further highlights how emerging powers use infrastructure as a means of regional power projection in their geopolitical spaces, particularly as it pertains to smaller contiguous neighbours. This analysis takes place in the historical context of countries of the global south and of different colonial traditions, recognising the need to foster integration, and achieve advancement in this regard through infrastructure. Methodologically, it is an interpretive qualitative study of bibliographical sources and executive speeches, using the comparative method to deduce modes of interaction between two emerging Latin American powers and two relatively small and isolated continental countries of the Anglophone Caribbean. It may be concluded that the two bridges were successfully constructed and inaugurated as part of wider projects for regional integration fostered by Mexico and Brazil for their regions of immediate geopolitical influence, and aided by historically strong bilateral relations in the area of territorial integrity and further, the contemporary transitioning in the search by Caribbean countries for new international partners as old linkages become less viable.

O presente trabalho busca compreender a importância que o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) ganha a partir de 2003 com as ampliações dos financiamentos voltados para a construção de sistemas de engenharia, não somente dentro do território nacional, mas também no exterior (sobretudo na América do Sul). Partindo do processo de integração física das nações sulamericanas e da instalação de solidariedades geográficas (Santos, 1996) entre as regiões do continente, procuramos analisar as complementaridades nos territórios envolvidos em financiamentos dos bancos de desenvolvimento, em especial o BNDES, no qual se articulam Estados e empresas privadas na produção de novos sistemas de engenharia no continente. Nesse sentindo, buscamos compreender as verticalidades e horizontalidades geradas no espaço continental, dando ênfase no caso da fronteira do Brasil com a Guiana Francesa, onde foram instalados nos fixos geográficos que afetam diretamente a integração destes dois países (principalmente a Ponte Binacional Brasil-Guiana e a BR-156).
This paper seeks to understand the importance that the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) wins from 2003 with the expansion of financing aimed at the construction of engineering systems, not only within the country but also abroad (especially in South America). Starting from the physical integration of South American nations and the installation of geographical solidarities (Santos, 1996) between the regions of the continent process, we analyzed the complementarities in the territories involved in financing from development banks, especially BNDES, which are articulated States and private companies in the production of new engineering systems on the continent. In that sense, we seek to understand the uprights and horizontalities generated in continental space, emphasizing the case of Brazil\'s border with French Guiana, where they were installed in the geographic fixed that directly affect the integration of these two countries (mainly Brazil-Guyana Binational Bridge and BR-156).

Orientador: Jose Luiz dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A Revolta do Rupununi, acontecida em 1969, no sul da Guiana, foi um movimento armado preparado por fazendeiros com objetivo de criar um novo país na região. Apoiada pela Venezuela, que através do auxilio militar dado aos fazendeiros, anteviu a possibilidade de recuperar a Zona en Reclamación, a Revolta contou com a participação de alguns índios, principalmente aqueles tidos como parentes de H. P. C. Melville, o primeiro estrangeiro a criar gado no Rupununi. Depois de dois dias de iniciado o movimento, alguns fazendeiros, acompanhados por um grupo de índios, retiraram-se para a Venezuela na condição de exilados, outros fugiram para o Brasil ou foram capturados pela Guyana Defense Force, chamada por Forbes Burnhan, presidente da Guiana, para sufocar o movimento armado. A preparação, a organização, o desfecho e o fracasso do movimento explicam relações políticas e sociais densas entre a Venezuela e a Guiana, fazendeiros e índios, bem como revelam disputas étnicas conseqüentes da colonização britânica no país
Abstract: The Revolt of Rupununi, happened in 1969, in the south of Guyana, it was an armed movement prepared by farmers with the objective of creating a new country in the area. Leaning to Venezuela, the military help the farmers that saw the opportunity to recover the zona en reclamación, the Revolt counted with the participation of some Indians, mainly those had as relatives of H. P. C. Melville, the first stranger to grow up cattle in Rupununi. Two days after the movement, some farmers, accompanied by a group of Indians, left for Venezuela as political exiles', others fled to Brazil or were captured by the Guyana Defense Forces, which were ordered by Forbes Burnhan, president of Guyana, to quell the armed movement. The preparation, the organization, the ending and the failure of the movement revealed the profound relationship regarding the political and social sphere between Venezuela and Guyana, also between the farmers and the Indians, as well reveals the consequent ethnic disputes to the British colonization period
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

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Paragryllini Desutter is a Neotropical tribe of crickets with species distributed from southern Mexico to Brazil. Currently are known 24 species assigned to six genera: Benoistella Uvarov, 1939; Mexiacla Gorochov, 2007; Oaxacla Gorochov, 2007; Paragryllus Guérin- Méneville, 1844; Rumea Desutter, 1988; and Silvastella Desutter- Grandcolas, 1992. In this paper new taxa from the Brazilian Central Amazonia are described. The genus Rumea is reported for the first time from this region, represented by three new species from the Central Amazonian: R. zebra sp. nov., R. manauensis sp. nov. and R. tigris sp. nov. Also two new genera are described: Marciela gen. nov., including M. longipes sp. nov. from Brazil and M. crybelos (Nischk & Otte, 2000) comb. nov. from Ecuador; and Sperberus gen. nov. including only S. arboricolus sp. nov. The morphology of the male genitalia of the Rumea species is discussed and a new interpretation is proposed. For the illustration of the genitalia of males and females a photographic technique was used: the structure was immersed in glycerin and photographs were taken on different levels of focous. For the construction of the final images the free software CombineZM was used. The biogeography of the Paragryllini is discussed based on the known distribution of the species. This study contributes to the knowledge of the group, increases its geographical distribution, and may serve as a starting point for future research on the Paragryllini in Brazil.
Paragryllini Desutter é uma tribo Neotropical com espécies distribuídas do sul do México até o Brasil. Atualmente são conhecidas 24 espécies subordinadas a 6 gêneros: Benoistella Uvarov, 1939; Mexiacla Gorochov, 2007; Oaxacla Gorochov, 2007; Paragryllus Guérin-Méneville, 1844; Rumea Desutter, 1988; e Silvastella Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992. Nesta dissertação são descritos novos táxons de Paragryllini da Amazônia Central brasileira. Faz-se o primeiro registro do gênero Rumea para esta área, com a descrição de três espécies novas: R. zebra sp. nov., R. manauensis sp. nov. e R. tigris sp. nov.. Também são descritos dois gêneros novos: Marciela gen. nov., que inclui Marciela longipes sp. Nov. do Brasil e Marciela crybelos (Nischk & Otte, 2000) comb. nov. do Equador; e Sperberus gen. nov. incluindo unicamente Sperberus arboricola sp. nov. Para as espécies do gênero Rumea, discutem-se as características morfológicas da genitália dos machos e se propõe uma nova interpretação da dessa estrutura. Para ilustrar a genitália tanto dos machos quanto das fêmeas, desenvolveu-se uma técnica de fotografia: a estrutura era inmersa em glicerina e eran tiradas fotografias em diferentes níveis de foco. Para a construção da fotografia final usou-se o software livre CombineZM. Discutem-se alguns aspectos biogeográficos baseados na distribuição conhecida das espécies de Paragryllini. Este estudo proporciona um aporte para o conhecimento do grupo, já que se amplia sua dibribuiçao geográfica, e puede servir como um punto de partida para futuras pesquiças sobre os Paragryllini no Brasil.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Doutorado Interinstitucional em Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento Regional, 2012.
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Direitos Indígenas e Mobilização analisa a emergência da organização indígena na Amazônia Caribenha onde se circunscreve a tríplice fronteira entre o Brasil, a Guyana e a Venezuela. A região contígua ao Monte Roraima é habitada pelos povos indígenas Ingarikó (BR) ou Akawaio (GY), os Pemon (VE) ou Taurepang (BR), os Wapixana (BR e GY) e os Macuxi (BR e GY). Apesar de não viverem nas proximidades do Monte Roraima, a pesquisa também considera a mobilização política dos Yanomami (BR e VE) e dos Ye’kuana (BR e VE), em razão da relevância desses grupos no contexto da análise. A tese recupera elementos histórico-jurídicos do processo colonialista e da construção dos direitos humanos, apontando a inconsistência da aparente universalidade que os reveste. Demonstra que a reformulação do quadro específico de direitos indígenas é decorrente do reconhecimento da alteridade e do rompimento com a antiga postura homogeneizante dos direitos humanos. Denota como o corpus de direitos indígenas, edificado a partir da perspectiva multiculturalista e o aprofundamento da democracia nos textos constitucionais do Brasil, da Venezuela e da Guyana, apresenta-se como “estrutura de oportunidade política” para a mobilização das suas populações indígenas. Discorre sobre o surgimento do Movimento Indígena formado a partir da fundação de ONG’s e do apoio de aliados. Demonstra que, nas escalas local, regional e global, os indígenas passam a exigir a materialização das promessas contidas nas respectivas cartas constitucionais e nos compromissos assumidos perante os organismos internacionais de direitos humanos. Para confirmar a hipótese apresentada, descreve as ações encetadas pelos povos indígenas da região “circum-Roraima” em diferentes episódios de confronto político com os governos brasileiro, guianense e venezuelano em busca da ação estatal e internacional para conter agressões e ameaças a seus direitos. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Indigenous rights and Mobilization examines the emergency of indigenous Organization's in the Caribbean Amazon which circumscribes the triple border between Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela. Adjacent to Mount Roraima, the region is inhabited by indigenous peoples Ingarikó (BR) or Akawaio (GY), the Pemon Indians (VE) or Taurepang (BR), Wapixana (BR and GY) and the Macuxi (BR and GY). Despite not living in the vicinity of Mount Roraima, the survey also considers the political mobilization of the Yanomami (BR, VE) and Ye'kuana (BR and VE), because of the relevance of these groups in the context of the analysis. The thesis retrieves elements process of legal history and colonial construction of human rights pointing out the inconsistency of apparent universality that is. Shows that the recasting of the specific framework of indigenous rights is inherent in the recognition of otherness and break with the former Human Rights homogenizing posture. Denotes how the indigenous rights corpus built from the multiculturalism perspective and the deepening of democracy in the constitutional texts of Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana are presented as "political opportunity structure" for the mobilization of its indigenous peoples. Discusses the emergence of Indigenous Movement formed from NGO's Foundation and the support of allies. Demonstrates that in local, regional and global scales, the indigenous peoples shall require the materialization of the promises contained in the respective constitutional charters and commitments made to the international human rights bodies. To confirm the hypothesis presented, describes the actions undertaken by indigenous peoples of the region "circum-Roraima" in different episodes of political confrontation with the Brazilian guyanense and venezuelan governments, in search of action international and State to contain aggression and threats to their rights.

Le Brésil et la France partagent une frontière commune sur plus de 700 kilomètres, via la Guyane, région monodépartementale d’Outre-Mer française, et l’Amapá, Etat de la République fédérative du Brésil. Réalité socio-spatiale en marges à toutes les échelles malgré le différentiel socio-économique fort qu’elle marque, la frontière franco-brésilienne est devenue, depuis les années 1990, une interface politique, support de la relance des relations internationales franco-brésiliennes et des relations entre Guyane et Amapá.La thèse pose la question de cet écart en se concentrant sur la partie estuarienne de la frontière fluviale de l’Oyapock, autour des bourgs riverains de Saint-Georges (Guyane française) et d’Oiapoque (Brésil), entre lesquels un pont binational d’envergure est en construction, malgré leur rattachement routier à la marge aux polarités régionales de Cayenne et de Macapá
Brazil and France share a common border of over 700 km via French Guiana, a French Overseas monodepartmental region, and Amapá, State of the Federal Republic of Brazil. Socio-spatial margin at all scales despite the strong socio-economic differential it marks, the Franco-Brazilian border has become since the 1990s a political interface, support for the revival of the Franco-Brazilian international relations and of the relations between French Guiana and Amapá. The thesis raises the question of this gap, focusing on the estuarine portion of the border river of the Oyapock, around the towns of Saint-Georges (French Guiana) and Oiapoque (Brazil) ; a significant bi-national bridge is under construction between these two towns, despite their road connection as margins to the regional polarities of Cayenne and Macapá
Brasil e França compartilham uma fronteira comum com mais de 700 km através da Guiana Francesa, Região monodepartamental ultramarina francesa, e do Amapá, Estado da República Federativa do Brasil. Realidade sócio-espacial à margem a todas as escalas, apesar do forte diferencial sócio-econômico que a marca, a fronteira franco-brasileira tornou-se, desde os anos 90, uma interface política, suporte para a retomada das relações internacionais franco-brasileiras e das relações entre a Guiana Francesa e o Amapá. A tese expõe a questão deste desnível, centrando-se na porção estuarina da fronteira fluvial do Oiapoque, ao redor das pequenas cidades de Saint-Georges (Guiana Francesa) e de Oiapoque (Brasil), entre as quais uma ponte binacional de grande porte está em construção, apesar da ligação rodoviária delas como margens aos pólos regionais de Caiena e Macapá

L’insertion économique des migrantes brésiliennes en Guyane française s’inscrit dans le processus global de la féminisation des migrations et du marché du travail, initiant les déplacements d’une main-d’œuvre peu qualifiée des pays des Suds, notamment des États du Pará et de l’Amapá (nord du Brésil) vers les pays des Nords, la Guyane, département d’outre-mer. Cette insertion économique est intrinsèquement liée à des déterminants migratoires, familiaux et professionnels. Cette thèse analyse les formes d’autonomies économiques acquises par les femmes migrantes, à partir de trois générations, et compte tenu des possibilités offertes par le marché du travail de la société guyanaise, ethnostratifié. La complémentarité entre des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives a permis de dégager des trajectoires (a)typiques reliant morale familiale et esprit d’entreprise
The economica insertion of Brazilian female migrants in French Guiana lies within the framework of the global process of the migration and labour market feminisation, initiating the movements of a less skilled South countries workforce, mainly from Pará and Amapá States (Northern Brazil) toward North countries, French Guiana, overseas department. This economic insertion is intrinsically tied to migration, family and professional determinants. This doctoral thesis analyzes the forms of economic autonomies acquired by the female migrants, since three generations and taking into account the possibilities offered by the French Guianese ethnostratified society's labour market. The complementarity between qualitative and quantitative methods allowed to unveil the (a)typical trajectories connecting family morality and entrepreneurship

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This mixed method case study was conducted with focus on Brazilian migration to Guyana as a livelihood strategy. The study examined, described and analyzed the migration and adaptation process, and the socioeconomic and physical environmental impacts and concerns of the livelihood activities adopted by these migrants in Guyana. Questionnaires, interviews, documentaries, archival records, and observations (direct and participant) were utilized to gain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under study. The study confirms that throught a strong networking system, Brazilians from lower socioeconomic and cultural classes are able to adopt migration as a livelihood strategy, as they migrate in a step-wise manner along a well-defined route to Guyana. Maintaining this networking system, migrants have been able to respond swiftly to new livelihood activities both internally and internationally. In Guyana, mining and prostitution are the major livelihood activities that have given rise to both positive and negative socioeconomic consequences and concerns and, negative environmental impacts.
Este estudo de caso de metodologia mista foi conduzido com foco na migração brasileira para a Guiana como uma estratégia de sobrevivência. O estudo examinou, descreveu e analisou o processo da migração e da adaptação, e os impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais físicos e as preocupações associadas com as atividades de sobrevivência destes migrantes na Guiana. Foram utilizados questionários, entrevistas, documentários, arquivos e observações (direta e participante) com o objetivo de obter um entendimento profundo do fenômeno em questão. O estudo confirma que através de um forte sistema de rede, os brasileiros de classes socioeconômicas e culturais mais baixas são capazes de adotar a migração como estratégia de sobrevivência, à medida que eles migram através de uma rota por passos (step-wise) prédefinida para a Guiana. Este sistema de rede permite aos migrantes responderem prontamente às novas atividades de sobrevivência tanto interna como internacionalmente. Na Guiana, a mineração e a prostituição são identificadas como as principais atividades de sobrevivência que tem gerado conseqüências socioeconômicas tanto positivas quanto negativas e impactos ambientais negativos.

L’épidémie de VIH en Guyane est souvent présentée comme généralisée. Cependant, certains groupes semblent plus particulièrement touchés. Parmi ces groupes vulnérables, les travailleuses du sexe tiennent une place particulière compte tenu de la fréquence des rapports transactionnels dans la région. Ces échanges économico‐sexuels dépassent les frontières puisque de nombreux clients venant de Guyane rencontrent des travailleuses du sexe à Oiapoque, ville brésilienne frontalière. Malgré l'importance potentielle de la prostitution dans la dynamique de l'épidémie VIH, peu de données existent sur le sujet dans la région.L’objectif principal de cette étude était de répondre à ce manque de données et de décrire les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des travailleuses du sexe en Guyane et à Oiapoque afin de pouvoir ajuster au mieux les actions de prévention.Les résultats des enquêtes menées en Guyane et à Oiapoque en 2010 et 2011 ont mis en lumière un certain nombre de faits favorisant la progression de l’épidémie au sein des travailleuses du sexe, mais également favorisant la diffusion de l’épidémie en population générale. Ainsi l’utilisation du préservatif n’était pas toujours adéquate et bien qu’elle était constante avec les clients, elle l’était beaucoup moins avec les partenaires intimes, dans un contexte de multipartenariat fréquent. Le taux de dépistage à Oiapoque était particulièrement faible également. Au‐delà de l’aspect individuel, le cadre structurel impactait clairement la vulnérabilité des travailleuses du sexe. Ainsi, la non‐disponibilité des traitements à Oiapoque, la précarité dans laquelle se trouvent les personnes et le cadre législatif des deux pays représentent des obstacles majeurs à la prise en charge destravailleuses du sexe.Différents niveaux de lecture sont nécessaires pour essayer de percevoir la complexité des comportements face au risque de transmission du VIH parmi les travailleuses du sexe. C’est à chacun de ces niveaux qu’il faut envisager la prévention, et non plus au seul niveau individuel, pour qu’elle puisse être efficace. Cette prévention doit, elle‐même, être envisagée plus globalement pour apporter une réponse efficace à l’épidémie de VIH en combinant des éléments de prévention comportementale, biomédicale et structurelle
The HIV epidemic in French Guiana is often described as generalized. However, some vulnerable groups appear particularly affected. Among these groups, female sex workers hold a special place because of the frequency of transactional relationships in the region. These sexual‐economic exchanges go beyond the borders since many customers from French Guiana solicit female sex workers in Oiapoque, the Brazilian border town. Despite the potential importance of sex work in the HIV epidemic, there is scarce data on the subject in the area.The main objective of this study was to address this knowledge gap and to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices among female sex workers in French Guiana and Oiapoque in order to optimize and subsequently evaluate prevention.The results of the survey conducted in French Guiana and Oiapoque in 2010 and 2011 highlighted a number of events promoting the spread of the epidemic among female sex workers, but also promoting the spread of the epidemic in the general population. Thus, condom use was not always adequate. Although it was consistent with the customers, it was much less with intimate partners, in a common multiple sexual partnerships context. The HIV screening rate was particularly low in Oiapoque as well. Beyond the individual aspect, the structural framework clearly impacted the vulnerability of female sex workers. Thus, the non‐availability of treatment in Oiapoque, the precariousness in which people live and the legislative framework of the two countries are major barriers to female sex workers’ support.Different levels of understanding are necessary to disentangle the complexity of behaviors facing the risk of transmission of HIV among female sex workers. Prevention must be considered at each level, not only at the individual level, to be effective. Furthermore, prevention must be considered more generally to provide an efficient response to the HIV epidemic by combining behavioral, biomedical and structural prevention elements

L'objectif général de ce travail est d'expliquer la nature des relations particulières entre une région française d'Amérique du Sud, la Guyane, et le Brésil, que l'histoire coloniale a rendus frontaliers, au moment où dans un contexte général d'intégrations continentales s'amorce entre eux un rapprochement institutionnel mettant un terme à quatre siècles de rivalités et d'ignorance réciproque. Or la Guyane subit une forte pression migratoire et environnementale de la part d'un Brésil particulièrement dynamique, ainsi que les contraintes d'une appartenance française et européenne perçue comme étouffante en dépit des avantages qu'elle procure. En pleine quête identitaire, elle aimerait s'intégrer à un environnement géopolitique que le Brésil cherche de son côté à organiser à son profit dans sa stratégie d'affirmation continentale. Au moment où se construit un pont sur l'Oyapock entre les deux voisins, les récents accords de coopération régionale visent à une " continentalisation " de la Guyane, dans une Amérique du Sud dans laquelle elle était jusque là peu intégrée, mais elle doit se débattre entre de multiples enjeux régionaux, nationaux voire supranationaux qui la dépassent.

En Amazonie, la conservation de la nature s’oriente vers le gouvernement des hommes : au nom de la biodiversité, on encadre des populations marginalisées sur des territoires périphériques. Initialement conçues comme des outils d’interdiction, les aires protégées accompagnent aujourd’hui la décentralisation. Leurs nouvelles missions de démocratie locale et de développement économique participent d’une évolution globalisée de l’administration publique, depuis une logique de « souveraineté » vers un registre de « gouvernementalité ».Par la comparaison franco-brésilienne des processus de réforme de l’État, cette thèse expose dans un premier temps comment la norme environnementale, conférant une force scientifique aux principes de diversité et de subsidiarité, incite la « recomposition libérale » d’États historiquement centralisés. Actualisant un mythe de self-government, l’Environnement dessine un nouveau « contrat social » : un projet de gouvernance morale, territorialisée, contrebalançant les inégalités par la fédération communautaire. Dans un second temps, l’étude historique de vastes aires protégées montre comment la conservation appuie le redéploiement étatique. En Amapá et en Guyane française, elle succède aux stratégies régaliennes de maintien sur une Amazonie éloignée, alternant tutelle paternaliste et délégation aux élites locales. Sur ces territoires « anormaux », où les ressources naturelles structurent de forts intérêts économiques, les institutions de conservation tentent de réconcilier différentes légitimités. Rassemblant communautés locales, responsables publics et acteurs économiques, leurs gestionnaires animent des espaces de gouvernance qui accompagnent l’autonomisation régionale. Ces arènes de concertation cherchent à contenir le développement des écarts sociaux et politiques en créant de nouvelles mobilités sur les territoires. Enfin, l’ethnographie comparée des jeux d’acteurs, des techniques d’enrôlement et des conflits émergeant, montre la nature sécuritaire de ces dispositifs pour les États centraux. La protection de l’Environnement justifie un mode de gouvernement frugal, multipliant les contre-pouvoirs et l’enchâssement des surveillances entre acteurs d’un même espace. En incitant l’émergence d’une « société civile » dans des arrière-pays sous-administrés, elle crée de nouvelles concurrences et diffuse une rationalité managériale de responsabilisation. Si l’analyse des subjectivations révèle que ces « coercitions souples » contraignent les forces politico-économiques à ajuster leurs stratégies, elle montre aussi la difficulté de ces dispositifs à satisfaire la « demande d’État » venue des populations. La comparabilité des expériences guyanaises et amapaenses interroge alors l’évolution du « modèle français », de plus en plus dépendant d’une « citoyenneté proactive », que seules les portions privilégiées des territoires voient émerger
In Amazonia, nature conservation is oriented towards governing men. In the name of biodiversity, marginalized population are being monitored on peripheral territories. Initially designed as tools of restriction, protected areas now go together with decentralisation. Their new goals for local democracy and economic development participate of a globalized evolution of public administration, from « sovereignty » to « governmentality». By comparing French and Brazilian processes of State reforms, this thesis first explores how environmental norm, by imparting a scientific power to the diversity and subsidiarity principles, is prompting a liberal reshuffle in states that were historically centralized. Updating a « self government » myth, the Environment is shaping a new « social contract », in the form of a territorialized moral governance project that strives to counterbalance inequalities through community federation. Secondly, an historical study of large protected areas shows how conservation complements state redeployment. In Amapá and French Guyana, it comes after sovereign function strategies maintained on a distant Amazonia, switching between paternalistic attitude and delegation of authority to local elite groups. On these « abnormal » territories, where natural resources articulate strong financial interests, conservation institutions are trying to reconcile different legitimacies. In bringing together local communities, public officials and economic players, administrators organise spaces of state governance that go along with regional autonomy. These concertation places are aiming to restrain the development of social and political gaps, in creating new mobilities on the territories. Finally, a compared ethnography of role plays, enlistment strategies, and emerging conflicts, shows the securitarian origin of these mechanisms for these central States. Environmental protection justifies a frugal type of governance, by multiplying counter powers and surveillance entrenchments between stakeholders of a common space. When inciting the emergence of a new « civil society » in barely administered back lands, this creates new rivalries and spreads managing rationale of responsibility. If an analysis of subjectification reveals that « adaptable coercion » compel political and economical powers to adjust strategies, it also demonstrates its difficulty to satisfy « state request » originating from local population. Comparability of Guyanese and Amapaense experiences therefore questions the evolution of the « French model », which is each time more dependant of a « proactive citizenship », that only the most privileged parts of the territories can see emerge
Na Amazônia, a conservação da natureza contribui para governar os homens : em nome da biodiversidade, as populações marginalizadas são gerenciadas em territórios periféricos. Inicialmente concebidas enquanto ferramentas de proibição, as áreas protegidas acompanham hoje o processo de descentralização. As novas missões de democracia local e de desenvolvimento econômico participam de uma mesma evolução da administração pública, que vai de uma lógica de “soberania” ao registro da “governamentalidade”.Pela comparação franco-brasileira dos processos de reforma do Estado, a tese mostra em um primeiro momento como a norma ambiental, conferindo força científica aos princípios de diversidade e subsidiariedade, incita a “recomposição liberal” em Estados historicamente centralizados. Atualizando um mito de self-government, o meio ambiente delineia um novo “contrato social” : um projeto de governança moral, territorializada, contrabalançando as desigualdades pela federação comunitária. Num secundo tempo, o estudo histórico de grandes áreas protegidas mostra como a conservação vem apoiando a reforma do Estado. No Amapá, como na Guiana francesa, ela sucede às estratégias de manutenção da soberania sobre uma Amazônia afastada, alternando a tutela paternalista e sua delegação às elites locais. Nesses territórios « anormais », onde as riquezas naturais estruturam fortes interesses econômicos, as instituições de conservação da biodiversidade tentam reconciliar diferentes legitimidades. Reunindo comunidades locais, representantes públicos e atores econômicos, seus gestores animam espaços de governança que acompanham o empoderamento regional. Esses espaços tentam regular o desenvolvimento das disparidades sociais e políticas, estimulando novas mobilidades nos territórios. Enfim, a etnografia comparada dos jogos de atores, das técnicas de governo e dos conflitos emergentes, revela a natureza securitária desses dispositivos colocados em cena pelos Estados centrais. A proteção do meio ambiente justifica um sistema de governo frugal, multiplicando os contrapoderes e o encaixe das vigilâncias entre os atores de um mesmo espaço. Estimulando a emergência de uma “sociedade civil” em áreas sub-administradas, cria-se novas concorrências e difunde-se uma racionalidade gerencial de responsabilização. Se a análise das subjetivações mostra que essas “coerções flexíveis” obrigam as forças político-econômicas a adaptar suas estratégias, revela também a dificuldade desses dispositivos em satisfazer as demandas da população. A comparabilidade das experiências guianensas e amapaenses questiona então a evolução do “modelo Francês”, cada vez mais dependente de uma “cidadania proativa”, que só as partes mais privilegiadas dos territórios veem emergir

Le paludisme est un des maladies vectorielles les plus communes qui est situé principalement dans les régions tropicales. La zone étudiée est la région transfrontière Guyane française-Brésil. Le niveau et la dynamique intra-annuelle de la transmission y sont variables, avec un taux d’incidence qui est relativement élevé dans l’Amérique du Sud. Les facteurs environnementaux, en particulier l'occupation et l'usage du sol, influent significativement sur la présence, la densité et la distribution spatiale des moustiques du genre Anophèles, vecteurs de la maladie. Les données sur l'environnement, la population et les systèmes de santé sont rarement comparables de part et d’autre de la frontière Guyane-Brésil, excluant une vision bilatérale homogène. La télédétection permet de caractériser spatialement l’environnement de manière quasi continue et complète. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser par télédétection des milieux favorables au développement des vecteurs et les interactions hommes-vecteurs pour la zone transfrontalière Guyane-Brésil. Un indicateur spatialisé d’aléa de transmission du paludisme a été développé à l’échelle locale. Il permet de spatialiser la contribution de l'interaction entre milieux forestiers et non-forestiers sur la transmission du paludisme. Ce modèle a été mis en œuvre à l’échelle de la région amazonienne. Cet indice permet de quantifier et d’expliquer l’influence du paysage dans les interrelations homme - vecteurs adultes. L’identification des gîtes larvaires potentiels a été testée à une échelle régionale, à partir de la fusion d’images satellites optiques et radar, afin de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale de zones humides pérennes et de grandes tailles (lacs, rivières, étangs, etc.) et les interfaces avec les milieux urbaines et forestiers. La distribution et la densité des vecteurs sont affectées par les propriétés physiques et chimiques des gîtes larvaires potentiels qui sont liées à la typologie des sols. Un modèle conceptuel de l’évaluation des sols adapté à la zone amazonienne présente que les caractéristiques géomorphologiques (altitude, courbure, etc.) sont indicateurs de l’évolution des sols. Une typologie des sols a été réalisée à l’échelle régionale à partir de données altimétriques et de ce modèle conceptuel. Les méthodologies, les cartes d’occupation et d’usage du sol, les cartes d’aléa du paludisme mises en place dans le cadre de cette thèse seront intégrés à l’Observatoire transfrontalier (Guyane-Brésil) qui est en cours de création. Ce travail de thèse contribue ainsi à l’exploitation des nouvelles connaissances sur le mécanisme de transmission du paludisme qui peuvent être utilisées pour définir les nouvelles stratégies de prévention aux échelles locale et régionale
Malaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales