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Soares Maziero, Maria das Dores. "DAS CONTADORAS DE HISTÓRIAS AO ESCRITOR DE LIVROS PARA A INFÂNCIA: NARRATIVAS DE TRADIÇÃO ORAL NA LITERATURA PARA CRIANÇAS BRASILEIRAS NA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA." DEVIR EDUCAÇÃO 2, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30905/ded.v2i1.61.
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Salgado, Eneida Desiree. "Essay on the constitutional promises of democracy and republic." Revista de Investigações Constitucionais 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rinc.v4i3.54373.
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This essay aims at explaining what the democratic and republican principles declared in the Brazilian Constitution represent – or could represent. First, the work considers the notion of a Constitution and its models, combined with the concept of rule of law. The author goes further and examines the idea of freedom, as it changes depending on the constitutional model followed, be it derived from the French or the American Revolution. Presenting the preoccupations of different experts regarding a constitutional system, the essay compares their arguments before considering the elements of the Brazilian Constitution and its preamble. In this context, it is made clear the influence of Brazilian History in the understanding of the meaning of democracy and republic in the country. Furthermore, concepts such as “individual”, “citizen”, “citizenship”, “government”, “equality”, “communitarianism”, “solidarity”, “common good”, “vote”, among others, are all presented and understood through the lenses of the Brazilian Constitution and constitutional doctrine to build a wide-ranging yet comprehensible notion of democracy and republic in Brazil.
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Koloskova, N. I., E. А. Аlentsov, E. А. Nedostup, and O. S. Ostapovich. "The political structure of the Empire of Brazil according to the Constitution of 1824." ОЙКУМЕНА. РЕГИОНОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ 3 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2020-3/77-84.
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The article is devoted to the Constitution of Brazil of 1824, the first in the history of this country. The political structure of the Brazilian Empire described in the article was based on this Constitution, which was in force from its adoption until the proclamation of the First Brazilian Republic (1889). The article analyzes the tasks that stood at the creation of the Constitution and the main changes made to the state structure of Brazil after the law was initiated. It is emphasized that, although the Imperial Constitution did not solve all the problems in Brazilian society, it was the first to identify the issues to be resolved, and that the monarchy lasted longer in Brazil than successive Republican and dictatorial regimes, including thanks to the basic law of the country in the edition of 1824.
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Avila, Myriam. "BEYOND THE WORLD REPUBLIC OF LETTERS." Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language, Literatures in English and Cultural Studies 71, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2018v71n2p165.
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This paper draws on a research focused on Brazilian literary life in the first half of the 20th century. Taking up the idea that Brazilian culture and Brazilian literature must be approached as a language in itself, it aims to contribute to throw light upon the crucial decades in which Europe’s influence as trendsetter begins to fade. A survey of letters sent from abroad by Brazilian writers to their colleagues in that period will show how displacement influenced their views on literature and life and the depth of their dependence on keeping up dialogue with home-staying literary friends. Most of Brazilian authors living in foreign countries in the 40s and 50s of last century displayed in their letters the need to remain in touch with their national literature, whereas searching to establish contact with writers from the countries they were residing in was seldom a priority.
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de Queiroz, Suely Robles Reis. "Reflections on Brazilian Jacobinism of the First Decade of the Republic (1893-1897)." Americas 48, no. 2 (October 1991): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006823.
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The study of the first decade of the Republic permits one to reflect on the numerous myths that permeate Brazil's history. These myths have served to reduce social conflict and to provide ideological foundations for the holders of power. In particular, examination of the 1890s challenges the commonly accepted notion of the peaceful character of the Brazilian historical process and the myth of consensus. The roots of these traditions, according to Henry Keith, date from the viceregal period. But the republicans were particularly active in reinforcing it by exalting the bloodless character of the change of regime in 1889. “Revolution without blood” the politicians Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada of São Paulo and Karl von Koseritz of Rio Grande do Sul would say. The Correio Mercantil of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul agreed; the country had witnessed a “marvelous political change that Brazil brought about instantaneously without shedding a drop of blood, without firing a single bullet.”
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Massimo, Lucas, and Luiz Domingos Costa. "Enlarging the Playing Field: Political Circulation of Brazilian Senators in the First Republic." Brazilian Political Science Review 9, no. 3 (December 2015): 116–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-38212015000300022.
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Medrado, Joana. "The Indian zebu in Brazilian lands." Historia Agraria. Revista de agricultura e historia rural 75 (June 1, 2018): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.075e05m.
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In this article we will examine the history of Brazilian cattle breeding in the early twentieth century, focusing on the transitional period of intensification of production, when the racial standardization of cattle began to be considered key to industrializing breeding practices. To this end, we consider the initiatives of a group of farmers from the far east of Minas Gerais (Mineiro Triangle), who travelled to Northern India between 1913 and 1917 to acquire bulls and cows of the zebu breed. Retracing the routes of their voyages to India thanks to the diaries and letters between these farmers in Brazil and India, we attempt to understand the role that Indian bovine cattle played in Brazil. The first farmers to make this trip moved in the sphere of the influential elites of the oligarchic Republic that was established in Brazil in 1889. This article argues that these farmers were driven by diverse factors, which could not be reduced to the single issue of an increase in economic productivity. In truth, there were political interests mainly related to the strengthening of personal prestige and the construction of a class character as “innovative cattle farmers” in a context of intra-oligarchic disputes over exerting influence in the Republican state.
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de Carvalho, José Murilo. "The Unfinished Republic." Americas 48, no. 2 (October 1991): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006821.
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The celebration of the centennial of the Brazilian Republic (1889-1989) was marked by a few events of academic or civic nature and no enthusiasm whatsoever. It has been observed that the bicentennial of the French Revolution aroused more interest in the people of Brazil. The reasons for this are not difficult to understand. Two seem to have particular relevance. First, is the recent memory of a military regime (1964-1985) in the minds of the people. The proclamation of the Republic on 15 November 1889 is generally held to be the making of the Brazilian military; it would be somewhat embarrassing to celebrate the actions of yesterday's enemies.The second reason relates to the disappointment felt among the populace with the New Republic—the name given to the civilian government inaugurated in 1985. The New Republic rode in on the crest of huge mass demonstrations, the most impressive ever to take place in the country. These people called for the end of military rule and the direct election of a civilian president. In 1985 a civilian president took over, although not chosen by direct election, and a constituent assembly drafted a new constitution. Freedom of the press was restored and the people lived in great hope that a new era had finally dawned for the nation. Four years later, in 1989, a new constitution was in effect, and the fundamental precepts of a democratic system—the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary branches of government; a free press; multiple political parties; and a politicized populace—were all in place.
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Gomes, Edgar Da Silva. "O Inconstitucional como Modus Operandi: A Expansão da Hierarquia Eclesiástica Durante a Primeira República." REVISTA PLURI 1, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/rpv112018p103-116.
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Durante a Primeira Republica, com o federalismo, a elite eclesiástica começou uma articulação política para ir se reestruturando territorialmente para não perder contato com os poderes locais. Porém algumas questões se colocavam como pauta urgente: qual a política a ser empreendida; quem seriam seus artífices? Como imprimir uma estadualização da administração eclesiástica? Quem financiaria essa expansão? O estado brasileiro teria algum interesse em apoiar a expansão administrativa da Igreja Católica e como faria? De partida estava claro que a igreja não poderia aceitar mais a velha política de “Departamento de Estado”. Afinal os novos tempos colocaram outros desafios a serem superados. Serão estas respostas que pretendemos apontar neste artigo.Palavras-Chave: Igreja Católica, Estado brasileiro, Instituição, Política, República.Abstract:With the Federalism during First Republic, the ecclesiastical elite began a political articulation to get territorially restructured in order not to lose contact with local powers. But some questions were put as urgent agenda: what policy was supposed to be undertaken? Who would be its architects? How to establish a statute of ecclesiastical administration? Who would finance this expansion? Would Brazilian State be interested in supporting the administrative expansion of Catholic Church and how would it do so? At the outset, it was clear that Church could no longer accept the old "State Department" policy. After all, new times were posing other challenges to be overcome. These will be the answers that we intend to point out in this article.Keywords: Catholic Church, Brazilian State, Institution, Politics, Republic.
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RICCI, PAOLO, and JAQUELINE PORTO ZULINI. "‘Beheading’, Rule Manipulation and Fraud: The Approval of Election Results in Brazil, 1894–1930." Journal of Latin American Studies 44, no. 3 (August 2012): 495–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x12000764.
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AbstractStudies of electoral fraud tend to focus their analyses only on the pre-electoral or electoral phases. By examining the Brazilian First Republic (1889–1930), this article shifts the focus to a later phase, discussing a particular type of electoral fraud that has been little explored by the literature, namely, that perpetrated by the legislatures themselves during the process of giving final approval to election results. The Brazilian case is interesting because of a practice known as degola (‘beheading’) whereby electoral results were altered when Congress decided on which deputies to certify as duly elected. This has come to be seen as a widespread and standard practice in this period. However, this article shows that this final phase of rubber-stamping or overturning election results was important not because of the number of degolas, which was actually much lower than the literature would have us believe, but chiefly because of their strategic use during moments of political uncertainty. It argues that the congressional certification of electoral results was deployed as a key tool in ensuring the political stability of the Republican regime in the absence of an electoral court.
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Franklin, Ruben Maciel. "Projetos educacionais para um Brasil-nação: uma reflexão sobre a educação brasileira no processo de transição Império-Primeira República (1850-1930)." Revista de História e Historiografia da Educação 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rhhe.v1i1.44458.
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O presente artigo tem como objetivo delinear, em linhas gerais, a trajetória de organização escolar brasileira entre a segunda metade do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX. Retomamos as diversas ações empreendidas pelo Governo Imperial no intuito de combater a precariedade do sistema educacional, bem como as alternativas levantadas na Primeira República no sentido de atacar o elevado índice de analfabetismo do “grosso” da população. Procuramos, entre os anos 1850 e 1920, discutir as “inovações” que foram sendo introduzidas na educação brasileira, assim como os debates sobre os tipos de disciplinas (castigos físicos e imposições morais) a serem testadas nas escolas. Problematizamos, igualmente, a relação existente entre os novos métodos de alfabetização e o surgimento de um sentimento de nacionalidade.Educational projects for a Brazil-nation: a reflection on the Brazilian education in the transition process of empire-first republic (1850-1930). This article aims to approach, in general, the trajectory of Brazilian educational organization between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. We resumed the various actions taken by the Imperial Government in order to combat the precariousness of the educational system as well as the alternatives raised in the First Republic to attack the high illiteracy rate of “bulk” of the population. We seek, between the years 1850 and 1920, to discuss the “innovations” that have been introduced in Brazilian education, as well as dialogues on the type of discipline (corporal punishment and moral impositions) to be tested in schools, arguing also on the ratio of literacy methods and the emergence of a sense of nationhood. Keywords: Education, Brazil, Imperial Government, First Republic, Literacy.
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Starling, Heloisa Maria Murgel. "Where Only Wind Was Once Sown." Contributions to the History of Concepts 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 152–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/180793207x234789.
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The article traces the reception of different strands of Republicanism in Brazil. French republicanism inspired authors such as Euclides da Cunha in his realization that a true Brazilian republic would only be achieved with the inclusion of its vast interior and its destitute population. But the reception of republicanism in Brazil also drew from Anglo-Saxon sources, which resulted also in an emphasis on the political nature of the community. American republicanism, with its conception of territorial expansion, land possession, and active economic participation added a further dimension to Brazilian republicanism. In particular, Teofilo Otoni's attempt to create a political community in the Mucury Valley was modeled after the ideals of American republicanism. Even if the Brazilian republicanism that emerged from the reception of these strands failed to impose its agenda over the political mainstream, it provided a unifying ideology for the opposition throughout the Second Empire and the First Republic, and still constitutes a source of inspiration for political reform and criticism.
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PERISSINOTTO, RENATO MONSEFF. "State and Coffee Capital in São Paulo's Export Economy (Brazil 1889–1930)." Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x02006582.
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Some recent works on the relationship between coffee interests and the State during the Brazilian ‘First Republic’ (1899–1930) have shown that the relationship between the national State and ‘coffee bourgeoisie’ was not quite as simple as earlier studies had made it seem. However, these analyses seem to assume that, at the regional level, the federalism of the First Republic placed regional political structures under class control. The goal of this article is to show that the ‘instrumentalist’ thesis is not even valid for the State apparatus when considered at the regional level. The article focuses on São Paulo state, seat of the most powerful interests linked to the coffee economy.
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Martins, Adelino. "The actuarial profession and social security in Brazil from the First Republic up to the Vargas Era." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 31, no. 83 (August 2020): 364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201909010.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to understand the relationships between the consolidation of the actuarial profession and social security policies in Brazil, from the First Republic up to the Vargas Era. In general, there is little literature on the history of the actuarial profession in Brazil. Specifically, there is no study that addresses the relationship between the development of the actuarial profession and the social security policies at the crucial moment of Brazilian social security expansion during the Vargas Era. This paper contributes to filling that gap. From time to time, Brazilian social security reforms are debated. The role of actuaries in this discussion is poorly understood. However, these professionals have historically been essential to social security policies. This article sheds light on that history. The text may broaden the knowledge on the history of the actuarial profession and its relationships with social security policies in Brazil. This is a historical study, built based on primary documentation. Sources were researched relating to the actuarial organizations for social security in Brazil and the actuarial professionals who composed their staff. The references to the professional trajectories of actuaries were crossed and considered in light of the information gathered regarding the actions of the institutions that employed them. The analysis was qualitative and the material was interpreted with the support of the referenced bibliography. This article reveals that the consolidation of the actuarial profession came about based on the participation of engineers-actuaries in the public organizations that supported the varguista social security policies. The paper also contributes to broadening the knowledge on the history of the actuarial profession in Brazil from the First Republic up to the Vargas Era (1930-1945).
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Batalha, Claudio. "Revolutionary Syndicalism and Reformism in Rio de Janeiro’s Labour Movement (1906–1920)." International Review of Social History 62, S25 (December 2017): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901700044x.
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AbstractDivided between revolutionary syndicalism and reformist unions, Rio de Janeiro’s labour movement represented one of the most complex local cases during the Brazilian First Republic. This article intends to show how relations between these two currents were far from clear cut, and that, despite the confrontational discourse they adopted and the disputes over labour unions they were involved in, they eventually shared common practices and, to some degree, a common culture.
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GARCIA, EUGENIO V. "Antirevolutionary diplomacy in oligarchic Brazil, 1919–30." Journal of Latin American Studies 36, no. 4 (November 2004): 771–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04008168.
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In the 1920s oligarchic rule in Brazil was perceived to be constantly under threat from ‘revolution’. Domestic developments and the impact of the First World War had brought about major changes in the political arena. In this context, the resources of the Ministry of Foreign Relations (Itamaraty) were systematically used by the Brazilian government as a means to monitor and counteract presumed overseas connections of a ‘revolutionary’ nature. Actions against tenentismo in the Río de la Plata region and diplomatic efforts to oppose the 1930 Revolution, among other issues, are examined in this article in order to provide further understanding of the role played by Brazilian diplomacy in the final years of the Old Republic.
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Levinson, Marc. "Brazil's Fragile Democracy." Worldview 28, no. 6 (June 1985): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0084255900046945.
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The events surrounding the tragic illness and death of President-elect Tancredo Neves have led some observers to ascribe a new political maturity to Brazil. Nevis, the grandfatherly figure who was to become the first civilian president most Brazilians had ever known, never took the oath of office. Instead, it fell to an unlikely and unpredictable politician named José Sarney to break the string of generals who have ruled the country since a bloodless military coup in 1964. During the five weeks of Neves's lingering intestinal ailment, Sarney ruled as acting president with the collaboration of the country's entire political and civilian leadership. Now, without a figure of national unity to rely upon, Sarney—a former head of the military governments's party, who only last summer became a convert to the democratic opposition—holds in his hands the fate of the government that Brazilians have labeled hopefully the New Republic.
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Telles, Tiago Santos, Sonia Carmela Falci Dechen, and Maria de Fátima Guimarães. "Institutional landmarks in Brazilian research on soil erosion: a historical overview." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, no. 6 (December 2013): 1431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000600001.
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The problem of soil erosion in Brazil has been a focus of agricultural scientific research since the 19th century. The aim of this study was to provide a historical overview of the institutional landmarks which gave rise to the first studies in soil erosion and established the foundations of agricultural research in Brazil. The 19th century and beginning of the 20th century saw the founding of a series of institutions in Brazil, such as Botanical Gardens, executive institutions, research institutes, experimental stations, educational institutions of agricultural sciences, as well as the creation and diversification of scientific journals. These entities, each in its own way, served to foster soil erosion research in Brazil. During the Imperial period (1808-1889), discussions focused on soil degradation and conserving the fertility of agricultural land. During the First Republic (1889-1930), with the founding of various educational institutions and consolidation of research on soil degradation conducted by the Agronomic Institute of Campinas in the State of São Paulo, studies focused on soil depletion, identification of the major factors causing soil erosion and the measures necessary to control it. During the New State period (1930-1945), many soil conservation practices were developed and disseminated to combat erosion and field trials were set up, mainly to measure soil and water losses induced by hydric erosion. During the Brazilian New Republic (1945-1964), experiments were conducted throughout Brazil, consolidating soil and water conservation as one of the main areas of Soil Science in Brazil. This was followed by scientific conferences on erosion and the institutionalization of post-graduate studies. During the Military Regime (1964-1985), many research and educational institutions were founded, experimental studies intensified, and coincidently, soil erosion reached alarming levels which led to the development of the no-tillage system.
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Ermel, Tatiane De Freitas. "Cidade e escola: a construção visual do Colégio Elementar Fernando Gomes em Porto Alegre/RS - Brasil (1913-1935)." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 3, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.2016.003.002.015.
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In the context of studies about space and school architecture, this article analyses the visual construction of the Fernando Gomes Elementary School, which was located in downtown Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil between 1913 and 1935. Designed by the engineer Afonso Hébert, head of the Department of Public Works in the State of Rio Grande do Sul/RS, the building was completed in 1922. In addition to functional elements, i.e., a large number of classrooms that would serve to increase the access of children to primary school, its monumental proportions incorporated a series of symbolic elements aligned with the ideals of the First Brazilian Republic (1889–1930). The documentary analysis was performed on the archives of the Directorship of Public Education and the Directorship of Public Works of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as various iconographic sources, capital improvement plans and periodicals of the time. The construction of the school inaugurated a new conception of the space and architecture of public elementary schools in the State, as the visible improvement and sanitation of the cities were considered of great importance in the period. The construction of school buildings was also one of the greatest advertising tools of the new Republican political regime.
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Enslen, Joshua Alma. "Between diplomacy and letters: a sketch of Manuel de Oliveira Lima's search for a Brazilian identity." História (São Paulo) 24, no. 2 (2005): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-90742005000200010.
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Manuel de Oliveira Lima as an important diplomat of the First Republic in Brazil reflects on an individual, national, and universal plane the convergence of politics and literature. His writing demonstrates an explicit attempt to construct a national identity that emanates not only between literature and diplomacy, but also between the personal and the historical, as well as, the foreign and the national. This paper analyzes brief examples of his criticism, personal correspondence, and fiction that demonstrate the convergence of these fields.
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Butler, Kim D. "Up From Slavery: Afro-Brazilian Activism in São Paulo, 1888-1938." Americas 49, no. 2 (October 1992): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006990.
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Throughout the centuries of slavery in the Americas and the Caribbean, Africans and their descendants struggled against a social system that sought to reduce them to chattel. They found that their struggle was to continue, albeit in different forms, long after abolition. In Brazil, emancipation in 1888 was followed the next year by the demise of imperial government and the installation of the First Republic. This created a new political and legal framework for Afro-Brazilians to negotiate positions in society. Racial relations in former slave societies are not the simple result of imposed identities and social spaces by a dominant group upon an oppressed group. They evolve from a dialectical power struggle in which blacks as well as whites affect the outcome.
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RICCI, PAOLO, and JAQUELINE PORTO ZULINI. "The Meaning of Electoral Fraud in Oligarchic Regimes: Lessons from the Brazilian Case (1899–1930)." Journal of Latin American Studies 49, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16001371.
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AbstractWhat are the characteristics of pre-democratic elections? This article seeks to answer this question by analysing the Brazilian First Republic. Through an original assessment of formal complaints filed by defeated candidates in federal elections, we show that (1) political conflicts were intense and electoral fraud was a consequence of parties’ inability to monopolise the administrative machine in charge of conducting elections; (2) elections were organised by state-level parties, but voting practices were confined to local environments; and (3) voters were mobilised collectively, not individually. These three factors should be taken into account in future research on elections before democracy.
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De Oliveira, Cristina Borges. "Childhood and Disability in Brazil: A History of Blindness and Silencing." education policy analysis archives 19 (June 9, 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n16.2011.
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This article is a continuation of research involving inclusive educational policies, conceptions and transmission concerning childhood and the disabled child in Brazilian physical education academic production. The aim is to understand the history of childhood in Brazil, from the colonial period to the Republic and the role of government and civil society in relation to problems in the lives of children, specifically those with disabilities, in the history of Brazilian educational policies. Bibliographic and documentary research methods were used and the conclusion was reached that the history of childhood in Brazil has been marked by abandonment and disrespect. From total anonymity in the first centuries to our days, when the child is recognized as a citizen with rights and obligations, the idea of institutional and social care for children with disabilities has been given mere lip service.
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Assis, Cristina Ferreira de. "A representação dos negros na História do Brasil: narrativas de manuais didáticos na construção nacional e identitária brasileira." Revista Discente Ofícios de Clio 4, no. 6 (December 5, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/clio.v4i6.16388.
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O presente trabalho visa discutir e apresentar os resultados iniciais de uma investigação acerca da representação dos negros nos primeiros manuais didáticos de História do Brasil na Primeira República. Optou-se pelo período compreendido entre 1914 e 1925 em virtude do contexto pós-abolicionista e de introdução das ideias republicanas. A opção pelos manuais se alicerça na observação de que as obras didáticas foram importantes meios de divulgação de valores, assim como não estavam isentas de concepções do período no qual foram elaboradas. Alguns dos resultados da pesquisa revelam um período onde a classe intelectual dominante, especialmente a partir do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, queria extirpar do Brasil toda a lembrança da África que respectivamente se remetia ao período escravocrata.Palavras-chave: manuais de História do Brasil, negros, naçãoAbstractThe present paper aims to discuss and present the initial results of an investigation about the representation of blacks in the first didactic manuals of History of Brazil in the First Republic. The period between 1914 and 1925 was chosen because of the post-abolitionist context and the introduction of republican ideas. The option of the manuals is based on the observation that the didactic materials were important means of disseminating values, as well as were not exempt from conceptions of the period in which they were elaborated. Some of the results of the research reveal a period in which the dominant intellectual class, especially from the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute, wanted to extirpate from Brazil all the remembrance of Africa that was reminiscent from the slave period.Keywords: History of Brazil manuals, blacks, nation.
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Smith Naro, Nancy Priscilla. "Customary Rightholders and Legal Claimants to Land in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1870-1890." Americas 48, no. 4 (April 1992): 485–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006744.
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The transition from slave to free labor in the Americas involved many and varied forms of internal labor and land adjustments which affected slaves, landless farmers, and large scale producers in rural areas. Unlike Haiti and the United States South, the Brazilian process of emancipation was gradual and did not involve violent structural ruptures with the past. The Land Law of 1850, the Law of the Free Womb of 1871 and the 1885 Sexagenarian Law marked fundamental phases in an ongoing process of state participation in the organization of the free labor market, which culminated in Abolition on 13 May 1888, and the onset of the Republic on 15 November of the following year. Current analyses of the late nineteenth century emphasize continuity and define the state as its own agent, embarking on a course of conservative modernization which unfolded during the process of transition from the liberalism of a nineteenth-century empire to the interventionist Republic which was ushered in, in 1889. The planter class, joined with emerging but weak Brazilian industrial and financial sectors and upheld by the military, contributed to an Estado Oligárquico, in Marcelo Carmagnani's terminology, linked by coffee production into the world economy as a flourishing dependent peripheral economy. But the process, which until recently was associated with the coffee export sector and its relation to urbanization and industrialization, has now taken on broader dimensions. A developed domestic economy, composed of a complex and sophisticated internal food supply network, operated alongside the export economy throughout the nineteenth century. Although unstudied from the political perspective of small-scale food producers who were displaced by the coffee economy, the broader issue of food provision could not be dissociated from conservative modernization, the basic issues of which would be carried forth during the course of the First Republic in the form of “Ruralismo.”
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Adde, Tiago Villac, Sérgio de Iudícibus, Álvaro Augusto Ricardino Filho, and Eliseu Martins. "The Double-entry Bookkeeping Committee of 1914 and the Brazilian Public Accounting System." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 25, spe (December 2014): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201412030.
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The history of Brazilian accounting has not been explored at length. Through a historical survey, this article presents the history of the Double-entry Bookkeeping Committee of 1914. After the Proclamation of the Republic was announced in 1889, the government started to expand its administrative bodies, necessitating the introduction of a bureaucracy able to perform new functions. In the same period, Brazil experienced a strong economic development with the development of its coffee industry. In 1905, under the leadership of Carlos de Carvalho, São Paulo State Treasury bookkeeping tasks were introduced under a double-entry bookkeeping system and through accrual and financial accounting. Double-entry bookkeeping practices in the federal public accounting system, although enshrined in law since 1808, were only fully realized after the creation of the Double-entry Bookkeeping Committee in 1914. In that same year, due to the negotiation of a second funding loan, English creditor bank auditors requested a balance of the National Treasury from the Minister of Finance Rivadávia Corrêa. Because the balance had not been prepared in eight years, the Double-entry Bookkeeping Committee was established in June of 1914, and this body completed a technical audit of Revenues and Expenditures. The committee also conducted the state administration's first Asset and Liability audit since the colonial era. The Double-entry Bookkeeping Committee of 1914 spearheaded changes to the Brazilian public accounting system, including the creation of the Public Accounting Code in 1922 and the approval of Central Accounting Office of the Republic regulation in 1924, strengthening and ascribing perpetuity to practices adopted after 1914.
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Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Liberal Embraces Monarchy: Joaquim Nabuco and Conservative Historiography." Americas 48, no. 2 (October 1991): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006822.
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Joaquim Nabuco (1849-1910) is known to most students of Brazilian history as an abolitionist, a member of the Second Reign's Liberal opposition and, perhaps, as the first Brazilian ambassador to the United States. Some of us, however, note that Nabuco was also an important spokesman for the monarchist reaction against the early Republic and an outstanding historian and apologist for the Monarchy. He thus suggests something of both the range, contradictions, and limits of elite political thought in the latter half of the nineteenth century.This presentation will attempt to go beyond the commonplace solution to the apparent contradiction in Nabuco—his liberal monarchism—to suggest the nature of his socio-political assumptions as they evolved from his more radical youth to his rather conservative maturity. It will also attempt, as an integral part of this, to identify Nabuco's role in clarifying and promoting elite conservative social thought through the use and interpretation of Brazil's national history.
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TAVARES, ANDRÉ LUIZ CRUZ. "Aspectos da representação de Marco Túlio Cícero nos compêndios de História Universal do Ensino Secundário na Primeira República Brasileira (1889-1930) * Aspects of the representation of Marcus Tullius Cicero in textbooks on Universal History of the Second." História e Cultura 1, no. 1 (April 2, 2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18223/hiscult.v1i1.553.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">O artigo tem como objetivo o estudo das origens e das características da representação de Marco Túlio Cícero (106-43 a.C.) nos compêndios de História Universal utilizados no Ensino Secundário durante a Primeira República do Brasil (1888-1930), bem como a utilização dessa representação na construção identitária nacional republicana brasileira no início do século XX.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span><strong><span style="font-family: ">Palavras-chave:</span></strong></span><span><span style="font-family: "> Cícero – República – Brasil.</span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-family: ">Abstract:</span></strong></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "> </span></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: " lang="EN-US">This paper aims to study the origins and characteristics of the representation of Marcus Tullius Cicero (103-46 BC) in textbooks on Universal History used in Secondary Education during the First Republic of Brazil (1889-1930), as well as use of this representation in the Brazilian republican national identity construction in early twentieth century.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span><strong><span style="font-family: " lang="EN-US">Keywords:</span></strong></span><span><span style="font-family: " lang="EN-US"> Cicero – Republic – Brazil.</span></span></p>
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Vergara, Moema de Rezende. "The Popularization of Science and the Idea of Territory in the Brazilian First Republic: the José Veríssimo phase of the Revista Brasileira (1895-1900)." Almagest 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.alma.3.24.
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Oliveira, Loraine Lopes de, and Vera Lúcia Martiniak. "Ordem e Progresso: Augusto Comte e as influências do Positivismo na educação das mulheres na Primeira República brasileira." Revista Educação e Emancipação 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v11n1p232-253.
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O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão acerca da influência do Positivismo na educação das mulheres no contexto da Primeira República brasileira (1889-1930), também chamada de República Velha. Faz-se uma breve abordagem inicial a respeito de Augusto Comte e o surgimento da filosofia positivista e posteriormente se discorre sobre a influência do Positivismo na educação das mulheres, a qual era vista como um elemento chave para a concretização da nova sociedade que se projetava, para o progresso e a modernização. A pesquisa tem caráter bibliográfico e fundamenta-se nos pressupostos teóricos do materialismo histórico-dialético, que busca compreender os fenômenos sociais e históricos a partir da existência material dos homens. A discussão prioriza a relação da educação com os fatores econômicos, políticos e sociais, já que se compreende que o objeto de pesquisa não pode ser entendido como uma situação isolada de seu contexto histórico.Palavras-chave: Positivismo. Primeira República Brasileira. Educação das mulheres. Order and Progress: Augusto Comte and the influences of Positivism in the education of women in the First Brazilian RepublicABSTRACTThe present article aims to present a reflection on the influence of positivism in the education of women in the context of the First Brazilian Republic (1889-1930), also called the Old Republic. A brief initial approach is given to Augusto Comte and the emergence of the positivist philosophy and later it talks about the influence of positivism in the education of women, a qualitative perspective as a key element for a concretization of the new society which was projected, for progress and modernization. The research has a bibliographic character and is based on the theoretical assumptions of historical-dialectical materialism, which seeks social and historical phenomena from the material reality of men. The discussion prioritizes the relationship of studies with economic, political and social factors, which encompass the object of research can’t be understood as a situation isolated from its historical context.Keywords: Positivism. First Brazilian Republic. Education of women. Orden y Progreso: Augusto Comte y las influencias del Positivismo en la educación de las mujeres en la primera república brasileñaRESUMENEl presente artículo tiene como objetivo exponer una reflexión acerca de la influencia del Positivismo en la educación de las mujeres en el contexto de la Primera República Brasileña (1889-1930), también denominada de República Vieja. Se hace un breve abordaje inicial a respecto de Augusto Comte y el surgimiento de la filosofía positivista y posteriormente se discurre sobre la influencia del Positivismo en la educación de las mujeres, la cual se veía como un elemento clave para la concretización de la nueva sociedad que se proyectaba hacia el progreso y la modernización. La investigación tiene carácter bibliográfico y se fundamenta en los supuestos teóricos del materialismo histórico-dialéctico, que busca comprender los fenómenos sociales e históricos a partir de la existencia material de los hombres. La discusión prioriza la relación de la educación con los factores económicos, políticos y sociales, ya que se comprende que el objeto de la investigación no puede ser entendido como una situación distante de su contexto histórico.Palabras-clave: Positivismo. Primera República Brasileña. Educación de las mujeres
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Grinover, Ada Pellegrini, and Grasielly Spínola. "THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 2, no. 2 (May 26, 2018): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.v2i2.34381.
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The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.
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Grinover, Ada Pellegrini, and Grasielly Spínola. "THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 2, no. 2 (May 26, 2018): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.v2i2.p15-32.
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The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.
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Grinover, Ada Pellegrini, and Grasielly Spínola. "THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 2, no. 2 (October 8, 2014): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.y2.n2.p15-32.
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The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.
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Grinover, Ada Pellegrini, and Grasielly Spínola. "THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 2, no. 2 (May 26, 2018): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.y2n2.p15-32.
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The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.
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Moraes, Francilaine, and Carolina Souza. "Brasil e Portugal: o antagonismo na construção da identidade nacional durante a Primeira República." Pauta Geral - Estudos em Jornalismo 7 (2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/revistapautageral.v.7.16324.708.
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The purpose of this article is to reflect on the identity separation between Brazil and Portugal, and its implications for collective memory, in the process of building the national narrative during the First Republic (1889-1930). The bias of this work places the phenomenon in the space of confluence between journalism and Brazilian history. The analytical cut comprises twelve editions of the magazine “Brazilea” in 1917, studied based on the narrative conception of Ricoeur (1994) and the constructs about memory (Halbwachs, 1990; Pollak, 1992; Catroga, 2016). As a result, the survey revealed: animosity towards Portuguese immigrants; contempt for the Portuguese legacy, considered “vicious”, and an attempt to banish the national ties between countries from the national narrative. The study found signs of antagonism and intolerance, which suggest xenophobic traces against the Portuguese, a kind of lusophobia.
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Ramos, Paulo César, and Ana Maura Tomesani. "Racism and Black Activism in Brazil: a Literary and Historical Review." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 8, no. 1-2 (December 19, 2019): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v8i1-2.106209.
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This article intends to present a review on the history and literature of racism and black activism in Brazil. It is divided into two parts: the first is focused on the way concepts such as racism and anti-racism were explored in Brazilian academia, the emergence of the racial democracy thesis and its critics, and academic militance. The second follows the development of black activism in Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic (1889) until today, including two periods of authoritarian government. Where literature in the field suggests there were three phases of black activism in Brazil, we propose a fourth phase for the current period (2000’s onwards). The guiding idea of this division is that academic and street activism were developed side by side – findings in academia were reflected in the flags defended by activists, and the latter became public policy.
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da Silva, Simone Rodrigues, and Maria D'Alva Kinzo. "Politics in Brazil: Cardoso’s Government and the 1998 Re‐election." Government and Opposition 34, no. 2 (April 1999): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00480.x.
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LAST YEAR, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN BRAZILIAN POLITICAL HISTORY, an election for the presidency of the Republic took place which permitted the current president to run for a second term. Although a practice widely adopted in the democratic world, re-election of a head of government was not authorized by the constitutions of all Latin American countries. This was due largely to its being perceived negatively, as a means of perpetuation in power – as a synonym for dictatorship. Only recently was it established in Peru, in Argentina and, last year, in Brazil, giving Messrs Fujimori, Menem and Cardoso a chance to run for and win a second term in office in their respective countries. In Brazil, the opposition accused the president in office of trying to maintain himself in power. However, the change resulted from congressional approval, in accordance with the constitution. Moreover, after having passed its first test last year, the re-election is already part of the established framework and taken as a fact of reality.
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Russo, Jane A. "Brazilian Psychiatrists and Psychoanalysis at the Beginning of the 20th Century: A Quest for National Identity." Psychoanalysis and History 14, no. 2 (July 2012): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2012.0114.
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Despite its late institutionalization, psychoanalytic theory began to spread in Brazil in the early 20th century. One path of dissemination was through the works and lectures of the most eminent psychiatrists of those days. These important figures in the Brazilian intellectual scene made a peculiar use of the Freudian doctrine, giving it strong pedagogical and hygienic overtones. In this article, I point out the relationship between this mode of interpreting psychoanalysis and the effort made by intellectuals of the First Republic in the construction of a ‘civilizing’ project for the nation. Racial miscegenation, regarded by deterministic theories of the time as incompatible with civilization, was considered one of the main impediments to this project. According to the intellectuals of those days, the problem of miscegenation was rooted in two fundamental characteristics of the Brazilian people: primitivism and an excessive sexual drive. I argue that psychoanalytic theory, through its concept of a broad and pervasive sexuality, on the one hand, and the possibility of its sublimation, on the other, provided a way out of this aporia. In order to support my argument, I use the work of Júlio Porto-Carrero, one of the most prominent promoters of psychoanalysis in the medical milieu of the1920s and 1930s.
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Alves, Laura Maria Silva Araújo. "A POLÍTICA DE CARIDADE, ASSISTÊNCIA E PROTEÇÃO À INFÂNCIA DESVALIDA EM BELÉM DO PARÁ: DO IMPÉRIO À REPÚBLICA." @rquivo Brasileiro de Educação 3, no. 6 (September 12, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-7344.2015v3n6p34.
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<p>O objetivo deste artigo é trazer a lume a política de caridade, assistência e proteção à infância desvalida em Belém do Pará, do período que se estende do Império à República. No século XIX, a infância deveria ser assistida na capital do Pará em decorrência da política idealizada e implementada pela elite paraense. Assim, a infância que precisava ser assistida era designada de “órfã” e “exposta”. A primeira, dizia respeito, também, à criança que tinha perdido um dos pais, e a segunda, chamada, também, “enjeitada” ou “desvalida”, correspondia à criança que alguém não quis cuidar ou receber. Este artigo está divido em três partes. Na primeira, situo a cidade de Belém do Pará, em termos políticos, econômicos e sociais, no cenário do Brasil República, em interface com a infância. Na segunda parte, destaco as políticas assistenciais e filantrópicas no atendimento à infância no Pará e o ideário higienista. E, por fim, na terceira, trago à cena algumas instituições que foram criadas em Belém do Pará, no período do Império à República, para abrigar a criança órfã e desvalida.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The objective of this article is to bring to light the charity, assistance and protection policy for disfavored childhood in Belém-PA, from the period of the Empire to the Brazilian Republic. In the 19th century, children should be assisted in the capital of the state of Pará as a result of the political idealization implemented by this state’s elite. Therefore, the ones who needed to be assisted were designated as “orphans” or “exposed”. The former ones, not exclusively, were the children who had lost one of their parents; the latter ones, also referred to as “rejected” or “disfavored”, corresponded to the children none would look after or welcome. This article is divided into three parts. In the first, the city of Belém is situated in political, economic and social terms, interfaced with childhood, in the scenario of the Brazilian Republic. In the second, the assistance and philanthropic policies for childhood care, as well as the hygienist ideas, are highlighted. Finally, institutions created to shelter orphan and disfavored children in Belém, from the period of the Empire to the Republic, are brought to centre stage.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Grão Pará. Childhood. Disfavored Children. Hygienism. Welfarism. Philantropy.</p>
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el-Dahdah, Farès. "The Dislocation of Brazil’s Capital: a Long-Standing Project." Brasilis, no. 43 (2010): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/43.a.nbsa4dnd.
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Dislocating the capital to Brazil’s interior highlands is a long standing project in the country’s history. The project was first linked to the transfer of the royal court from Lisbon to the Portuguese America, where a metropolis would be established in what until then had been a colonial purveyor of goods. Until 1953, the quest for a worthy capital involved many factors such as the establishment of a Portuguese empire in the Americas, Portugal’s repudiation of an Ancien Régime monarchy in the South Atlantic, the formation of a counter hegemony in a former colony, or the construction of a unified, republican, and modern Brazilian nation. As Lúcio Costa - the architect of the final iteration of Brazil’s new capital - once put it: “it was a century-old purpose, always postponed.”
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Ferreira, Rafael Rodrigo. "O Jornalismo de Sylvio Floreal em A Coragem de Amar: Texto, Contexto e Pretextos." Cadernos de Literatura Comparada, no. 44 (2021): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/2183-2242/cad44a12.
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The moment referred to as the First Republic (1889-1930) by the brazilian political periodization marked, as is known, in a transversal way the professionalization process of the writers, as well as the literary sphere in general. Journalism, in turn, when making way as an economic instance, making news, often incorporated by literature, an object of consumption, becomes, not without contradictions, one of the most important tools for the autonomous exercise of creative writing. It is from this context that we approach the trajectory of the writer, from Santos, Sylvio Floreal, pseudonym of Domingos Alexandre (1893-1928), to whom the struggle to occupy a place in letters in a metropolis that industrializes quickly, amid convulsions of different orders, as is seen in the city of São Paulo, becomes decisive, to the point of gaining space and treatment in its production. In addition, under the continuity between journalism, capitalism and literature, the novel A Coragem de Amar, published in 1924 and reedited in 1925, will be examined in dialogue with the speeches about modernity of the time, which were manifested in a complex way and determinant for our cultural history, echoing to the present day.
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Buruchara, R. A., M. A. Pastor-Corrales, and U. Scheidegger. "Fusarium Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli on a Common Bean Cultivar, G 2333, in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo." Plant Disease 83, no. 4 (April 1999): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.397c.
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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important source of dietary protein for poor resource families in Rwanda and the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). During the second season of 1990, symptoms consisting of chlorosis, premature defoliation, stunting, wilting, and vascular discoloration were observed for the first time on an improved popular climbing bean cultivar, G 2333, in the prefectures of Butare and Gikongoro, in southwest Rwanda. Between 1991 and 1994, surveys to determine disease occurrence were conducted in the two prefectures and in Kigali North, Gitarama, Cyangugu, and Kibuye in Rwanda, and in the south Kivu region of the DRC. Aseptic isolation from diseased plant samples yielded the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. Pathogenicity tests on G 2333 seedlings by the root-dip inoculation method resulted in symptoms similar to those observed in the field, and recovery of the fungus, fulfilling Koch's postulate. Control seedlings gave no symptoms. Disease incidence was 44 and 53% in Butare and Gikongoro, respectively, during the first season of 1991 and 50 and 70% in the second season, while crop loss in some fields was as high as 100%. Between 1992 and 1994 the disease was also observed in the four other prefectures in Rwanda, and in south Kivu. Climbing bean cultivars Gisenyi-2-bis, G 865, Flora de Mayo, and Puebla 444 Criollo, and several bush local varietal mixtures grown where the disease occurred, were unaffected. CIAT bean Fusarium wilt differentials IPA 1, RIZ 30, A 211, Mortiño, Diacol Calima, BAT 477, HF 465-63-1, and Ecuador 650, and lines A 300 and XAN 112, were inoculated with three isolates (FOP-RW1, FOP-RW2, FOP-RW3) from Rwanda. Only IPA 1, RIZ 30, and A 211 were susceptible, indicating the isolates' likeness to the Brazilian race (1). This was the first report of Fusarium wilt disease on G 2333 in the two countries despite the cultivar having been grown for about 5 years. Reference: (1) R. L. D. Ribeiro and D. J. Hagedorn. Phytopathology 69:272, 1979.
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Pereira, Gabriel Terra. "A política externa brasileira na visão de Hélio Lobo (1908-1960) / Brazilian foreign policy in the view of Helio Lobo (1908-1920)." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 3, no. 2 (July 21, 2014): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2014.v3n2.p227-256.
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No contexto de republicanização das instituições e dos agentes políticos do Brasil no final do século XIX e início do século XX, a diplomacia brasileira, capitaneada pelas reformas empreendidas na gestão de Rio Branco, intensificou o processo de americanização, representada pela aproximação progressiva aos países do continente, notadamente os Estados Unidos. Hélio Lobo (1883-1960), cooptado pelo chanceler na esteira de renovação dos quadros do Itamaraty, foi um expoente dessa política de americanização se destacando ao elaborar obras de caráter histórico, focando-se nas ações da diplomacia brasileira na América do Sul no século XIX. A dedicação a essa carreira possibilitou-lhe o reconhecimento necessário para ingressar no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB), de onde pode publicar novos estudos focados na política externa do Brasil, solidificando seu comprometimento com a diplomacia das oligarquias característica da Primeira República. Observam-se em sua trajetória alguns pontos relevantes que permitem delinear sua visão de mundo, a saber: a referência constante ao Direito como elemento legitimador da negociação diplomática - postura vista nas obras sobre a história diplomática brasileira - e a utilização do passado diplomático brasileiro como instrumento de validação das ações presentes. Para o cumprimento da pesquisa foram analisados relatórios ministeriais, correspondência pessoal e diplomática de Hélio Lobo, bem como suas obras produzidas no período em questão e bibliografia selecionada. Abstract: In the context of republicanization of the institutions and political actors in Brazil in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Brazilian diplomacy, captained by reforms in the management of Rio Branco, intensified the process of Americanization, represented by the gradual approximation to the countries of continent, notably the United States. Hélio Lobo (1883-1960) , co-opted by the chancellor in the wake of renovation of the tables in the Foreign Ministry, was an exponent of this Americanization policy highlighting the elaborate works of historical character , focusing on the actions of Brazilian diplomacy in South America in the century XIX. The dedication to this career enabled him recognition necessary to join the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute (IHGB), where you can publish new studies focused on the foreign policy of Brazil. Solidifying their commitment to diplomacy characteristic oligarchies of the First Republic. Are observed in its path some relevant points that enable outline their worldview, namely the constant reference to the law as legitimizing element of diplomatic negotiation - posture seen in the works of the Brazilian diplomatic history - and use the past as Brazilian diplomatic instrument validation of the shares present To fulfill the research ministerial reports, personnel and diplomatic correspondence Hélio Lobo and his works produced in the period in question were analyzed and selected bibliography.
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Santos, Ademir Valdir dos. "Education and faith: Luther ideas, German immigration to Brazil and the community-organized schools (19th-20th centuries)." Perspectiva 37, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 1040–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-795x.2019.e53832.
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The research aims to analyze, based on the relations between German immigration, Lutheranism and the process of creation of schools, the historical incorporation of ideas on education of Luther and its influence in the south of Brazil, in a period between the second decade of century XIX and the first decades of the twentieth century. The methodology is characterized by documentary research with the use of sources referring to the creation of schools, discussed based on a bibliographic reference that includes Luther texts and studies that deal with the links between religion and schooling. The results highlight the importance attributed to the school by Luther, understanding him as a religious reformer of Education. They show that the creation of schools by groups of German Lutheran immigrants in the Brazilian South is justified by their foundation in Lutheran conceptions. The schools were created so that children and young people could have access to religious principles and overcome the difficulties of living in a cultural environment different from that of the regions of origin. These reasons were reinforced by the absence of primary schools maintained by the government, either in the Empire period or in the first decades of the Republic. It is concluded that community schools founded on the colonies meant responses to the divine call to act in human education in harmony with faith, being understood as a result of Lutheran inspiration.
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Mesquita, Afrânio Rubens de. "A HISTORIC SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON SEA LEVEL IN BRAZIL." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 5 (December 1, 2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i5.390.
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ABSTRACT. This is, perhaps, the first attempt to outline the history of the scientific knowledge of Sea Level and its variations in Brazil from its very beginning in 1500 to present days the beginning of the XXI century. Sea level measurements and tidal current reports from the local inhabitants are very much mixed up with an apparent unawareness of the phenomenon, from the first Portuguese reports on the new land. First long term measurements of sea level were taken in 1831, during the first Brazilian Kingdom, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, to determine local data for the mean sea level. It was only in the beginning of the XX century, after the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889 that the first publications reporting the scientific method to study sea level were published. Sea level values were then predicted by the National Observatory (ON) using a Kelvin predictor machine of sea level and were published the Tide Tables by the Directory of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN) of the Brazilian Navy. After the creation of the University of S˜ao Paulo (USP), 1934, the measurements and scientific method were solidly accepted for sea level studies. After an introduction with a general description of the sea level knowledge in the global context of the time, the sea level during colonial Brazil, the first sea level records, the measurements during the first Kingdom and Republic, the first scientific works by the researchers of the ON, by the DHN and from the USP are discussed.Keywords: scientific history of sea level, Brazil from 1500 to 2000, Brazilian coast, National Observatory, Directory of Hydrography and Navigation, University of São Paulo. RESUMO. Esta é, talvez, a primeira vez que se faz um esforço no sentido de descrever a História Científica do nível do mar e suas variações no Brasil, desde o seu começo, em abril de 1500, até os dias presentes, no início do século XXI. Há, aparentemente, falta de documentação entre os anos 1500 a 1700, durante o período colonial. Documentos oficiais portugueses originários da Coroa, sobre o assunto, somente apareceram no começo do século XVIII. As primeiras medições do nível do mar foram tomadas em 1781, ainda um pouco antes do Primeiro Império, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Medições com o objetivo de se referir a um RN local para a transferência do nível médio do mar foram feitas durante o ano de 1831 no porto da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Durante o Segundo Império sugiram os regulamentos a respeito da propriedade particular e da Coroa Portuguesa. Foi somente no comec¸o do século XX, entretanto, depois da proclamação da República do Brasil em 1889, que ocorreram as primeiras publicações relevantes relacionadas ao método científico aplicado ao estudo do nível do mar. Valores do nível do mar eram então previstos pelo Observatório Nacional (ON), através de uma máquina de Kelvin e publicadas as Tábuas de previsão pela Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação (DHN) da Marinha do Brasil. Após a criação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) em 1934, a medida e o método científico foram solidamente aceitos nos estudos do nível do mar. Nesta súmula, são historiados o conhecimento do nível do mar do Brasil colônia, os primeiros registros de nível do mar, as medições realizadas no primeiro Império e durante a República, os primeiros trabalhos científicos realizados no ON, na DHN e na USP.Palavras-chave: história científica do nível do mar, Brasil de 1500 a 2000, costa brasileira, Observatório Nacional, Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação, Universidade de São Paulo.
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Mizubuti, Satiê. "Sobre a Formação da Mão de Obra Industrial no Brasil e a Imigração Estrangeira - 1890-1930." GEOgraphia 3, no. 5 (September 21, 2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geographia2001.35.a13399.
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Resumo A formação da mão-de-obra no Brasil no decorrer da Primeira República (1890-1930) se fez de forma acelerada e em dois campos simultaneamente no rural e no urbano. No rural, pelo aquecimento da demanda internacional pelo café brasileiro, e, no urbano, pelo início da industrialização, principalmente, nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Tanto nas atividades agrícolas, como nas industriais, a presença e a participação do imigrante estrangeiro foram hegemônicas e decisivas. É preciso considerar que a abolição da escravatura havia ocorrido em 1888, criando um esvaziamento do mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Palavras chave: imigração estrangeira; cafeicultura, industrialização; sindicalismo; relações de trabalho.Resumo Labor formation in Brazil took an accelerated rhythmus during the First Republic (1890-1930) in two fields simultaneously: rural and urban. In the rural sector it was due to an increase in international demand for Brazilian coffee. In the urban areas, meanwhile, the beginning of industrialization, specially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, was the main cause. Not only in the agricultural activities. but also in the industries, the presence and participation of foreign immigrants were decisive. The abolition os slavery in 1888 must be considered as part of this context, as it changed the labour market. Keywords: foreign immigration; coffee growing; industrialization; trade unionism; work relations.
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Mizubuti, Satiê. "Sobre a Formação da Mão de Obra Industrial no Brasil e a Imigração Estrangeira - 1890-1930." GEOgraphia 3, no. 5 (September 21, 2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geographia2001.v3i5.a13399.
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Resumo A formação da mão-de-obra no Brasil no decorrer da Primeira República (1890-1930) se fez de forma acelerada e em dois campos simultaneamente no rural e no urbano. No rural, pelo aquecimento da demanda internacional pelo café brasileiro, e, no urbano, pelo início da industrialização, principalmente, nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Tanto nas atividades agrícolas, como nas industriais, a presença e a participação do imigrante estrangeiro foram hegemônicas e decisivas. É preciso considerar que a abolição da escravatura havia ocorrido em 1888, criando um esvaziamento do mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Palavras chave: imigração estrangeira; cafeicultura, industrialização; sindicalismo; relações de trabalho.Resumo Labor formation in Brazil took an accelerated rhythmus during the First Republic (1890-1930) in two fields simultaneously: rural and urban. In the rural sector it was due to an increase in international demand for Brazilian coffee. In the urban areas, meanwhile, the beginning of industrialization, specially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, was the main cause. Not only in the agricultural activities. but also in the industries, the presence and participation of foreign immigrants were decisive. The abolition os slavery in 1888 must be considered as part of this context, as it changed the labour market. Keywords: foreign immigration; coffee growing; industrialization; trade unionism; work relations.
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Castellanos Brieva, Jan Paul. "Política lingüística del portugués en Brasil: del colonialismo al siglo XXI." Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, no. 21 (June 17, 2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/0121053x.493.
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La política lingüística del portugués en Brasil ha pasado por distintas etapas en la historia y ha determinado el proceso de consolidación de la nación brasileña. En este artículo revisaré históricamente, por medio de una revisión bibliográfica, la política lingüística del portugués en Brasil desde el colonialismo hasta el proceso de expansión de la lengua a nivel internacional en el siglo XXI. Las razones que consolidaron y posicionaron el portugués en Brasil son: primero, la lengua portuguesa apoyó la construcción de la nación durante la colonia, la independencia y los inicios de la república en detrimento de las lenguas indígenas y africanas. Segundo, el portugués brasileño se consolidó como una variedad distinta a la del portugués de Portugal a partir de nacionalismo emergente, que luego se problematizó en la escogencia de la variedad culta. Por último, en el marco de la globalización se crearon dos instituciones supranacionales que fomentan la lengua portuguesa y favorecen los procesos de expansión de la lengua a nivel internacional.Palabras clave: política lingüística, colonialismo, independencia, globalización, lengua portuguesa.AbstractPortuguese linguistic policy in Brazil has passed through different stages in history and has determined the consolidation process of the Brazilian nation. By means of a bibliographic revision, this article will make a historical overview of Portuguese linguistic policy in Brazil from colonialism to the expansion process of the language at an international level in the XXI century. The reasons that have consolidated and positioned Portuguese in Brazil are: first, the Portuguese language supported the construction of the nation during colonial times, Independence and the beginnings of the Republic, in detriment of indigenous and African languages. In the second place, Brazilian Portuguese established itself as a variety distinct from the Portuguese of Portugal rooted in the emerging nationalism, which was then to become problematic in the definition of its culturedvariety. Finally, in the context of globalization, two supranational institutions have been created to promote the Portuguese language and benefit the processes of worldwide language expansion.Key words: portuguese, linguistic policy, nation, Brazil, globalization.
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Peretti, Clélia, and Karen Freme Duarte Sturzenegger. "A contribuição da igreja Católica na trajetória feminina na política brasileira: Da Primeira República à Contemporaneidade." Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira 78, no. 310 (February 5, 2019): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.29386/reb.v78i310.783.
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O artigo em questão, trata da trajetória do posicionamento da mulher na história política brasileira, que se inicia, mesmo que de forma tímida, no período da Primeira República e vai até a contemporaneidade. Para isso, o artigo discorrerá sobre o papel da mulher na sociedade, o processo de emancipação feminina, suas conquistas, desafios e trajetória no mundo ocidental e no Brasil, destacando a contribuição da Igreja católica para estimular a inserção da mulher no espaço público. Tudo isso, para pleitear, sim, a necessidade de espaço público mais justo e solidário, com respeito e equanimidade, sem preconceitos e cerceamento para todos os cidadãos, mas, de forma especial, para as mulheres.Abstract: The article in question deals with the trajectory of the position of women in Brazilian political history that begins, even if in a timid manner, in the period of the First Republic and goes to contemporaneity. For this, the article will discuss the role of women in society, the process of women’s emancipation, their achievements, challenges, trajectory, in the Western world and in Brazil. The article will also mention the contribution of the Catholic Church to encourage the insertion of women in public space. It will also reflect on the growing need for a fairer and more solidary space for all citizens, especially for women, where there are no prejudices and constraints, but respect and equanimity.Keywords: Female emancipation; Women’s rights; Women’s public and private space; Catholic Church.
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Santos, José Antônio dos. "LIMA BARRETO: APONTAMENTOS SOBRE FOOTBALL E PROTAGONISMO NEGRO NO BRASIL." Revista Prâksis 1 (February 15, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rpr.v1i0.1739.
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O artigo acompanha, por meio das crônicas de Lima Barreto, alguns argumentos contrários à entrada do futebol no Brasil nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Como escritor reconhecido na época, ele usou de sua influência pública para refletir sobre as “modernidades” que chegavam da Europa, dentre elas, o football, também para criticar as hierarquias sociais e o racismo que se reproduziam por meio da prática e do desenvolvimento do novo esporte. No caso, vou tratar dos questionamentos ao ingresso do futebol e sua influência na definição de um lugar destinado às mulheres e aos negros na nossa sociedade. O protagonismo negro no futebol entra em cena quando, em 1921, o Presidente da República, se pronuncia contra a participação dos jogadores negros no selecionado brasileiro.Palavras-chave: Futebol. Protagonismo. Negros. Lima Barreto.AbstractThe article accompanies, through the chronicles of Lima Barreto, some arguments against the entry of football in Brazil in the first decades of the twentieth century. As a recognized writer at the time, he used his public influence to reflect on the “modernities” that came from Europe, including football, also to criticize the social hierarchies and racism that were reproduced through the practice and development of the new sport . In this case, I will address questions about the entry of football and its influence on the definition of a place for women and blacks in our society. The black protagonism in football comes into play when, in 1921, the President of the Republic, pronounces against the participation of black players in the Brazilian national team.Keywords: Coccer. Protagonism. Blacks. Lima Barreto.