Academic literature on the topic 'Brazilian Atlases'

This article brings together recent onomastic investigations developed in Brazil between 2011 and 2018. In the field of toponomastics there is some degree of uniformity resulting from both the use of the same research paradigm and the development of projects dedicated to the production of toponymic atlases in several regions of the country. In the field of an-throponomastics, however, there is dispersion and fragmentation of anthroponymic studies due to non-affiliation with the field by some sociolinguistics and literature researchers The comparison between research papers in this review and a number of onomastic studies in Europe reveals that the socio-onomastic field is an emerging one in both Brazil and Europe. There are investigations that relate the studies of linguistic settings to toponymic studies and socio-anthroponomastic investigations based on data collection in written documents or data generation through field investigations. The existence of comparative anthroponomastic re-search and studies dealing with theory, methodology and literature review in the field of an-throponomastics can be observed. Studies about Brazilian indigenous onomastics and sec-ondary non-official personal names used by Brazilian city councilors has been found just in Brazil in the literature review presented in this paper.

Biodiversity informatics (BI) plays an important role in helping us know, protect and use biodiversity sustainably. It encompasses activities from data digitization, standardization, sharing and aggregation, to supporting decision and policy making. In a country like Brazil, with a large continental geographic area containing ca. 15% of the planet’s biodiversity, the challenge is even greater: stakeholders are widely distributed over a large country and the amount of data is huge. Brazil has been a part of the international BI community, including Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), for around two decades. Initially represented solely by the Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental (CRIA), gradually other groups from universities, museums and institutions joined the arena. Despite the broader group of stakeholders now involved, the local community is not strong enough. From a human resources point of view, the country has very good universities that train competent professionals both in information technology (IT) and in biology or related fields. Concerning the IT professionals, not surprisingly, other industries and job opportunities are usually more attractive and few people even know about BI. This is probably not unique to Brazil. Biological sciences professionals, for their part, usually have little literacy in computing and are equally unaware of BI as a field. On the institutional level, museums, universities and other biological data owners often lack IT support for biological data management, including digitization, and systems development/maintenance. This may reflect the lack of appreciation of the importance of data and of BI as a foundation for good biodiversity science and management. The same happens when it comes to funding. Biological collections are not adequately funded and lack more than a few episodic programs to support collection and museum maintenance and digitization. This lack of infrastructural funding highlights the tragedies of the fires at the Butantan Museum in 2010 (80,000 snakes, 180,000 spiders) and the Museu Nacional in 2018, (20 million biological specimens and objects of the Brazilian and world history and art were lost). The exception is the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), which has been supporting projects since 1999 on biodiversity and BI via its successful Biota-FAPESP program, the first to tie biodiversity projects to data digitization and sharing in Brazil. The lack of institutional engagement and support, and funding affects the sustainability of many initiatives and puts at risk the long term data availability. Due to political reasons, Brazil only joined the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) in 2012 as an associate (non-contributing financially and non-voting) member with a commitment to become a voting member within five years. Until recently, the Brazilian Biodiversity Information System (SiBBr), Brazil’s GBIF node, was also hindered by politics from having a solid, stable national governance and funding to help “consolidate a solid national infrastructure on biodiversity data”, and to unite the growing Brazilian BI community around it. In the international scenario, while political, cultural and funding reasons may have hindered more equitable collaborations (e.g., tools development and sharing) with countries in the Global South, competing Global North-centric projects have prevailed. Although most remaining biodiversity is in the Global South, where local engagement is crucial, in many cases southern partners still often only act as data providers. Collaborative work is required with genuine co-creation, empowering all parties. Initiatives like the Living Atlases community must be recognized and welcomed as a positive shift. Despite all of these challenges, it can be surprising how much Brazilian biodiversity science has achieved throughout the years, and it gives us hope that in the future, if some of these issues are addressed, a lot more can be done. Education and training, continued funding and institutional support, governance, and international collaboration are essential.

This thesis addresses a research programme that aimed to provide an open standard methodology for publishing Brazilian local primary school atlases on the World Wide Web. It also aims to contribute to the use of computer laboratories provided to Brazilian primary schools by the Brazilian government. Using a local school atlas as the source of information, a Web-based prototype of the School Atlas of Rio Claro (SP) was developed in SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). SVG is a vector-based standard for publishing interactive graphics on the Web validated by the Web Consortium. This prototype was tested with a group of Brazilian primary school teachers. The test was conducted with fourteen teachers, all of them were familiar with the paper version of the School Atlas. During weekly meetings, the participants took notes to discuss and reflect about the practices held in school with local maps. The main test carried out with teachers was to prepare a paper activity based on the atlas content. The idea behind this activity was to foster teachers to leave a passive role as mere users and interact with the product in a more active fashion. In order to enable them to take full advantage of simple digital tools they were briefly trained to capture screen, use image editing software (they were instructed on the use of Paint, an image editing application available in Windows), and to copy text from the atlas. The results demonstrated that the teachers were keen to interact with the product and, although reproducing some common practices of paper atlas use, they revealed a deep interest on the use of the Internet as a medium for education and the prototype itself. A second test was carried out with a group of atlas developers. They were given a time frame of two weeks to develop an SVG-based atlas using the methodology proposed in this research. They completed the task within the time frame proposed however they indicated that more specific training should be desirable; this finding indicates the need to introduce digital map publishing as a subject to be taught in geosciences undergraduate courses in Brazil. It is believed that open standard methodology proposed here can be applied to other cities also developing local atlases for early geographical education.

Orientador: Ataliba Teixeira de Castilho<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T03:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_VandersiSant'Ana_D.pdf: 4135426 bytes, checksum: 5711735dd57d8eb65e3d2f47788e3fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: O dialeto caipira, descrito por Amadeu Amaral em 1920, era falado na antiga província de São Paulo até por volta do final do século XIX. Conforme Amaral, o dialeto, que teve grande vigor, vai perdendo terreno a partir das últimas décadas do século XIX, em conseqüência das profundas alterações que se verificam no meio social, estando ¿condenado a desaparecer em prazo mais ou menos breve¿ (Amaral 1920 / 1982: 42). A previsão de Amaral, todavia, não parece ter se concretizado. Em 1974, Rodrigues (1974) atesta a vitalidade do dialeto na região de Piracicaba. Retomando essa linha de investigação, nosso estudo procura verificar a presença de traços fonéticos e lexicais do dialeto caipira em Minas Gerais e no Paraná, com base nos dados do Esboço de um atlas lingüístico de Minas Gerais (Ribeiro et alii 1977) e do Atlas lingüístico do Paraná (Aguilera 1994). As duas áreas são relevantes para essa investigação pela sua proximidade geográfica com São Paulo e pelas relações históricas que envolvem os paulistas no processo de povoamento desses dois Estados vizinhos. Quanto ao nível fonético, nosso estudo se concentrou em cinco variantes: o ¿r caipira¿ ou retroflexo em final de sílaba e em posição intervocálica; o rotacismo da lateral em final de sílaba e em encontro consonantal; o apagamento do /r/ em final de palavra; a iotização da lateral palatal; a redução da proparoxítona. Quanto ao nível lexical, foram exploradas as possibilidades específicas de cada um dos atlas examinados (ex.: cambota, cuitelo, arco-da-velha). Analisado o corpus, constatamos a ocorrência das cinco variantes fonéticas mencionadas, tanto em Minas como no Paraná. Quatro dessas variantes ¿ o rotacismo, a apócope do /r/, a iotização da lateral palatal e a redução da proparoxítona ¿ mostraram uma distribuição mais geral nas áreas estudadas. Somente o ¿r caipira¿ exibe o caráter de uma variante mais propriamente geográfica no interior de cada território estudado, ocorrendo em áreas que refletem a influência paulista, ou por se encontrarem próximas a São Paulo, e/ou porque historicamente correspondem a áreas de penetração dos paulistas. A ocorrência simultânea das outras variantes fonéticas estudadas e de variantes lexicais nessas áreas contribui para caracterizá-las de forma mais consistente como possíveis áreas de resistência do dialeto caipira. Pesquisas complementares focalizando outras variantes do dialeto caipira poderão verificar a consistência dessa caracterização<br>Abstract:The Brazilian "Caipira" dialect, described by Amadeu Amaral in 1920, was spoken in what used to be the province of São Paulo until around the end of the XIX century. According to Amaral, this dialect, which was once quite wide-spread, started loosing ground in the final decades of the XIX century, due to the profound changes that occurred in the social milieu, and was "condemned to disappear in a relatively short time" (Amaral 1920 / 1982: 42). Amaral's prediction, however, does not seem to have been fulfilled. In 1974, Rodrigues (1974) verified the vitality of the dialect in the area of Piracicaba (SP). Continuing with this line of research, the present study investigates the presence of some phonetic and lexical features of the "Caipira" dialect in the Portuguese spoken in the states of Minas Gerais and Paraná (Brazil), based on the data of the Esboço de um atlas lingüístico de Minas Gerais (Ribeiro et alii 1977) and of the Atlas lingüístico do Paraná (Aguilera 1994). These two areas are relevant due to their geographic vicinity to the state of São Paulo, as well as the historic relations, during the process of settlement, of these two neighbouring States with the "Paulistas". On the phonetic level, our study was concentrated on five variants: the "caipira r" (or retroflex r) in intervocalic position and in coda; the replacement of the palatal lateral for a rhotic in coda and in consonant cluster; the deletion of /r/ in word endings; the replacement of [??] for [??]; the reduction of words that bear antepenultimate stress. On the lexical level, we explored the specific possibilities of each one of the atlases under examination (ex.: cambota, cuitelo, arco-da-velha). In our corpus analysis, we have attested the occurrence of all of the five phonetic variants mentioned, both in the states of Minas and Paraná. The last four of these variants have shown a more general distribution in the areas under study. Only the "caipira r" seems to be a true geographic variant in the interior of both territories analysed. It occurs in areas which reflect the influence of the "Paulistas", because these areas are close to the state of São Paulo and/or because historically they are areas where the "Paulistas" had been. The simultaneous occurrence of the other phonetic variants under study as well as of lexical variants in these areas suggests that these are areas of resistance of the "Caipira" dialect.<br>Doutorado<br>Linguistica<br>Doutor em Linguística

A região do Grande ABC paulista, formada por sete municípios - Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires e Rio Grande da Serra -, tem uma importância considerável no contexto sócio-políticoeconômico- cultural do Brasil. Dentre outras características, percebe-se a grande mobilidade da população, fazendo crer que, atualmente, na região do Grande ABC, há poucos usuários que falam a norma da região. Por isso, faz-se necessário resgatar, o mais rápido possível, a variação semântico-lexical da língua falada no Grande ABC, como forma de se registrar a memória lingüística da comunidade dessa região. A presente tese busca registrar parte desse cabedal lingüístico e tem por objetivo geral descrever a norma semântico-lexical da região do Grande ABC paulista, com vistas ao Atlas Semântico-Lexical da Região do Grande ABC. Com base nos postulados da Geolingüística contemporânea, aplicou-se o Questionário Semântico-Lexical do Projeto ALiB, versão 2001, em nove pontos da região a 36 sujeitos subdivididos em duas faixas etárias - 18 a 30 e 50 a 65 anos de idade - e nos dois gêneros - feminino e masculino. Com as respostas obtidas nas entrevistas, elaborou-se um banco de dados semântico-lexical, disponível em CD-ROM, e, posteriormente, foram os dados tratados e documentados cartograficamente, a fim de que se pudesse elaborar o quadro da diversidade semântico-lexical do falar da região do Grande ABC. Além do referencial teórico-metodológico da Geolingüística e da Lexicologia, a partir de obras de Pottier e Barbosa, utilizou-se a abordagem de Norma efetuada por Coseriu, e complementou-se com noções de Estatística Lexical, propostas por Muller, sobretudo as referentes a freqüência. Ao final, chegou-se a um conjunto de 202 cartogramas lingüísticos, que não apenas revelam a norma semântico-lexical do Grande ABC, como também constituem um retrato, ainda que parcial, do falar paulista.<br>Located in the state of São Paulo, the region known as the Great ABC paulista is comprised of seven cities: Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra. This region has considerable importance in the sociopolitical and economic-cultural contexts in Brazil. Among a number of characteristics, is possible to think that the great populational mobility in this region make possible to believe that, nowadays, there are few users of the linguistic norm of the region. That is the reason why it is necessary to rescue the semantic-lexical variation of the language spoken in the Great ABC area, as a way of registering this community\'s linguistic memory. This work attempts to register part of this linguistic ensemble and its general objective is the description of the semantic-lexical norm of the Great ABC paulista region, in order to build the Semantic- Lexical Atlas of the Great ABC region. Based on the postulates of contemporary Geolinguistics, we have applied the Semantic-Lexical Questionnaire of the AliB Project, version 2001, in nine points of the region, on 36 subjects belonging to both genders - female and male - and subdivided in two age groups - people aged between 18 and 30, and between 50 and 65. The answers obtained during the interviews were the basis for the elaboration of a semantic-lexical database, available on CD-ROM. Afterwards, these data were cartographically treated and documented, so that it would be possible to have a panorama of the semantic-lexical diversity of the Great ABC region\'s speech. Besides the Geolinguistics and Lexicology theoretical and methodological references, such as works by Pottier and Barbosa, we have used the normative approach elaborated by Coseriu, and the notions of Lexical Statistics, proposed by Muller, mainly those concerning with frequency. At last, we have made 202 linguistic cartograms, which not only reveal the semantic-lexical norm of the Great ABC region, but also constitute a portrait, although partial, of the oral speech of the state of São Paulo.

A presente tese tem como objetivo descrever o falar nipo-brasileiro em cinco comunidades do Distrito Federal com vistas à construção do Esboço do Atlas do Falar dos Nipo-Brasileiros do Distrito Federal: aspecto semântico-lexical. O contato de línguas (português versus japonês), cada vez mais estreito, acarreta mudanças expressivas no cenário linguístico e se manifesta na fala dos nipo-brasileiros, cuja situação evidencia o entrelaçamento de duas línguas que se aliam e se alinham, configurando uma nova forma de uso que denominamos variedade nipobrasileira, objeto desta pesquisa. Essa fala é sustentada pela história linguística de (i)migrantes e seus descendentes e percorre seu curso natural de língua em constante movimento, criando, assim, situações linguísticas próprias. Diante deste fato, faz-se necessário resgatar e registrar esse uso, uma vez que a fala simboliza, em parte, a identidade linguística deste grupo social. A presente tese busca registrar e descrever a variedade nipobrasileira quanto ao componente semântico-lexical. Para a coleta de dados recorre-se a procedimentos metodológicos da Geolinguística. Selecionam-se cinco comunidades, pontos da pesquisa Brasília; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga e Vargem Bonita com base não apenas em fatores históricos relacionados à (i)migração japonesa no Planalto Central, como também na importância destas no cenário econômico e no desenvolvimento do Distrito Federal. A seguir, aplica-se um instrumento de pesquisa denominado Questionário Semântico-Lexical Visual a dez sujeitos nipo-brasileiros bilíngues que foram subdivididos em duas faixas etárias de 51 a 65 e 66 anos em diante , todos do sexo/gênero feminino e pertencentes à segunda geração (nissei). As respostas registradas nas entrevistas permitem a elaboração de um banco de dados semântico-lexicais. Posteriormente, os dados são descritos e documentados em 41 cartogramas linguísticos, que visam à apresentação da frequência e distribuição dos dados semântico-lexicais em japonês e português e/ou português-japonês nos pontos pesquisados. A base teórica ancora-se na Sociolinguística, com enfoque no bilinguismo, mais especificamente no contato de línguas e nos fenômenos que derivam desse processo: o empréstimo lexical e a mudança de código. Recorre-se aos estudos, entre outros, de Grosjean, Thomason e Kaufman e Gumperz. Dada a natureza desta pesquisa, contemplamse igualmente os estudos de Dialetologia/Geolinguística, com destaque para os trabalhos de Chambers e Trudgill, Mase e Onishi. Ao final, verifica-se que a análise dos dados possibilita não somente a descrição do falar nipo-brasileiro como também a elaboração do esboço do atlas desse falar. As ocorrências semântico-lexicais apresentadas na pesquisa apontam para a configuração de uma variedade nipo-brasileira nos pontos pesquisados, como também constituem um retrato parcial desse falar.<br>This thesis aims to describe the Japanese-Brazilian speaking in five communities of the Distrito Federal in order to construct an Atlas Sketch of the Distrito Federal Japanese- Brazilian Speaking. The language contact (Portuguese vs. Japanese), increasingly narrow, entails significant changes in the linguistic scene and manifests itself in the Japanese- Brazilians speaking, whose situation highlights the locking of two languages that ally and align, setting up in a new way of use that we call Japanese-Brazilian variety, object of this research. This speaking is sustained by the (i)migrants and their descendants linguist history and runs its natural course of a language in constant motion, thus creating proper language situations. Given this fact, it is necessary to rescue and register, this usage, once the speech symbolizes, partly, the linguistic identity of this social group. This thesis seeks to register and describe the Japanese-Brazilian variety as to the semantic-lexical components. The Geolinguistic methodological procedures were resorted for the data collection. Five communities were selected the research points Brasilia; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga and Vargem Bonita, based not only on historical factors related to Japanese (i)migration in the Planalto Central, but also on their importance in the economic scene and in the Distrito Federal development. Next, a research tool called Visual Semantic-lexical Questionnaire is applied on ten bilingual Japanese-Brazilians subjects who were divided into two age groups 51 to 65 and 66 onwards, all female gender and belonging to the second generation (Nisei). The responses registered in the interviews allow the development of a semantic-lexical database. Subsequently, the data are described and documented in 41 language cartograms, aimed to presenting the frequency and distribution of the semanticlexical information in Japanese and Portuguese and/or Portuguese-Japanese surveyed points. The theoretical basis is anchored in Sociolinguistics, focusing on bilingualism, specifically in language contact and in the phenomena that derive from this process: lexical borrowing and code switching. Resorting to Grosjean, Thomason and Kaufman and Gumperz studies, among others. Given the nature of this research, the Dialectology / Geolinguistic studies are equally contemplated, highlighting Chambers and Trudgill, Mase and Onishi works. In the end, it is possible to verify that the data analysis allows not only to the description of the Japanese- Brazilian speaking as well as to the elaboration of the atlas sketch of this speaking. The semantic-lexical occurrences presented in this study point to the setting of a Japanese- Brazilian variety in the surveyed points, as well as provide this speaking partial picture.

Esta tese teve como objetivo identificar a norma semântico-lexical de cinco municípios da Região Norte do Alto Tietê- ReNAT, no estado de São Paulo,e pauta-se pelos estudos dialetológicos, geolinguísticos e sociogeolinguísticos. O local da pesquisa, a antiga Vila de Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos, é atualmente uma região composta por cinco municípios: Guarulhos, Arujá, Santa Isabel, Mairiporã e Nazaré Paulista. Está situada na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, com exceção do quinto município, Nazaré Paulista, localizado na microrregião de Atibaia. A origem da região composta pelos cinco municípios, corpus do trabalho, remonta à época da fundação de São Paulo. Três municípios estão situados na região do Alto Tietê, ao norte do rio que leva o mesmo nome, por isso é denominada ReNAT. A vila era inicialmente povoada pelos índios Maromomis. A tese fundamentou-se nos trabalhos linguísticos voltados para a Dialetologia, a Geolinguística a Sociolinguística variacionista, a Sociolinguística interacional, a Semântica e a Lexicologia. Além do tratamento quantitativo dos dados, conforme a proposta de Muller, privilegiou a abordagem dos aspectos semânticos-lexicais a partir de Pottier e Rastier, e baseou-se na concepção de norma de Coseriu. Assim, de acordo com os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos atuais da Geolinguística e da Sociogeolinguística, aplicaram-se as 202 questões do questionário Semântico-Lexical (QSL) do projeto ALiB e, também, 31 questões do Questionário Semântico-Lexical do Projeto Estudo sociogeolinguístico do Município de São Paulo, elaborado pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Dialetologia e Geolinguística (GPDG) da Universidade de São Paulo. As entrevistas foram desenvolvidas in loco, ou seja, nos seis pontos da pesquisa, localizados nos cinco municípios. As 233 questões, dos dois questionários, foram aplicadas a 24 sujeitos-entrevistados de ambos os gêneros masculino e feminino em duas faixas etárias, quais sejam: 18 a 30 anos e 50 a 65 anos. Os resultados estão apresentados em gráficos ou tabelas com informações de frequências absoluta e relativa. A esses dados, seguiu-se a análise interpretativa dos resultados de cada questão. As respostas dos sujeitos-entrevistados, bem como a localização destes estão registradas em 233 cartogramas linguísticos. Acredita-se que as palavras refletem a história dos sujeitos, confirmando que para a expressão linguística são exigidos fatores internos e estes estão associados a fatores externos à linguagem. Assim, a língua, conforme o espaço, variação diatópica, sofre variações. Toda a dinamicidade da língua é evidenciada sobretudo no léxico, nível linguístico que melhor expressa a mobilidade das estruturas sociais, o qual reflete a maneira como a sociedade vê e representa o mundo. Ao final da pesquisa, mostrou-se o quadro da diversidade linguística na região, constatando-se a variação semântico-lexical na ReNAT. Enfim, a tese registrou a realidade linguística dos cinco municípios que compõem a região pesquisada, com relação ao léxico utilizado pelos sujeitos-entrevistados. Sabe-se que a área pesquisada tem dimensões pequenas, mas, ainda assim, revela sua importância para os estudos sociogeolinguísticos, pois expressa a situação real de uso da linguagem do sujeito num espaço e momento determinado, e também denota as características sócio-histórico-culturais de uma comunidade linguística.<br>This thesis aims to identify the semantic and lexical norm of five counties of the North region of the High Tietê- ReNAT, in the state of São Paulo, and it is based on the dialectological, geolinguistic and sociogeolinguistic studies. The premise of the research, which is the ancient Vila de Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos, is currently composed of five counties: Guarulhos, Arujá, Santa Isabel, Mairiporã and Nazaré Paulista. It is located in the Great São Paulo area, except for Nazaré Paulista, that is situated in the micro region of Atibaia. The origin of the region composed of five counties, the corpus of this research goes back to the epoch of the foundation of São Paulo. Three counties are situated in the region of High Tietê, to the north of the river which takes the same name, that is why it is called ReNAT. This thesis has its fundamentals on the linguistic works featured by the dialectological and sociogeolinguistic studies focusing on the semantic and lexical aspect. The theory has been based on linguistic studies which have helped develop essays on Dialectology, Geolinguistic; Variational, Sociolinguistc; Interactional Sociolinguistic, Semantics and Lexicology. Besides the quantitative treatment of data, as of the studies of Muller, we have prioritized the approach of the lexical and semantic aspects, based on Pottier and Rastier, stemming from the conception of norm by the theory of Coseriu. Based on the recent methodological procedures of Geolinguistic and Sociogeolinguistic, 202 questions of the Semantic-Lexical (QSL) questionnaire of the ALIB project have been applied as well as the 31 questions of the questionnaire lexical-semantic of the Atlas of the São Paulo city (ALESP), created by the Grupo de Pesquisa em Dialetologia e Geolinguistica(GPDG) of the University of São Paulo. The interviews have been carried out in loco, that is, on the 6 places of research where the five counties belong to. The 233 questions of the 2 questionnaires were applied to 24 subjects of both genre- male and female- in two age brackets: from 18 to 30 and 50 to 65 years old. The results are presented in tables, graphs with information of absolute and relative frequency. To this data, followed the interpretative analysis of the results of each question. The answers of the interviewee- subjects are registered in 233 linguistic cartograms. It is believed that the words reflect the story of the individuals, confirming that to the linguistic expression are demanded the internal factors which are associated to the external factors of the language. Thus, language according to space, suffers variation and all this dynamism is evidenced on the lexicon- the linguistic level that better expresses the mobility of the social structures, which reflects the way the society sees and represents the world. A the end of this research, we have shown the picture of linguistic diversity of the aimed region by proving the variation of the ReNAT. At last, this research has registered the linguistic reality of the five counties that compose the region as to the lexicon used by the subjects interviewed. The studied area has small dimensions, but, even so, it reveals great importance to socio-geo-linguistic studies , for, they express the real usage of language in a certain space and time as well as the socio-historical and cultural features of a linguistic community.

Resumen: Iñaki Ábalos, en su libro “Atlas pintoresco” traza una línea de investigación sobre el Movimiento Moderno y su relación con la naturaleza y el paisaje. El autor establece un análisis en el que desenmascara los elementos pintorescos en la obra de Le Corbusier de manera que, aun apareciendo muchos de ellos en estado “latente” desde sus primeros postulados teóricos, paulatinamente y “casi de forma secreta” se irán adueñando de su modo de proyectar hasta conquistar todas las escalas de la arquitectura en su etapa final. Algunas de las características arquitectónicas de la llamada Escuela Paulista parecen ser a su vez influencia de la obra tardía de Le Corbusier. El pabellón de Paulo Mendes para la Exposición Universal de Osaka´70 nos sirve en este artículo para establecer un análisis de determinados aspectos pintorescos de Le Corbusier que subyacen en la arquitectura brasileña en general y de Paulo Mendes en particular. Abstract: Iñaki Abalos develop in “Atlas pintoresco” a research about Modern Movement and its relationship with nature and landscape. The author provides an analysis which unmask the picturesque elements in the work of Le Corbusier. These elements, even being "latent" in its earliest theoretical postulates, gradually and "almost secretly" will take over his way of projecting to conquer all scales of architecture in its final stage. Some of the architectural features of the so-called Paulista School seems to have influences of the later work of Le Corbusier. Paulo Mendes pavilion for the World Expo Osaka'70 can serve to establish an analysis of some of the picturesque aspects of Le Corbusier underlying brazilian architecture in general and Paulo Mendes in particular. Palabras clave: Pintoresco; Escola Paulista ; Le Corbusier; Paulo Mendes da Rocha; Naturaleza; Paisaje. Keywords: Picturesque; Paulista School; Le Corbusier; Paulo Mendes da Rocha; Nature; Landscape. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.992

The Chilean government’s energy policy and the power generation sector plans include wind, geothermal, hydro and biomass powerplants in order to introduce renewable energy systems to the country, but they do not mention solar energy to be a part of the plan. This apparent lack of interest in solar energy is partly due to the absence of a valid solar energy database, adequate for energy system planning activities. The only available solar radiation database is relatively old, with measurements taken in 89 stations from the 60’s onwards, obtained with high-uncertainty sensors such as Campbell-Stokes devices and pyranographs. Moreover, not all stations have measured incoming solar radiation for an adequate time span. Here, we compare the existing database of solar radiation in Chile with estimations made with satellite measurements, obtained from the GOES program through collaboration with the Brazilian space institution, INPE. Monthly mean solar energy maps are created from both data sources and compared, using Krigging methods for spatial interpolation. It is found that a maximum 30 percent deviation exist, with snow covers in the Andes Mountains adding additional uncertainty levels. The solar energy levels throughout the country can be considered as high, and it is thought that they are adequate for energy planning given proper diffusion and support by editing a Chilean Solar Atlas.

Wave height, period and direction are basic parameters for designing off-shore structures. Besides this direct application, knowledge of the regional characteristics of a wave field can also help in the selection of optimal regions for wave power energy plant design and installation. A wave climatology based on data generated by a WAVEWATCH III model simulation (NOAA WW3) for the Brazilian coast was analyzed and validated against statistical values derived from opportunity vessel measurements. The hindcast covered the period from January 1997 to December 2005 in a region between 5°N – 40°S and 10°W – 65°W. The grid used was uniform with a 0.25° spacial resolution. The boundary conditions were obtained from NOAA WW3 operational model and the atmospheric forcing from NOAA GFS model. The model results were calibrated with field data and detailed information about the simulation can be obtained in Alves et al. (2008) and Alves et al. (in press). Monthly averages of significant height, period and wavelength were calculated using 3 hour time resolution fields. Since a simple mean direction has small physical representativeness, the predominant direction (moda) and associated persistency were obtained from the data. The results were then compared with values from the U.S. Navy Marine Climate Atlas of the World. This Atlas has four points located within the selected model grid region. These points showed good agreement with wave period, height and direction persistency based on the WW3 simulation results. The wave climatology showed that the predominant wave direction from April to July was from S and SE in southern Brazil, associated with swells related to cold fronts. The S and SE swells were also responsible for the largest mean wave height (2.1 m) observed in the climatology. Another result that was validated with the literature was the E and NE predominant wave direction during the austral summer. This phenomenon is associated with winds originated from the South Atlantic High Pressure Center, which is a semi permanent high pressure center near Trindade Island. The wave climate in northern Brazil showed a predominant direction from the N during January to March, associated with the northern hemisphere winter storms. During the remaining months of the year, the predominant wave direction is E and NE associated with trade winds. The model results are still in a processing phase to produce extreme values, which will be more useful for coastal and off-shore structure design.