Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bread. Soy flour. Isoflavones

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Bread. Soy flour. Isoflavones'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bread. Soy flour. Isoflavones"

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Shao, Suqin, Alison M. Duncan, Raymond Yang, Massimo F. Marcone, Istvan Rajcan, and Rong Tsao. "Tracking isoflavones: From soybean to soy flour, soy protein isolates to functional soy bread." Journal of Functional Foods 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.013.

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Haque, Mohammad Mozibul, Md Altaf Hossain, A. F. M. Irfan Uddin Zim, Md Abdul Aziz, and Md Ahasanul Hoque. "Quality Analysis of Soy Bread and Its Effects on Glycemic Index." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 8, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.8.1.07.

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Low glycemic index foods have been associated with several health benefits. Similarly, soy-based food products have an increasing demand in the market due to its high nutritional value. The study was conducted to produce high-quality protein-enriched bread with low glycemic index (GI) value. The fortification of bread was done with soy flour in our study. The proximate analysis, sensory evaluation and the GI value of the bread sample were determined.The crude protein, crude fiber, fat and ash content of the bread progressively increased with the addition of soy flour where 20% soy bread having the highest values as 14.5%, 0.7%, 5% and 2.1%, respectively and control bread having lowest values as 9.2%, 0.2%, 1.8%, and 1.7%, respectively. The sensory evaluation of bread showed no significant differences in crust, shape, internal texture, appearance and general acceptance where the aroma and the taste of bread samples were significantly different from the control bread. Taste of bread had a low score of 5.81 at 20% soy substitution bread and highly differed with control bread (p<0.01). The GI values were significantly lowered by 15% (p<0.05) and 20% (p<0.01) soy sample bread. The average GI value of Control, 10%, 15% and 20% soy substitution bread were 60.4, 49.98, 44.37 and 39.19 respectively. Glycemic Index decreased from 18% to 35% with the incorporation of soy flour (10% to 20%) in the bread sample. The soy flour treated breads were found nutritionally superior compared to soy untreated food.
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Sozer, Nesli, Leena Melama, Selim Silbir, Carlo G. Rizzello, Laura Flander, and Kaisa Poutanen. "Lactic Acid Fermentation as a Pre-Treatment Process for Faba Bean Flour and Its Effect on Textural, Structural and Nutritional Properties of Protein-Enriched Gluten-Free Faba Bean Breads." Foods 8, no. 10 (September 21, 2019): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100431.

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Lactic acid fermentation could be used as a potential modification tool for faba bean flour to enable its incorporation in boosting the nutritional profile of gluten-free breads. Gluten-free breads made with fermented or unfermented faba bean flours were compared with commercial soy flour. The amounts of faba- and soy-bean flours were adjusted to obtain the same protein content in bread (16%). Both fermented and unfermented faba bean flour resulted in larger bread volume (2.1 mL/g and 2.4 mL/g, respectively) compared to bread made with soybean flour (1.5 mL/g). Breads made with unfermented and fermented faba flour had higher porosity (82% and 72%, respectively) than bread with soy flour (61%). The faba breads also were softer than the soy bread. Fermentation of faba flour prior to bread making significantly increased crumb hardness (584 vs. 817 g). Fermentation increased in vitro protein digestibility (72.3% vs. 64.8%). Essential Amino Acid and Biological Value indexes were significantly higher for breads containing fermented faba flour compared to breads made with unfermented faba and soy flour. The Protein Efficiency Ratio and Nutritional Index increased by fermentation from 33 to 36 and 1.6 to 2.7, respectively. Pre-fermentation of faba bean flour improved the nutritional properties of high-protein, gluten-free faba bread. A sensory panel indicated that fermentation did not affect the crumbliness, evenness of pore size and springiness of breadcrumb.
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Dhingra, Shfali, and Sudesh Jood. "Physico-Chemical and Nutritional Properties of Cereal-Pulse Blends for Bread Making." Nutrition and Health 16, no. 3 (July 2002): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600201600304.

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Supplementation of soy (full fat and defatted) and barley flours to wheat flour at 51 10, 15 and 20% levels were carried out to see their effect on physico-chemical and nutritional properties of blends for bread making. The gluten content and sedimentation value of flour blends decreased and water absorption capacity increased with increase in the level of soybean and barley flour separately and in combinations to bread flour. All the blends at 20% levels were found nutritionally superior but breads prepared from them found organoleptically unacceptable. However, addition of 15% barley flour, 10% full fat soy flour, 10% defatted soy flour, 15% full fat soy flour + barley flour and 15% defatted soy flour + barley flour to wheat flour not only increased the total protein, glutelin (protein fraction), total lysine, dietary fibre and β-glucan contents of cereal-pulse blends for bread making, but could also produce a product of acceptable quality.
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Vilmane, Laila, and Evita Straumite. "The Use of Soy Flour in Yellow Maize-Amaranth Gluten-free Bread Production." Proceedings of the Latvia University of Agriculture 31, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2014-0001.

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Abstract Celiac disease is a permanent enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten, a protein occurring in wheat, rye, and barley. Gluten-free products often have a shorter shelf life, lower quality, and not so pronounced flavour. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new gluten-free products with higher quality and pronounced taste. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of soy flour on the yellow maize-amaranth dough rheological properties and bread quality. To determine the influence of soy flour on gluten-free dough rheological properties and bread quality, soy flour was added at 45%, 50% and 60% to yellow maize flour basis. To study the effect of the amount of water used in the recipe on dough rheological properties and bread quality, each sample (n=7) was prepared in two versions: one with the dough yield 196, and the other with the dough yield 252. The main quality parameters of dough and bread were determined using the following methods: the firmness and resilience of dough, as well as the hardness of bread slice – with a TA.XT.plus Texture Analyser; moisture content of dough – with a thermostat; moisture content of bread crumb – with a Precisa XM 120 at the temperature of 110 °C; and color of bread crumb – in the CIE L*a*b* color system using a ColorTec-PCM/PSM. The best results of dough rheological properties were obtained for samples with dough yield 196, but the best quality of bread – for samples with dough yield 252. It was proved that soy flour improves not only the dough firmness and resilience but also the volume, texture, hardness, moisture content and color of gluten-free bread. No significant differences in the influence of soy flour on dough rheological properties and bread quality were found between the samples with various added amounts of soy flour (45%, 50%, or 60%).
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Dhingra, Shfali, and Sudesh Jood. "Effect of Supplementation on Physicochemical, Sensory and Nutritional Characteristics of Bread." Nutrition and Health 16, no. 4 (October 2002): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600201600405.

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Supplementation of wheat flour with soy flour (full fat and defatted) at 5, 10, 15 and 20% levels was carried out to test the effect on physico-chemical, sensory, nutritional evaluation and shelf life of breads. Adding 10% of soy flour (full fat and defatted) produced breads with good baking and organoleptic characteristics. However, at 15 and 20% levels they were less acceptable. The better breads were further investigated for various nutritional parameters and shelf life. Full fat and defatted soy flour (10%) supplemented bread exhibited 13.66 and 13.81% protein, and 3.02 and 3.05 g/100 g protein total lysine contents as compared to control (wheat) bread (11.47% protein and 2.36 g/100 g protein total lysine). Other nutrients are also increased in supplemented breads as compared to wheat bread. However, for storage, defatted soy supplemented bread exhibited better shelf life than the full fat version.
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Collison, Mark W. "Determination of Total Soy Isoflavones in Dietary Supplements, Supplement Ingredients, and Soy Foods by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.3.489.

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Abstract An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate a method for determining total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, dietary supplement ingredients, and soy foods. Isoflavones were extracted using aqueous acetonitrile containing a small amount of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and all 12 of the naturally occuring isoflavones in soy were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection using apigenin as an internal standard. Fifteen samples (6 pairs of blind duplicates plus 3 additional samples) of soy isoflavone ingredients, soy isoflavone dietary supplements, soy flour, and soy protein products were successfully analyzed by 13 collaborating laboratories in 6 countries. For repeatability, the relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 1.07 for samples containing over 400 mg/g total isoflavones to 3.31 for samples containing 0.87 mg/g total isoflavones, and for reproducibility the RSDR values ranged from 2.29 for samples containing over 400 mg/g total isoflavones to 9.36 for samples containing 0.87 mg/g total isoflavones. HorRat values ranged from 1.00 to 1.62 for all samples containing at least 0.8 mg/g total isoflavones. One sample, containing very low total isoflavones (&lt;0.05 mg/g), gave RSDR values of 175 and a HorRat value of 17.6. This sample was deemed to be below the usable range of the method. The method provides accurate and precise results for analysis of soy isoflavones in dietary supplements and soy foods.
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Salari Moghaddam, Asma, Mohammad Hassan Entezari, Bijan Iraj, Gholamreza Askari, Elham Sharifi Zahabi, and Mohammad Reza Maracy. "The Effects of Soy Bean Flour Enriched Bread Intake on Anthropometric Indices and Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetic Women: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." International Journal of Endocrinology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/240760.

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Previous studies showed that soy bean has the potential to improve many aspects of diabetes state and provide metabolic benefits that aid in weight management. We aimed to determine the effects of soy bean flour enriched bread on anthropometric indices and blood pressure among type 2 diabetic patients. This randomized, crossover, clinical trial was performed in 30 type 2 diabetic women. There were two trial periods for 6 weeks and a wash-out period for 4 weeks. In the soy bread diet period, 120 g of soy bean flour enriched bread was consumed each day instead of the same amount of their usual bread or other cereal products. After a 4-week wash-out period, participants were crossed over for another 6 weeks. Mean (±SD) age of study participants was 45.7 ± 3.8 years. The results of our study showed no significant effects of soy bean flour enriched bread on anthropometric indices and blood pressure among diabetic patients. Despite the slight reduction in BMI, waist circumference, and percent of body fat, there were no significant differences in changes of these values between two groups. No significant changes in waist to hip ratio and blood pressure were seen.
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Erben, Melina, and Carlos A. Osella. "Optimization of mold wheat bread fortified with soy flour, pea flour and whey protein concentrate." Food Science and Technology International 23, no. 5 (March 26, 2017): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013217701583.

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The objective of this work was to study the effect of replacing a selected wheat flour for defatted soy flour, pea flour and whey protein concentrate on both dough rheological characteristics and the performance and nutritional quality of bread. A mixture design was used to analyze the combination of the ingredients. The optimization process suggested that a mixture containing 88.8% of wheat flour, 8.2% of defatted soy flour, 0.0% of pea flour and 3.0% of whey protein concentrate could be a good combination to achieve the best fortified-bread nutritional quality. The fortified bread resulted in high protein concentration, with an increase in dietary fiber content and higher calcium levels compared with those of control (wheat flour 100%). Regarding protein quality, available lysine content was significantly higher, thus contributing with the essential amino acid requirement.
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Genovese, Maria Inés, Jorge Davila, and Franco M. Lajolo. "Isoflavones in processed soybean products from Ecuador." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 5 (September 2006): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000600020.

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Soy products produced in Ecuador, with a local developed and cultivated soybean variety (INIAP 306), were analysed for isoflavone content and profile. The products presented high total isoflavone contents, varying from 53 to 106 mg/100 g (wet basis, expressed as aglycones), the lowest content being for okara and the highest for the low fat soybean flour obtained by extrusion cooking of the seeds at the field moisture. Soy nuts showed the same content of isoflavones than the seeds, but with lower amounts of malonylglycosides and higher of the deesterified beta-glycosides. The malonylglycosides were the predominant form of the isoflavones in the flours, and the beta-glycosides in soymilk and textured soy protein. Genistein derivatives were the compounds present in the highest proportions in all the products analysed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bread. Soy flour. Isoflavones"

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Lodi, Alessia. "Physico-chemical and molecular characterization of soy bread containing almond." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1158163372.

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Zhang, Yu Chu. "Physicochemical properties and isoflavone content of bread made with soy." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1087444553.

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Davis, Sarah Farthing. "The Effect of Soy Flour as a Natural Antioxidant on Flaxseed in Yeast Bread." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35641.

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The effect of soy as a natural antioxidant against flaxseed rancidity in yeast breads was tested. Variables included: control (100% bread flour); yeast bread with 15% flax meal in place of part of the total bread flour; yeast bread with 15% flax meal and 5% soy; and yeast bread with 15% flax meal and 10% soy. Objective and sensory tests were used to evaluate breads. Peroxide values indicated that the hydroperoxides in breads increased during the first four weeks of the study, and then decreased, as would be expected as breads are exposed to more elements with time. Moisture content was not significantly different between the breads. Breads containing flax were significantly firmer (p < 0.02) in texture. Breads containing flax were also significantly lower in volume (p < 0.005) and significantly darker in crumb color (p < 0.01). The level of 10% soy contributed to a significantly darker crust color (p < 0.04). Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) found the level of 10% soy also contributed to an increased stale taste and aftertaste, firmer texture, coarser crumb, and drier loaf (p < 0.05). Musty aroma was not significantly different among breads and all breads containing flax had an increased grainy taste (p < 0.0001). Soy was found to have no significant antioxidant effect on the prevention of flaxseed rancidity in yeast breads.
Master of Science
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Danielson, Erin Marie. "Addition of Soybean Lipoxygenase to All-Purpose Flour and its Effects on Dough Gluten Strength and Bread Quality." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33595.

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The goal of this research is to determine the effects of added soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) on bread dough rheological properties and physical properties of bread loaves compared to controls, and to determine sensory attributes of bread loaves using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Protein fractions were obtained through the use of isoelectric precipitation. The pH 4.8 precipitate was found to yield the greatest LOX activity when compared with other fractions (p<0.05). The addition of pH 4.8 precipitate improved rheological properties of bread dough, examined in a farinograph, when compared to the all-purpose control (p<0.05). Addition of soy flour also increased the gluten strength of all-purpose flour (p<0.05). The addition of pH 4.8 precipitate to all-purpose flour did not improve bread loaf volume or texture. Sensory panelists described pH 4.8 supplemented bread as having firmer crumb when compared with controls (p<0.05). There were slight color differences among the loaves. The crust and crumb of bread flour loaves was lighter in color than any other sample. It was concluded that the addition of pH 4.8 precipitate to all-purpose flour greatly improved the rheological properties when compared with all-purpose flour alone.
Master of Science
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Ahn-Jarvis, Jennfier H. "Development of a standardized functional soy product for cancer prevention trials:Phase II evaluation of isoflavone bioavailability in men with asymptomatic prostate cancer." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357255127.

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Giaretta, Débora. "Produção de farinha de kinako a partir de variedade de soja BRS 257 e desenvolvimento e caracterização de pão de forma com kinako e chia (Salvia hispânica)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1112.

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O kinako é uma farinha integral obtida a partir do grão de soja torrada e moída. Esta farinha tem elevada qualidade nutricional em função do conteúdo de proteínas, fibras, ácidos graxos insaturados e compostos bioativos como as isoflavonas. As isoflavonas estão presentes na soja principalmente nas formas conjugadas (β-glicosídicas, acetil e malonil) e, em menor proporção, nas formas livres (agliconas). Diversos estudos comprovam a eficiência das isoflavonas agliconas na prevenção de doenças crônicas. Algumas tecnologias têm sido empregadas para a conversão das isoflavonas β-glicosídicas em agliconas através de altas temperaturas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou a conversão de isoflavonas contidas no kinako utilizando o processo de torra, buscando melhorar a qualidade nutricional e as propriedades biológicas para posterior uso como ingrediente em produtos panificados. A torra foi conduzida através de delineamento fatorial 22,com 4 pontos axiais e 4 repetições no ponto central, totalizando assim 12 corridas, para verificar os efeitos das variáveis tempo em minutos e temperatura em graus celcius sobre o teor de isoflavonas no kinako. O processo contribuiu para melhorar o perfil de isoflavonas especialmente no tratamento 8 (200 °C por 31 min), convertendo as isoflavonas conjugadas em agliconas. A partir do kinako obtido no tratamento 8, juntamente com 2 % de chia, semente rica em ácidos graxos insaturados, foram elaboradas quatro formulações de pães variando a quantidade de kinako (0, 10, 20 e 30 %). Mediante análise sensorial não se observou diferença significativa (p>0,05) para a formulação padrão e com 10 % de kinako acrescida de 2 % de semente de chia. A conversão das isoflavonas do kinako por processo de torra mostrou ser uma estratégia promissora para agregar valor nutricional juntamente com a semente de chia em pães.
The kinako is an integral flour obtained from the seed of roasted and ground soybean. This flour has high nutritional quality according to the content of protein, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds such as isoflavones. The isoflavones in soy are present mainly in conjugated forms (β-glucosides, acetyl and malonyl) and, to a lesser extent, in the free form (aglycone). Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of isoflavone aglycone in the prevention of chronic diseases. Some technologies have been employed for the conversion of β-glucosides isoflavones in aglycones atravéz high temperatures. In this context, this paper aims at conversion of isoflavones present in kinako using the roasting process, seeking to improve the nutritional quality and biological properties for later use as an ingredient in baked goods. Roasting was performed using a factorial design with 22, with the variables Temperature (°C) and time (min) of exposure. The process contributed to increased levels of protein, lipid and crude fiber besides improving the profile of isoflavones especially in treatment 8 (200 °C for 31 min), converting conjugated isoflavones in aglycones. From the kinako 8 obtained in the treatment along with 2% chia seed rich in unsaturated fatty acids breads four formulations varying the amount of kinako (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were prepared. By sensory analysis no significant difference (p> 0.05) for the standard formulation with 10% plus 2% kinako chia seed was observed. The conversion of isoflavones from kinako by the roasting process proved to be a promising strategy for adding nutritional value along with the chia seed bread.
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Maforimbo, Elizabeth, University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, and School of Natural Sciences. "Enhancing soy-wheat bread-making properties using physically-modified soy flour." 2006. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/14232.

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Soy enhances the protein quality of wheat bread because of its lysine content which is deficient in wheat. The aim of this work was to use high levels of soy flour in wheat bread in order to maximise the potential of soy flour protein in an attempt to address Protein Energy Malnutrition in developing counties. Raw soy flour (RSF) and physically modified soy flours (PMSF1 and PMSF2) were used for the preparation of the composite dough with wheat flour. The two physically modified soy flours were prepared by steam flushing (PMSF2) and water boiling (PMSF1) of raw soy beans before flour preparation. Physical modification of soy flour was chosen over chemical modification because of its practical significance in developing countries. The Farinograph and Extensograph were used to study the effect of Lascorbic acid and physical modification of soy flour on the rheological properties of soy-wheat composite doughs at various ratios up to 50% soy flour. Soy-wheat composite doughs made from physically modified soy flour (PMSF) exhibited higher resistance to extension (Rm), greater tolerance to mixing, better mixing stability, higher water uptake rate and water absorption than the soy-wheat composite doughs made from raw soy flour (RSF).The physical modification process provides a relatively simple method for improving the baking quality of soy flour, in combination with wheat flour, for use at the village level in regions where soy can be grown and where wheat grain is imported. Using physically modified soy flour (PMSF2) to prepare soy-wheat dough, a mathematical model was developed from estimated regression coefficients of L-ascorbic acid and water percentages (30% w/w soy flour) on soy-wheat dough DSC water evaporation enthalpies. The model was successfully used for the prediction of loaf volumes and for the formulation of soy-wheat breads. A daily serving of 100 to 200 grams of this bread was calculated to provide 60 -100% of the lysine and protein requirements (FAO/WHO) of children and adults. The resultant breads developed in this project thus offer an attractive and sustainable food that is nutritionally superior.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Lee, Young-Tack. "Effects of ingredient variables and formula optimization for rice bread with soy flour substitution." 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22504.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bread. Soy flour. Isoflavones"

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Urade, Reiko. "Fortification of Bread With Soy Protein to Normalize Serum Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Levels." In Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention, 365–73. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814639-2.00028-9.

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Urade, Reiko. "Fortification of Bread with Soy Proteins to Normalize Serum Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Levels." In Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention, 417–27. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-380886-8.10038-8.

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"TABLE 3 Enrichment Standards for Government-Purchased ASCSa Commodities as of 1990 Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Iron Calcium Vitamin A Product (mg/lb) (mg/lb) (mg/lb) (mg/lb) (mg/lb) (IU/lb) Wheat flour-U.S. 2.91.8 24 20 1 Wheat flour-export 2.91.8 24 20 500-625 10,000-12,000 Soy-fortified flour 2.91.8 24 20 500-625 10,000-12,000 Corn meal-U.S. 2.0-3.01.2-1.8 16-24 13-26 Corn grits-U.S. 2.0-3.01.2-1.8 16-24 21-26 Corn masa flour 2.01.2 16 13-26 Corn meal and soy fortified corn meal (export), bulgur, soy-fortified bulgur, and soy-fortified sorghum grits 2.0-3.01.2-1.8 16-24 13-26 500-750 10,000-12,000 adding nutrients rather than by using enriched flour. The TABLE 4 Expanded Enrichment/Fortification most recent revision [15] was the required addition of folic acid after January 1, 1998, at levels shown in Table 2. Typical level (mg/kg) in bread An expanded cereal enrichment/fortification program Commercial was proposed for cereal grain products by the National Nutrient Canadaa NRC/NASb whole white' Academy of Science, Food Nutrition Board [7] in 1975 (see Table 4 for levels in bread). This was never adopted in Thiamine 2.44.04.0 the United States, largely because of lack of support from Riboflavin 1.82.32.3 Niacin 22.0 33.0 33.0 industry and FDA. A few bakers tried them out voluntarily, Pyridoxine 1.42.81.9 but it never met with much commercial success. A similar Folic acid 0.24+ 0.4+ 0.56 proposal in Canada did result in expanded optional stan-Pantothenic acid 6.04.6 dards, but little use has been made of them. Vitamin A (IU/kg) 6000 Some baking companies have marketed white breads Iron 18 28 28 claimed to be nutritionally equivalent to whole wheat. To Calcium 660 1240 830 do this they add all the nutrients, including fiber, needed to Magnesium 900 630 make up the difference between those in white bread and Zinc 14 16 those in whole wheat bread. An example of one such prod-Manganese 26 uct is shown in Table 4. Copper 2.3 Folic acid was added to the cereal enrichment stan-." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 716. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-73.

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"TABLE 3 Major Commercial Fermentation Conditions for Cereal Foods Fermentation conditions Bread Beer Whiskey Soy sauce Miso Main starters Baker's yeast Brewer's yeast Distillery yeast Molds Molds (Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces (Aspergillus spp.) (Aspergillus spp.) cerevisiae) cerevisiae) cerevisiae) Saccharomyces rouxii Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii Cereals Milled wheat Barley (malted) Corn Soybeans (defatted) Rice Milled rye Sorghum Rye (malted or not) Wheat Barley Minor: Minor: Barley (malted) Minor: Soybeans Barley (malted) Corn Wheat Barley flour Wheat (malted) Rice Wheat Other ingredients Water Water Water Water Salt Salt Hops Salt Hot pepper Sugar Adjuncts Fat (corn syrup, sugar Emulsifiers or starch) Dough strengtheners Preservatives Enzymes Fermentation 1-6h2-10 days 2-3 days (Koji: 3 days at 30°C) (Koji: 2 days at 30°C) conditions 20-42°C 3-24°C 32-35°C 3-12 months 2 days to 1 year Aging: Aging: 15-30°C 30-50°C 3 days-1 month 2-3 years or more 0-13°C 21-30°C baker's yeast is probably the most common of these microorganisms that may be a problem are bacteria (usual-starters; it is commercially produced in liquid, paste (com-ly spore-forming or lactic acid bacteria, especially in some pressed), or dry form. Recently, commercial lactic acid yeast fermentations), wild yeasts, and molds. bacteria starters have been introduced for cereal fermenta-Several spore-forming bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) may tions, but this application is less frequent than their regular produce amylases and degrade hydrated starchy materials. use in dairy or meat fermentations. A close control of the In bread, heat-tolerant spores of Bacillus subtilis (formerly performance of commercial starters is important, since it Bacillus mesentericus) survive the baking process; after a has a major effect on the final products. few days in bread, they produce a spoilage called ropiness, characterized by yellow spots on crumb, putrid pineapple aroma, and stringiness when breaking a piece of bread. The spores of these species, when contaminating flour, may Considering the diversity of the microbial flora that may cause a major problem in bakeries since they are highly re-be present in cereals to be fermented, undesirable microor-sistant in the environment and difficult to eliminate. How-ganisms are likely to be part of this flora and may produce ever, these bacterial infections have become rare in recent problems in the main fermentation process with subse-years, presumably due to improved sanitation. In beer, un-quent adverse effects on the final product. Nowadays these desirable microbial contamination is exhibited by viscosity, problems are lessened by good sanitary practices. Sources appearance, as well as aroma and flavor problems. of these organisms may be the cereals themselves, soil, as Microbial pathogens are usually not a problem for fer-well as any particular ingredient, surface contamination, mented cereals because of the inhibition brought about by and unsanitary handling. acids and ethanol generated by fermenting organisms. A Table 4 summarizes microbial problems likely to occur large proportion of fermented cereals are also eaten shortly during major cereal fermentations. In general, undesirable after complete cooking. However, the biggest problem." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 765–70. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-81.

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