Journal articles: 'Breadwinners'

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Bear, Julia B., and Peter Glick. "Breadwinner Bonus and Caregiver Penalty in Workplace Rewards for Men and Women." Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 7 (December 14, 2016): 780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550616683016.

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Two studies examine whether the workplace motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus are better conceived, respectively, as a caregiver penalty and breadwinner bonus. Participants acting as employers structured offers for married female or male job candidates with children. In Study 1, participants assumed “mother = caregiver” and “father = breadwinner.” These assumptions moderated significantly higher salary offers to fathers and more (explicitly career-dampening) flexible schedules to mothers. Study 2 manipulated family roles (nonparent, parent-unspecified role, parent-breadwinner, and parent-caregiver). Supporting a breadwinner bonus, the female candidate fared best in salary and leadership training offers when labeled a breadwinner (vs. caregiver and unspecified role), equaling a male breadwinner’s offer. A caregiver penalty decreased salary for caregivers of both sexes and leadership training for women (compared to breadwinners) but not men. Thus, the motherhood penalty can become a breadwinner bonus if mothers present themselves as family breadwinners.

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Sari, Eka Kartika, and Biko Nabih Fikri Zufar. "Perempuan Pencari Nafkah Selama Pandemi Covid-19." Al-Mada: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, dan Budaya 4, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/almada.v4i1.1106.

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The perception of women as the number two role in society continues to this day. This knowledge has an impact on women's inferiority and subordination. In addition, the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic have increased the workload for women at home. The workload for women has increased threefold, including earning a living in it. The woman breadwinner in Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II experienced this during the pandemic. This article uses qualitative research methods and a phenomenological approach, in order to obtain data on the quality of life in the Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II community. The purpose of this study was to determine descriptively the condition of women breadwinners during the pandemic. As a result, the “Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar” (PSBB) affected the economic conditions in the Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II community, and women also experienced three times more workload than men at home. The pandemic has actually added to the exploitation and oppression of women in the Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II community. Therefore, it is necessary to have further research on the quality of life of women breadwinners in Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II before the pandemic to find out the differences in the quality of life of women breadwinners in the same location.

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Hunter, Andrea G. "The other breadwinners." History of the Family 6, no. 1 (April 2001): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-602x(01)00061-6.

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Griffin, Marie L. "Women as Breadwinners." Women & Criminal Justice 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2005): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v17n01_01.

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Gibeau, Janice L., and Jeane W. Anastas. "Breadwinners and Caregivers." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 14, no. 1-2 (November 16, 1989): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v14n01_03.

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Zimmermann, Regula, and Jean-Marie LeGoff. "The Transition to Parenthood in the French and German Speaking Parts of Switzerland." Social Inclusion 8, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i4.3018.

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After the first transition to parenthood, most couples adopt a gendered labor division, where mothers become main caregivers and fathers breadwinners of the family. By comparing two distinct language regions within one country, the present article explores how parents’ gendered labor division comes into existence and what role gendered culture and social policy play. The analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 23 German speaking and 73 French speaking participants from Switzerland. The results reveal that French speaking women and men presume an egalitarian labor division as parents. In German speaking regions, however, participants anticipate that mothers will become the main caregivers and fathers the breadwinners. It is shown that the labor market structure, which is in line with the male breadwinner norm, contributes to men’s full-time employment, whereas mothers’ labor market insertion is influenced by the acceptance of non-parental childcare and to a lesser extent by the offer of childcare facilities. Further, mothers experience more time conflicts than fathers, and the less mothers’ paid work is accepted, the more they suffer from feelings of guilt when being employed.

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Price, Debora. "Gender and Generational Continuity: Breadwinners, Caregivers and Pension Provision in the UK." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2006): 31–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.061231.

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The UK is considered a ’male breadwinner/female part-time carer’ state due to men and women conforming to stereotypical gender roles within partnerships, and welfare policies reflecting and reinforcing this gender division. Using data from the General Household Surveys 2001 and 2002, this article shows that mothers continue to be markedly disadvantaged in participating in the accumulation of pensions compared to women who have never had children. This is mostly because they take on caring roles at the expense of paid work, but also because where women earn much less than their partners, they are more likely to depend on them for pension provision. Female breadwinners are likely to be low earners, and so, in contrast with men, their status as “breadwinner” does not usually imply pension accumulation. Consideration of the impact of the institutional framework of pension provision requires an understanding of inequalities within couples and societal expectations of mothers’ caring responsibilities.

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Ralph, David. "“The Unsung Heroes of Ireland”: Masculinity, Gender, and Breadwinning among Ireland’s “Euro-Commuters”." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 3-4 (July 15, 2018): 702–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x18787588.

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Here I examine the masculinity/breadwinning nexus among a group of intra-European migrants, namely, those who commute for work between European states—or Euro-commuters. I focus specifically on professional male Euro-commuters, who live in the Republic of Ireland but work in another European Union (EU)-28 country. Examining their mobility decision-making process, I argue that the impetus behind Euro-commuting is strongly influenced by normative gender-based expectations around masculinity and breadwinning. Threatened with socioeconomic insecurity in austerity-hit Ireland, respondents struggled to sustain strongly gendered identities as their families’ primary breadwinners. Consequently, by securing professional white-collar work in another EU-28 country, not only is downward social mobility from the Irish middle-class offset but also equally so is the threat to their firmly held masculine breadwinner identities. In securing this employment, then, my respondents were compensating for what they felt to be their “failed” masculinity during bouts of underemployment or unemployment; they were now performing masculinity “successfully” by working overseas. Effectively, Euro-commuting is a further means of reasserting hegemonic gender-based identities as middle-class male breadwinners. This mobility thereby contributes to novel patterns of reproducing privileged gender subjectivities.

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P.T., Ezeani, and Sabboh G.M. "Psychosocial Predictors of the Changing Role of Husbands as Breadwinners in a Depressed Economy in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria." British Journal of Education, Learning and Development Psychology 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjeldp-zu3ksuju.

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Changing roles of husbands as breadwinners among couples, particularly in a poor economy, has been a source of concern for most Nigerian families, resulting in many homes being broken (divorced and separated) and even children begging for alms on the streets. Despite the extensive literature on the effects of marital conflicts, parenting styles, and economic constraints on marital stability, few studies on how these factors interact to affect husbands' evolving status as breadwinners. This study, therefore, examined the psychological predictors (marital disagreement, parenting style and economic challenge) of the changing role of husbands as breadwinners in a depressed economy in the Ibadan metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. Marital communication and structural theories provided the framework, while the descriptive survey design was adopted. Three Local Government Areas (LGA) – Ibadan South-west, Ibadan North-west, and Ibadan North – were selected out of the nine LGA using stratified random sampling. Three hundred participants from (3 Churches 213, 2 Markets 81, and 1 School 6) were carefully chosen through a convenience sampling technique. The instruments used were changing role r = .79, marital disagreement r = .90, parenting style r = .89 scales. Data were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis at a 0.05 level of significance. The finding revealed that there were significant positive relationships between marital disagreement r = .487, p < 0.05, and economic challenge r = .249, p < 0.05 on changing roles while there was no relationship between parenting style r = -.089, p > 0.05 on changing roles. The three independent variables jointly accounted for 31.1% variance in predicting change in roles of the husband as breadwinner. The independent variables made a positive relative contribution to change in role in the following order: marital disagreement (β = -0.117, t = -2.407, p < 0.05, which had a relative contribution to changing role of husbands from breadwinner among couples in Ibadan metropolis. Specific roles and responsibilities should not be overemphasised among couples, rather the emphasis should be on improvements, achievements, and successes recorded together as husbands and wives, and not as individual people. This will reduce the increasing attitude toward self-oriented goals instead of “the family achievements.”

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Ningrum, Widi Tri Pramesti, and Siti Mas'udah. "Family conflicts and the violence of unemployed husbands against their wives acting as the main breadwinner." Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v16i1.2021.76-85.

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In a patriarchal society, men are the breadwinners and women are obliged to perform a domestic role. However, in reality, there are many families with unemployed husbands and working wives who support the family. This study aimed to reveal the background of unemployed husbands and the conflicts and violence against wives as the main breadwinner. This study used qualitative research methods and is descriptive research in design. The researchers interviewed informants from families with unemployed husbands where the wives were the breadwinners. The results of this study indicate that the causes of the husbands not working include illness, bankruptcy, company rationalization, a lack of desire to support their family or being too lazy to work. The conflicts that often occur in families with unemployed husbands include the socialization of the children, family economy, the division of domestic labor, differences of opinion in various matters, conflicts with their extended families, and various cases that are considered trivial. The violence that occurs in the family with unemployed husbands is physical violence, verbal, and psychological abuse to wives. Although the wives are the source of the family economy, the husbands remain in a dominant position in the family. Therefore, efforts to overcome the violence in the family requires support from many parties, including the wives, families, communities, and the state.

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Chesley, Noelle. "What Does It Mean to Be a “Breadwinner” Mother?" Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 18 (November 12, 2016): 2594–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16676857.

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Historically, breadwinning is linked to cultural ideologies about masculinity and fatherhood, suggesting contemporary breadwinner mothers confront a gendered cultural ideal. I draw on 42 in-depth interviews with mothers and fathers in 21 couples in which women provide 80% to 100% of the family income to better understand mothers’ breadwinning. Few mothers self-identify as providers; just 38% of women (and their husbands) reported that wives were the family’s primary financial provider. Interviews indicate that while these mothers feel financial pressures similar to those reported by male breadwinners, their experience can also be characterized by the role it plays in undermining husbands’ masculinity and in deepening conflicts between employment and mothering. Overall, while adopting gender-atypical roles may promote change in the direction of greater equality, as when mothers get more serious about paid work or feel accomplishment as a breadwinner, this process is constricted by embedded cultural ideals of mothering and masculinity.

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Jurczyk, Karin, Birgit Jentsch, Julia Sailer, and Michaela Schier. "Female-Breadwinner Families in Germany: New Gender Roles?" Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 13 (April 23, 2019): 1731–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19843149.

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Female breadwinning has recently gained in significance in Germany. This article examines the extent to which female breadwinning is linked to new gender roles, and the impacts the role reversal may have on families’ everyday lives. Qualitative interviews with female breadwinners living in Western Germany were conducted to explore families’ ways of doing gender and doing family as an interrelated process. The research examined, first, the female-breadwinner families’ division of employment and domestic labor and second, the relationship between individual gender self-concepts and factual income arrangements. Some examples of modernization of gender roles and arrangements in everyday life in female-breadwinner families were found, but traditional gender concepts and practices prevailed. The families achieved doing family results comparable to couples with other breadwinning arrangements, but this demanded extraordinary efforts. We reconstructed “practices of normalization,” which couples used to reassure themselves and others of their “normalness” despite their gender-atypical roles.

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Lumbu, Cristi S., Juliana R. Mandei, and Charles R. Ngangi. "PERAN WANITA USAHATANI TANAMAN HIAS TERHADAP PENDAPATAN KELUARGA MISKIN DI DESA TOLOMBUKAN KECAMATAN PASAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 17, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.17.2.2021.33785.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the role of ornamental plant farming women in poor families in Tolombukan Village, Pasan District, Southeast Minahasa Regency. The research was conducted for three months, from December to February 2020. The data used are primary data obtained through interviews with 20 women who are farming ornamental plants. Secondary data were obtained from the Tolombukan Village Office. The data analysis used is descriptive, contribution formula and the data is presented in tabular form. The role of women as main breadwinners if it has greater than 50 percent. The results showed that the role of women as wives who cultivated ornamental plants in Tolombukan Village was as additional breadwinners and not the main breadwinners for their families.

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Speakman, Sue, and Mick Marchington. "AMBIVALENT PATRIARCHS: SHIFTWORKERS, ‘BREADWINNERS’ AND HOUSEWORK." Work, Employment and Society 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 083–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950017099000069.

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Speakman, Sue, and Mick Marchington. "Ambivalent Patriarchs: Shiftworkers, `Breadwinners' and Housework." Work, Employment and Society 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500179922117809.

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Borderías Mondejar, Cristina, Luisa Muñoz-Abeledo, and Xavier Cussó Segura. "Breadwinners in Spanish cities (1914-1930)." Revista de Historia Industrial Economía y Empresa 31, no. 84 (March 15, 2022): 59–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/rhiihr.v31i84.32631.

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Historic constructions of family budgets have been scarce in Spain. In fact, the first national Family Budget Survey was carried out in 1958. In this article, we present new evidence of different occupational groups’ incomes in Spanish provincial capitals (1914-1930). We also calculate the minimum cost of covering basic needs (food, housing, and other expenses) of urban working families. The main objective of the article is to estimate the capacity of men’s wages to sustain the family economy, as well as women’s contributions to the same. The main data sources are the Boletín del Instituto de Reformas Sociales 1904-1924 (Bulletin of the Institute of Social Reforms), the Anuario Estadístico de España 1914-30 (Spanish Statistical Yearbook), and the National Population Censuses (1910-1930), the food and nutrient totals prepared by García Barbancho (1960a and 1960b), and estimates of energy and nutrient requirements prepared by WHO/FAO and other specialists and institutions.

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Kanji, Shireen, and Robin Samuel. "Male Breadwinning Revisited: How Specialisation, Gender Role Attitudes and Work Characteristics Affect Overwork and Underwork in Europe." Sociology 51, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038515596895.

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We examine how male breadwinning and fatherhood relate to men’s overwork and underwork in western Europe. Male breadwinners should be less likely to experience overwork than other men, particularly when they have children, if specialising in paid work suits them. However, multinomial logistic regression analysis of the European Social Survey data from 2010 ( n = 4662) challenges this position: male breadwinners, with and without children, want to work fewer than their actual hours, making visible one of the downsides of specialisation. Male breadwinners wanting to work fewer hours is specifically related to the job interfering with family life, as revealed by a comparison of the average marginal effects of variables across models. Work–life interference has an effect over and beyond the separate effects of work characteristics and family structure, showing the salience of the way work and life articulate.

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Hastasari, Chatia. "COMMUNICATION PATTERN BETWEEN FEMALE BREADWINNERS AND THEIR CHILDREN." INFORMASI 49, no. 1 (August 7, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v49i1.25432.

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This study examines the communication pattern between female breadwinners and their children and the barriers in that communication process. This qualitative study was carried out among 12 female breadwinners from low-income families in Wedomartani Village, Ngemplak, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta. It is drawn from the study that, first, there is good interpersonal communication between a female breadwinner and her children. It is clearly seen as all factors leading to an effective interpersonal communication are fulfilled, namely a) openness – the mother is actively creating a pleasant conversation so that her children will feel more comfortable in telling her everything that happens to them; b) empathy – the mother instills a sense of independence and respect for others in her children; and c) positive behaviors – the mother has a strong commitment to improve her family’s condition as shown in all her positive behaviors. Second, as the mother and her children can interchangeably be the communicator (sender) or the communicant (recipient) of information, this communication is categorized as direct (face-to-face), either one-way or two-way. Third, the barrier existing in the communication process between a female breadwinner and her children is mainly related to the mother’s limited time available to do her main duties as a mother, causing her housework to become abandoned. Another obstacle in this communication process is due to the children’s psychological condition that is affected by the lack or even the absence of father’s roles in their family, leading to an unstable emotion.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pola komunikasi wanita sebagai kepala keluarga dengan anaknya dan apa saja hambatan yang terjadi pada proses komunikasi antara wanita kepala keluarga dengan sang anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan sumber data utama para wanita kepala keluarga miskin di desa Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman yang berjumlah 12 informan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah 1) komunikasi interpersonal yang terjalin antara ibu sebagai wanita kepala keluarga dengan sang anak sudah berjalan dengan baik. Hal itu tampak dari pemenuhan faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi komunikasi interpersonal agar menjadi lebih efektif diantaranya a) Keterbukaan yang ditandai dengan adanya peran aktif sang ibu dalam proses komunikasi agar sang anak merasa nyaman bercerita segala hal; b) Empati yang ditanamkan oleh sang ibu pada diri sang anak adalah kemandirian dan rasa menghargai orang lain terutama orang tua; dan c) Perilaku positif yang ditunjukkan dari komitmen yang kuat sang ibu dalam memperbaiki kondisi keluarga. 2) pola komunikasi interpersonal yang terjadi bersifat langsung (tatap muka) baik satu arah maupun dua arah. Hal ini tampak dari posisi komunikator (pengirim pesan) dan komunikan (penerima pesan) dapat dilakukan oleh ibu maupun anak. Dan 3) hambatan dalam proses komunikasi yang terjalin antara ibu sebagai wanita kepala keluarga dengan anaknya saat berinteraksi adalah minimnya waktu yang dimiliki oleh sang ibu menyebabkan tugas dan kewajiban utamanya sebagai seorang ibu di rumah menjadi terbengkalai dan hambatan lainnya adalah kondisi psikologis anak yang mengalami kekurangan atau bahkan kehilangan sosok ayah dalam keluarga menyebabkan emosinya menjadi tidak stabil.

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Calista, Margaretha Finna, and Wening Udasmoro. "Women as Breadwinners in Maureen Sherry’s Opening Belle." Journal of Language and Literature 21, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v21i2.3146.

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There have been many popular fiction novels in the literature world that raise how women enter the economic aspect. One of them is the novel Opening Belle written by Maureen Sherry and published in 2016. Opening Belle represents women’s participation in the financial sector because they want a good life. This research is studied with the feminist political economy theory proposed by Jacqui True. In her book, The Political Economy of Violence against Women, True explains that economic globalization has changed women’s lives becoming financially independent. However, on the other hand, women involved in the public sphere are underappreciated and receive sexual harassment or violence, making it difficult for women to participate in the economic aspect. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method. With this method, the writer takes parts of the novel in the form of words, sentences, paragraphs which explain the economic aspect and women’s participation in it. This research is analyzed through the explanations and utterances of the characters. The results of this study are: first, the participation of women as breadwinners in this novel is started as part of her life experiences and is driven by the hardships of her family; second, women are highly motivated figures so that they implement several strategies to survive in their office, namely by proving their competence, joining the GCC women’s community and voicing equal rights in the workplace. In conclusions, economic globalization opens up women’s opportunity to become the sole breadwinner in the family.

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Singgih, Doddy Sumbodo, Sudarso Sudarso, and Siti Mas'udah. "Feminization of poverty program on female breadwinners in East Java, Indonesia." Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 15, no. 2 (August 23, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v15i2.2020.79-90.

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This article describes the feminization of poverty-reducing program by directing the program to female breadwinners in 10 regencies in East Java Province, Indonesia. The main activity of such program is to provide productive financial support to a target group, namely poor female breadwinners in rural areas. The main focus of the research is to examine the targeting accuracy of the program in providing productive financial support to the target group. To acquire this objective, a survey was conducted to collect data for the examination. In addition, the targeting accuracy is measured for the accuracy of its recipients, its amount, and its utilization. The results of the study indicate that the feminization of poverty-reducing program has met the target. It means that the funds have really been given to the poor female breadwinners who live in rural areas. The sum of the money has been in agreement with the amount that should be given, and it has been utilized by the target group productively in accordance with the program objectives.

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Pasura, Dominic, and Anastasia Christou. "Theorizing Black (African) Transnational Masculinities." Men and Masculinities 21, no. 4 (February 23, 2017): 521–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x17694992.

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Just as masculinity is crucial in the construction of nationhood, masculinity is also significant in the making and unmaking of transnational communities. This article focuses on how black African men negotiate and perform respectable masculinity in transnational settings, such as the workplace, community, and family. Moving away from conceptualizations of black transnational forms of masculinities as in perpetual crisis and drawing on qualitative data collected from the members of the new African diaspora in London, the article explores the diverse ways notions of masculinity and gender identities are being challenged, reaffirmed, and reconfigured. The article argues that men experience a loss of status as breadwinners and a rupture of their sense of masculine identity in the reconstruction of life in the diaspora. Conditions in the hostland, in particular, women’s breadwinner status and the changing gender relations, threaten men’s “hegemonic masculinity” and consequently force men to negotiate respectable forms of masculinity.

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Saleh, Amiruddin, Ana Kuswanti, Alyssa Nahla Amir, and Rita Nur Suhaeti. "Determinants of Economic Empowerment and Women’s Roles Transfer." Jurnal Penyuluhan 18, no. 01 (February 24, 2022): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25015/18202238262.

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Women, who were members of Economic Empowerment of Women Headed Family (WHF) Group and married in marital status, still tend to have lower economic status. There was a social reality that roles and functions of husbands and wives in many communities had shifted, especially of WHF Group members in Batang District, Central Java Province. The crucial condition causing the mentioned shifting was economic factors. Formerly, wives were only supporting bread winners, however, because of family economic needs, women switched their roles into breadwinners. Wives also took action as dominant decision makers in their households, although society had not fully recognized woman’s participation in development communication as head of family. The newest finding in this research was that married women, whose husbands had been fired, had already been included into WHF Program. There was 45 percent of WHF Group members, who still got married to husbands with no permanent jobs, and 15 percent belonged to those whose husbands had got fired, and five percent was jobless. The results of FGD supported the finding that there were some married women that had shifted from supporting breadwinners into main breadwinners.

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김정현. "Labor Transition and Exclusion of Unprivileged Female Breadwinners." Korean Journal of Family Social Work ll, no. 43 (March 2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.16975/kjfsw.2014..43.003.

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Gather, Claudia, Lena Schürmann, and Heinz Zipprian. "Self-employment of men supported by female breadwinners." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-07-2015-0026.

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Purpose This paper aims to look at the multiple embeddedness of male self-employment by focusing on entrepreneurship of men supported by female breadwinners. Design/methodology/approach Following a qualitative research design, the paper presents three case studies drawn from a research project, where 40 narrative interviews were conducted with female and male business starters. Findings The concept of embeddedness that was developed for female business founders can also be applied and specified for business startups of men. Creating and conducting a business or becoming self-employed is for men closely related to and interwoven with gender norms, household and partnership dynamics. Men who are not the family breadwinners benefit from the male connotations of entrepreneurship. Male self-employment, even if of precarious or low pecuniary relevance, allows them to fulfill the norms of masculinity and employment. Research limitations/implications Given that this is a qualitative study only based on three case studies, more research is needed to estimate the frequency of this type of male self-employment. Originality/value The importance of the context for the decision on starting-up and conducting a business is shown for male entrepreneurs. The study demonstrates how on the household level the male entrepreneurship norm is transformed into everyday lives and fits into gender arrangements. In emphasizing the non-economic dimensions of entrepreneurship, the paper opens the discussion about the interconnections between gender and entrepreneurship for men as well.

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Kealey, Linda. "Breadwinners: Working Women and Economic Independence, 1865–1920." Labor Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 12, no. 3 (August 14, 2015): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2924636.

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Kealey, Linda. "Breadwinners: Working Women and Economic Independence, 1865–1920." Labor 13, no. 1 (February 2016): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-3342848.

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Morgan, Michelle. "Breadwinners: working women and economic independence, 1865–1920." Labor History 54, no. 3 (July 2013): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2013.811797.

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Mervart, Jan. "“Dissatisfied breadwinners” in search of the human being." Kontradikce 4, no. 2 (2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46957/con.2020.2.4.

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Lee, Yean-Ju. "Lingering Male Breadwinner Norms as Predictors of Family Satisfaction and Marital Instability." Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020049.

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Scholars have assumed that as gender revolutions are completed and societies achieve advanced levels of gender egalitarianism, married persons become happier, and marriages become stable. This study investigates how the norms about gender roles are associated with marital instability. The analysis is based on two propositions: (1) marital dissolution is an outcome of two rather distinct processes, deterioration of marital quality and formation of a decision to leave a marriage, and (2) the antithesis of advanced gender egalitarianism is a set of lingering male breadwinner norms, not gender inequality often manifested by working women performing second shifts. The data are from 68 national surveys conducted in 2002 and 2012 through ISSP coordination, and the sample of person-level analysis is restricted to ages 30–49, supposedly in the life cycle stages of family formation and expansion. The norms of gender roles are classified into four types: traditional norm, prescribing gendered division of labor; lingering male breadwinner norm, emphasizing men as the primary breadwinners while allowing flexibility of women’s roles; super woman norm, prescribing women to perform double roles; and egalitarian norm, emphasizing equal sharing of roles. At the country level, aggregate variables were constructed by calculating the percentage of adults who held each type of norm. The results strongly support the prediction that the male breadwinner norm at the societal level is detrimental to marital quality, while persons holding the egalitarian norm are most satisfied with their family lives.

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Kapustina, Olga V. "Рre-war Personal Pensions for Relatives of Prominent Citizens." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 404–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.205.

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The article is devoted to the practice of awarding a personal pension on the occasion of the loss of a breadwinner to the relatives of people outstanding in the sphere of culture, science and revolutionary movement in the period of 1920–1930. The main sources for analysis include the pension documents kept in the State archive of the Russian Federation as well as the personal cases on the issue of granting pensions being in the process of consideration. In particularly, the archival documents revealed information concerning the pension provision of the relatives and inheritors of L. Tolstoy’s, F. Dostoevsky’s, N. Chernyshevsky’s, M. Glinka’s, and F. Dzerzhinsky’s. The documents in questions describe the difficulties they faced during the early decades of the Soviet period. A special emphasis in the applications is placed on health problems as personal pensions were granted only to disabled or elderly citizens. The author underlines that the number of relatives of outstanding people was more numerous than the one of ordinary people receiving personal pensions. It included not only minor children, brothers, sisters, spouse and parents, but adult grandchildren, nephews and nieces. It is noteworthy that the dependence of the applicants on the deceased breadwinners was not always proved. The results of the research indicate that awarding a personal pension for the loss of a breadwinner became one of the means to honor the memory of those who provided outstanding service to the Soviet Republic.

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Rezvi, Minhazur Rahman, Arju Afrin Kathy, Parvez Mahmood, Azizun Nahar Lima, and Zauad Mahmud. "Impact of COVID19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Perspective of Mental Health and Socio-Economic Status." Khazanah Sosial 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ks.v4i1.14065.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the global labor market has threatened millions of livelihoods globally including Bangladesh. The study attempts to analyze the emerged socio-economic crisis among street vendors’ households in Bangladesh and to explore the psychological impacts among them during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the qualitative approach, it was conducted in a total of 16 KIIs from street vendors. The study found that levels of depression and anxiety varied from individual to individual (i.e., street vendors), the households of street vendors with multiple breadwinners or minimum earnings were merely affected by psychological distress whereas the households with single breadwinners or no income had to suffer severe anxiety and depression. Mostly, COVID-19 infected street vendors went through severe mental depression in comparison to others. In conclusion, the paper suggests that policymakers and other respective authorities can effectively address the issues for ensuring the well-being of street vendors in upcoming pandemics.

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Bosoni, Maria Letizia. "“Breadwinners” or “Involved Fathers?” Men, Fathers and Work in Italy." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 45, no. 2 (May 2014): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.45.2.293.

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Sriyasak, Atcharawadee, Anna-Lena Almqvist, Chaweewan Sridawruang, Wanwadee Neamsakul, and Elisabet Häggström-Nordin. "The New Generation of Thai Fathers: Breadwinners Involved in Parenting." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 5 (May 23, 2016): 1368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316651062.

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Becoming a father for the first time might cause great changes in a man’s identity and lifestyle. Teenage fathers must strive to balance two competing roles: the teenage role and the father role. The current study design followed grounded theory methodology to gain a deeper understanding of how Thai teenage fathers reason about becoming and being a father from a gender equality perspective. Participants were selected from a heterogeneous group of fathers until saturation was reached ( n = 25). Most of the fathers were cohabiting with their partner in an extended family. An interview guide was developed, a pilot study was undertaken, and interviews were performed on two different occasions: once during the second trimester of pregnancy and again when the baby was 5 to 6 months old. The core category, “Male breadwinners involved in parenting,” encompassed persons making the transition from being solely a teenager to being a teenage father. Most of the fathers accepted the unintended pregnancy and took on the expected breadwinning responsibility of a father. They prepared for fatherhood and changed their lifestyle. Their families provided support. Nevertheless, the fathers sought to avoid further unplanned parenthood by learning about family planning. The teenage fathers emphasized breadwinning first, then involved himself in the child and the housework. These findings provide an increased understanding of Thai teenage fathers.

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Todd, Selina. "Breadwinners and Dependants: Working-Class Young People in England, 1918–1955." International Review of Social History 52, no. 1 (March 9, 2007): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859006002781.

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The prevailing image of twentieth-century English “youth” is as a triumphal signifier of affluent leisure consumption. By contrast, this article demonstrates the importance of young working-class people's economic role as wage-earners in the mid-twentieth century. This shaped their treatment by the family and the state and the life histories of the adults they became. Juveniles were crucial breadwinners in interwar working-class households. However, the consequences of high unemployment among adult males helped redefine youth as a period of state protection and leisure in the post-1945 decades. Nevertheless, personal affluence remained limited, and young people's economic responsibilities high, until at least the mid-1950s. The history of twentieth-century youth is best understood as one in which young working-class people's fortunes were closely linked to their family's circumstances and their importance as a supply of cheap labour. Social class thus formed, and was formed by, the experience and memory of being young.

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Whiteley, Philip. "Rocking your role:the how-to guide to success for female breadwinners." Action Learning: Research and Practice 10, no. 2 (July 2013): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2013.799395.

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Rao, Nitya. "Breadwinners and Homemakers: Migration and Changing Conjugal Expectations in Rural Bangladesh." Journal of Development Studies 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.629648.

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De Rosa, Eugenia. "Migrant women breadwinners in Italy during the crisis: improvement or trap?" Journal of Gender Studies 28, no. 3 (February 26, 2018): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2018.1441017.

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Grbich, Carol. "Women as Primary Breadwinners in Families Where Men Are Primary Caregivers." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 30, no. 2 (August 1994): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078339403000201.

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Costantini, Hiroko, and Glenda Roberts. "Corporate Policy, Male Breadwinners, and Their Family Care in Aging Japan." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1889.

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Abstract A rapidly emerging set of carers are men who combine care for older relatives with employment. In Japan, a 2015 government initiative aimed at reforming work to make employment and care compatible by 2020 failed to reduce the approximately 100,000 annually quitting employment mainly due to care for older relatives. This paper aims to evaluate the initiative’s limited impact through a multilevel understanding of the roll-out of the family care policy. Stakeholder views, based on 32 interviews including with employers, the Japanese Business Federation, local care providers and NPOs, are juxtaposed with the perspectives of employed male family carers drawn from 37 qualitative in-depth narrative interviews complemented by participant observation in the Tokyo area in 2019. The ethnographic fieldwork evidences informants’ diverse engagement with care for older relatives underpinned by strongly held cultural views of care provision being a ‘private’ issue, which contrasts with government attempts to make family care a ‘social’ issue by broadening stakeholder participation. Further, corporates tend to have tacit reluctance to transform working practices to accommodate care. Thus, employed men’s devotion to work competes with the culturally embedded notion that carers should be committed to care provision. In conclusion, such a disjuncture is a major factor in the government initiative’s failure. Although cultural values and meanings in policy evaluation theories are often neglected, this research points to the significance of ongoing (re)construction of the socio-cultural notions congruent with social policy enablement.

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Hoorntje, Alexander, P. Paul F. M. Kuijer, Berbke T. van Ginneken, Koen L. M. Koenraadt, Rutger C. I. van Geenen, Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs, and Ronald J. van Heerwaarden. "Predictors of Return to Work After High Tibial Osteotomy: The Importance of Being a Breadwinner." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 232596711989005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119890056.

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Background: Limited evidence exists on patient-relevant outcomes after high tibial osteotomy (HTO), including return to work (RTW). Furthermore, prognostic factors for RTW have never been described. Purpose: To investigate the extent and timing of RTW in the largest HTO cohort investigated for RTW to date and to identify prognostic factors for RTW after HTO. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent HTO between 2012 and 2015 were included. Patients received a questionnaire at a mean follow-up of 3.6 years. Questions were asked pre- and postoperatively regarding work status, job title, working hours, preoperative sick leave, employment status, and whether patients were their family’s breadwinner. The validated Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ) was used to assess difficulty with knee-demanding activities. Prognostic factors for RTW were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Covariates were selected based on univariate analysis and a directed acyclic graph. Results: We identified 402 consecutive patients who underwent HTO, of whom 349 were included. Preoperatively, 299 patients worked, of whom 284 (95%) achieved RTW and 255 (90%) returned within 6 months. Patients reported significant postoperative improvements in performing knee-demanding activities. Being the family’s breadwinner was the strongest predictor of RTW (odds ratio [OR], 2.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-6.69). In contrast, preoperative sick leave was associated with lower odds of RTW (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.46). Conclusion: After HTO, 95% of patients were able to RTW, of whom 9 of 10 returned within 6 months. Breadwinners were more likely to RTW, and patients with preoperative sick leave were less likely to RTW within 6 months. These findings may be used to improve preoperative counseling and expectation management and thereby enhance work-related outcomes after HTO.

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Lutz, John. "Technology in Canada Through the Lens of Labour History." Scientia Canadensis 15, no. 1 (July 6, 2009): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800316ar.

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ABSTRACT This is an extended review essay which examines contributions of recent labour history to the history of Canadian technology. It argues that three recent books: Heron's Working in Steel, Sager's Seafaring Labour, and Parr's Gender of Breadwinners have bridged the longstanding gap between the two sub-disciplines. The review suggests some future directions for a more 'complete' history of technology which incorporates both the social and technical aspects of production.

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Akanle, Olayinka, and Uzoamaka Rebecca Nwaobiala. "Changing but Fragile: Female Breadwinning and Family Stability in Nigeria." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 3 (October 11, 2019): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619880283.

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Even though the phenomenon of female family support may not be entirely new in Africa, breadwinning is the primary role of men in most African societies. However, as more women get education and enter paid employment, and some men lose jobs, traditional breadwinning roles are challenged and, sometimes, inverted as growing numbers of women become family breadwinners. Female breadwinning may not be without implications for family stability, however, as it confronts instituted normative gender order in patriarchal societies. While female breadwinners are increasingly common in industrialized societies, and literature exists on their trajectories in such contexts, more recent works are needed in Africa, particularly Nigeria. This article, therefore, examines the nexus of female breadwinning and family stability in Nigeria. This article is an important one on a growing phenomenon in Africa resulting from urbanization, industrialization and economic crises in certain regions of the continent. Guided by modernization and patriarchy theories, the study relied on qualitative method of data collection. Twenty in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted in contexts of female breadwinning families. Data were analysed and presented as interpretive narratives. An interesting relationship was found between female breadwinning and family stability in the setting. Generational influences and associated outcomes were also found and presented in this article.

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Cross, M. "Breadwinners and Citizens. Gender in the Making of the French Social Model." French History 23, no. 3 (July 29, 2009): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crp059.

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Schaefer, T. "Citizen-Breadwinners and Vagabond-Soldiers: Military Recruitment in Early Republican Southern Mexico." Journal of Social History 46, no. 4 (May 12, 2013): 953–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/sht037.

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Madhavan, Sangeetha, Nicholas W. Townsend, and Anita I. Garey. "‘Absent Breadwinners’: Father–Child Connections and Paternal Support in Rural South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 34, no. 3 (September 2008): 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070802259902.

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Pryer, Jane. "When Breadwinners fall III: Preliminary Findings from a Case Study in Bangladesh." IDS Bulletin 20, no. 2 (April 1989): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1989.mp20002007.x.

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Stewart, Mary Lynn. ":Breadwinners and Citizens: Gender in the Making of the French Social Model." American Historical Review 114, no. 3 (June 2009): 844–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.3.844.

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Kershaw, A. "Breadwinners and Citizens: Gender in the Making of the French Social Model." French Studies 63, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knp167.

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Cheng, Yi'En, Brenda S. A. Yeoh, and Juan Zhang. "Still ‘breadwinners’ and ‘providers’: Singaporean husbands, money and masculinity in transnational marriages." Gender, Place & Culture 22, no. 6 (May 29, 2014): 867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2014.917282.

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Soselisa, Hobarth Williams. "Fishermen and Farmers' Wives in Meeting the Needs of Family Life (A Case Study on a Family-family whose Husband has left behind in Morela Subdistrict Leihitu, Moluccas)." Agrikan: Jurnal Agribisnis Perikanan 13, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.29239/j.agrikan.13.2.318-326.

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The effort of women as the head of the family ini fulfilling the necessities of life is a change in status/fungtion from a housewife to being the head of the family as a result of the conflict Mamala and Morela. With this change in status, he changed his role, namely as a father to children as well as breadwinner to meet the needs of family life. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the social, economic, psychological and spiritual conditions of the family after the departure of the husband and to provide an overview of the efforts made by women as the head of the family in meeting the needs of family life. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection methods, of observation, in-depth interview, FGD and documentation studies. Data was collected from bureaucrats, religious leaders. Traditional leaders, and women breadwinners. Efforts made by women to survive in fulfilling the necessities of life include trading (opening stalls, selling fish, meatballs and boiled noodles) seweing and working in beauty salons. The key factor for family survival in fulfilling life socially, economically, psychologically and spiritually is the family itself and environmental factors as well as determinants to be used by families to develop their businesses. Womens efforts in fulfilling the necessities of life are a form of independence, namely an attiude of confidence and willingnees to take the initiative to survive and not depend on other parties.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Breadwinners'

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