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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Break-even analysis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Break-even analysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Break-even analysis"

1

Kampf, Rudolf, Peter Majerčák, and Pavel Švagr. "Primjena Break-Even Point analize." Naše more 63, no. 3 (June 2016): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2016/si9.

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Shashua, Leon, and Yaaqov Goldschmidt. "Break-even Analysis Under Inflation." Engineering Economist 32, no. 2 (January 1986): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137918608902956.

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Gaytán Cortés, Juan. "Break-even point." Mercados y Negocios, no. 48 (January 1, 2023): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/myn.vi48.7690.

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The break-even point is one of the most used tools when carrying out financial analysis in order to make the most appropriate business decisions, the calculation and result of this tool is used to determine the economic amount in sales and the volume of units of products or necessary services to cover operating expenses and variable costs, showing its result that there is no profit or loss in the business activity, thus achieving the operating break-even point

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Singh, Madhav Madhusudan, Pranav Kumar Choudhary, Saroj Kumar Patnaik, and Ginny Kaushal. "Break-Even Analysis in Healthcare Setup." International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration 1, no. 1 (2013): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1006.

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Khoruzhy, Lyudmila Ivanovna, Nina Yuiryevna Tryastsina, and Anastasia S. Guseva. "Strategic break-even analysis AIC organizations." Buhuchet v sel'skom hozjajstve (Accounting in Agriculture), no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-11-2106-04.

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The article is devoted to the issues of strategic analysis of the break-even of agro-industrial complex organizations as a basis for making managerial decisions. The technique of partial calculation of the production cost of production in the “direct-cost” management accounting system is considered. The economic substantiation of options for the sale of dairy products by an enterprise using methods of full and partial absorption of costs is given. The results obtained can be used by agribusiness enterprises to form a development strategy and strategic business plans.

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Dr. P. Naveen Kumar, Dr P. Naveen Kumar. "Break-Even Analysis of Ct Scan Facility at A Multi-Specialty Hospital." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2014/116.

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Mabon, Hunter. "Selection Utility Models and Break-Even Analysis." International Journal of Selection and Assessment 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.1994.tb00125.x.

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Baid, Devesh. "Indian Crafts: Multiple Product Break Even Analysis." Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research 16, no. 1 (June 2017): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972622517698218.

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Ms Sunayna, while talking to her cousin, who had visited her outlet Indian Crafts (IC) for the first time, was sharing her concerns about low sales in recent months. Rupee sales per invoice from repeat customers were going down. Sales from new customers were high but new customer generation was very low. She was very much concerned about declining sales and profits over the previous two years and was looking for ways to revive sales of IC. She also had an inventory which was not moving, especially some costly paintings and large artefacts. Now that her brother Mr Jatin Kumar was not interested in this business, the entire responsibility was on her shoulders. With more than five years in business, she understood it well and was in a position to take on all responsibilities. During this period, she had mostly handled sales but recently she dealt with vendors, organized theme events, and was confident of operating the stores herself. She had to do something in a short time to turn around declining sales or otherwise may be the business would have to be closed down. She was sure that Mr Jatin Kumar will be always available if she wanted to discuss anything or needed guidance in any matter.

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Conine, Thomas E. "The Potential Overreliance on Break‐Even Analysis." Journal of Business Strategy 7, no. 2 (April 1986): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb039157.

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Creemers, Mireille. "Break-even analysis; basic model, variants, extensions." European Journal of Operational Research 62, no. 2 (October 1992): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(92)90258-b.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Break-even analysis"

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Wade, James. "Break-even Analysis of Durum Wheat Varieties: Price vs. Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200483.

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Staffhorst, Martin. "The way to competitiveness of PV - An experience curve and break-even analysis." Kassel Kassel Univ. Press, 2006. http://www.uni-kassel.de/hrz/db4/extern/dbupress/publik/abstract.php?978-3-89958-241-3.

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Fincham, Ryan M. "A break-even analysis of trout processing in West Virginia a case study approach /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1794.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 129 p. : ill., map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-96).

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Staffhorst, Martin [Verfasser]. "The way to competitiveness of PV : an experience curve and break-even analysis / Martin Staffhorst." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2007. http://d-nb.info/986570591/34.

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Kašpar, Michal. "Podnikatelský záměr: Založení fitness centra M-Gym, s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223577.

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The master thesis focuses on the creation of the business plan proposal. Via implemented analysis (SLEPT, SWOT and Porter’s model) and questionnaire research were identified conditions for successful establishment and running of fitness centre M-Gym, s.r.o. in Brno. It involves the choice of tools and strategies, which allows the company to succeed on the market and become competitive.

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Murdock, John Edmon Phillips Ceib. "Break-even analysis of Medicaid versus fee for service in orthodontic practice North Carolina as a case study /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1549.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Dentistry Orthodontics." Discipline: Orthodontics; Department/School: Dentistry.

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Silva, João de Deus Mendes da. "Analise de estabilidade de sistemas dinamicos p-fuzzy com aplicações em biomatematica." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/306499.

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Orientador: Rodney Carlos Bassanezi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:09:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JoaodeDeusMendesda_D.pdf: 2207124 bytes, checksum: 66be9f080afc53c4cd7e470644e483e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Um sistema dinâmico p-fuzzy é um sistema cuja dinâmica é obtida através de um sistema baseado em regras fuzzy. Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo analítico da estabilidade dos sistemas dinâmicos p-fuzzy. Estabelecemos condições necessárias e suficientes para existência de ponto de equilíbrio para sistemas p-fuzzy unidimensionais e bidimensionais e derivamos condições para estabilidade deste ponto. Vimos que, uma condição suficiente para existência de ponto de equilíbrio é uma mudança de sinal na saída do controlador. Este trabalho mostra ainda, que a estabilidade de um ponto de equilíbrio depende, principalmente, das variáveis de entradas e saídas do sistema baseado em regras fuzzy associado ao sistema p-fuzzy. Além dos diversos resultados matemáticos encontrados, com demonstrações rigorosas, realizamos inúmeros experimentos computacionais e obtivemos resultados que atestam a veracidade de da teoria aqui proposta. Apresentamos ainda, algumas aplicações em Biomatemática onde podemos comprovar, em situações concretas, a eficácia, versatilidade e robustez da teoria desenvolvida
Abstract: A p-fuzzy dynamic system is a system whose dynamics is obtained through a fuzzy rule-based systems. ln this work we present an analytical study of the stability of p-fuzzy dynamic systems. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions to existence of equilibrium point for one variable and two variable p-fuzzy systems and, we derive conditions for stability of this point. We saw that, a sufficient condition for existence of equilibrium point is a change of signal in the output of the controller This work still shows, that the stability of an equilibrium point depends, mainly, fuzzy rule-based systems's input-output. Many mathematical results has been found and demonstrated rigorously. We still made many computational experiments and its results show that all developed mathematical theory is efficient. We still present, some applications in Biomathematics where we can prove, in real situations, the efficiency, versatility and robustness of the developed theory in this work
Doutorado
Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

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VILLA, ELENA OMBRETTA. "L'equilibrio nel processo di pianificazione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/16521.

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dopo aver esaminato la teoria sull'equilibrio aziendale (patrimoniale, economico e finanziario) in dottrina e nella pratica professionale, ci si è concentrati sulla determinazione dell'equilibrio nella pianificazione di breve e di lungo periodo. Nella determinazione dell'equilibrio nella pianificazione di breve periodo si è alanizzata la break even analysis.

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Řezníček, Jaroslav. "Návrh na zlepšení ekonomické situace podniku s využitím produkční funkce a BEP." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222357.

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This Master’s thesis is concerned with analysis of production function and analysis of Break Even Point in the company called XY s.r.o. On the basis of BEP analysis in relation with production function I will compose the improvement suggestion of economic situation in the company. Implementation of whole the improvement suggestion will take effect in expansion of profit of the company.

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Xu, Yang. "Analysis of on-grid and off-grid cost for rural electrification in developing countries." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247889.

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Electricity is a fundamental energy carrier for modern life and for economic prosperity. All kinds of equipment use electricity as their power source, including domestic and industrial applications. There is a trend to adopting more electricity-based equipment in all areas. The modern power infrastructures can sufficiently supply most cities and developed areas. However, certain rural areas are still unable to get access to electric power due to the inconvenient locations or less developed economy. This makes the living conditions in such areas extremely inconvenient and further hinders the economic development in those areas.Electrification for rural areas has been a critical task for some developing countries. To accomplish this task, the options are limited to build a stand-alone power system or construct a power transmission line for the chosen location. A stand-alone power system has commonly been based on fossil fuel, such as a diesel generator, with low capital cost compared to a long connection, but with significant running cost of fuel. Recent improvements of renewable sources and storage, and more efficient loads, have made renewable sources much more competitive than before for a stand-alone electricity supply. The choice between different renewable energies depends on the local natural resources. It is a more flexible way to providing the electricity and a more efficient and environmental-friendly way since the energy loss caused by transmission is eliminated. On the other hand, the grid connection option involves building a transmission line to connect the rural area to the national grid, which is a more traditional approach to provide power. The cost of this method depends on the relative distance between the rural area and the nation grid.The choice between the above two mentioned electrification options is the first step when considering providing power to the rural area. This thesis focuses on the electrification for rural areas and comparing the above two methods, finding out the break-even point. It is of current interest as the technology for both options is changing, and the break-even is also changing.In this thesis, a mathematical model for on-grid electrification is proposed and simulated on MATLAB. The off-grid option is simulated by HOMER. The results show how the LCOE of on-grid and off-grid electrification as well as the off-grid configuration are affected by different parameters like the distance to grid, load demand level, PV cost, WT cost, storage cost, the diesel price and so on. By comparing the results, the break-even point of two options is also presented.
Elektricitet är den viktigaste energibäraren för det moderna livet och för ekonomiskt välstånd. Många typer av utrustning använder el som sin kraftkälla, i hushållet såväl som I industrin, och det finns en tendens att öka användning av el inom alla områden. Moderna elnät levererar till de flesta städer och utvecklade områden. Dock har vissa landsbygdsområden fortfarande inte elförsörjning, på grund av svårtillgängliga områden och mindre utvecklade ekonomier. Detta gör att levnadsförhållandena i sådana områden är lägre än om man hade haft tillgång till el, och ytterligare hindrar den ekonomiska utvecklingen i dessa områden.Elektrifiering för landsbygdsområden har varit en viktig uppgift för vissa utvecklingsländer. Två extrema fall är att bygga ett fristående lokalt kraftsystem, eller att bygga nya kraftledningar för att ansluta till ett befintligt elnät. Ett fristående kraftsystem har historiskt sett typiskt berott på fossila bränslen, till exempel med en dieselgenerator, vilket ger lägre kapitalkostnad än en lång ledning, fast med betydande driftskostnader för bränsle. De senaste förbättringarna av förnybara källor och lagring, samt effektivare laster, har gjort förnybara källor mycket mer konkurrenskraftiga än tidigare för en fristående elförsörjning.Valet mellan de två ovannämnda alternativen är det första steget när man elektrifierar ett landsbygdsområde. Denna uppsats fokuserar på elektrifiering för landsbygdsområden och jämför dessa två metoder. Det är av aktuellt intresse eftersom tekniken för båda alternativen är i förändring.I denna uppsats, en matematisk modell för on-grid elektrifiering är föreslås och simuleras på MATLAB. Alternativet off-grid simuleras av HOMER. Resultaten visar hur LCOE av on-grid och off-grid elektrifiering såväl som nätverkskonfigurationen påverkas av olika parametrar som avståndet till rutnätet, lastbehovsnivå, PV kostnad, WT kostnad, lagerkostnad, dieselpriset och så vidare. Genom att jämföra resultaten, jämnpunkten av två alternativ är också presenterad.

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Books on the topic "Break-even analysis"

1

Schweitzer, Marcell. Break-even analyses: Basic model, variants, extensions. Chichester [Engladn]: Wiley, 1992.

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Beuckeleer, Kristel de. Break even analysis under price changes. Antwerpen: Universiteit Antwerpen, 1992.

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Miller, Francis E. Building and civil engineering: Coct-value comparisons (and allied topics) : the benefit/the problem : towards greater understanding. Herne Bay: Ruthtrek, 1992.

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Hammel, Fred C. Breakeven analysis: A decision-making tool. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1992.

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G, Goulet Peter, and United States. Small Business Administration. Office of Business Development, eds. Breakeven analysis: A decision-making tool. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1989.

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Hammel, Fred C. Breakeven analysis: A decision-making tool. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1989.

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Hammel, Fred C. Simple breakeven analysis for small stores. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1990.

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Hammel, Fred C. Simple breakeven analysis for small stores. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1990.

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Plinke, Wulff. Erlösplanung im industriellen Anlagengeschäft. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 1985.

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Bilek, Edward M. ChargeOut!: Determining machine and capital equipment charge-out rates using discounted cash-flow analysis. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Break-even analysis"

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Collis, Jill, and Roger Hussey. "Break-even Analysis." In Cost and Management Accounting, 129–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-90655-0_15.

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Haugom, Erik. "Break-even analysis." In Essentials of Pricing Analytics, 49–63. New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429345319-4.

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Hussey, Roger. "Break-even Analysis." In Cost and Management Accounting, 139–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19930-3_15.

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Ammons, David N., and Dale J. Roenigk. "Break-even analysis." In Tools for Decision Making, 107–11. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129431-10.

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Rauf, S. Bobby. "Break-even Analysis." In Finance and Accounting for Energy Engineers, 31–37. New York: River Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003151579-2.

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Kahraman, Cengiz, and Elif Haktanır. "Fuzzy Break-Even Analysis." In Fuzzy Investment Decision Making with Examples, 117–44. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54660-0_8.

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Schmidt, Ruth A., and Helen Wright. "Sensitivity Analysis for Break-even Analysis." In Financial Aspects of Marketing, 184–91. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25020-2_23.

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Schmidt, Ruth A., and Helen Wright. "Introduction to Break-even Analysis." In Financial Aspects of Marketing, 177–83. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25020-2_22.

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Dewhurst, Jim, and Paul Burns. "Contribution and Break-Even Analysis." In Small Business Management, 105–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23109-6_7.

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Cohen, Mark A. "Cost-Effectiveness and Break-Even Analysis." In The Costs of Crime and Justice, 181–92. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY:: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429431562-13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Break-even analysis"

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Shao, Xiaoxian. "Break Even Analysis of China Europe (Xiamen) Class." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Engineering Management and Information Science, EMIS 2023, February 24-26, 2023, Chengdu, China. EAI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.24-2-2023.2330656.

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Guang-bin, Liu, and Sun Bin-li. "Multi-product Dynamic Break-even Analysis and Its Application." In 2007 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2007.4422160.

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Wang, Kesheng, Shiqi Zhang, and Bing Lei. "Intelligent break-even analysis system for comparison of manufacturing alternatives." In International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing, edited by Shuzi Yang, Ji Zhou, and Cheng-Gang Li. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.217500.

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Ngamsomsuke, Kariya, Kamol Ngamsomsuke, and Wangchuk Rabten. "New Basic Break-even Analysis Models for Multiple Product Firms." In 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasa54658.2022.9765215.

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Kurmangaliyeva, Aizhan, Aigerim Kaumenova, and Zhanara Tastemirova. "Break-even Analysis of Industrial Enterprises in the Regions of Kazakhstan." In 3rd International Conference Spatial Development of Territories (SDT 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210710.019.

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Donkoh, Eric, Teck Siong Ong, Yan Nee Too, and Patrick Chiang. "Register file write data gating techniques and break-even analysis model." In the 2012 ACM/IEEE international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2333660.2333700.

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Kitagata, Daiki, Yusuke Shuto, Shuu'ichirou Yamamoto, and Satoshi Sugahara. "Analysis of break-even time for nonvolatile SRAM with SOTB technology." In 2017 IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference (EDTM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edtm.2017.7947511.

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Zhang, Haijing, Xiaohui Liu, Chang Cheng, Ranran Li, Shen Xiao, Zhicheng Sun, Ran Zhang, and Hongjian Ding. "Break-Even Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation in Power Grid Enterprises." In 2022 12th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems (ICPES). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpes56491.2022.10073292.

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Liu, Chenghua, Lin Sun, and Jin Zou. "The Static Break-even Analysis of Productive Investment Projects Considering the Inventory." In 2010 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2010.446.

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Krishna, K. Murali, Nabal K. Pandey, and Satish Thimmalapura. "Break-even analysis and economic viability of powertrain electrification — An analytical approach." In 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itec-india.2017.8333857.

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Reports on the topic "Break-even analysis"

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Young, Joan K., Mark R. Weimar, Patrick J. Balducci, Linda L. Fassbender, and Melissa Hernandez. Tank Riser Pit Decontamination System (Pit Viper) Return on Investment and Break-Even Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15010214.

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Mugumya, Nicholas, Juliana Nyombi, Michael Matsiko, Rick Homan, Harriet Birungi, and Nzoya Munguti. Cost of training programs and willingness to pay for training: An application of break-even analysis in Uganda. Population Council, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1218.

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Ward, Colin, and Wolfgang Heidug. Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 Storage Potential Outside North America: An Economic Assessment. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-dp27.

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Storing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in oil reservoirs as part of CO2 -based enhanced oil recovery (CO2 -EOR) can be a cost-effective solution to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. In this paper, we analyze the economics of this option in order to estimate the amount of CO2 that could be profitably stored in different regions of the world. We consider situations in which the CO2 -EOR operator either purchases the CO2 supplied or is paid for its storage. Building upon extensive data sets concerning the characteristics and location of oil reservoirs and emission sources, the paper focuses on opportunities outside North America. Using net present value (NPV) as an indicator for profitability, we conduct a break-even analysis to relate CO2 supply prices (positive or negative) to economically viable storage potential.

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Brunner, Huschenbett, and Beshouri. PR-336-06206-R01 Engine Control for Legacy Engines - Cylinder and Cycle Level Control. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010041.

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The reduction or even elimination of cylinder to cylinder combustion variation and cycle-to-cycle combustion instability may result in further nitrous oxides (NOx) reductions at the same engine average air/fuel ratio (and hence turbocharger operating point) or allow operation at a leaner air/fuel ratio before the onset of instability. Reductions in imbalance and instability can also reduce carbon pollutant emissions, reduce break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and improve engine operability. Achieving these goals requires a better understanding of the sources and impacts of that imbalance and instability and then the development techniques to reduce if not eliminate both. This effort focuses on combustion instability of legacy large bore pipeline reciprocating engines operating at very high air/fuel ratios to meet higher emission standards. The report provides a detailed cycle-to-cycle analysis of acquired pressure and ion current data of four test engines in-cluding Clark T-series family and Cooper Bessemer GMV/W engines. The possibility of upcom-ing misfire or poor combustion prediction is investigated and discussed. The document further investigates advanced cylinder balancing strategies as well as the benefits of improved pre-combustion chamber performance.

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Konstantinou, Theodora, Donghui Chen, Konstantinos Flaris, Kyubyung Kang, Dan Daehyun Koo, Jonathon Sinton, Konstantina Gkritza, and Samuel Labi. A Strategic Assessment of Needs and Opportunities for the Wider Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Indiana. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317376.

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The primary objective of this study was to assess the challenges and opportunities associated with the provision of appropriate infrastructure to support electric vehicle (EV) operations and electrification across Indiana. A secondary objective of this study was to develop a strategic plan for INDOT that outlines new business opportunities for developing EV charging stations. To achieve these objectives, the project team assessed current and emerging trends in EV operations, particularly EV charging infrastructure and EV demand forecasting. They also examined opportunities for the strategic deployment of EV charging stations by identifying EV infrastructure deficit areas; investigated the impact of EV adoption on highway revenue and the feasibility of new revenue structures; and evaluated strategic partnerships and business models. The agent-based simulation model developed for future long distance EV trip scenarios enables INDOT to identify EV energy deficient areas for current and future energy charging demand scenarios, and it can support Indiana’s strategic plans for EV charging infrastructure development. The results of the revenue impact analysis can inform INDOT’s revenue model. The estimations of the recovery EV fee, the VMT fee, and pay-as-you-charge fee that break-even the fuel tax revenue loss can be used by INDOT in pilot programs to capture users’ perspectives and estimate appropriate fee rates and structures. The insights obtained from the stakeholder interviews can be used to enhance preparedness for increasing EV adoption rates across vehicle classes and to strengthen the engagement of different entities in the provision of charging infrastructure.

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van Gemert, Rob, Per Holliland, Konrad Karlsson, Niklas Sjöberg, and Torbjörn Säterberg. Assessment of the eel stock in Sweden, spring 2024 : fifth post-evaluation of the Swedish eel management. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.4iseib7eup.

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For decades, the population of the European eel has been in severe decline. In 2007, the European Union decided on a Regulation establishing measures for the recovery of the stock, which obliged Member States to implement a national Eel Management Plan by 2009. Sweden submitted its plan in 2008. According to the Regulation, Member States shall report regularly to the EU-Commission, on the implementation of their Eel Management Plans and the progress achieved in protection and restoration. The current report provides an assessment of the eel stock in Sweden as of spring 2024, intending to feed into the national reporting to the EU in August this year. This report updates and extends previous evaluation reports by Dekker (2012, 2015) and Dekker et al. (2018, 2021). In this report, the impacts on the stock - of fishing, restocking and mortality related to hydropower generation - are assessed. Other anthropogenic impacts (climate change, pollution, increased impacts of predators, spread of parasites, disruption of migration due to disorientation after transport, and so forth) probably have an impact on the stock too, but these factors are hardly quantifiable, and no management targets have been set. For that reason, and because most factors were not included in the EU Eel Regulation, these other factors are not included in this report. Our focus is on the quantification of silver eel biomass escaping from continental waters towards the ocean (current, current potential and pristine) and mortality risks endured by those eels during their whole lifetime. The assessment is broken down on a geographical basis, with different impacts dominating in different areas (west coast, inland waters, Baltic coast). In the last decade, a break in the downward trend in glass eel recruitment has been observed, with recruitment no longer declining consistently. Whether that relates to recent protective actions, or is due to other factors, is yet unclear. Nevertheless, recruitment levels remain at historically low levels. This report contributes to the required international assessment, but does not discuss the causing factors behind the recent recruitment trend and the overall status of the stock across Europe. For the different assessment areas, results summarise as follows: On the west coast, a commercial fyke net fishery on yellow eel was exploiting the stock, until this fishery was completely closed in spring 2012. A fishery-based assessment no longer being achievable, we present trends from research surveys (fyke nets). Insufficient information is currently available to assess the recovery of the stock in absolute terms. Obviously, current fishing mortality is zero (disregarding the currently unquantifiable effect of illegal fishing), but none of the other requested stock indicators (current, current potential and pristine biomass) can be presented. The formerly exploited size-classes of the stock show a recovery in abundance after the closure of the commercial fishery, and the smaller size classes show a break in their decline in line with the recent global trend of glass eel recruitment. In order to support the recovery of the stock, or to compensate for anthropogenic mortality in inland waters, young eel has been restocked on the Swedish west coast since 2010. Noting the quantity of restocking involved, the expected effect (ca. 50 t silver eel) is relatively small, and hard to verify – in comparison to the potential natural stock on the west coast (an order of 1000 t). However, for the currently depleted stock, the contribution will likely constitute a larger share of silver eel escapement. For inland waters, this report updates the 2021 assessment, with substantial changes in methodology being the use of a new natural recruitment model, and the full separation of Trap & Transport catches from the fisheries statistics. The assessment for the inland waters relies on a reconstruction of the stock from information on the youngest eels in our waters (natural recruits, assisted migration, restocking). Based on 78 years of data on natural recruitment into 22 rivers, a statistical model is applied which relates the number of immigrating young eel caught in traps to the location and size of each river, the distance from the trap to the river mouth, and the year in which those eels recruited to continental waters as a glass eel (year class). The further into the Baltic, the larger and less numerous recruits generally are. Distance upstream comes with less numerous recruits. Using the results from the above recruitment analysis, in combination with historical data on assisted migration (young eels transported upstream within a drainage area, across barriers) and restocking (young eels imported into a river system), we have a complete overview of how many young eels recruited to Swedish inland waters. From this, the production of fully grown silver eel is estimated for every lake and year separately, based on best estimates of growth and natural mortality rates. Subtracting the catch made by the fishery (as recorded) and down-sizing for the mortality incurred when passing hydropower stations (percentwise, as recorded or using a default percentage), an estimate of the biomass of silver eel escaping from each river towards the sea is derived. Results indicate, that since 1960, the production of silver eel in inland waters has declined from over 700 to below 300 tonnes per year (t/yr). The production of naturally recruited eels is still falling; following the increase in restocking since 2010, an increase in restocking-based production is expected to be starting right around now. Gradually, restocking has replaced natural recruitment (assisted and fully natural), now making up over 90 % of the inland stock. Fisheries have taken 20-30 % of the silver eel (since the mid-1980s), while the impact of hydropower has ranged from 25 % to 60 %, depending on the year. Escapement is estimated to have varied from 72 t in the late 1990s, to 175 t in the early 2000s. The biomass of current escapement (including eels of restocked origin) is approximately 15 % of the pristine level (incl. restocked), or almost 30 % of the current potential biomass (incl. restocked). This is below the 40 % biomass limit of the Eel Regulation, and anthropogenic mortality (70 % over the entire life span in continental waters) exceeds the limit implied in the Eel Regulation (60 % mortality, the complement of 40 % survival). Mortality being that high, Swedish inland waters currently do not contribute to the recovery of the stock. The temporal variation (in production, impacts and escapement) is partly the consequence of a differential spatial distribution of the restocking of eel over the years. The original natural (not assisted) recruits were far less impacted by hydropower, since they could not climb the hydropower dams when immigrating. Since 2010, inland restocking is increasingly concentrated to drainage areas falling to the Kattegat-Skagerrak, also including obstructed lakes (primarily Lake Vänern, and many smaller ones). Even though Trap & Transport of silver eel - from above barriers towards the sea - has contributed to reducing the hydropower impact, hydropower mortality remains the largest estimated contributor to silver eel mortality in inland waters. Without restocking, the biomass affected by fishery and/or hydropower would be only 5-10 % of the currently impacted biomass, but the stock abundance would reduce from 15 % to less than 3 % of the pristine biomass. In summary: the inland eel stock biomass is below the minimum target, anthropogenic impacts exceed the minimum limit that would allow recovery, and those impacts have been increasing. It is therefore recommended to reconsider the current action plans on inland waters, taking into account the results of the current, comprehensive assessment. For the Baltic coast, the 2021 assessment has been updated without major changes in methodology. Results indicate that the impact of the fishery continues to decline over the decades. The current impact of the Swedish silver eel fishery on the escapement of silver eel along the Baltic Sea coast is estimated at 0.3 %. However, this fishery is just one of the anthropogenic impacts (in other areas/countries) affecting the eel stock in the Baltic, including all types of impacts, on all life stages and all habitats anywhere in the Baltic. Integration with the assessments in other countries has not been achieved. Current estimates of the abundance of silver eel (biomass) indicates an order of several thousand tonnes, but those estimates are extremely uncertain, due to the low impact of the fishery (near-zero statistics). Moreover, these do not take into account the origin of those silver eels, from other countries. An integrated assessment for the whole Baltic will be required to ground-truth these estimates. This would also bring the eel assessments in line with the policy to regionalise stock assessments for other (commercial) fish species (see https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/fisheries/rules/multiannual-plans_en). It is recommended to develop an integrated assessment for the entire Baltic Sea eel stock, and to coordinate protective measures with other range states.

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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.

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