Relevant bibliographies by topics / Breakdown (Electricity)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Breakdown (Electricity)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Breakdown (Electricity)"

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BOUISSOU, MARC, and YANNICK LEFEBVRE. "AVAILABILITY OF AN INTERMITTENTLY REQUIRED SYSTEM: APPLICATION TO A FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANT." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 08, no. 03 (September 2001): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539301000517.

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Electricité de France produces about 75% of its electricity with nuclear power plants. Some hydraulic plants and most fossil fuel power plants are used to pass electricity consumption peaks. Therefore these facilities are required only intermittently. For such systems, a breakdown does not result in a production loss during a standby period. This particular feature is not taken into account by conventional availability evaluation methods. The objective of this paper is to introduce a definition of availability which holds in such a context, and to describe a mathematical method suited to the calculation of this new definition of availability.
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Lin, Jia Qi, Jun Hui Shi, Jing Leng, Ming Hui Xia, and Qing Guo Chi. "Electroluminescence Properties of ZnO Nano-Particles Embedded in Polyimide." Materials Science Forum 694 (July 2011): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.694.137.

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In this paper, ZnO Nano-particles is embedded in polyimide, and physical and chemical properties of polyimide/ZnO composite materials have been studied. It is found that different ZnO content will cause UV absorption edge blue shift, and EL tests show that electricity aging and pre-breakdown have changed. For PI/ZnO(1%) and PI/ZnO(2%) composite materials, Electricity aging is at 1.4Mv/cm and 1.5Mv/cm, Pre-breakdown field is at 1.9Mv/cm and 1.8Mv/cm, respectively. In addition, there are emission peaks at 442.8nm, 514.2nm, 609.4nm in the EL spectrum of the PI/ZnO (1%) films and 538nm, 633.2nm of PI/ZnO(2%) films, which indicates that some defects in this area.
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Naz, Lubna, and Munir Ahmad. "What Inspires Electricity Crises at the Micro Level: Empirical Evidence from Electricity Consumption Pattern of Households from Karachi." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (December 1, 2013): 375–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.375-403.

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With urbanisation1 and modernisation of the economy, the use of electrical appliances has increased manifold in Pakistan. Now, household shares in the total electricity use account for 46.5 percent. While other users have lower shares that are industrial 27.5 percent, agriculture 11.6 percent, commercial 7.5 percent and the government 6.2 percent only [Pakistan (2012-13)]. Overtime, the household electricity consumption has also increased because of the increase in electricity consumers2 and of village electrification.3 Other important reasons include the use of modern appliances including both locally made and smuggled and increase in the share of urban women in the labour force by 6.5 percent during 2007-08 and 2012- 13 [Pakistan (2012-13)]. These reasons are also responsible for enlarging electricity demand and supply gap over the years and have led to the electricity shortage to alarming proportions in March 2012. The electricity gap increased to 57,754 GW from 56,930 GW showing an increase of 1.4 percent from the corresponding period of the last year. The acute electricity shortage has caused long hours of the electricity load shedding in the country. The population living in urban areas bears the direct fall out of the electricity breakdown because of the modern lifestyle and sheer dependence on electricity [Pakistan (2012-13)].
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Song, Li Min, Song Li, Xiu Juan Liu, Dun Jin, and Tie Yu Hu. "Study on the Formation Mechanism of Micro-Arc Oxidation Layer in Aviation." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.577.

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Since the inception of micro-arc oxidation technique, the research on the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation has never stopped. During this period, the research on micro-arc oxidation process of breakdown phenomenon is in depth, and the breakdown model also has been established. Because the micro-arc oxidation process involves many complicated phenomena such as heat, light, electricity, there are a lot of difficulties to deal with. Therefore it has not the perfect qualitative and quantitative model to explain all the phenomena. This paper reviewed the research progress of the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation, observed and analyzed the phenomena and the possible reactions of micro-arc oxidation process at all stages. This paper also discussed plasma’s important role in the process of micro-arc oxidation.Since the inception of micro-arc oxidation technique, the research on the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation has never stopped. During this period, the research on micro-arc oxidation process of breakdown phenomenon is in depth, and the breakdown model also has been established. Because the micro-arc oxidation process involves many complicated phenomena such as heat, light, electricity, there are a lot of difficulties to deal with. Therefore it has not the perfect qualitative and quantitative model to explain all the phenomena. This paper reviewed the research progress of the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation, observed and analyzed the phenomena and the possible reactions of micro-arc oxidation process at all stages. This paper also discussed plasma’s important role in the process of micro-arc oxidation.
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Okundamiya, M. S., E. Esekhaigbe, J. L. Owa, and H. I. Obakhena. "Impacts of Ambient Temperature Change on the Breakdown Voltage of a Distribution Transformer." International Journal of Emerging Scientific Research 2 (June 27, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/ijesr.vol2.155.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of ambient temperature variation on the breakdown voltage of a distribution transformer. Three different insulation oil samples (naphtha mineral, paraffin mineral and silicon base transformer oil) were collected from six distribution transformers (300 – 500 kVA) across two business units (Asaba and Ugbowo) of Benin Electricity Distribution Company during May and June, 2017. The oil samples were analysed using the 60 kV Megger OST60PB portable oil tester, to determine the trend of breakdown voltage of the oil insulation under varying temperature. A 3rd order polynomial model was deduced for each sample type with coefficient of determination within the range of 96.99 – 99.95 %. The observed average breakdown voltage is 43.6 kV (for naphtha base mineral transformer oil), 42.2 kV (for paraffin base mineral transformer oil) and 46.8 kV (for silicon base transformer oil) within the temperature range (26˚C – 32˚C). The result indicates that the breakdown voltages of the considered transformer oil types are satisfactory but the silicon base transformer oil has the best breakdown voltage.
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KARKI, NAVA RAJ, AJIT KUMAR VERMA, RAJESH KARKI, and ARBIND KUMAR MISHRA. "RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS' OUTAGE COST ANALYSIS FOR URBAN AND SEMI-URBAN AREAS IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 16, no. 06 (December 2009): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539309003599.

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This paper discusses cost of unreliability of electricity supply to the residential customers. Electricity supply outage cost is evaluated by customers' survey technique for urban and semi-urban residential areas of a developing country. The energy consumption pattern of urban and sub-urban areas is determined. Electricity supply outage cost is evaluated using both preparatory action approach and contingent valuation method. A detailed breakdown of customer's average outages costs for a entire day based on 8 three-hourly time durations are obtained that give easily understandable figures to the utilities. The power consumption pattern obtained are in close agreement with the utility's load curve. A MATLAB based computer program using Least Square Error Approximation is used to evaluate the outage cost.
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Widyastuti, Christine, and Rakai Alvin Wisnuaji. "Analisis Tegangan Tembus Minyak Transformator Di PT. PLN (Persero) Bogor." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 11, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.11.2.128.

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PT.PLN (Persero) adalah penyedia listrik yang ada di Indonesia. Dalam penyaluran daya listrik, tidak seluruhnya dapat disalurkan kepada konsumen, karena akan hilang dalam bentuk rugi-rugi energi. Dengan melakukan pengujian tegangan tembus pada minyak transformator diharapkan menjadi bahan acuan untuk menjaga kinerja atau umur transformator. Pengujian dengan menggunakan Alat uji Breakdown Voltage merek Megger OTS80PB. Kelayakan minyak transformator dilihat dari hasil pengujian tegangan tembus dan kadar airnya sebagai hasil simulasi kelayakan berdasarkan standar internasional untuk meningkatkan kehandalan dan dalam perawatan transformator daya dalam melayani penyaluran tenaga listrik kepada konsumen. Dengan nilai tegangan tembus yang semakin besar menunjukkan bahwa minyak transformator tersebut masih layak pakai. Sesuai standar uji PLN (SPLN) 49-1/1982 suatu minyak transformator sebagai bahan isolasinya harus memiliki tegangan tembus minimal 30kV/2,5mm. Dalam penelitian ini hasil pengujian dari transformator 1, transformator 2 dan transformator 3 memiliki tegangan tembus masing-masing adalah 49,4kV/2,5mm, 44,3 kV/2,5mm, 41,1 kV/2,5mm. Dari hasil tersebut dapat di katakan bahwa nilai tegangan tembus dari minyak transformator masih di atas minimal standar tegangan tembusnya sehingga masih dapat dipergunakan sebagai isolasi pada transformator. Kata kunci : Minyak Transformator , Tegangan Tembus , Breakdown Voltage Tester Merk Megger Seri Ots80pb PT.PLN (Persero) is a provider of electricity in Indonesia. In the distribution of electric power, not all of it can be distributed to consumers, because it will be lost in the form of energy losses. By testing the breakdown voltage on transformer oil is expected to be a reference material to maintain the performance or life of the transformer. Testing using the Megger OTS80PB Breakdown Voltage test tool. The feasibility of transformer oil can be seen from the results of testing the breakdown voltage and water content as a result of the feasibility simulation based on international standards to improve the reliability and maintenance of power transformers in serving the distribution of electricity to consumers. With a greater breakdown voltage value indicates that the transformer oil is still suitable for use. According to the PLN test standard (SPLN) 49-1 / 1982 a transformer oil as an insulating material must have a breakdown voltage of at least 30kV / 2.5mm. In this study the test results of transformer 1, transformer 2 and transformer 3 have a breakdown voltage of 49.4kV / 2.5mm, 44.3 kV / 2.5mm, 41.1 kV / 2.5mm respectively. From these results it can be said that the breakdown voltage value of the transformer oil is still above the minimum breakdown voltage standard so that it can still be used as insulation on the transformer.
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Selvi, S. Tamil, Madhusudan Saranathan, Pa Hari Krishna Achuthan, R. Abhishek, and Adhitya Ravi. "Study of Parameters Affecting the Aging of Transformer Oil." Materials Science Forum 1048 (January 4, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1048.89.

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An electricity board acquires several transformers from a manufacturer in a belief that their advertised lifetime of the transformer thus purchased is true. However, they don’t take in the case of negligence in maintenance of transformer, which is a strenuous job. The advertised thirty-year lifetime is reduced to a mere two-year lifetime, mainly because of the degradation of the insulation medium (Transformer oil), thus increasing losses in the transformer and decreasing its efficiency. The degradation of transformer oil leads to safety hazards like transformer bursting, consequently forcing the electricity board to replace the transformer, thus incurring huge amount of costs. This is the most relatable problem faced by the electricity board in every state. This research work aims at listing out various properties of transformer oil and ascertaining major impurities in a transformer oil by testing it using various techniques. The proposed work deals with long term observation and analysis of transformer oil to determine its degradation rate. Breakdown voltage, Moisture content, Resistivity, Acidity, Furan Analysis and Dissolved Gas Analysis were done using Mushroom electrodes, Karl Fischer Titration test, Tan delta test, Potassium Hydroxide Titration, High performance liquid chromatography, and dissolved gas analyzer respectively. The results reveal that, deviation of Breakdown Voltage, Moisture content, and 2-Furaldehyde (1197ppb) from the permissible limits can indicate the aging of the transformer.
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Dashtdar, Majid, and Masoud Dashtdar. "Fault Location in Radial Distribution Network Based on Fault Current Profile and the Artificial Neural Network." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbeef-2020-0103.

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AbstractElectricity distribution systems are subject to a variety of faults such as permanent and transient short circuits due to the extent and multiplicity of equipment. In principle, short circuit fault causes the existing protective equipment to operate and to no electricity the various parts of the distribution network. Rapid and accurate determination of fault location, repair and recovery, it has not prevented the distribution of energy. This will satisfy consumers and prevent the losses of electricity companies. In this paper, the artificial neural network and fault current profiles are used to determine the distance of the fault, determine the type of fault and detect the short circuit. This method provides the information needed to locate the fault by sampling the current before and after the fault occurs from the SCADA system. The effect of connectivity local resistance changes and the effect of load changes on fault location were evaluated. The results show that this method is more accurate than the voltage droop profile variation method in determining the fault distance and short circuit breakdown. If only the net fault current changes profile is used, the effect of the load changes in determining the short-circuit breakdown is much less.
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Gonda, Attila, Resat Capan, Dani Bechev, and Bernd Sauer. "The Influence of Lubricant Conductivity on Bearing Currents in the Case of Rolling Bearing Greases." Lubricants 7, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7120108.

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In the course of increasing electric mobility, the effect of electricity on parts of machines is more significant than before. Rolling bearings and their lubrication, as a part of electric motors, are subjected to harmful currents, which lead to damage in the bearing in the long term. In order to avoid such damage, the influence of the lubricant in the bearing is becoming increasingly important. The electrical behaviour of the system can be investigated by analysing the discharge currents and the breakdown voltage in rolling bearings with lubricants of different compositions. This paper presents a procedure for characterizing the breakdown voltage at the rolling bearing and the influence of conductivity of the lubricants on harmful electrical phenomena.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Breakdown (Electricity)"

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Hanby, David William. "Breakdown characteristics of nonuniform electric fields in crossflows /." This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12172008-063445/.

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Hamby, David William. "Breakdown characteristics of nonuniform electric fields in crossflows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46298.

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An experimental evaluation of the breakdown characteristics of the nonunifonn electric fields established between two spheres and between two points in a crossflow was conducted and the results were then compared to the breakdown characteristics in quiescent air. The aluminum spheres used in this investigation ranged in diameter from 0.635 em to 2.54 em. The points had a radius of curvature of 0.5 mm. The velocities of the crossflow ranged from 23 mls to 58 mls and the gap distances ranged from 0.5 cm to 2.0 cm. Photography was used to determine the effect of the crossflow on the luminous spark for all electrodes. The sparking voltages in the crossflow were a function of the crossflow velocity, electrode size and gap distance. It was concluded that the most significant increase of sparking voltages in a crossflow, as compared to the same configuration in quiescent air, was for the point-point gap at a distance of 2.0 cm for a 58 mls crossflow. As the electrodes were increased in size, the effect of a given crossflow decreased. For the 2.54 cm spheres with a 58 mls crossflow, there was actually a decrease in the sparking voltage as compared to its counterpart in quiescent air. The photographs showed a significant deflection of the spark in the direction of the crossflow for the point-point gap, but no significant deflection was detected for the other electrode geometries.
Master of Science

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Tan, Leong Hin 1957. "Two-dimensional device simulation of junction termination structures for determination of breakdown behavior." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277067.

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In this work, we have investigated numerical techniques to determine the breakdown behavior of complex semiconductor devices using two-dimensional simulation. In particular, we have augmented the device simulator SEPSIP with a capability for handling single and multiple floating field rings, and for handling devices with slanted edges. We have furthermore improved the grid width selection algorithm in SEPSIP. A capability for plotting equi-field contours was added to the code. Finally, all system dependencies were removed from the SEPSIP code, and a new version of SEPSIP (Version 2.0) was generated which can be executed on any PC/XT, PC/AT, or PC/386 compatible computer. This eliminates the need for transfering files back and forth between the PC, which had formerly been used as an I/O processor, and the VAX, which was used for numerically intensive computations. It also makes the code more accessible to scientists and engineers who are working in this important research area.
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Watts, Frank. "The effect of electrical potential on mass transfer in liquid-liquid extraction." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10283.

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Dickinson, Laurie Alan. "Studies of magneto-tunneling into donor states and of the breakdown of the quantum Hall effect." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14393/.

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This thesis describes an experimental investigation and analysis of two topical problems in condensed matter physics: 1.) the effect of a magnetic field on quantum states of an electron bound to a shallow donor impurity in a quantum well heterostructure and 2.) the breakdown of the quasi-dissipationless state of the integer quantum Hall effect. Two introductory chapters describe important material parameters and the experimental equipment and techniques used. Magneto-tunneling spectroscopy (MTS) is used to probe the spatial form of the eigenfunction of electrons bound in the ground state of a shallow Si-donor impurities in a GaAs/(A1Ga)As quantum well. An in-plane magnetic field, B[subscript] |, acts to tune the k-vector of the tunnelling electron through the effect of the Lorentz force. The variation with B [subscript] | of the tunnel current through the donor ground state provides a map of the Fourier transform, |ψ(k)| [superscript]2, of the probability density of the ground state donor wavefunction in real space. By applying a strong magnetic field component, B [subscript] ||, parallel to the direction of tunnel current, it is possible to magneto-compress the donor function in real space. The magneto-compression is investigated using MTS and the data are analysed in terms of a simple model, which is critically discussed. The breakdown of the integer quantum Hall effect is investigated by measuring the variation of the voltage drop Vxx along the direction of current flow for a range of currents and magnetic fields and for a number of sample geometries including Hall bars with narrow channels. The data are discussed in terms of two complementary models of breakdown: the bootstrap electron heating model and magneto-exciton formation at a charged impurity. Evidence is found for both types of breakdown depending on the type of sample used and on experimental parameters. For samples with constrictions, it is found that in the breakdown region the value of Vxx measured across a pair of contacts on one side of the Hall bar can differ substantially from that measured on the other side. A model based on magneto-exciton formation at impurities is proposed to explain this unexpected effect. The thesis concludes with a brief summary and suggestions for future work.
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Cheung, Chi Wai. "Application of fracture mechanics to dielectric breakdown in air, silicone oil and silicone rubber /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202009%20CHEUNG.

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Saed, Mohammed Ali. "Dielectric characterization using a Wideband Dielectric Filled Cavity (WDFC)." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52317.

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This dissertation summarizes the research performed towards the development, analysis, and testing of two new sample configurations used for characterizing dielectric materials over a wide band of frequencies. In the two configurations, a cylindrical cavity completely filled with a sample of the dielectric material of interest is used. The two configurations are the following: 1. The cylindrical cavity is adapted to the end of a transmission line and the reflection coefficient is measured. The complex permittivity of the dielectric sample is then derived from the measured reflection coefficient information. 2. The cylindrical cavity is placed between two transmission lines. The complex permittivity of the dielectric material can be computed from either the measured reflection coefficient or the measured transmission coefficient. The full field analysis of these configurations is carried out and the solution is obtained using the method of moments. Computer simulation experiments are performed to test the sensitivity of these techniques and predict their performance. Actual experiments on some dielectric materials with known dielectric properties are performed for verification. The first configuration is also used to characterize two thick film dielectric materials. These configurations proved to provide solutions to the many problems with the conventional configurations found in the literature.
Ph. D.
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Liu, Xin. "Partial discharge detection and analysis in low pressure environments." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155573657.

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Bashir, Muhammad Muqarrab. "Modeling reliability in copper/low-k interconnects and variability in cmos." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41092.

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The impact of physical design characteristics on backend dielectric reliability was modeled. The impact of different interconnect geometries on backend low-k time dependent dielectric breakdown was reported and modeled. Physical design parameters that are crucial to backend dielectric reliability were identified. A methodology was proposed for determining chip reliability but combining the insights gathered by modeling the impact of physical design on backend dielectric breakdown. A methodology to model variation in device parameters and characteristics was proposed. New methods of electrical and physical parameter extraction were proposed. Models that consider systematic and random source of variation in electrical and physical parameters of CMOS devices were proposed, to aid in circuit design and timing analysis.
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Tirino, Louis. "Transport Properties of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5210.

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Transport Properties of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors Louis Tirino III 155 pages Directed by Dr. Kevin F. Brennan The objective of this research has been the study of the transport properties and breakdown characteristics of wide band gap semiconductor materials and their implications on device performance. Though the wide band gap semiconductors have great potential for a host of device applications, many gaps remain in the collective understanding about their properties, frustrating the evaluation of devices made from these materials. The model chosen for this study is based on semiclassical transport theory as described by the Boltzmann Transport Equation. The calculations are performed using an ensemble Monte Carlo simulation method. The simulator includes realistic, numerical energy band structures derived from an empirical pseudo-potential method. The carrier-phonon scattering rates and impact ionization transition rates are numerically evaluated from the electronic band structure. Several materials systems are discussed and compared. The temperature-dependent, high-field transport properties of electrons in gallium arsenide, zincblende gallium nitride, and cubic-phase silicon carbide are compared. Since hole transport is important in certain devices, the simulator is designed to simulate electrons and holes simultaneously. The bipolar simulator is demonstrated in the study of the multiplication region of gallium nitride avalanche photodiodes.
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Books on the topic "Breakdown (Electricity)"

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E, Devaney Judith, Hagedorn John G, and Information Technology Laboratory (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Scalable Parallel Systems and Applications Group., eds. User guide to CADMUS, a simplified parallel code for Laplacian-fractal growth. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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G, Hagedorn John, Devaney Judith E. 1943-, and Information Technology Laboratory (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Scalable Parallel Systems and Applications Group, eds. User guide to CADMUS, a simplified parallel code for Laplacian-fractal growth. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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E, Devaney Judith, Hagedorn John G, and Information Technology Laboratory (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Scalable Parallel Systems and Applications Group., eds. User guide to CADMUS, a simplified parallel code for Laplacian-fractal growth. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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Juha, Kostamovaara, and Vainshtein Sergey, eds. Breakdown phenomena in semiconductors and semiconductor devices. Singapore: World Scientific, 2005.

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International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids (11th 1993 Dättwil, Switzerland). Proceedings: 1993 IEEE 11th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids (ICDL), Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland, July 19-23, 1993. [New York]: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 1993.

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Kacprzyk, Ryszard. Wybrane zagadnienia badań ładunku i jego zaniku w dielektrykach stałych. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawn. Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2004.

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C, Fothergill J., ed. Electrical degradation and breakdown in polymers. London: P. Peregrinus, 1992.

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Lanchava, Bakuri. Breakdown in argon atmosphere: Bakuri Lanchava. Regensburg: Roderer, 1996.

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International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics (4th 1992 Sestri Levante, Italy). Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, Sestri Levante, Italy, June 22-25, 1992. New York, N.Y: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1992.

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Fowler, H. A. Growth model for filamentary streamers in an ambient field. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Breakdown (Electricity)"

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Steingo, Gavin. "Electronic Music and the Problem of Electricity." In Audible Infrastructures, 253–73. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932633.003.0012.

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For the past twenty years, South African popular music has been dominated by electronic genres such as house, kwaito, and hip-hop—especially among the Black population living in and around major urban centers. Based on fieldwork in the townships of Soweto, this chapter focuses on a fundamental condition of possibility for any kind of electronic music: electricity. Since 2008, South Africa has experienced massive problems with its electricity infrastructure. These problems resulted in widespread rolling blackouts between 2008 and 2009, and since 2014 the situation has worsened. The chapter asks what becomes of electronic music in a context where access to electricity is radically unreliable, if not completely absent. What do musicians do when the electricity supply stops? What kinds of affect become impossible, and what kinds of affect are generated? How do power outages impact a musician’s relationship to citizenship and to the state? The chapter traces the lines of connection between informal home studios and Eskom (South Africa’s state-owned electricity utility) as way of listening to and for infrastructure—developing a critique regarding the tropes of invisibility and breakdown in infrastructural research along the way. It further illuminates the ways that electronic musicians in South Africa are compelled to engage the very material basis of their activities. With this approach, the meaning of the term “electronic music” is revealed to be much more than a generic or stylistic description. In South Africa, electronic music refers first and foremost to its material constitution as electrical energy.
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Singh, Shawren. "HCI in South Africa." In Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction, 261–65. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-562-7.ch041.

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South Africa is a multi-lingual country with a population of about 40.5 million people. South Africa has more official languages at a national level than any other country in the world. Over and above English and Afrikaans, the eleven official languages include the indigenous languages: Southern Sotho, Northern Sotho, Tswana, Zulu, Xhosa, Swati, Ndebele, Tsonga, and Venda (Pretorius & Bosch, 2003). Figure 1 depicts the breakdown of the South African official languages as mother tongues for South African citizens. Although English ranks fifth (9%) as a mother tongue, there is a tendency among national leaders, politicians, business people, and officials to use English more frequently than any of the other languages. In a national survey on language use and language interaction conducted by the Pan South African Language Board (Language Use and Board Interaction in South Africa, 2000), only 22% of the respondents indicated that they fully understand speeches and statements made in English, while 19% indicated that they seldom understand information conveyed in English. The rate of electrification in South African is 66.1%. The total number of people with access to electricity is 28.3 million, and the total number of people without access to electricity is 14.5 million (International Energy Agency, 2002). Although the gap between the “haves” and “have-nots” is narrowing, a significant portion of the South African population is still without the basic amenities of life. This unique environment sets the tone for a creative research agenda for HCI researchers and practitioners in South Africa.
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"Freshwater Fisheries in Canada: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Resources and Their Management." In Freshwater Fisheries in Canada: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Resources and Their Management, edited by Karen E. Smokorowski, Steven J. Cooke, Ivan J. Dolinsek, Ana T. Silva, Terry Toner, and Jay Walmsley. American Fisheries Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874707.ch15.

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Abstract.—Canada is one of the world leaders in hydropower generation due to its vast aquatic resources and long generation history. While hydropower is considered a relatively clean and efficient renewable resource, it is not without its negative effects, and those on fish and fish habitat are generally considered among the most serious. This chapter discusses the history and current state of hydropower generation in Canada, including a breakdown by province of small and large hydropower generation capacity and proportion of total electricity generation provided by hydropower. A brief but comprehensive review is provided of the known effects of Canadian hydropower on fish and fish habitat as well as how those effects are minimized through mitigation strategies. This review is separated into three categories: downstream effects, upstream (reservoir) effects, and fish passage concerns. Resource management strategies are outlined, including how government, industry, and academia are working together to better understand and minimize the negative consequences, fill in research gaps, and meet evolving regulatory requirements. The future of hydropower section covers emerging technologies (e.g., very low head dams, hydrokinetic turbines, new fish passage techniques), key factors driving ongoing development and innovation in the hydropower industry in Canada, and ongoing environmental concerns that will be the focus of upcoming research initiatives. The investment many sectors place in the development and stewardship of hydropower in Canada keeps this country at the forefront of this industry.
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Conference papers on the topic "Breakdown (Electricity)"

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Hao, Ma, Zhang Xin, Zhang Chi, Ma Xiaoguang, Wei Jufang, and Duan Minghui. "A 110kV transformer breakdown resulting from insufficient short circuit resistance." In 2021 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced50259.2021.9556763.

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Weijun, Li, Wang Qinghao, Wang Yan, Yang Yingying, Liu Guobin, Zhang Fuliang, and Li Gang. "A 66kV transformer insulation breakdown accident analysis and prevention measures." In 2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2016.7575969.

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Ferreyra, R. O. "Model for losses calculation and breakdown in distribution systems." In 16th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2001). IEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20010898.

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Yabin, Chen, and Ni Binbin. "Analysis on lightning impulse test and breakdown reasons of offshore substation GIS." In 2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2016.7576155.

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Su, An, Xin Lin, Xintao Li, and Huili Chen. "Experiment on breakdown characteristics of SF6/CF4 gas mixtures in short gap." In 2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2016.7576345.

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Bâra, Adela, Simona-Vasilica Oprea, and Andreea-Mihaela Niculae. "Electricity Price Evolution and the Disruptive Economic and Geopolitical Context on the Spot Market. A Romanian Case Study." In 9th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption. Editura ASE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/basiq/2023/09/003.

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The current context of the electricity markets is marked by the lingering effects of COVID-19 and the conflict in Ukraine that have a significant influence on the European wholesale electricity markets. Both Day-Ahead Market (DAM) and balancing market have been heavily impacted by fluctuating prices. This trend started in October 2021 when the lockdowns were removed and the high request for commodities led to a higher inflation. Then in 2022, the conflict in Ukraine accentuated this evolution and even higher prices were recorded for electricity, gas, oil and other resources. In this paper, we analyze a set of fundamental variables and provide an electricity price forecast on DAM using a multiple regression model. The exogenous variables considered in this paper are the following: power system data (total consumption, total generation and its breakdown: renewables (RES) and Non-RES), economic data (inflation, interest rate), certificate price for CO2 emissions (EU-ETS), level of Danube River and other resources prices (oil, gas). Interesting insights can be extracted from a data set that consists of merged time series collected from January 2019 until August 2022. The results are measured using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE).
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Lott, Melissa C., Carey W. King, and Michael E. Webber. "Analyzing Tradeoffs in Electricity Choices Using the Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS)." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90135.

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The Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS) is an interactive analytical tool developed at the University of Texas at Austin for quantitatively comparing the first-order economic and environmental tradeoffs of different electricity production methods in Texas. The tool is designed for analysis of different power choices and is presented in an online format for use by students, the general public, and government decision-makers. The core electricity industry data are Texas-specific, but the flexibility of the framework, when combined with user supplied content, extends its applicability to the United States and world electricity markets. TIPS provides a method for assessing the tradeoffs of electricity generation technologies in terms of economic costs and environmental impacts. Economic costs include major factors such as the cost of capacity, fuel, operation and maintenance (O&M), as well as the costs of conservation programs and environmental impact mitigation technology. Environmental impacts include market externalities such as the environmental impacts on air, land, and water, and are normalized per kWh generated (for example, pounds of CO2 or NOx, acres of land, or gallons of cooling water consumed per kWh of generated electricity). Environmental impacts can further be associated with a cost, which is included in the overall levelized cost of electricity. Users can supply their own data for interactive experimentation, though peer-reviewed data are provided as default values. TIPS’ outputs include text, graphs, and pictograms showing the electricity output and environmental impact of the user’s selections, which allow the user to interpret the overall impact for different fuel mixes. Source data are incorporated from government sources and peer reviewed technical literature. The TIPS interactive interface allows the user to analyze a desired electricity mix according to the percentage breakdown of electricity production for each generation technology. The user input determines the overall direct and indirect costs of a unit of electricity according to the particular cost parameters associated with each generation technology. This manuscript discusses the methodology used in TIPS calculation and shares the results of using TIPS to analyze the cost and environmental impacts for a variety of illustrative and possible generation scenarios in Texas, including the following: high carbon prices, nuclear renaissance, and continuing wind market growth.
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Locatelli, Giorgio, and Mauro Mancini. "Competitiveness of Small-Medium, New Generation Reactors: A Comparative Study on Decommissioning." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75254.

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Smaller size reactors are going to be an important player of the worldwide nuclear renaissance. The economy of scale plays against the development of this kind of reactors, even if sometimes its influence is overestimated so that Small Medium Reactor (SMR) appears to have a Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC) significantly higher than Large Reactors (LR). However, the economy of scale applies only if the designs of SMR are similar to that of LR, but this is not the case, since the small size allows original design solutions not accessible to large size reactors. The literature already presents studies showing how, under certain assumptions, the Capital Cost and the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost of a site provided by one large reactor is quite similar to another site composed by 4 SMRs providing the same power. However the literature still lacks of this kind of analysis about the decommissioning cost. The paper fulfill this gap investigating the cost breakdown of a decommissioning project and providing a literature review about its cost estimate techniques and managerial approach.
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Kahn, Lindsey, and Hamidreza Najafi. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Consumption in the United States: An Overview." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63903.

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Abstract Lockdown measures and mobility restrictions implemented to combat the spread of the novel COVID-19 virus have impacted energy consumption patterns, particularly in the United States. A review of available data and literature on the impact of the pandemic on energy consumption is performed to understand the current knowledge on this topic. The overall decline of energy use during lockdown restrictions can best be identified through the analysis of energy consumption by source and end-user breakdown. Using monthly energy consumption data, the total 9-months use between January and September for the years 2015–2020 are calculated for each end-use. The cumulative consumption within these 9 months of the petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and electricity energy by the various end-use sectors are compared to identify a shift in use throughout time with the calculation of the percent change from 2019 to 2020. The analysis shows that the transportation sector experienced the most dramatic decline, having a subsequent impact on the primary energy it uses. A steep decline in the use of petroleum and natural gas by the transportation sector has had an inevitable impact on the emission of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants during the pandemic. Additionally, the most current data for the consumption of electricity by each state and each end-user in the times before and during the pandemic highlights the impact of specific lockdown procedures on energy use. The average total consumption for each state was found for the years 2015–2019. This result is used calculation of yearly growth rate and average annual growth rate in 2020 for each state and end-user. The total average annual growth rate for 2020 was used to find a correlation coefficient between COVID-19 case and death rates as well as population density and lockdown duration. To further examine the relationship a correlation coefficient was calculated between the 2020 average annual growth rate for all sectors and average annual growth rate for each individual end-user.
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Valiev, Timur, and Viktor Polishchuk. "Research on yield of biogas during methane fermentation of cow manure with addition of granulated straw with slaked lime." In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf184.

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Cattle manure is often used to produce biogas, from which electricity and heat are generated. However, due to presence of a large amount of crude fiber in manure, the yield of biogas when it is fermented using biogas plants is relatively low. Therefore, an urgent task is to increase the yield of biogas from cattle manure through the use of various additives stimulating methane fermentation. Polyethylene bags were used as digesters, which were sealed with special devices. A calibrated cylinder was used to determine the biogas yield. The acidity of the substrate was measured with a pH meter. The novelty of the chosen topic lies in the use of chemical processing of biomass in combination with extrusion. The research results showed that pretreatment of wheat straw with different concentrations of Ca(OH)2 leads to the breakdown of lignocellulose, an increase in biogas yield and electricity generation. The optimal loading at rate of 100 kg CaO(t-1 into the reactor in the form of straw pellets has significant advantages and is the optimal solution, since the biogas yield in this case is practically the same as the yield obtained from wheat straw pellets at the rate of 150 kg CaO(t-1 of straw, but it is more cost effective. In addition, the year round use of straw pellets with the optimal addition of slaked lime for a biogas plant makes it possible to obtain high quality biological organic fertilizers; ensure high stable and trouble-free operation of the entire system as a whole; to increase gas recovery from bioraw materials of plant origin due to the decomposition of cellulose. This makes it easier to switch to other types of raw materials, and also increases the specific load of the entire line. It can be seen from the calculations that the highest methane yield (0.342 m3(kg-1 of dry matter) was obtained from wheat straw pellets, which were processed after extrusion with a Ca(OH)2 solution at rate of 100 kg CaO(t-1, 40% more than the control experiment.
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Reports on the topic "Breakdown (Electricity)"

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Jones, Robert, Molly Creagar, Michael Musty, Randall Reynolds, Scott Slone, and Robyn Barbato. A 𝘬-means analysis of the voltage response of a soil-based microbial fuel cell to an injected military-relevant compound (urea). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45940.

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Biotechnology offers new ways to use biological processes as environmental sensors. For example, in soil microbial fuel cells (MFCs), soil electro-genic microorganisms are recruited to electrodes embedded in soil and produce electricity (measured by voltage) through the breakdown of substrate. Because the voltage produced by the electrogenic microbes is a function of their environment, we hypothesize that the voltage may change in a characteristic manner given environmental disturbances, such as the contamination by exogenous material, in a way that can be modelled and serve as a diagnostic. In this study, we aimed to statistically analyze voltage from soil MFCs injected with urea as a proxy for gross contamination. Specifically, we used 𝘬-means clustering to discern between voltage output before and after the injection of urea. Our results showed that the 𝘬-means algorithm recognized 4–6 distinctive voltage regions, defining unique periods of the MFC voltage that clearly identify pre- and postinjection and other phases of the MFC lifecycle. This demonstrates that 𝘬-means can identify voltage patterns temporally, which could be further improve the sensing capabilities of MFCs by identifying specific regions of dissimilarity in voltage, indicating changes in the environment.
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