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1
BOUISSOU, MARC, and YANNICK LEFEBVRE. "AVAILABILITY OF AN INTERMITTENTLY REQUIRED SYSTEM: APPLICATION TO A FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANT." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 08, no. 03 (September 2001): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539301000517.
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Electricité de France produces about 75% of its electricity with nuclear power plants. Some hydraulic plants and most fossil fuel power plants are used to pass electricity consumption peaks. Therefore these facilities are required only intermittently. For such systems, a breakdown does not result in a production loss during a standby period. This particular feature is not taken into account by conventional availability evaluation methods. The objective of this paper is to introduce a definition of availability which holds in such a context, and to describe a mathematical method suited to the calculation of this new definition of availability.
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Lin, Jia Qi, Jun Hui Shi, Jing Leng, Ming Hui Xia, and Qing Guo Chi. "Electroluminescence Properties of ZnO Nano-Particles Embedded in Polyimide." Materials Science Forum 694 (July 2011): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.694.137.
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In this paper, ZnO Nano-particles is embedded in polyimide, and physical and chemical properties of polyimide/ZnO composite materials have been studied. It is found that different ZnO content will cause UV absorption edge blue shift, and EL tests show that electricity aging and pre-breakdown have changed. For PI/ZnO(1%) and PI/ZnO(2%) composite materials, Electricity aging is at 1.4Mv/cm and 1.5Mv/cm, Pre-breakdown field is at 1.9Mv/cm and 1.8Mv/cm, respectively. In addition, there are emission peaks at 442.8nm, 514.2nm, 609.4nm in the EL spectrum of the PI/ZnO (1%) films and 538nm, 633.2nm of PI/ZnO(2%) films, which indicates that some defects in this area.
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Naz, Lubna, and Munir Ahmad. "What Inspires Electricity Crises at the Micro Level: Empirical Evidence from Electricity Consumption Pattern of Households from Karachi." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (December 1, 2013): 375–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.375-403.
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With urbanisation1 and modernisation of the economy, the use of electrical appliances has increased manifold in Pakistan. Now, household shares in the total electricity use account for 46.5 percent. While other users have lower shares that are industrial 27.5 percent, agriculture 11.6 percent, commercial 7.5 percent and the government 6.2 percent only [Pakistan (2012-13)]. Overtime, the household electricity consumption has also increased because of the increase in electricity consumers2 and of village electrification.3 Other important reasons include the use of modern appliances including both locally made and smuggled and increase in the share of urban women in the labour force by 6.5 percent during 2007-08 and 2012- 13 [Pakistan (2012-13)]. These reasons are also responsible for enlarging electricity demand and supply gap over the years and have led to the electricity shortage to alarming proportions in March 2012. The electricity gap increased to 57,754 GW from 56,930 GW showing an increase of 1.4 percent from the corresponding period of the last year. The acute electricity shortage has caused long hours of the electricity load shedding in the country. The population living in urban areas bears the direct fall out of the electricity breakdown because of the modern lifestyle and sheer dependence on electricity [Pakistan (2012-13)].
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Song, Li Min, Song Li, Xiu Juan Liu, Dun Jin, and Tie Yu Hu. "Study on the Formation Mechanism of Micro-Arc Oxidation Layer in Aviation." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.577.
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Since the inception of micro-arc oxidation technique, the research on the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation has never stopped. During this period, the research on micro-arc oxidation process of breakdown phenomenon is in depth, and the breakdown model also has been established. Because the micro-arc oxidation process involves many complicated phenomena such as heat, light, electricity, there are a lot of difficulties to deal with. Therefore it has not the perfect qualitative and quantitative model to explain all the phenomena. This paper reviewed the research progress of the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation, observed and analyzed the phenomena and the possible reactions of micro-arc oxidation process at all stages. This paper also discussed plasma’s important role in the process of micro-arc oxidation.Since the inception of micro-arc oxidation technique, the research on the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation has never stopped. During this period, the research on micro-arc oxidation process of breakdown phenomenon is in depth, and the breakdown model also has been established. Because the micro-arc oxidation process involves many complicated phenomena such as heat, light, electricity, there are a lot of difficulties to deal with. Therefore it has not the perfect qualitative and quantitative model to explain all the phenomena. This paper reviewed the research progress of the mechanism of micro-arc oxidation, observed and analyzed the phenomena and the possible reactions of micro-arc oxidation process at all stages. This paper also discussed plasma’s important role in the process of micro-arc oxidation.
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Okundamiya, M. S., E. Esekhaigbe, J. L. Owa, and H. I. Obakhena. "Impacts of Ambient Temperature Change on the Breakdown Voltage of a Distribution Transformer." International Journal of Emerging Scientific Research 2 (June 27, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/ijesr.vol2.155.
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The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of ambient temperature variation on the breakdown voltage of a distribution transformer. Three different insulation oil samples (naphtha mineral, paraffin mineral and silicon base transformer oil) were collected from six distribution transformers (300 – 500 kVA) across two business units (Asaba and Ugbowo) of Benin Electricity Distribution Company during May and June, 2017. The oil samples were analysed using the 60 kV Megger OST60PB portable oil tester, to determine the trend of breakdown voltage of the oil insulation under varying temperature. A 3rd order polynomial model was deduced for each sample type with coefficient of determination within the range of 96.99 – 99.95 %. The observed average breakdown voltage is 43.6 kV (for naphtha base mineral transformer oil), 42.2 kV (for paraffin base mineral transformer oil) and 46.8 kV (for silicon base transformer oil) within the temperature range (26˚C – 32˚C). The result indicates that the breakdown voltages of the considered transformer oil types are satisfactory but the silicon base transformer oil has the best breakdown voltage.
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KARKI, NAVA RAJ, AJIT KUMAR VERMA, RAJESH KARKI, and ARBIND KUMAR MISHRA. "RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS' OUTAGE COST ANALYSIS FOR URBAN AND SEMI-URBAN AREAS IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 16, no. 06 (December 2009): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539309003599.
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This paper discusses cost of unreliability of electricity supply to the residential customers. Electricity supply outage cost is evaluated by customers' survey technique for urban and semi-urban residential areas of a developing country. The energy consumption pattern of urban and sub-urban areas is determined. Electricity supply outage cost is evaluated using both preparatory action approach and contingent valuation method. A detailed breakdown of customer's average outages costs for a entire day based on 8 three-hourly time durations are obtained that give easily understandable figures to the utilities. The power consumption pattern obtained are in close agreement with the utility's load curve. A MATLAB based computer program using Least Square Error Approximation is used to evaluate the outage cost.
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Widyastuti, Christine, and Rakai Alvin Wisnuaji. "Analisis Tegangan Tembus Minyak Transformator Di PT. PLN (Persero) Bogor." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 11, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.11.2.128.
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PT.PLN (Persero) adalah penyedia listrik yang ada di Indonesia. Dalam penyaluran daya listrik, tidak seluruhnya dapat disalurkan kepada konsumen, karena akan hilang dalam bentuk rugi-rugi energi. Dengan melakukan pengujian tegangan tembus pada minyak transformator diharapkan menjadi bahan acuan untuk menjaga kinerja atau umur transformator. Pengujian dengan menggunakan Alat uji Breakdown Voltage merek Megger OTS80PB. Kelayakan minyak transformator dilihat dari hasil pengujian tegangan tembus dan kadar airnya sebagai hasil simulasi kelayakan berdasarkan standar internasional untuk meningkatkan kehandalan dan dalam perawatan transformator daya dalam melayani penyaluran tenaga listrik kepada konsumen. Dengan nilai tegangan tembus yang semakin besar menunjukkan bahwa minyak transformator tersebut masih layak pakai. Sesuai standar uji PLN (SPLN) 49-1/1982 suatu minyak transformator sebagai bahan isolasinya harus memiliki tegangan tembus minimal 30kV/2,5mm. Dalam penelitian ini hasil pengujian dari transformator 1, transformator 2 dan transformator 3 memiliki tegangan tembus masing-masing adalah 49,4kV/2,5mm, 44,3 kV/2,5mm, 41,1 kV/2,5mm. Dari hasil tersebut dapat di katakan bahwa nilai tegangan tembus dari minyak transformator masih di atas minimal standar tegangan tembusnya sehingga masih dapat dipergunakan sebagai isolasi pada transformator.
Kata kunci : Minyak Transformator , Tegangan Tembus , Breakdown Voltage Tester Merk Megger Seri Ots80pb
PT.PLN (Persero) is a provider of electricity in Indonesia. In the distribution of electric power, not all of it can be distributed to consumers, because it will be lost in the form of energy losses. By testing the breakdown voltage on transformer oil is expected to be a reference material to maintain the performance or life of the transformer. Testing using the Megger OTS80PB Breakdown Voltage test tool. The feasibility of transformer oil can be seen from the results of testing the breakdown voltage and water content as a result of the feasibility simulation based on international standards to improve the reliability and maintenance of power transformers in serving the distribution of electricity to consumers. With a greater breakdown voltage value indicates that the transformer oil is still suitable for use. According to the PLN test standard (SPLN) 49-1 / 1982 a transformer oil as an insulating material must have a breakdown voltage of at least 30kV / 2.5mm. In this study the test results of transformer 1, transformer 2 and transformer 3 have a breakdown voltage of 49.4kV / 2.5mm, 44.3 kV / 2.5mm, 41.1 kV / 2.5mm respectively. From these results it can be said that the breakdown voltage value of the transformer oil is still above the minimum breakdown voltage standard so that it can still be used as insulation on the transformer.
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Selvi, S. Tamil, Madhusudan Saranathan, Pa Hari Krishna Achuthan, R. Abhishek, and Adhitya Ravi. "Study of Parameters Affecting the Aging of Transformer Oil." Materials Science Forum 1048 (January 4, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1048.89.
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An electricity board acquires several transformers from a manufacturer in a belief that their advertised lifetime of the transformer thus purchased is true. However, they don’t take in the case of negligence in maintenance of transformer, which is a strenuous job. The advertised thirty-year lifetime is reduced to a mere two-year lifetime, mainly because of the degradation of the insulation medium (Transformer oil), thus increasing losses in the transformer and decreasing its efficiency. The degradation of transformer oil leads to safety hazards like transformer bursting, consequently forcing the electricity board to replace the transformer, thus incurring huge amount of costs. This is the most relatable problem faced by the electricity board in every state. This research work aims at listing out various properties of transformer oil and ascertaining major impurities in a transformer oil by testing it using various techniques. The proposed work deals with long term observation and analysis of transformer oil to determine its degradation rate. Breakdown voltage, Moisture content, Resistivity, Acidity, Furan Analysis and Dissolved Gas Analysis were done using Mushroom electrodes, Karl Fischer Titration test, Tan delta test, Potassium Hydroxide Titration, High performance liquid chromatography, and dissolved gas analyzer respectively. The results reveal that, deviation of Breakdown Voltage, Moisture content, and 2-Furaldehyde (1197ppb) from the permissible limits can indicate the aging of the transformer.
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Dashtdar, Majid, and Masoud Dashtdar. "Fault Location in Radial Distribution Network Based on Fault Current Profile and the Artificial Neural Network." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbeef-2020-0103.
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AbstractElectricity distribution systems are subject to a variety of faults such as permanent and transient short circuits due to the extent and multiplicity of equipment. In principle, short circuit fault causes the existing protective equipment to operate and to no electricity the various parts of the distribution network. Rapid and accurate determination of fault location, repair and recovery, it has not prevented the distribution of energy. This will satisfy consumers and prevent the losses of electricity companies. In this paper, the artificial neural network and fault current profiles are used to determine the distance of the fault, determine the type of fault and detect the short circuit. This method provides the information needed to locate the fault by sampling the current before and after the fault occurs from the SCADA system. The effect of connectivity local resistance changes and the effect of load changes on fault location were evaluated. The results show that this method is more accurate than the voltage droop profile variation method in determining the fault distance and short circuit breakdown. If only the net fault current changes profile is used, the effect of the load changes in determining the short-circuit breakdown is much less.
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Gonda, Attila, Resat Capan, Dani Bechev, and Bernd Sauer. "The Influence of Lubricant Conductivity on Bearing Currents in the Case of Rolling Bearing Greases." Lubricants 7, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7120108.
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In the course of increasing electric mobility, the effect of electricity on parts of machines is more significant than before. Rolling bearings and their lubrication, as a part of electric motors, are subjected to harmful currents, which lead to damage in the bearing in the long term. In order to avoid such damage, the influence of the lubricant in the bearing is becoming increasingly important. The electrical behaviour of the system can be investigated by analysing the discharge currents and the breakdown voltage in rolling bearings with lubricants of different compositions. This paper presents a procedure for characterizing the breakdown voltage at the rolling bearing and the influence of conductivity of the lubricants on harmful electrical phenomena.
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Liu, Di, Xing Yin, Hengyu Guo, Linglin Zhou, Xinyuan Li, Chunlei Zhang, Jie Wang, and Zhong Lin Wang. "A constant current triboelectric nanogenerator arising from electrostatic breakdown." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaav6437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6437.
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In situ conversion of mechanical energy into electricity is a feasible solution to satisfy the increasing power demand of the Internet of Things (IoTs). A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is considered as a potential solution via building self-powered systems. Based on the triboelectrification effect and electrostatic induction, a conventional TENG with pulsed AC output characteristics always needs rectification and energy storage units to obtain a constant DC output to drive electronic devices. Here, we report a next-generation TENG, which realizes constant current (crest factor, ~1) output by coupling the triboelectrification effect and electrostatic breakdown. Meanwhile, a triboelectric charge density of 430 mC m−2 is attained, which is much higher than that of a conventional TENG limited by electrostatic breakdown. The novel DC-TENG is demonstrated to power electronics directly. Our findings not only promote the miniaturization of self-powered systems used in IoTs but also provide a paradigm-shifting technique to harvest mechanical energy.
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Aminov, R. Z., E. Yu Burdenkova, and A. V. Portyankin. "Method of estimation of annual risk from breaks, fires and explosions on the basis of state graphs in electrolysis plants." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, no. 4 (January 21, 2019): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-4-305-310.
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A method is presented for estimating the possible annual risk that a hydrogen superstructure at a nuclear power plant (NPP) may have in the production of explosive hydrogen. With the observance of safety rules in terms of receiving, storing, transporting and using hydrogen, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of fi re and explosion hazard situations on the hydrogen superstructure. Scheduled repair and overhauls with all diagnostics reduce emergencies and equipment failures in the same way. However, there is a likelihood for the equipment to be found in an abnormal state (breakdown, fi re and explosion) as a result of hydrogen leaks. Depressurization of equipment with leakage of explosive hydrogen in enclosed spaces concurrently with adverse attendant factors may lead to the destruction of the electrolysis plant due to fi re and explosion. With the help of the state graph, the probabilities of a failure of electrolysis equipment because of unplanned breakdowns and possible fi res or explosions indoors due to depressurization of equipment are estimated. To this effect, possible scenarios of breakdowns of the electrolyzer in one and two workshops are considered. In the calculations of the state graph, a system of linear equations was composed for steady-state values only. The calculations have shown that for a configuration involving two electrolysis plants, the possible annual risk would increase. Minimizing the annual risk can be achieved through boosting the capacity of the electrolysis plant still in operation by increasing its productivity in hydrogen and oxygen. The effect will only be achieved if the cost of electricity from nuclear power plants is kept within 0.81 rubles/(kW·h) with a peak electricity tariff at 3.5 rubles/(kW·h).
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Piasta, Kene N., and Christopher Miller. "Feel the force: Bio-electricity and the sensing of electric fields." Biochemist 33, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03306026.
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In an issue devoted to sensory phenomena, it may seem odd to include an article on sensing something that we cannot consciously perceive: electric force. Of course, we can sense the dramatic power of a lightning bolt: we see the flash, hear the boom, feel the rumble, and, if we're close enough, smell and taste the ozone produced. Lightning is caused by an enormous electric field that develops under a thundercloud due to the separation of electrical charges between the cloud and the earth. Almost 250 years after Benjamin Franklin's kite-in-the-storm experiment, we still don't fully understand how this charge separation is generated. But it's nevertheless a fact that if you are standing under a thundercloud, you are immersed in a large vertically directed electric field, typically a few hundred volts between your head and your feet. Just before a lightning strike, this electric field becomes large enough to literally rip gas molecules in the air apart by pulling negatively charged electrons in one direction – towards the positively charged ground – and positive nuclei towards the negative cloud. Once a column of air becomes ionized in this way, the charged particles zoom to their respective ‘electrodes’, discharging the cloud–ground capacitor in a bright, hot flash of enormous electrical current. Lightning is a manifestation of a phenomenon called ‘dielectric breakdown’, something we've all seen in more controlled contexts, such as cheesy horror movies, Ask-Dr-Science demos at science museums and aluminium foil mistakenly placed in the microwave oven. Dielectric breakdown of most materials occurs at electric fields on the order of a few million volts per metre. But there is a great irony here: whereas we sense all of the secondary consequences of lightning, we are utterly blind to its most fundamental element – the electric field that gets the whole thing going. Humans just never evolved electric-force sensors. (But fish did – and migratory birds and turtles navigate by ‘feeling’ the earth's weak magnetic field.
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Ligen, Yorick, Heron Vrubel, and Hubert Girault. "Mobility from Renewable Electricity: Infrastructure Comparison for Battery and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (May 24, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010003.
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This work presents a detailed breakdown of the energy conversion chains from intermittent electricity to a vehicle, considering battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The traditional well-to-wheel analysis is adapted to a grid to mobility approach by introducing the intermediate steps of useful electricity, energy carrier and on-board storage. Specific attention is given to an effective coupling with renewable electricity sources and associated storage needs. Actual market data show that, compared to FCEVs, BEVs and their infrastructure are twice as efficient in the conversion of renewable electricity to a mobility service. A much larger difference between BEVs and FCEVs is usually reported in the literature. Focusing on recharging events, this work additionally shows that the infrastructure efficiencies of both electric vehicle (EV) types are very close, with 57% from grid to on-board storage for hydrogen refilling stations and 66% for fast chargers coupled with battery storage. The transfer from the energy carrier at the station to on-board storage in the vehicle accounts for 9% and 12% of the total energy losses of these two modes, respectively. Slow charging modes can achieve a charging infrastructure efficiency of 78% with residential energy storage systems coupled with AC chargers.
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Kamaruzzaman, Syahrul N., Rodger E. Edwards, and Emma M. A. Zawawi. "Energy Consumption of Electricity End Uses in Malaysian Historic Buildings." Energy & Environment 18, no. 3-4 (July 2007): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830507781076211.
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Malaysia has inherited hundreds of heritage buildings from the past including those from the Indian, Chinese and Colonial eras apart from the indigenous traditional buildings. These buildings have the most unique ecstatic value from the viewpoint of architecture, culture, art, etc. Malaysian economy boom in 1980s spurred the need for more buildings especially in large cities. As a result, most of the historic buildings have been converted and transformed into commercial use. As reported by METP [1], Malaysian buildings energy uses are reflected by the energy consumption in the industrial and commercial sectors. Most of the buildings' energy consumption is electricity, used for running and operating the plants, lighting, lifts and escalators and other equipment in the buildings. These are amongst the factors that have resulted in the high demand for electricity in Malaysia. As outlined in the eighth Malaysia Plan, Malaysia is taking steps in conserving energy and reducing energy consumption on electricity consumption in building. This paper aims to present the breakdown of the major electricity end uses characteristics of historic buildings in Malaysia. The analysis was performed on annual data, allowing comparison with published benchmarks to give an indication of efficiency. Based on data collected a ‘normalisation’ calculated electricity consumption was established with the intention of improving the comparison between buildings in different climatic regions or with different occupancy patterns. This is useful for identifying where the design needed further attention and helped pinpoint problem areas within a building. It is anticipated that this study would give a good indication on the electricity consumption characteristics of historic buildings in Malaysia.
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Ezzat, Mohamed, Benjamin M. Adams, Martin O. Saar, and Daniel Vogler. "Numerical Modeling of the Effects of Pore Characteristics on the Electric Breakdown of Rock for Plasma Pulse Geo Drilling." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010250.
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Drilling costs can be 80% of geothermal project investment, so decreasing these deep drilling costs substantially reduces overall project costs, contributing to less expensive geothermal electricity or heat generation. Plasma Pulse Geo Drilling (PPGD) is a contactless drilling technique that uses high-voltage pulses to fracture the rock without mechanical abrasion, which may reduce drilling costs by up to 90% of conventional mechanical rotary drilling costs. However, further development of PPGD requires a better understanding of the underlying fundamental physics, specifically the dielectric breakdown of rocks with pore fluids subjected to high-voltage pulses. This paper presents a numerical model to investigate the effects of the pore characteristics (i.e., pore fluid, shape, size, and pressure) on the occurrence of the local electric breakdown (i.e., plasma formation in the pore fluid) inside the granite pores and thus on PPGD efficiency. Investigated are: (i) two pore fluids, consisting of air (gas) or liquid water; (ii) three pore shapes, i.e., ellipses, circles, and squares; (iii) pore sizes ranging from 10 to 150 μm; (iv) pore pressures ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 MPa. The study shows how the investigated pore characteristics affect the local electric breakdown and, consequently, the PPGD process.
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Tan, J. K., and N. Abas. "Electricity Breakdown Management for Sarawak Energy: Use of Condition-Based Equipment for Detection of Defective Insulator." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 217 (July 2017): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/217/1/012030.
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Pambudi, Syahrul, Vicky Prasetia, and Saepul Rahmat. "Penerapan Sistem ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) sebagai Pengendalian, Pemantauan, dan Perawatan Berbasis IoT (Internet of Things)." Infotekmesin 14, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v14i2.1853.
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The need for electricity is increasing along with population growth. The main electricity supply (PLN) is not always continuous in its distribution, so alternative power is needed, namely generators. The ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) system can transfer the voltage source to the load. The ATS system is equipped with IOT in the form of a Blynk application on Android which functions as a controller and can send ATS damage notifications. This research was conducted to meet the electricity needs. Users can monitor, control and maintain the ATS system in the event of a breakdown. The method in this study uses a quantitative method, namely data collection by testing the ATS system and testing the IOT Blynk application function as a notification of damage to the ATS system. The result of transferring the PLN voltage to the generator is only 7 seconds and 3 seconds vice versa. There was damage to the lamp cable 1 time, the relay 1 time, and the fan cable 2 times. The results of measuring the current and voltage of the PLN source: lamp load 0.02A, 3.4V; fan 0.04A, 3.5V; AC motor 0.04A, 4V. Generator current and voltage measurements are as follows: lamp load 0.02 A, 9.1V; 0.03A, 9V fan; AC motor 0.05A, 4.5V.
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RUHLUSARAÇ, Murat, and Filiz ÇALIŞKAN. "A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DYNAMIC PROJECT SCHEDULING PROBLEM AND REACTIVE SCHEDULING IMPLEMENTATION." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 8, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i4.1708.
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In today's real-life implementations, projects are executed under uncertainty in a dynamic environment. In addition to resource constraints, the baseline schedule is affected due to the unpredictability of the dynamic environment. Uncertainty-based dynamic events experienced during project execution may change the baseline schedule partially or substantially and require projects' rescheduling. In this study, a mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed for the dynamic resource-constrained project scheduling problem. Three dynamic situation scenarios are solved with the proposed model, including machine breakdown, worker sickness, and electricity power cut. Finally, generated reactive schedules are completed later than the baseline schedule.
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Dong, Kai, Xiao Peng, Renwei Cheng, and Zhong Lin Wang. "Smart Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Prospective Strategies for Improving Electricity Output Performance." Nanoenergy Advances 2, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv2010006.
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By seamlessly integrating the wearing comfortability of textiles with the biomechanical energy harvesting function of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), an emerging and advanced intelligent textile, i.e., smart textile TENG, is developed with remarkable abilities of autonomous power supply and self-powered sensing, which has great development prospects in the next-generation human-oriented wearable electronics. However, due to inadequate interface contact, insufficient electrification of materials, unavoidable air breakdown effect, output capacitance feature, and special textile structure, there are still several bottlenecks in the road towards the practical application of textile TENGs, including low output, high impedance, low integration, poor working durability, and so on. In this review, on the basis of mastering the existing theory of electricity generation mechanism of TENGs, some prospective strategies for improving the mechanical-to-electrical conversion performance of textile TENGs are systematically summarized and comprehensively discussed, including surface/interface physical treatments, atomic-scale chemical modification, structural optimization design, work environmental control, and integrated energy management. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach in output enhancement are further compared at the end of this review. It is hoped that this review can not only provide useful guidance for the research of textile TENGs to select optimization methods but also accelerate their large-scale practical process.
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Wachyudin, Deni, Amy Fahmy Ardiansyah, Mohammad Soleh, and Agus Siswanto. "Planning of Low Voltage Electricity Distribution at Griya Arjuna Kejuden Housing." Mestro: Jurnal Teknik Mesin dan Elektro 4, no. 01 (June 15, 2022): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47685/mestro.v5i01.377.
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In a low-voltage power distribution system, there are often disturbances that result in disruption of electricity distribution to customers, resulting in losses for customers and PLN. The problem that often occurs is the occurrence of voltage drops and power losses so that in planning the construction of a low-voltage electric power distribution network, it is necessary to anticipate the occurrence of these problems. This research is expected to be used as a lesson for the creation of a low-voltage electric power distribution network with suitable and environmentally friendly construction and with low investment costs. collected data by visiting the location to conduct a survey and obtain accurate data related to the state of the research location. The stages in planning the Low Voltage Electricity Distribution Network begin with a field survey to obtain the required data. The installed power for each unit is 1.300 VA, so the total installed power is 122,200 VA and the spare power is 5% of the installed power so that the total installed power is 128.310 VA. during peak load times it is estimated that power consumption will only absorb 80% or 97,760VA. The required substation is a Portal Type Pole with a transformator capacity is 160kVA. The total breakdown of the electricity distribution network budget at the Griya Arjuna Kejuden is IDR 382,333,141.
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Mostovshchikov, Andrei V., Alexander P. Ilyin, Irina K. Zabrodina, Liudmila O. Root, and Daniar V. Ismailov. "Measuring the Changes in Copper Nanopowder Conductivity during Heating as a Method for Diagnosing its Thermal Stability." Key Engineering Materials 769 (April 2018): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.769.146.
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This work researches the impact of the temperature of compacted copper nanopowder on the amperage of the current flowing through the nanopowder sample. It was determined that upon reaching its oxidation temperature (~ 1900C), the copper nanopowder started conducting electricity, and at 280-320°C electric breakdown of sample was occurring. This is caused to irreversible processes taking place in nanomaterials during heating, such as sintering and mass-transfer, those processes leading to the formation of conductivity channels. This speaks in favor of an evident dependency between copper nanopowder conductivity and the chemical transformations taking place in it; this allows for recommending this research method for instant diagnostics of copper nanopowders.
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Sidorov, Alexander Ivanovich, and Saidjon Tavarov. "Enhancing reliability of electricity supply of city electric networks cities of Dushanbe." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i1.2114.
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The article is devoted to the actual problem of how to improve the reliability of the urban electric network. Based on the statistical analysis of the breakdown of electrical equipment in urban distribution networks in Dushanbe for the periods of 2017-2018 and for the reasons of damage leading to these emergency outages, the factors that affect the distribution of damage leading to emergency outages are identified. Taking into account the identified factors, a power consumption forecasting system is proposed that takes into account the local conditions of the city of Dushanbe. it allows us to suggest a way to control the operating parameters of the electric network, thereby increasing the reliability of the city's electric network in Dushanbe based on the recommendation of power consumption standards. Implementation of the control of the proposed method for improving the reliability of power supply to the urban electric network is proposed on the basis of the functionality of modern smart electricity metering using the control algorithm. To implement the control algorithm, schematic design for receiving and transmitting information from smart power metering to the data collection centre is proposed.
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Nabasa, Angel, and Eugenia Nkechi Irechukwu. "Work Breakdown Structure and Project Performance in Rwanda: A Case of Electricity Transmission Line Project in Bugesera District." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 12, no. 10 (October 24, 2022): 576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.12.10.2022.p13074.
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Awan, Masood Sarwar, and Muhammad Amir Aslam . "Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan: Case of Punjab Province." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, no. 2 (August 15, 2011): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i2.264.
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This paper applies Alkire & Foster (2007) approach for measuring the multidimensional poverty. The data set used in the study is Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2003-04 of Punjab, Pakistan. Eight dimensions used in the study are Housing, Water, Sanitation, Electricity, Assets, Education, Expenditure, and Land. Results shows that at cut off K=2; Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Rahimyar Khan, Kasur, Okara and Lodhran respectively are the most multidimensionally poor districts of Punjab whereas, Gunj Buksh Town Lahore, Ravi Town Lahore, Cantt Town Lahore, Sialkot, Rawalpindi, Allama Iqbal Town Lahore, Gujranwala and Jhelum are the least deprived Towns/Districts of Punjab province. Dimension wise breakdown shows that Land deprivation, expenditure, sanitation, housing and education are respectively the major contributors among overall multidimensional poverty.
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Gostomczyk, Waldemar. "POSSIBILITIES TO CREATE AUTONOMOUS ENERGY REGIONS USING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1493.
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The aim of the study is to analyze the level of energy self-sufficiency at the regional and local level. At the level of voivodships, the production of electricity, its relation to the energy consumed, the volume and dynamics of changes in the production of renewable energy in 2010-2016 and its share in total production are presented. Autonomous energy regions have been characterized as structures allowing to strive for energy self-sufficiency. The tests and analyzes used a comparative method and a breakdown of individual categories according to the analyzed values. As a result of the conducted analyzes, it was found that an important role in achieving energy self-sufficiency will be performed by micro and small installations based on local resources.
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Makisha, Nikolay, and Daria Semenova. "Production of biogas at wastewater treatment plants and its further application." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814404016.
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This article covered a wide range of questions on the topic of production and use of biogas as alternative energy source. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass due to the breakdown of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, which constitute the bulk of organic matter. The article describes the most common methods of biogas production, their stages and characteristics. In addition, the article describes some of the possible areas of application of biogas on example of different countries. The article also provides information about key environmental and economic benefits in the case of use of biogas: prevention of methane emissions and lower emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere; the possibility of using secondary raw materials to generate electricity.
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Alhamad, Khaled, Yousuf Alkhezi, and M. F. Alhajri. "Nonlinear Integer Programming for Solving Preventive Maintenance Scheduling Problem for Cogeneration Plants with Production." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010239.
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Preventive maintenance (PM) is a maintenance program with activities created at a determined interval or according to certain principles, designed to reduce the likelihood of failure or deterioration of item performance. This aims to improve overall reliability and system availability. In this research, a preventive maintenance schedule (PMS) was designed for electricity and desalination of water in power plants, subject to meeting relevant constraints. The proposed methodology is used to generate a PMS for the boilers, turbines, and distillers. A nonlinear integer programming (NLIP) model was employed to address this problem. The results of the proposed method were compared with the PMS for a power station in Kuwait. The results were better in terms of the volume of production and in terms of the gap between the available production and demand in order to continue providing consumers with electricity and water without a shortage in the event of a breakdown in equipment. It produces an improvement of 12.12% and 16.58% respectively, for water and electricity. Furthermore, the sensitivity and robustness of the proposed method were analysed by increasing the maintenance duration for some equipment, increasing the demand, and adding various additional conditions. In addition, a comparison of additional conditions with a binary problem method in terms of computer time for the search for an optimal solution was carried out, where the model provided an optimal solution in a reasonable time. Among the most important benefits that the user can obtain for this technique are extending the life of the equipment, increasing efficiency, and reducing expenses.
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Shaw, Bijoy Kumar, Isha Sangal, and Biswajit Sarkar. "Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in an imperfect production process under breakdown consideration." AIMS Environmental Science 9, no. 5 (2022): 658–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2022038.
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<abstract><p>A long-run manufacturing system can experience machine breakdown at any time for various reasons such as unskilled labor or outdated machinery technology. In an integrated green inventory model, the produced green products cannot all be perfect throughout a cycle, particularly when machines malfunction. Therefore, an inspection policy is introduced to clean the production process from unusable defect products, the correctness of which depends on the discussion of the inspected errors. The perfect products detected via the inspection process are delivered to the retailer as well as the market. To transport green products, it is essential to control the capacity of the containers and the quantities of green products transported per batch. In this study, the greenhouse gas equivalence factor of CO$ _2 $ emissions is calculated for all green products' manufacturing and transportation mediums. These types of energies are used in the manufacturing process: electricity, natural gas, and coal. Whereas within transportation, four transportation modes are considered: railways, roadways, airways, and waterways. The retailer can agree to transport their inventories to the customers' house according to their requirement by requiring a third-party local agency via outsourcing criteria. The model solves the problem of CO$ _2 $ emissions through production and transportation within the machine breakdown.</p></abstract>
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FIKRI, MIFTAHUL, CHRISTIONO CHRISTIONO, and IWA GARNIWA MULYANA K. "Clustering Fenomena Corona Discharge berdasarkan Suara menggunakan Metode LPC dan Euclidean Distance." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 10, no. 3 (July 19, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v10i3.689.
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ABSTRAKKegagalan isolasi akibat fenomena tegangan tinggi seperti corona discharge (CD) masih banyak terjadi pada sistem kelistrikan di Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan belum dapat dilakukannya deteksi dini kegagalan isolasi. Salah satu bentuk CD berupa suara. Sebagai langkah awal deteksi dini kegagalan isolasi diperlukan suatu penelitian yang dapat mengklaster suara CD (pada kubikal 20 kV) yang merupakan tujuan penelitian. Berdasarkan pengamatan pada elektroda jarum-batang berjarak 3 cm diperoleh breakdown terkecil pada 34,3 kV. Klasifikasi suara CD ditetapkan menjadi 3 cluster yang dimulai dari tegangan cubicle 20 kV hingga sebelum breakdown terjadi yaitu 33 kV. Clustering dilakukan menggunakan metode linear predictive coding (LPC) sebagai ekstraksi ciri dan Euclidean distance sebagai pencocokan pola hasil ekstraksi. Adapun suhu di dalam kubikal antara 27,5℃ - 35,3℃ dan kelembaban berkisar 70% - 95%. Hasil akurasi clustering rata-rata yang diperoleh adalah 100% untuk data training dan 85,15% untuk data testing.Kata kunci: corona discharge, Euclidean distance, kegagalan isolasi, linear predictive coding, tegangan tinggi ABSTRACTInsulation failures due to high voltage phenomena such as corona discharge (CD) are still common in the electricity system in Indonesia. This is because early detection of insulation failure cannot be carried out. One form of CD is sound. As the first step in early detection, a study is needed to cluster CD sound (at 20 kV cubical). By observations on the needle-rod electrode at 3 cm, the smallest breakdown was at 34.3 kV. CD sound classification is set into 3 clusters starting from a cubicle voltage of 20 kV until before breakdown occurs, which is 33 kV. Clustering was carried out using linear predictive coding (LPC) as feature extraction and Euclidean distance as pattern matching extracted results. The temperature and humidity inside the cubical are 27.5℃-35.3℃ and 70%-95% respectively. For training and testing data average clustering accuracy results obtained are 100% and 85.15% respectively.Keywords: corona discharge, Euclidean distance,, insulation failure, linier predictive coding, high voltage
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Lu, Yaqing, Yuyao Liu, Yujie Tong, Huili Cheng, Di Yang, Jiandong Ding, and Qiyang Guo. "The Improved DC Breakdown Strength Induced by Enhanced Interaction between SiO2 Nanoparticles and LLDPE Matrix." Molecules 28, no. 13 (June 22, 2023): 4908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134908.
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Direct current (DC) power transmission systems have received great attention because it can easily integrate many types of renewable energies and have low energy loss in long-distance and large-capacity power transmission for electricity global sharing. Nanoparticles (NPs) have a positive effect on the insulation properties of polymers, but weak interaction between NPs and polymer matrix greatly decreases the effort of NPs on the enhancement of insulation properties, and thereby limits its engineering application. In this work, grafting strategy was used to link the modified NPs and polymer matrix to improve their interactions. Silica NPs (SiO2-NPs) were modified by 3-(methacrylyloxy) propyl-trimethoxysilane (MPS) to introduce highly active groups on the SiO2-NPs surface, followed by the pre-irradiated linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) being easily grafted onto the MPS modified SiO2-NPs (MPS-SiO2-NPs) in the melt blending process to obtain LLDPE-g-MPS-SiO2-NPs nanocomposites. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirm the successful incorporation of MPS into SiO2-NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) verifies that the modified SiO2-NPs exhibits more uniform distribution. The rheology result shows that the interaction between MPS-SiO2-NPs and LLDPE significantly improves. More importantly, the LLDPE-g-MPS-SiO2-NPs nanocomposites displays superior DC breakdown strength to that fabricated by conventional modification methods. When the addition of MPS-SiO2-NPs is 0.1 wt%, the highest DC breakdown strength values of 525 kV/mm and 372 kV/mm are obtained at 30 °C and 70 °C, respectively, and high DC breakdown strength can be well maintained in a wide loading range of NPs.
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Sangalang, Jessie James Mata. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Accounting of Grid-powered Streetlights." Journal of Electronics,Computer Networking and Applied Mathematics, no. 23 (May 16, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.23.17.24.
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This study aimed to determine the total carbon dioxide emission of the grid-powered streetlights in a barangay. This study uses both Qualitative and Quantitative Research, following the case study and computational techniques. Based on the collated responses from the semi-structured interview guide sheet and face to face interview, the barangay council have put these grid-powered streetlights for the safety of everyone. Moreover, they knew about the Carbon dioxide emission but not much about it but still they would pursue setting up solar-powered streetlights as their action to mitigate the situation. Results of the computation presents that there were 7.44 Kwh and 223.2 Kwh of electricity consumed for a day and month respectively. From this, the breakdown on the composition of each power source was also identified. Moreover, a total of 297.7 lbs of CO2 was emitted from the total consumed electricity of the grid-powered streetlights for a month. Furthermore, it is recommended that the barangay officials would have to follow the environmental management plan for a sounder community and environment for it prevents from extra wastes and pollution. Most importantly, this study would help the community and environmental sector to track their emissions of carbon dioxide from the different grid-powered inputs.
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Gnezdova, O. E., and E. S. Chugunkova. "Thermal/electric energy generation and CO2 production for greenhouse facilities." Power and Autonomous equipment 2, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32464/2618-8716-2019-2-3-141-151.
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Introduction: greenhouses need microclimate control systems to grow agricultural crops. The method of carbon dioxide injection, which is currently used by agricultural companies, causes particular problems. Co-generation power plants may boost the greenhouse efficiency, as they are capable of producing electric energy, heat and cold, as well as carbon dioxide designated for greenhouse plants.Methods: the co-authors provide their estimates of the future gas/electricity rates growth in the short term; they have made a breakdown of the costs of greenhouse products, and they have also compiled the diagrams describing electricity consumption in case of traditional and non-traditional patterns of power supply; they also provide a power distribution pattern typical for greenhouse businesses, as well as the structure and the principle of operation of a co-generation unit used by a greenhouse facility.Results and discussion: the co-authors highlight the strengths of co-generation units used by greenhouse facilities. They have also identified the biological features of carbon dioxide generation and consumption, and they have listed the consequences of using carbon dioxide to enrich vegetable crops.Conclusion: the co-authors have formulated the expediency of using co-generation power plants as part of power generation facilities that serve greenhouses.
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Petrovic, Zoran. "The contribution of Nikola Tesla to plasma physics and current status of plasmas that he studied." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 3, no. 2 (2006): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee0603203p.
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One of the main Interests in science of Nikola Tesla were gas discharges plasmas, their application in lighting and in production of ozone as well as their role in conduction of electricity through the atmosphere. In particular Tesla is well known as the first person to produce rf plasmas. Such plasmas in the present day constitute the main technology required to produce integrated circuits (IC) and have been essential in the revolution that resulted from IC technologies. In addition Tesla participated in studies of arcs especially arcs used as a source of light, corona discharges required to induce plasma chemical reactions and produce ozone and was involved in various aspects of gas breakdown and gaseous dielectrics. His ideas, level of his understanding and current status of these fields are discussed in this review.
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Moses, Dauda, L. C. Ezugu, Onwuka Immaculater Akudo, and Isaac John Ibanga. "Assessment of Equipment Maintenance Practices for Effective Electric Power Distribution in Adamawa State." Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 3 (July 10, 2021): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n3p12.
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The main purpose of this study was to assess equipment maintenance practices for effective electric power distribution in Adamawa State by Yola Electricity Distribution Company. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was 69 consisting of 46 technicians and 23 supervisors in Yola Electricity Distribution Company. The whole population was used for the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers titled “Assessment of Equipment Maintenance Practices for Effective Electric Power Distribution Questionnaire (AEMPELPDQ)”. The instrument was validated by three experts and a reliability of 0.89 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha reliability method. Mean and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study revealed that Yola Electricity Distribution Company adopts monthly routine maintenance on 18 out of the 31 items listed equipment while quarterly routine maintenance is carried out on 11 of the 31 items. Weekly maintenance is adopted for only two (2) of the equipment; Out of the 31 items listed, 22 of the items are semi-annually maintained; while eight (8) of the items are annually maintained and only one (1) of the equipment (distribution board) is weekly maintained. Based on the findings, YEDC should ensure adequate inspection and supervision of equipment to prevent unwarranted breakdown that may affect effective distribution of electrical power; YEDC should ensure at least monthly routine maintenance is carried out on the equipment available to ensure effective usage.
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Arya, Engla Harda, Benriwati Maharmi, and Mohammad Lutfi. "Analysis of Oil Dielectric Strength Insulation on Oil Circuit Breakers Based on Service Life and Operating Frequency." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 66, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v66i2.300.
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The electricity distribution breakdown can be caused the service life and operating frequency of Oil Dielectric Strength (ODS). Hence, it requires a study due to the spare part is difficult to find. This paper aims to test the ODS on Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB) of 13.8 kV aged between 29 to 43 years. The test used the ASTM D1816 standard to analyze the effect of oil life and circuit breaker operating frequency on the physical, color and strength of ODS. For the visual test used the ASTM D1524 standard. The color test based on the ASTM D1500 standard. From the test results, it can be seen that 6DN F1 was yellow-black in colors. The color level was from 0.5 to 6, which was a striking color difference. This happens because it had been operating for 3 years with a frequency of 2 manual open times and 11 trips with a large normal load of 206A. In the 8D F7 feeder, there was also a decrease in breakdown voltage, which was far from 45.6 kV to 9.7 kV. Therefore, the oil was declared failed due to below the minimum standard of 27 kV. Based the validity test, the six samples were still within the allowable limits based on ASTM D1816 with the range value being below 92%. This means that the six samples were valid.
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Bhuiyan, Shariful Islam, Kunpeng Wang, Md Abdullah Hil Baky, Jamie Kraus, Howard Jemison, and David Staack. "Controlling Parameters in the Efficiency of Hydrogen Production via Electrification with Multi-Phase Plasma Processing Technology." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 5509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145509.
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A nanosecond pulsed non-equilibrium plasma reactor is used to crack hydrocarbons into hydrogen and lighter intermediates at atmospheric pressure and warm temperature. The effects of power, capacitance, breakdown voltage, pulsing frequency, energy per pulse, and carrier gas type are investigated for product generation. Multiple gaseous products including hydrogen and hydrocarbons are calculated and compared at different conditions. A statistical analysis is performed on hydrogen yield for different experimental conditions to determine the significance of the studied parameters. Comparable hydrogen yields are produced when using methane (4 to 22 g-H2/kWh) as a carrier gas as compared to argon (7 to 14 g-H2/kWh). Although, notably, the methane carrier is more selective to hydrogen and sensitive to other operating parameters, the argon is not. Statistical analysis shows that plasma power, capacitance, and energy per pulse appear to influence hydrogen yield while pulsing frequency and breakdown voltage do not. A higher yield of hydrogen is achieved with low plasma power and a low energy per pulse, with a low capacitance for both cases of pure CH4 and pure Ar. The results show that low plasma power based on a low energy per pulse of <10 mJ is preferable for hydrogen production in a batch reactor. This CO2-free hydrogen production method produces hydrogen from fossil fuels at less than USD 2/kg in electricity.
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Kolarski, Dejan, Jelena Janković, Draginja Mihajlović, Neda Kovačević, and Jelena Lukić. "Solving the problem of exploitation of transformers with corrosive sulfur by oil desulfurization using a strong inorganic base and organic solvent." Zbornik radova Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla 31, no. 31 (2021): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint31-34696.
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Most power transformer failures are associated with the presence of corrosive sulfur compounds in mineral insulating oil, of which dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) is the best known and most widespread corrosive sulfur compound. The oil of failed transformers usually contained DBDS, a compound with a pronounced affinity for the formation of copper (I) sulfide (Cu2S). Copper (I) sulfide is a compound that does not dissolve in oil, conducts electricity, and can be deposited on the paper insulation or copper conductor of the transformer. Created conductive paths between the windings can initiate turn-to-turn breakdown and failure of the transformer. Several technological procedures have been developed as a solution to oil corrosivity. The application of desulfurization technology developed by the Electrical Engineering Institute "Nikola Tesla" enables the efficient removal of DBDS and aging products from mineral insulation oils.
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Dixit, Abhishek, and Santosh Kumar. "Machine Learning Based Efficient Protection Scheme for AC Microgrid." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING & APPLIED SCIENCES 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55083/irjeas.2022.v10i04009.
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Micro grids have become popular as a way to reduce carbon emissions and use nonrenewable energy sources to produce power. Microgrids allow users to generate and regulate energy as needed, reducing their reliance on the utility grid. They may also sell excess electricity to the grid and make money. Due to its simple design, fast installation, and easy maintenance, photovoltaic systems are a vital microgrid resource. Microgrids threaten the reliability and optimum functioning of major power grids. It's crucial to discover defects early and fix them before catastrophic system breakdown. This research proposes a unique method based on Discrete wavelet transform and ensemble of Decision tree classifier for detecting and classifying microgrid faults. Once the particular fault type is recognised and categorised, a suitable protective strategy may be used to address it early, enhancing the system's overall safety.
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Li, Lili, Gang Han, Qianping Zhang, Xianmin Chu, JingYang Tan, and Wenfeng Liu. "Study on electrical properties of polyethylene after immersed into water." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2355, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2355/1/012070.
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Abstract When the cable insulation is in the humid environment for a long time, the electricity property of insulation gradually decreases, and then the normal transmission of power may be failing. In this paper, in order to study the water resistance of polyethylene (PE), the variation of electrical parameters of PE with immersion time is tested. The experimental results show that when PE is immersed into the water, the electrical properties of dielectric decrease to some extent. After immersion for 165h, the relative permittivity εr and the loss tangent tan δ increases by 0.37 and 0.0007, respectively. And the volume resistivity ρv and the breakdown field strength Eb decreases by 3.37×1017Ω.cm and 20.54kV/mm, respectively. Finally, the functional relationships between parameters and immersion time are established, and the relationships between four parameters and immersion time are obtained.
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Guney, Ezgi, and Okan Ozgonenel. "An Eco-Friendly Gas Insulated Transformer Design." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 3698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123698.
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Electricity companies around the world are constantly seeking ways to provide electricity more safely and efficiently while reducing the negative impact on the environment. Mineral oils have been the most popular transformer insulation, having excellent electrical insulating properties, but have many problems such as high flammability, significant cleaning problems, and are toxic to fish and wildlife. This paper presents an alternative approach to mineral oil: a transformer design that is clean and provides better performance and environmental benefits. A 50 kVA, 34.5/0.4 kV gas insulated distribution transformer was designed and evaluated using the COMSOL Multiphysics environment. R410A was used as insulation material. R410A is a near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CH2F2, called R-32) and pentafluoro ethane (C2HF5, called R-125), which is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning applications. It has excellent properties including environmentally friendly, no-ozone depletion, low greenhouse effect, non-explosive and non-flammable, First, the breakdown voltage of the selected gas was determined. The electrostatic and thermal properties of the R410A gas insulated transformer were investigated in the COMSOL environment. The simulation results for the performance of oil and SF6 gas insulated transformers using the same model were compared. The gas-insulated transformer is believed to have equivalent performance and is an environmentally friendly alternative to current oil-based transformers.
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Huang, Wang, Liu, Zhang, and Zeng. "Study on the Compatibility of Gas Adsorbents Used in a New Insulating Gas Mixture C4F7N/CO2." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100698.
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An environment-friendly insulating gas, perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N), has been developed recent years. Due to its relatively high liquefaction temperature (around −4.7 °C), buffer gases, such as CO2 and N2, are usually mixed with C4F7N to increase the pressure of the filled insulating medium. During these processes, the insulating gases may be contaminated with micro-water, and the mixture of H2O with C4F7N could produce HF under breakdown voltage condition, which is harmful to the gas insulated electricity transfer equipment. Therefore, removal of H2O and HF in situ from the gas insulated electricity transfer equipment is significant to its operation security. The adsorbents with the ability to remove H2O but without obvious C4F7N/CO2 adsorption capacity are essential to be used in this system. In this work, a series of industrial adsorbents and desiccants were tested for their compatibility with C4F7N/CO2. Pulse adsorption tests were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance of these adsorbents and desiccants on C4F7N and CO2. The 5A molecular sieve showed high adsorption of C4F7N (22.82 mL/g) and CO2 (43.86 mL/g); F-03 did not show adsorption capacity with C4F7N, however, it adsorbed CO2 (26.2 mL/g) clearly. Some other HF adsorbents, including NaF, CaF2, MgF2, Al(OH)3, and some desiccants including CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4 were tested for their compatibility with C4F7N and CO2, and they showed negligible adsorption capacity on C4F7N and CO2. The results suggested that these adsorbents used in the gas insulated electricity transfer equipment filled with SF6 (mainly 5A and F-03 molecular sieves) are not suitable anymore. The results of this work suggest that it is a good strategy to use a mixture of desiccants and HF adsorbents as new adsorbents in the equipment filled with C4F7N/CO2.
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Laing, Harry, Chris O'Malley, Anthony Browne, Tony Rutherford, Tony Baines, and Mark J. Willis. "Development of a biogas distribution model for a wastewater treatment plant: a mixed integer linear programming approach." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 12 (August 4, 2020): 2761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.363.
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Abstract In this paper, we propose a realistic model for gas distribution of an advanced municipal wastewater treatment works and through minimisation of the total cost of gas distribution we perform retrospective optimisation (RO) using historical plant data. This site is the first in the UK with a mixed operational strategy for biomethane produced on site: to burn in combined heat and power (CHP) engines to create electricity, burn in steam boilers for onsite steam use or inject the biomethane into the National Grid. In addition, natural gas can be imported to make up shortfalls in biomethane if required. Implemented using a novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach, to ensure a fast and robust solution, our results indicate the plant operated optimally within accepted tolerance 98% of the time. However, improving plant robustness (such as reducing unexpected breakdown incidents) could yield a significant increase in gas revenue of 7.8%.
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Tola, Omokhafe James, Adamu Murtala Zungeru, F. O. Usifo, and Ambafi James Garba. "Experimental Study of the Characteristics of Transformer Oil and Some Selected Vegetable Oils." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 23 (April 2016): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.23.13.
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The world’s energy requirement has been dominated by petroleum oil resources for years in many applications, especially in the area of electricity generation and utilization. Mineral oil application in power system equipment can be potentially hazardous to the environment, especially when there are incidents of transformer explosion, which caused spillages of oil to the soils or water streams and thereby pollute the surrounding environments. This paper is aimed at finding a substitute for the use of mineral oil as transformer oil. Experiments on breakdown voltages, flash points, pour points, viscosities, densities and insulation resistances on conventional mineral oil and some selected vegetable oils were conducted, analyzed and compared to the internationally accepted standards, ASTM (America Standard Test of Material). Rubber seed oil, Palm oil, Mellon oil, Ground oil and Palm kernel oil were found to have good electrical, chemical and thermal properties which the transformer oil has.
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Janardana, I. G. N., and W. Arta Wijaya. "Study of Electrical Systems in Engineering Faculty Udayana University Bukit Jimbaran." Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Informatics 3, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jeei.2019.v03.i02.p02.
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Electrical systems that serve the Dean of electricity load, the electricity load of the Departement of Architecture, Departement of Mechanical Engineering, Departement of Electrical Engineering, Departement of Information Technology, external lighting facilities supplied by transformers with a capacity of 200 KVA. Lately the quality electrical system has begun to decline with frequent interruptions such as the breakdown of electricity to the load, unbalanced load, THD current exceeds the standard, the fuse on the incoming to the parent panel and the fuse on the main panel is often burned, the grounding system resistance value exceeds the standard equipment value, cable temperature exceeds the standard, even voltage rises to 500 volts. The purpose of this study is to determine the causes of disruption of electricity, and produce a new master installation design to improve the system.
Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the importance of channel separation between loads to the Dean building with the Departement of Architecture building with cable capacity for the Dean building of NYY 4 x 95 mm2 and the safety of the NFb 200 Ampere mains. For cables to the building load, the Departement of Architecture installed a new main cable with NYY 4 x 50 mm2 cable size and NFb 150A main safety. It is necessary to replace the main NFb safety at the MDP parent panel which supplies the load to the Departement of Mechanical Engineering building from 160 Ampere to 200 Ampere. The entire phase in each panel does not meet the IEEE 519 - 2014 standard, so it is very important to install a filter. Ground resistance values ??on all panels vary above the standard with a value of 12 to 62 ohms. So it needs to be made a new grounding. When using a plate grounding system, the number of plates that need to be planted is 25 sheets with a size of 2m x 1 m with a planting depth of 2 m. Whereas when using a grid type earth system, a grid with a size of 3 meters x 3 meters is needed with a total grid length of 2976 meters and a depth of 3 meters.
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Li, Changyun, Peigang Chen, Yongjin Yu, and Chuanyang Li. "Cuγ (γ = 1–3)-Modified MoS2 Monolayer as a Gas Sensor for Detecting C4F7N and Its Decomposition Components." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 2829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162829.
Full textAbstract:
Perfluorinated isobutyronitrile (C4F7N) is favored in electrical engineering because it is an environmentally friendly gas-insulating medium with a low greenhouse effect. Unfortunately, under the influence of electricity and over-heating, its decomposition results in the deterioration of its insulating properties, which potentially leads to partial discharge or even gas breakdown. In this paper, the adsorption behavior of C4F7N gas and its toxic decomposition product, acetonitrile (C2N2), on MoS2 surfaces doped with small copper clusters was investigated by calculating the adsorption energy and density of states, etc. The effects of multiple initial adsorption positions as well as externally applied electric fields were also taken into account. The results depict that the maximum adsorption energy of C4F7N on the Cuγ (γ = 1–3)-MoS2 surface gradually decreases with the increase in γ. The Cu3-modified MoS2 is most suitable for use as a resistive-based gas-sensitive sensor substrate. This paper provides the theoretical foundation for the maintenance of future power equipment with environmentally friendly insulating gas.
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Macaskie, L. E., V. S. Baxter-Plant, N. J. Creamer, A. C. Humphries, I. P. Mikheenko, P. M. Mikheenko, D. W. Penfold, and P. Yong. "Applications of bacterial hydrogenases in waste decontamination, manufacture of novel bionanocatalysts and in sustainable energy." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330076.
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Bacterial hydrogenases have been harnessed to the removal of heavy metals from solution by reduction to less soluble metal species. For Pd(II), its bioreduction results in the deposition of cell-bound Pd(0)-nanoparticles that are ferromagnetic and have a high catalytic activity. Hydrogenases can also be used synthetically in the production of hydrogen from sugary wastes through breakdown of formate produced by fermentation. The Bio-H2 produced can be used to power an electrical device using a fuel cell to provide clean electricity. Production of hydrogen from confectionery wastes by one organism (Escherichia coli) can be used as the electron donor for the production of Bio-Pd0 from soluble Pd(II) by a second organism. The resulting Bio-Pd0 can then be used as a bioinorganic catalyst in the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated solutions or polychlorinated biphenyls at the expense of Bio-H2, as a hydrogenation catalyst for industry or as a component of a fuel cell electrode.
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Awang, Mariah, Muhammad Mawardi bin Mohd Rani, Fadhilah Diyana binti Abdul Samad, M. M. Syafiq Syazwan, Mohd Kamaruzaman Musa, M. A. A. Rahman, Fatimah Yusop, and Nuramidah Hamidon. "A DESIGN OF PORTABLE MINI SOLAR PANEL COMBINED WITH MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM FOR POWER GENERATION." Journal of Sustainable Technology and Applied Science (JSTAS) 2, no. 2 (December 4, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/jstas.v2i2.4363.
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Traditionally, power systems are built to take energy from high-voltage levels and distribute it to lower-voltage networks. Transmission networks are connected to major generating units. However, there will be an excessive number of tiny generators connected to distribution networks in the future. The portable power production system is mostly responsible for the excessive energy delivered, particularly when the user is experiencing a breakdown (function). The loss of integrity, as well as the breakdown and failure of electrical power transmission systems, appears to be an issue rooted (problem statement) in the highly practical and applied domains of electrical and power engineering. The objective of this project is to design and construct a portable power production system that uses renewable energy. The research also aims to determine the maximum and sufficient power consumption from solar energy and micro-hydropower systems in order to provide adequate energy for the space in the event of a power fail. The data for this study was collected using a Digital Multimeter, which was used to measure the resistance (R), voltage (V), current (A), and power (W). The results of the test reveal that the portable power production based on renewable energy has enough capacity to create electricity during a power failure as well as provide adequate loads such as LED lights, mini fans, and phone chargers. This study can also be improved by creating a higher-voltage micro turbine motor and a higher-voltage solar panel for the solar system to increase the operation time.
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Yang, Zheqi, Baosheng Zhang, and Jianfei Bi. "Laboratory Investigation of Cryogenic Fracturing of HDR Wellbores Under Triaxial-Confining stresses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012016.
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Abstract Hot dry rock (HDR) contains abundant thermal energy, which can be extracted through fracturing and used for electricity generation. Due to its deep depth, high temperature and high-pressure conditions, it is difficult to initiate fractures for conventional hydraulic fracturing technology. This paper studies the advantage of cryogenic fracturing on the HDR. We have carried out a series of laboratory experiments on granite samples with different lengths of the open hole under triaxial-confining stresses (10 MPa). The nitrogen fracturing wellbores of high temperature (100−300 °C) granites are processed by LN2 (liquid nitrogen) and NoLN2 (no liquid nitrogen) and retained with 20 mm and 30 mm open hole to form four control groups. The fracturing results showed that LN2 cryogenic stimulation is more effective in reducing the HDR initiation pressure. With a 20 mm open hole, the breakdown pressure of samples with LN2 decreases by 13.9%-18.7% compared with untreated samples. When the open hole changes from 20 mm to 30 mm, the breakdown pressure of samples with NoLN2 is reduced by 6.7%-15%. The longer the open hole of the samples is, the more complex the fracture patterns after the nitrogen fracturing are. This can be attributed to the length of the open hole. The longer it is, the more complex the micro-fractures on the surface are, and the force of the direction parallel to the cross-section is significantly increased. The results of our research afford Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) basics and help the early realization of thermal power generation from HDR.
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Lavalle, Ana, Miguel A. Teruel, Alejandro Maté, and Juan Trujillo. "Fostering Sustainability through Visualization Techniques for Real-Time IoT Data: A Case Study Based on Gas Turbines for Electricity Production." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 4556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164556.
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Improving sustainability is a key concern for industrial development. Industry has recently been benefiting from the rise of IoT technologies, leading to improvements in the monitoring and breakdown prevention of industrial equipment. In order to properly achieve this monitoring and prevention, visualization techniques are of paramount importance. However, the visualization of real-time IoT sensor data has always been challenging, especially when such data are originated by sensors of different natures. In order to tackle this issue, we propose a methodology that aims to help users to visually locate and understand the failures that could arise in a production process.This methodology collects, in a guided manner, user goals and the requirements of the production process, analyzes the incoming data from IoT sensors and automatically derives the most suitable visualization type for each context. This approach will help users to identify if the production process is running as well as expected; thus, it will enable them to make the most sustainable decision in each situation. Finally, in order to assess the suitability of our proposal, a case study based on gas turbines for electricity generation is presented.