Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Breaking new ground'

Questions of the relationships between archaeology and language have long focused on problems of the Indo-European language family. This chapter considers general processes of archaeological and linguistic change with a special focus on language replacement. Here the model of agriculture/language dispersal is particularly significant. The potential contributions of archaeogenetics are also considered.
Por mucho tiempo, las preguntas acerca de las relaciones entre la arqueología y las lenguas se han centrado en los problemas de la familia indoeuropea. En el presente trabajo se tratan procesos generales de cambio de carácter arqueológico y lingüístico, con un énfasis especial en el reemplazo de lenguas. Particularmente significativo es el modelo de la difusión de la agricultura y las lenguas. Asimismo, se debate acerca de las potenciales contribuciones de la arqueogenética.

Thesis (M.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1997. Thesis introduces "American Woman" archetype.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2836. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as preliminary leaf [i]. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-95).

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Educational Leadership, 2007.
Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 24, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-01, Section: A, page: 0037.

Subtropolis is a proposed exhibition for the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center that explores the idea of what life could be like underground. Aimed at children, ages 6–14 who live in city environments, the exhibit will be a new take on incorporating immersive environments and technological interactives to create a strong sense of theme that engages on every level. The development of the exhibition is discussed, considering the various challenges posed and the solutions that led to the ultimate design and narrative choices. Precedents examined include Coney Island’s Luna Park and the use of elemental spectacle to convert fear into awe. There is also an in depth analysis regarding the human psyche and where the fear of the underground originates from, and how those factors contributed to the overall feel and message of the exhibit. Guided by the narrative and a sense of discovery, visitors will learn about living underground in the natural world, both animals and ancient civilizations, how underground life is imagined in the media, and lastly what a realistic underground city might look like and how it could operate. Subtropolis will serve as a possible model for conveying ideas that have not yet happened into a physical form designed to keep people interested, entertained, and aware in order for them to leave feeling open to new possibilities, namely, that one day and entire city could exist under our feet.

Mining and mineral exploration have been a source of considerable tension in the developing world and specifically where they take place on indigenous lands. This thesis investigates the nature of the relationships between different stakeholders to a mineral exploration project in Fiji. It is an examination of the obstacles to community participation, a key component of even-handed development, in the planning and policy-making process. It is argued that the Namosi exploration project has been the locus for emergent social disruption. It is also argued, that the causes of this conflict are anchored in a flawed process of policy-making between the state and exploration companies and the contest for authority between key actors, which has led to the disempowerment of some villagers from both within and outside the community. Equally, the political ideology of the state and the contentious history of mining in Fiji, have played a part in the tendency towards social conflict in association with minerals exploration.
The starting point for analysis has been a comparison with the social conflict literature as it applies to Papua New Guinea. The purpose has been first, to confirm the relevance of that work to situations encountered in Fiji, and second, to provide a broader critique of the literature than previously available; one that further develops understanding of social conflict related to natural resource development. Given the circumstances of state and village politics in Melanesia, the question is asked, whether the normative 'fully realised communities' anticipated by Selznick in his communitarian idyll can be achieved. The thesis concludes that the nature of community involvement in development planning for mineral exploitation, creates a very different type of participation than that outlined in the literature of mining corporations and states. Although some actors have recourse to other means of empowering themselves, this is not a prelude to development for the wider community.

Despite its many challenges and limitations the concept of in situ upgrading of informal settlements has become one of the most favoured approaches to the housing crisis in the ‘Global South’. Due to its inherent principles of incremental in situ development, prevention of relocations, protection of local livelihoods and democratic participation and cooperation, this approach is often perceived to be more sustainable than other housing approaches that often rely on quantitative housing delivery and top down planning methodologies. While this study does not question the benefits of the in situ upgrading approach, it seeks to identify problems of its practical implementation within a specific national and local context. The study discusses the origin and importance of this approach on the basis of a review of international housing policy development and analyses the broader political and social context of the incorporation of this approach into South African housing policy. It further uses insights from a recent case study in Cape Town to determine complications and conflicts that can arise when applying in situ upgrading of informal settlements in a complex local context. On that basis benefits and limitations of the in situ upgrading approach are specified and prerequisites for its successful implementation formulated.
Trotz vieler Herausforderungen und Beschränkungen gilt das Konzept des in situ upgrading informeller Siedlungen als eine der wichtigsten Herangehensweisen an die Wohnraumkrise im „globalen Süden“. Aufgrund seiner immanenten Prinzipien einer schrittweisen Entwicklung an Ort und Stelle, der Vermeidung von Umsiedlungen, dem Erhalt lokaler Existenzgrundlagen sowie demokratischer Beteiligung und Kooperation, wird oftmals angenommen, dass diese Herangehensweise nachhaltiger ist, als eine quantitativ ausgerichtete Wohnraumversorgung und Top-Down-Planungsansätze. Während diese Studie die Vorteile des in situ upgrading nicht in Frage stellt, zielt sie darauf ab, Probleme der praktischen Umsetzung dieses Ansatzes in einem spezifischen nationalen und lokalen Kontext zu identifizieren. Die Studie diskutiert die Herkunft und die Bedeutung des in situ upgrading auf der Grundlage einer Rückschau auf die Entwicklung internationaler Wohnraumpolitik und analysiert den politischen und sozialen Kontext der Einbettung dieses Ansatzes in die südafrikanische Wohnraumpolitik. Darüber hinaus macht sie sich Einblicke einer kürzlich durchgeführten Fallstudie in Kapstadt zunutze, um Probleme und Konflikte zu erfassen, die bei der Umsetzung des in situ upgrading in einem komplexen lokalen Kontext entstehen können. Auf dieser Grundlage werden die Vorteile wie auch die Beschränkungen des in situ upgrading näher spezifiziert und zentrale Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Konzeptes formuliert.

Au cours des dernières années, le transport aérien de passagers connaît un développement sans cesse croissant et continue ainsi d’accroire sa contribution aux émissions mondiale de CO2. Par conséquent, un effort commun entre les avionneurs est fait pour diminuer les émissions de CO2 et de polluants. Pour encourager cet effort, les réglementations deviennent de plus en plus drastiques en terme d'émissions et de polluants tels que le CO2, les NOx mais aussi le bruit. Ces nouvelles limitations sont à la fois définies à court et moyen-long termes pour inciter les motoristes à travailler sur les technologies de plus en plus efficientes.Pour concevoir des moteurs toujours plus performants tout en respectant ces réglementations à court terme, les motoristes travaillent sur l'optimisation de leurs technologies conventionnelles, en améliorant des leviers bien identifiés comme l'augmentation du taux de compression. Cependant, cette optimisation des turbomachines actuelles a déjà atteint un niveau de maturité très élevé. Il semble ainsi difficile de continuer indéfiniment leurs optimisations. Par conséquent, pour atteindre les objectifs à moyen-long terme, les motoristes sont dès aujourd'hui en train d'étudier des nouveaux systèmes propulsifs avancés comme les chambres de Combustion à Volume Constant (CVC) qui peuvent accroître le rendement thermique. Contrairement aux chambres de combustion traditionnelles, qui fonctionnent à flux continu, les chambres CVC opèrent de façon cyclique afin de créer un volume constant pendant la phase de combustion et libérer les gaz chauds dans les étages de turbines.Pendant cette thèse, une approche numérique permettant d'évaluer ce type de chambres est développée. Tout l'enjeu est de pouvoir étudier des chambre de combustion intégrant des parties mobiles, qui permettent de créer le volume constant dédié à la combustion tout en évitant les fuites à travers ces systèmes mobiles lors de l'élévation de la pression dans la chambre. Cette modélisation doit aussi prédire correctement les phases transitoires comme l'admission des gaz frais, qui pilote la phase de combustion. Cette étude utilise des objets immergés pour modéliser les parties mobiles. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de rendre ces objets immergés imperméables et adapter la méthode aux différents modèles utilisés pour étudier les milieux réactifs tels que le modèle de combustion ECFM-LES ou encore l'injection liquide Lagrangienne utilisée pour résoudre l'injection du fuel.Dans cette étude, une nouvelle formulation est développée puis testée sur différents cas tests de plus en plus représentatifs des chambres CVC. Cette approche numérique est ensuite évaluée sur une chambre réel étudiée expérimentalement au laboratoire PPRIRME de Poitiers. Dans cette dernière étude, deux cas non réactifs permettent de comparer les évolutions de pression à deux endroits dans la dispositif expérimental, ainsi que les champs de vitesse au sein de la chambre de combustion, aux simulations réalisées. Pour ces cas complexes, l'utilisation des objets immergés permet de prédire les résultats expérimentaux à un coût attractif.Un des cas non réactif est ensuite carburé et allumé pour confronter l'évolution pression et les champs de vitesse dans la chambre de combustion des résultats numériques obtenus aux mesures expérimentales. L'approche numérique développée a permis d’enrichir les données expérimentales, d'analyser les variabilités cycle-à-cycle rencontrées au banc et d'identifier les leviers qui permettraient d'optimiser ce type d’architecture
Over the past few years, aircrafts have become a common means of transport, thus continuously increasing their contribution to global CO2 emissions. Consequently, there is a common effort between aircraft manufacturers to reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions. To encourage this effort, regulations are becoming more and more stringent on the emissions and pollutants like CO2, NOx and noise. These regulations are both defined in the short and medium-long terms to urge aircraft manufacturers to work on more and more efficient technologies.In order to design more efficient engines while respecting the short term objectives, engine manufacturers are working on the improvement of conventional architectures by using well-known levers like the increase of the Overall Pressure Ratio (OPR). However, the optimization of the present turbomachinery has already reached a high level of maturity and it seems difficult to continuously enhance their performances. Consequently, to reach the medium-long term objectives, engine manufacturers are working on new advanced propulsion systems such as the Constant Volume Combustion (CVC) chambers, which can increase the thermal efficiency of the system. Contrary to present turbomachinery which are burning fresh gases continuously, CVC chambers operate cyclically so as to create the constant vessel dedicated to the combustion phase and to expand the burnt gases into turbine stages.In this PhD thesis, a numerical approach is developed to allow the evaluation of these kind of combustors. The challenge is to be able to evaluate CVC chambers by taking into account the moving parts which create the constant volume and avoid mass leakages through these moving parts during the increase of the combustion chamber pressure when the combustion occurs. This approach also has to correctly predict unsteady phases like the intake, which directly controls the combustion process.These moving parts are modeled with a Lagrangian Immersed Boundary (LIB) method .The main goals of this thesis is to make the LIB as airtight as possible and to render this approach compatible with the different models which are adapted to analyse reactive flows such as the ECFM-LES combustion model or Lagrangian liquid injection, used for fuel sprays. In this study, a new formulation is developed and tested on several test cases from very simple ones to cases more representative of CVC chambers.Then, this approach is evaluated on a real chamber experimentally analysed in PPRIME laboratory in Poitiers. Two non-reactive operating points are used to compare the experimental pressure at two positions in the apparatus and the experimental velocity fields in the combustion chamber with the numerical results. In this complex configuration, the LIB method allows the prediction of the experimental results with a low CPU cost. As in the experiment, one non-reactive case is carburized and ignited to compare the measured pressure and the velocity fields in the combustion chamber with the simulations. The proposed numerical approach allows the data enhancement of the experiment and then the analysis of the cycle-to-cycle variability encountered during the experimental measurements. Last but not least, this method enables the identification of the different levers that could decrease the variability and then could improve operability of this type of combustors

This thesis investigates the place-names of four parishes in Berwickshire and compares coastal and inland naming patterns. Berwickshire is a large county that borders on northern England and historically formed part of Anglo-Saxon Northumbria. Partly due to the survival of extensive archives from the medieval priory of Coldingham, preserved in Durham Cathedral Archives, this county holds some of Scotland’s earliest recorded place- names. The parishes that form the research area are grouped together in the north-east of the county. Two of these parishes, Abbey St Bathans and Bunkle & Preston, are inland, and two, Cockburnspath and Coldingham, have extensive coastlines. The diversity of this group of parishes allows a comparative study of the place-names of coastal and inland areas to be undertaken. The topography of Berwickshire’s thirty-two parishes is very varied, and the four parishes have been chosen to reflect this range of landscapes. The place-names within the four parishes examined in this thesis derive almost exclusively from Old English, Older Scots, Modern Scots including Standard Scottish English, with a small minority derived from Old Norse, Gaelic, and Brittonic. The chronology of Old English, Older Scots, and Modern Scots is defined as given in the Concise Scots Dictionary: Old English is the period up to 1100, Older Scots is the period 1100-1700, and Modern Scots is the period 1700 onwards (CSD, 1985: xiii). Often with place-names it is not possible to give a precise dating for the coining of a toponym. For the purposes of this study, the language label given for a toponym is that of the date of the earliest record of the place-name with earlier linguistic evidence supplementing discussion. This thesis focuses on the names of topographic features, for example hills, rocks and woodland, and the role of perception in their naming. In order to compare the role of perception in inland and coastal naming, this thesis includes a diachronic study of the toponymy of the research area, along with two case studies. The first of these is a study of the toponymy of relief features, which focuses on generic elements in order to compare the perception of one type of referent in the two environments. The second is a study of the ‘colour’ category, which focuses on qualifying elements in order to compare the use of colour terms in the two environments. This thesis is the first comparative study of inland and coastal place-names, and it is one of the first to investigate new ways of using fieldwork as a central part of its methodology. In doing so it proposes innovative and nuanced ways to understand the toponymy of diverse landscapes within a community.

Community participation is an important aspect of South African government policies that deal with integrated development planning and sustainable development. This report presents aspects of community participation in infrastructure delivery and in particular housing in Reeston which is part of the Duncan Village Redevelopment Initiative in East London area of the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The importance of community participation is acknowledged as it enhances the ability of the community members to demonstrate and use their own views to deal with specific issues and to address the needs and problems that emerge and prevail in their societies. The two emerging paradigms of community participation suggest that the participating communities should be involved in the ‘selection, design, planning and implementation’ of projects that will have an effect on them and from which they are going to benefit ; and that continuous feedback to communities forms a fundamental part of any development activity. This report explores how the “Breaking New Ground in Housing” (BNG) policy of the South African Government meets its objectives in the context of community participation.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-99).
With a growing awareness of the need for a widespread reduction in the use of natural resources, including energy and water, buildings have been identified as a key component of America's, and the world's, drain on these finite resources. However, changing building practices that have been the norm for more than a century has proven to be a difficult task, with many challenges and interests to be accounted for. Implementing green building policies has not yet become a standard practice in most U.S. cities. This study looks at various policy approaches and outcomes that aim to address the impediments to a market transformation towards greener building. Among the cities that boast a significant amount of green buildings certified by a third-party rating system, many different factors and dynamics, with varying participation and responses from the public, private and non-profit sectors have resulted in different outcomes with respect to green building in that particular city. This study looks at the green building policy and implementation landscape in four cities: Boston, Boulder, Pittsburgh and San Francisco. Each of these case studies offers a robust look at how green building policies were created, both the process and the implementation, and the building industry's response to these policies and programs. In addition, it looks at other players and circumstances that contributed to the dynamics that surfaced in that city. Primarily, the goal of this study is to glean lessons from these four cities, to draw some general conclusions about what elements effective green building policy incorporates and the process and implementation strategies that resulted in success in practice. The conclusions also identify the supporting factors that play an indispensable role in a successful outcome. Ideally this study may offer some general guidance for cities that are considering how best to approach this particular challenge and aid in structuring a green building policy that will produce concrete results. The general findings of this study are that effective green building policy should facilitate a market transformation in the building industry towards greener development through mechanisms that address both the supply and demand of green building products and services. Successful policies were designed to stimulate market potential so the practice of greener building would ultimately be profitable to developers, building professionals and valued by consumers. The obstacles to green building becoming a norm in the building industry can be initially overcome by thoughtful, tailored policy and can be ultimately sustained by pure market forces.
by Shiva R. Prakash.
M.C.P.

Despite the array of polices adopted to address the housing issue in South Africa in the post ’94’ dispensation, South Africa in 2015 remains riddled with the same housing challenges as at 1994 even despite the significant improvements that have been achieved. Subsidised housing projects completed between 1994 and 2004 are characterised by poor design, poor quality, late delivery, poor location, and spatial marginalisation. To address these shortfalls, the Department of Human Settlements adopted the Breaking New Ground (BNG) principles in 2004 and the housing code of 2009 to mitigate shortfalls in the provision of low cost housing and thereby creating sustainable human settlements. It was in such context that this study sought to assess whether the BNG and housing code of 2009 was implemented in the building of the low-cost houses of the Wells Estate Human Settlement in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM), constructed post-2004. An exploratory study using both the quantitative and qualitative data collection methods was used to conduct the study. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was used to collect data. To complement the use of the questionnaire, transect walks were also undertaken. The findings of the study were that; firstly: The majority of the beneficiaries belonged to the productive age that is between 18 and 60; Wells Estate depicts a pre ‘94 spatial planning given its peripheral location there by affecting cost to work and job searching; The quality of houses complied with the tenets of the BNG and housing code of 2009; Access to services and facilities like police station, community halls, clinics, and schools remained a challenge because their availability is determined by the population size and utilisation rate, and Access to socio economic opportunities was still a challenge. The beneficiaries of Wells Estate even in the case for businesses owned this; these were for subsistence only such as street vending, shoe repairing, and painting. Given the above findings, the study recommends that: There is need to focus on human capital development through skill development to the productive age group which is unemployed. With skills, the unemployed have an opportunity to look for employment thereby improving their livelihoods; The provision of housing alone cannot alleviate the socio-economic challenges affecting the poor, however there is a need for a multi-pronged approach to address other socioeconomic determinants such as access to employment and education, and There is need to for a collaboration approach between the NMBM and other government departments for instance with the Department of Basic Education for scholar transport.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 2004, the then Department of Housing’s Breaking New Ground (BNG) policy introduced a compilation of principles that underlie a sustainable human settlement. The principles were aimed at guiding, amongst others, municipal officials in the decisions they take when faced with a housing development project. This thesis will set out to determine how municipal officials have taken up BNG’s principles for sustainable housing settlements as well as the perceptions, methods of implementation and degree of acceptance that housing and town planning managers have of BNG. In the study, the perceived relevance that these managers have of BNG within their non-metropolitan towns is explored using five of the fifteen leader towns of the Western Cape Province. This research has shown that BNG considers the compact urban form, coupled to other development considerations, as the most sustainable for South Africa. In terms of building sustainable human settlements: the low-income housing unit has evolved substantially since its conception, and that the current unit is held in far higher regard (by both municipalities and beneficiaries) than its predecessors. The design of this unit remains standardised due to a lack of funding for a more flexible design, but its structure allows for additions to be made at the cost of the beneficiary. Funding thus remains a major constraint to housing delivery. Municipalities feel that they are able to implement BNG, but that there are certain shortcomings in the document which prevent its full implementation. One of these shortcomings is the lack of an external funding mechanism for housing delivery, proposed in BNG, but never having materialised. Further, BNG focuses more on the metropolitan scenario and is not always relevant to non-metropolitan towns. Almost all of the municipalities have initiated inner city regeneration projects, but fewer have included the provision of social housing as part of their inner city rejuvenation. Subsidy housing is the most implemented housing typology, but these units often experience decay due to the absence of original owners who have (mostly illegally) sold or rented out their units. The one-erf-one-unit nature of subsidy housing is not seen as sustainable owing to space limitation experienced by most of the municipalities interviewed. Contrary to earlier research, in situ upgrading is a common occurrence in municipalities. However, there is a great need for stronger regional (or broader scale) planning regarding housing delivery. Low-income housing is strongly influenced by politics – a fact which municipalities say negatively influences housing delivery. Migration also poses a serious threat to municipal backlogs. Currently, the fight against an escalating demand for low-cost housing is a losing battle as the rate at which government is rolling out housing is vastly ineffectual. Municipalities deem that large-scale projects like the N2 Gateway might be a solution to their housing backlogs which, they concur, are at crisis point. However, municipalities indicated that their implementation of large scale projects will not follow the same path as the N2 Gateway – the planning of which is seen to be substandard. Currently, urban integration takes place on an income basis and not due to racial division. Inclusionary housing is seen as a relevant tool for the promotion of integration, but cannot be enforced to its full potential due to a lack of supporting legislation.

Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature.

The number of people entering agriculture in Canada has been decreasing over the past few decades. Despite these trends some people are still choosing to enter the sector. Many of those entering agriculture as professional farmers are women. This thesis presents a study of those women in the process of farm entry in British Columbia, Canada. Much of the literature frames women within the sector in terms of their relationship to the male dominance of agriculture. The tendency is to focus on how farm women's activities are undervalued and how women are maintained within a lesser position of power. Although the male dominance of the sector in general is not refuted, my research shows that many of the women entering the sector do not see the world they are entering as being a male dominated framework. These women are working within a social space that does not question their legitimacy as farmers and their integration within the field. The thesis explores the emergence of this alternate social space and its coexistence with the social space present within conventional agriculture. The analysis then moves beyond gender to explore how that alternate space, and the networks within it, function to mediate the challenges the women face during farm entry. The thesis concludes with several policy implications that result from the research

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Film and Video.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-138). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ66381.

Thesis (M.M. (Public Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, 2014.
Implementation of the BNG policy was announced by the President, Jacob Zuma, in his state of the nation address on 3 June 2009. The amount of R787 billion in infrastructure expenditure was announced to accomplish cohesive, caring and sustainable communities through construction of school building programmes, parks; playgrounds; sports fields; crèches; community halls; taxi ranks; municipal clinics and informal trading facilities by 2014. The objectives of the study were to identify the challenges impeding the implementation of the Breaking New Ground (BNG) policy in the North West Province and to provide valuable recommendations for effective implementation. Hogwood and Gunn’s (1984:199) ten preconditions of perfect implementation were used to analyse the approaches and actions proposed to implement the BNG policy intents. Through the in-depth interview and document analysis, the study investigated the challenges of implementing the BNG policy in the North West Province. Findings from the interview data and document analysis yielded ample information obstructing effective implementation of the BNG policy in the North West Province. The study found that implementation of the BNG policy seemed to have never been implemented. A major reason identified was insufficient political will to influence strategic actions meant for implementation and the concomitant need to take severe actions against non-compliance. Strong political power, communication and coordination by a lead department to win the support of partner institutions seemed to be insufficient. As a result, allocation of resources and agreement of objectives were never reached. Other cited impeding factors were operational constraints of the Department of Human Settlements (DHS) executive officials to pro-actively pursue the political mandate through the initiation of implementation plan documents, programmes and projects. The study recommends that the Members of Executive Council (MEC), Head of Departments (HODs), and senior managers utilise Executive Committees (EXCO) to negotiate agreement of objectives to win the support of institutions involved. The study recommends that senior managers should consider accumulating knowledge on policy implementation matters.

In the later decades of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth, large numbers of Canadian women were stepping out of the shadows of private life and into the public world of work and political action. Among them, both a cause and an effect of these sweeping social changes, was the first generation of Canadian women to work as professional authors. Although these women were not unified by ideology, genre, or date of birth, they are studied here as a generation defined by their time and place in history, by their material circumstances, and by their collective accomplishment. Chapters which focus on E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), the Eaton sisters (Sui Sin Far and Onoto Watanna), Joanna E. Wood, and Sara Jeannette Duncan explore some of the many commonalities and interrelationships among the members of this generation as a whole. This project combines archival research with analytical bibliography in order to clarify and extend our knowledge of Johnson’s and Duncan’s professional lives and publishing histories, and to recover some of Wood’s “lost” stories. This research offers a preliminary sketch of the long tradition of the platform performance (both Native and non-Native) with which Johnson and others engaged. It explores the uniquely innovative ethnographic writings of Johnson, Duncan, and the Eaton sisters, among others, and it explores thematic concerns which relate directly to the experiences of working women. Whether or not I convince other scholars to treat these authors as a generation, with more in common than has previously been supposed, the strong parallels revealed in these pages will help to clarify and contextualize some of their most interesting work.
Thesis (Ph.D, English) -- Queen's University, 2011-10-14 20:59:21.45

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Medicines management is only one part of NHS (UK) procurement and management, but essentially a very expensive part. According to the Commercial Medicines Unit (Department of Health, 2013), NHS hospitals in England currently spend around £3.6 billion annually on pharmaceuticals, having risen from £2.2. billion in 2005. The NHS continuously strives to promote excellence in what it does and justify how it does it. In undertaking this preliminary analysis 45 pharmacy staff members contributed to an online survey. The results presented a broad mix of views on how smart technology (e.g. iPhone, iPad) could be used and if it should be used at all in this setting. The outcome of this small scale study demonstrates the lack of knowledge as to if and how such technologies could be used in hospital pharmacy and therefore present grounds for testing out the broader application of smart technology via academic and practitioner consultations.

This research project aims to determine whether fully subsidised BNG house developed within an integrated development such as Cosmo City can fetch sufficient value to bridging the ‘gap’ between BNG house and an affordable house and thereby assisting a house hold to leverage itself up the housing ladder. Based on Cosmo City as a case study the research investigates real value verse perceived value of BNG houses within an integrated development. The information and data collected includes; the replacement cost of a BNG house, Cosmo City’s BNG residents perception of value, professional commentary on BNG house value, capital growth within the entire development of Cosmo City, a comparable analysis of three houses within Cosmo City and official Municipal Valuations. The literature review reveals that the creation of integrated developments are the way forward to urban and community sustainability, as they provide a platform for social and economic development by alleviating poverty and assist with wealth creation. This is achieved by constructing environments which have better access to amenities and work opportunities and which provide for lifestyle and income changes. The analysis of the research determined that a BNG house has real value (replacement cost), perceived value, (BNG and professional interviews) and market value (Municipal Valuation) and should command sufficient value as a result of the attributes associated with integrated development’s, which include mobility, accessibility, service levels and locality. The conclusion is that my hypothesis cannot be substantiated as yet as a BNG house cannot be sold or purchased due to the pre-emptive clause which restricts the sales of BNG houses for a period that is no sales of BNG houses have as yet taken place. However, the research does determine that BNG house has both perceived and real value.

Hostels are a product of the migrant labour system that originated in the copper mining industry in Namaqualand in the 1850s. The migrant labour compounds were used to accommodate migrant labour workers in the urban areas. However, these compounds also meant that migrant labour workers were denied the right of access to permanent accommodation and residential space in the urban areas. After the repeal of the influx control and segregative laws in South Africa in 1986, some of the hostel dwellers brought their relatives and friends to live in the hostels and this resulted in problems such as overcrowding which were exacerbated by poor management and control of the hostels. The living conditions of the hostel dwellers deteriorated during the 1990s. After the announcement of the unbanning of all liberation movements and political parties in South Africa in the 1990s, hostel violence broke out. This hostel violence left many hostel blocks vandalised and without basic municipal services such as electricity, water and waste removal. The hostel violence was primarily between the Inkata Freedom Party (IFP) aligned hostel dwellers and the African National Congress (ANC) aligned township and informal settlement residents. The hostel violence has catalysed the public housing challenges faced by the democratic government since its inception in 1994. Nevertheless, since 1994 the democratic government has introduced various housing programmes in an effort to provide adequate houses for all South African citizens. One such housing programme is the hostel redevelopment programme. The hostel redevelopment programme was adopted by the democratic government after 1994 with the aim of, among other things, upgrading public hostels, redeveloping and converting the rooms in public hostels into family rental units in order to improve the living conditions of the hostel dwellers and introducing hostel dwellers to family life. The Mogale City Local Municipality (MCLM) is one of the municipalities in Gauteng province that is participating in the hostel redevelopment programme. The findings of this study have revealed that the upgrading of the Kagiso hostel involved the following two processes: During the first process, the MCLM upgraded the Kagiso hostel by fixing broken windows and doors, repairing toilets and providing basic municipal services such as electricity, water, and waste removal in order to improve the living conditions of the hostel dwellers. The second process involved demolishing the hostel blocks and converting them into family units in order to address the public housing challenges relevant to the Kagiso hostel. In this study, the hostel redevelopment programme is called process 1 and the community residential units (CRU) programme is called process 2.
Public Administration & Management
M. Tech. (Public Management)