Academic literature on the topic 'Breakthrough experiment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Breakthrough experiment"
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Vermeulen, Ivar, Anika Batenburg, Camiel J. Beukeboom, and Tim Smits. "Breakthrough or One-Hit Wonder?" Social Psychology 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000182.
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Three studies replicated a classroom experiment on single-exposure musical conditioning of consumer choice ( Gorn, 1982 ), testing whether simultaneous exposure to liked (vs. disliked) music and a pen image induced preferences for the shown (vs. a different) pen. Experiments 1 and 2 employed the original music, Experiment 3 used contemporary music. Experiments 2 and 3 employed hypothesis-blind experimenters. All studies incorporated post-experimental inquiries exploring demand artifacts. Experiments 1 and 2 (original music; N = 158, N = 190) showed no evidence for musical conditioning, and were qualified (conclusive) replication failures. Experiment 3 (contemporary music; N = 91) reproduced original effects, but with significantly smaller effect size. Moreover, it had limited power and showed extreme scores in one experimental group. Aggregated, the three studies produced a null effect. Exploration of demand artifacts suggests they are unlikely to have produced the original results.
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Heijman, S. G. J., W. Siegers, R. Sterk, and R. Hopman. "Prediction of breakthrough of pesticides in GAC-filters and breakthrough of colour in ion-exchange-filters." Water Supply 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0013.
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Adsorption columns are widely used in drinking water treatment to improve a number of water quality parameters. Granular activated carbon filtration (GAC) can be used to decrease the concentration of DOC, colour, taste, odour and pesticides. Columns filled with ion-exchange resins are used to remove colour, nitrate and DOC. The regeneration frequency of these types of filters depends strongly on the natural water quality. Especially the DOC-concentration and DOC-composition determines the efficiency of the processes. Because pilot-plant experiments with realistic contact-times will last for more than a year (for GAC) there is a need for a prediction of breakthrough based on shorter and less expensive laboratory experiments. The available models are not accurate enough because the exact parameters are not available. In batch experiments with natural water, with realistic (low) pesticide concentrations and the full grain size of the adsorbent the adsorption parameters are measured in an independent experiment. With the parameters obtained with these experiments an accurate prediction of the breakthrough curve is possible. With the same parameters predictions of breakthrough curves are calculated under different process conditions. The possibilities of process optimisation can reduce the investment costs for new full-scale plants.
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Doelle, Meinhard. "The Paris Agreement: Historic Breakthrough or High Stakes Experiment?" Climate Law 6, no. 1-2 (May 6, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00601001.
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This article offers an overview of the two key outcomes of the 2015 Paris climate negotiations, the Paris cop decision, and the Paris Agreement. Collectively, they chart a new course for the un climate regime that started in earnest in Copenhagen in 2009. The Paris Agreement represents a path away from the top-down approach and rigid differentiation among parties reflected in the Kyoto Protocol, toward a bottom-up and flexible approach focused on collective long-term goals and principles. It represents an approach to reaching these long-term goals that is focused on self-differentiation, support, transparency, and review. The article highlights the key elements of the agreement reached in Paris, including its approach to mitigation, adaptation, loss and damage, finance, transparency, and compliance.
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Schmid, Bernhard H., Michael A. Hengl, and Ursula Stephan. "Density effects on salt tracer breakthrough curves from constructed wetland ponds." Hydrology Research 35, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2004.0017.
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Salt tracer experiments are a convenient method to determine travel time distributions in constructed wetland ponds. Typically, these flows are characterized by low Reynolds numbers at times even within the laminar flow regime. In this environment the injection of salt may cause strong density effects, thereby jeopardizing the usefulness of the recorded breakthrough curves. After a tracer experiment has been completed, an indication of potential density stratification in the field may be noticed in the form of surprisingly small recovery rates of a tracer considered as nearly conservative. To provide a tool that permits the intended experiment to be judged at the planning stage already, criteria have been developed that yield approximate maximum concentrations, not to be exceeded if density effects shall be avoided. Laboratory experiments were carried out and the newly derived relationships applied with success. The criteria may in future be useful, too, in the planning of tracer experiments in slowly flowing rivers and streams.
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Sobotková, Martina, Michal Sněhota, Eva Budínová, and Miroslav Tesař. "Isothermal and non-isothermal infiltration and deuterium transport: a case study in a soil column from a headwater catchment." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0029.
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AbstractIsothermal and non-isothermal infiltration experiments with tracer breakthrough were carried out in the laboratory on one intact column (18.9 cm in diameter, 25 cm in height) of sandy loam soil. For the isothermal experiment, the temperature of the infiltrating water was 20°C to the initial temperature of the sample. For the two non-isothermal experiments water temperature was set at 8°C and 6°C, while the initial temperature of the sample was 22°C. The experiments were conducted under the same initial and boundary conditions. Pressure heads and temperatures were monitored in two depths (8.8 and 15.3 cm) inside the soil sample. Two additional temperature sensors monitored the entering and leaving temperatures of the water. Water drained freely through the perforated plate at the bottom of the sample by gravity and outflow was measured using a tipping bucket flowmeter. The permeability of the sample calculated for steady state stages of the experiment showed that the significant difference between water flow rates recorded during the two experiments could not only be justified by temperature induced changes of the water viscosity and density. The observed data points of the breakthrough curve were successfully fitted using the two-region physical non-equilibrium model. The results of the breakthrough curves showed similar asymmetric shapes under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.
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Lu, Pei-Jen, Chih-Sheng Chang, and Jia-Ming Chern. "Binary adsorption breakthrough curves in fixed bed: Experiment and prediction." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 45, no. 4 (July 2014): 1608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.10.018.
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Lupas, Andrei N., Joana Pereira, Vikram Alva, Felipe Merino, Murray Coles, and Marcus D. Hartmann. "The breakthrough in protein structure prediction." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 10 (May 24, 2021): 1885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200963.
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Proteins are the essential agents of all living systems. Even though they are synthesized as linear chains of amino acids, they must assume specific three-dimensional structures in order to manifest their biological activity. These structures are fully specified in their amino acid sequences — and therefore in the nucleotide sequences of their genes. However, the relationship between sequence and structure, known as the protein folding problem, has remained elusive for half a century, despite sustained efforts. To measure progress on this problem, a series of doubly blind, biennial experiments called CASP (critical assessment of structure prediction) were established in 1994. We were part of the assessment team for the most recent CASP experiment, CASP14, where we witnessed an astonishing breakthrough by DeepMind, the leading artificial intelligence laboratory of Alphabet Inc. The models filed by DeepMind's structure prediction team using the program AlphaFold2 were often essentially indistinguishable from experimental structures, leading to a consensus in the community that the structure prediction problem for single protein chains has been solved. Here, we will review the path to CASP14, outline the method employed by AlphaFold2 to the extent revealed, and discuss the implications of this breakthrough for the life sciences.
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Streb, Anne, and Marco Mazzotti. "Adsorption for efficient low carbon hydrogen production: part 1—adsorption equilibrium and breakthrough studies for H2/CO2/CH4 on zeolite 13X." Adsorption 27, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10450-021-00306-y.
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Abstract Reforming of fossil fuels coupled with carbon capture and storage has the potential to produce low-carbon H2 at large scale and low cost. Adsorption is a potentially promising technology for two key separation tasks in this process: H2 purification and CO2 capture. In this work, we present equilibrium adsorption data of H2 and CH4 on zeolite 13X, in addition to the already established CO2 isotherms. Further, we carry out binary (CO2–CH4) and ternary (H2–CO2–CH4) breakthrough experiments at various pressures and temperatures to estimate transport parameters, assess the predictive capacity of our 1D column model, and compare different multi-component adsorption models. CO2 adsorbs strongly on zeolite 13X, CH4 adsorbs less, and H2 adsorbs very little. Thus, H2 breaks through first, CH4 second (first in the binary breakthrough experiments) and CO2 last. Linear driving force (LDF) mass transfer coefficients are estimated based on a single breakthrough experiment and mass transfer is found to be fast for H2, slower for CH4, and slowest for CO2. The LDF parameters can be used in a predictive manner for breakthrough experiments at varying pressures, temperatures, flows, and, though with lower accuracy, even compositions. Heat transfer inside the column is described well with a literature correlation, thus yielding an excellent agreement between simulated and measured column temperatures. Ideal and real adsorbed solution theories (IAST and RAST, respectively) both model the observed breakthrough composition profiles well, whereas extended isotherms are inferior for predicting the competitive behavior between CH4 and CO2 adsorption. This study provides the groundwork necessary for full cyclic experiments and their simulation.
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Brookbank, C. Roy. "The Nova Scotia Experiment in Labour Management Relations." Relations industrielles 20, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 478–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027585ar.
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The following study constitutes a breakthrough in the field of behaviour sciences applied to labour-management relations. This paper is a description and an interpretation of the organizational pattern and the type of behaviour dynamics which emerged in the course of the experiment under the guidance of the Institute of Public Affairs at Dalhousie University.
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Guo, Ping, Shiyong Hu, Yisheng Hu, and Qijian Ding. "Experimental Study on Gas Breakthrough Prevention by Flue Gas Drive." E3S Web of Conferences 218 (2020): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021802022.
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The heterogeneity of glutenite reservoir is serious, and breakthrough is easy to occur in the process of water drive and gas drive, which reduces the sweep efficiency. The serious vertical heterogeneity in the H well area of Xinjiang oilfield led to the rapid gas breakthrough during gas injection test. Water alternating gas flooding and foam profile control are often used to seal breakthrough. In this paper, based on the actual reservoir characteristics, vertical heterogeneous planar model is made for flooding experiment. The experimental results show that after gas breakthrough caused by water alternating gas flooding, the flue gas foam can effectively block the high permeability layer and develop the low permeability layer, improve the sweep efficiency and recovery percent, and provide reference for the development adjustment of actual reservoir after gas breakthrough.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Breakthrough experiment"
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Nguyen-Sadassivame, Julie. "Étude Expérimentale de la Faisabilité de Piégeage des Gaz Rares (Xe, Kr) par des Matériaux Poreux Innovants de Type Metal-Organic Framework." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CLIL0029.
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Le xénon et le krypton sont des gaz rares produits par les réactions de fission au sein du combustible nucléaire. Lors d’une situation accidentelle (accident grave survenant à un réacteur, dénoyage des piscines de stockage du combustible usagé...), ces rejets de gaz peuvent conduire à un risque radiologique à court et moyen termes, notamment pour les opérateurs. En effet, certains isotopes radioactifs ont une période de demi-vie pouvant aller jusqu'à quelques années (10,8 ans pour le Kr-85 et 5,3 jours pour le Xe-133). Très peu réactifs chimiquement et très volatils, ces gaz rares sont difficilement piégeables et séparables. Or, depuis plus d'une décennie, une nouvelle classe de matériaux poreux appelés Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), ont démontré des capacités de piégeage des gaz efficaces. En effet, ces matériaux hybrides métal-ligand cristallins, sont modulables à souhait avec des diamètres de pores très variables, des surfaces spécifiques élevées ainsi qu'une fonctionnalisation presque illimitée liée au ligand organique. L'objectif de la thèse consiste alors en une étude expérimentale de faisabilité de piégeage des gaz rares par ces matériaux poreux. Pour ce faire, différents MOF à base de cuivre, d’aluminium, zirconium ou zinc ont été synthétisés et testés en conditions statiques. Les chaleurs isostériques d’adsorption et les sélectivités de Henry ont été déterminées, ainsi que l’influence du dopage à l’argent sous forme métallique (Ag0) dans le MIL-100(Al) et sous forme chargée (Ag+) dans le MOF-303. Les MOF prometteurs ont ensuite été étudiés en conditions dynamiques sur le banc expérimental nommé SAFARI. Ce banc dédié à la filtration dynamique en condition représentative d’accident nucléaire a été développé avec le solide HKUST-1, avec notamment l’analyse en ligne des gaz rares par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à un spectromètre de masse. Les influences sur le piégeage des gaz rares des paramètres tels que la température, la vitesse du flux, les concentrations, le taux d’humidité relative et la quantité de MOF ont été étudiées. Ainsi, le temps de percée du gaz d’intérêt dépend de la surface spécifique du MOF, de la vitesse de passage, de la hauteur du lit et de sa mise en forme. Les capacités d’adsorption dépendent également de la vitesse du flux liée à la diffusion du gaz au sein des pores, ainsi que de la concentration des gaz rares dans le flux gazeux. Comme attendu, des températures et un taux de vapeur d’eau élevés ont un impact négatif sur la capture du Xe et Kr. Par ailleurs, les solides étudiés peuvent se diviser en deux groupes : les MOF à cage et à canaux. Ainsi, les MOF constitués de canaux uniformes, avec des diamètres proches du diamètre cinétique des atomes des gaz rares, ont montré des capacités de piégeage plus importants, en raison d’interactions gaz-charpente favorisées. Ces premiers résultats ouvrent sur des perspectives de recherche notamment concernant la sélectivité Xe/Kr en vue d’une valorisation industrielleXenon and Krypton are noble gases produced by fission reactions in nuclear fuel. In case of an accidental situation (severe accident in a nuclear reactor, dewatering of spent fuel storage pools, etc.), these gas releases can lead to a radiological risk in the short and medium terms, particularly for operators. Indeed, some radioactive isotopes have a half-life of up to a few years (10.8 years for Kr-85 and 5.3 days for Xe-133). Chemically unreactive and highly volatile, noble gases are difficult to trap and separate. However, for more than a decade, a new class of porous materials called Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), have demonstrated effective gas trapping capabilities. Indeed, these crystalline metal-ligand hybrid materials can be modulated as desired with very variable pore diameters, high specific surface areas as well as an almost unlimited functionalization linked to the organic ligand. The objective of the thesis then consists in an experimental feasibility study of the trapping of noble gases by these porous materials. Thus, different MOF based on copper, aluminum, zirconium or zinc have been synthesized and tested in static conditions. Isosteric heats of adsorption and selectivities of Henry have been determined as well as the influence of silver doping in metallic form (Ag0) in MIL-100(Al) and in charged form (Ag+) in MOF- 303. The promising MOFs were then studied under dynamic conditions on the experimental device called SAFARI. This bench dedicated to dynamic filtration in representative condition of a nuclear accident was developed with the HKUST-1 material, with in particular the on-line analysis of noble gases by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. Influences on the trapping of noble gases of parameters such as temperature, flow velocity, concentrations, relative humidity and amount of MOF have been studied. Thus, the breakthrough time of the gas of interest depends on the specific surface of the MOF, the flow rate, the height of the bed and its shaping. The adsorption capacities also depend on the flow velocity linked to the diffusion of the gas within the pores as well as on the concentration of noble gases in the gas flow. As expected, high temperatures and a high-water vapor rate have a negative impact on the capture of Xe and Kr. Moreover, the solids studied can be divided into two groups: cage and channel MOFs. Thus, the MOFs made up of uniform channels, with diameters close to the kinetic diameter of noble gases atoms, showed greater trapping capacities due to favored gas-framework interactions. These initial results open up new avenues of research, particularly in Xe/Kr selectivity, with a view to industrial valorization
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Wang, Huaguo. "Describing and Predicting Breakthrough Curves for non-Reactive Solute Transport in Statistically Homogeneous Porous Media." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29777.
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The applicability and adequacy of three modeling approaches to describe and predict breakthough curves (BTCs) for non-reactive solutes in statistically homogeneous porous media were numerically and experimentally investigated. Modeling approaches were: the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) with scale-dependent dispersivity, mobile-immobile model (MIM), and the fractional convection-dispersion equation (FCDE).
In order to test these modeling approaches, a prototype laboratory column system was designed for conducting miscible displacement experiments with a free-inlet boundary. Its performance and operating conditions were rigorously evaluated.
When the CDE with scale-dependent dispersivity is solved numerically for generating a BTC at a given location, the scale-dependent dispersivity can be specified in several ways namely, local time-dependent dispersivity, average time-dependent dispersivity, apparent time-dependent dispersivity, apparent distance-dependent dispersivity, and local distance-dependent dispersivity. Theoretical analysis showed that, when dispersion was assumed to be a diffusion-like process, the scale-dependent dispersivity was locally time-dependent. In this case, definitions of the other dispersivities and relationships between them were directly or indirectly derived from local time-dependent dispersivity. Making choice between these dispersivities and relationships depended on the solute transport problem, solute transport conditions, level of accuracy of the calculated BTC, and computational efficiency
The distribution of these scale-dependent dispersivities over scales could be described as either as a power-law function, hyperbolic function, log-power function, or as a new scale-dependent dispersivity function (termed as the LIC). The hyperbolic function and the LIC were two potentially applicable functions to adequately describe the scale dependent dispersivity distribution in statistically homogeneous porous media.
All of the three modeling approaches described observed BTCs very well. The MIM was the only model that could explain the tailing phenomenon in the experimental BTCs. However, all of them could not accurately predict BTCs at other scales using parameters determined at one observed scale. For the MIM and the FCDE, the predictions might be acceptable only when the scale for prediction was very close to the observed scale. When the distribution of the dispersivity over a range of scales could be reasonably well-defined by observations, the CDE might be the best choice for predicting non-reactive solute transport in statistically homogeneous porous media.Ph. D.
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Lucas, Murilo Cesar. "Migração de solutos em basalto fraturado: quantificação experimental em laboratório e validação matemática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-05072016-083427/.
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A avaliação do risco a contaminação e a escolha de técnicas de remediação de poluentes em aquíferos fraturados depende da quantificação dos fenômenos envolvidos no transporte de solutos. A geometria da fratura, usualmente caracterizada pela abertura, é o principal parâmetro que indiretamente controla o transporte nos aquíferos fraturados. A simplificação mais comum desse problema é assumir que as fraturas são um par de placas planas e paralelas, isto é, com uma abertura constante. No entanto, por causa do limitado número de trabalhos experimentais, não está esclarecida a adequabilidade do uso de uma abertura constante para simular o transporte conservativo em fraturas do Aquífero Serra Geral (ASG), Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da abertura de uma fratura natural do Aquífero Serra Geral sob o transporte conservativo de solutos. Uma amostra natural de basalto fraturado foi usada em um experimento hidráulico e de transporte de um traçador conservativo (escala de laboratório). O campo de abertura foi medido usando a técnica avançada, de alta resolução e tridimensional, chamada microtomografia computadorizada de raios-X. A concentração de traçador medida foi utilizada para validar uma solução analítica unidimensional da Equação de Advecção-dispersão (ADE). O desemprenho do ajuste da ADE às curvas de passagem experimentais foi avaliado para quatro diferentes tipos de aberturas constantes. Os resultados mostraram que o escoamento de água e o transporte de contaminantes pode ocorrer através de fraturas micrométricas, ocasionando, eventualmente, a contaminação do ASG. A abertura de balanço de massa é a única que pode ser chamada propriamente de \"abertura equivalente\". O uso de aberturas constantes na ADE não permitiu representar completamente o formato das curvas de passagem porque o campo de velocidade não é uniforme e intrinsicamente bidimensional. Portanto, na simulação do transporte deve-se incorporar a heterogeneidade da abertura da fratura.The contamination risk assessment and the choice of suitable cleanup techniques for pollutants in fractured rock depends on the quantification of the transport phenomena. Fracture geometry often described by the apertures is the major parameter that controls indirectly solute transport in fractured rock. The simplest approach is describing fractures as a pair of smooth parallel plates with constant aperture. However, there is a lack of information about the suitability for using a constant aperture for the conservative solute transport prediction in a single fracture of Serra Geral Aquifer (SGA), Brazil. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of aperture variability in a natural single rough-walled fracture of Serra Geral Aquifer on conservative solute transport. A natural core of fractured basalt was used for a hydraulic and tracer tests (laboratory scale). The aperture field was measured using the advanced, high-resolution and tridimensional technique X-ray computed tomography. The measured tracer concentration was validated by means of an analytical solution of the Advection-dispersion Equation (ADE). The ADE fit performance was measured against experimental breakthrough curves for four distinct kind of constant apertures. It was found that water flow and solute transport can take place through micrometric fractures, eventually leading the SGA contamination. Results show that the mass balance aperture is the only appropriate \"equivalent aperture\" for describing solute transport in a single rough-walled fracture. The results showed that ADE is not appropriate for modeling the complete behavior of experimental breakthrough curves because of the dimensional non-uniform velocity field. Therefore, the aperture heterogeneity must be considered in solute transport simulation.
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Sheu, Ping-Huang. "Extensive reading as a breakthrough in a traditional EFL curriculum : experimental research in junior high schools in Taiwan." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2500/.
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The main focus of this research was to examine the effects of extensive reading on junior high school students' language proficiency and learning attitude development, compared with those who received the current reading IR (grammar/translation-based) instruction. The potential of graded readers and books for native English speaking children in English learning was also investigated. The research aimed at finding evidence to support the adoption of extensive reading in the school syllabus in Taiwan, and to raise the awareness of educational authorities about the desirability of adopting ER in the school curriculum. The results of the study consistently showed that extensive reading is more effective on improving all the variables mentioned than the current IR instruction. While the positive outcomes stand in line with the results of previous studies, this study also gave insight into the use of the materials, the amount of reading time and accompanying activities. The findings indicated significantly the strength of the graded readers (GR) approach on students' language learning in all circumstances. The effects of reading books for native EngRsh speaking children (BNESC) proved positive only when the amount of time per week given to ER was doubled. Moreover, the results appeared to be contrary to the widely held belief that reading interesting books is alone sufficient to improve student attitudes. In fact, with this level and type of learners, without accompanying activities ER appeared to take away their enthusiasm. Once collaborative activities were introduced, ER showed great potential for improving language, proficiency, reading ability and attitudes toward reading. The findings demonstrate the potential of ER for improving students' language proficiency and learning attitudes. Thus, they provide support for integrating ER into the English curriculum for improving current learning and teaching approaches. Moreover, the findings indicate the desirability of investing in ER as paving the way for students' long-term development. Implications of this study can be deduced in several aspects: the adoption of ER, the need of book provision, the need of reading strategy training, the use of authentic reading materials, the amount of reading time and the use of accompanying activities.
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Scullin, Jerome. "Study of the Dilution of a chemical spill through tracer experiments in the Käppala Association's Sewerage Network, Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298256.
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a vital role in protecting the environment from much of the waste produced by humans. This includes not only human waste, but everything that makes its way into a sewerage system including greywater, stormwater, and potentially hazardous chemicals from, inter alia, chemical spills. The effects of a chemical spill if it enters a WWTP can be disastrous, resulting in the ineffective treatment of incoming water for prolonged periods of time (Söhr, 2014). This can lead to one of the dilemmas of urban wastewater systems, notably, whether it is more damaging to allow a chemical spill to bypass a WWTP, or to attempt to treat all or some of the spill and risk damaging the microbes working in the biological treatment processes (Schütze, 2002). In order to better inform policy makers and process engineers at WWTPs of which measures to take in the event of a spill, solute transport characteristics of a specific sewerage network must be defined. A series of tracer tests were performed along The Käppala Association’s northern sewerage network to determine these solute transport characteristics, notably the dispersion coefficient which strongly affects the level of dilution that occurs between the injection point and the inlet. A simple solute transport model, carried out in Excel, was created using the Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE) and the Manning-Strickler equation to relate flow measurements to flow velocity. Results from the experiments show that a dispersion coefficient of 1.55m2/s appears to be applicable throughout the whole of the tunnel network. A depth dependent Manning-Strickler coefficient seems to describe the flow-velocity relationship, however, this method has not been validated. The ADE begins to lose accuracy in describing solute transport as the distance from the inlet and the number of pumping stations the plume goes through increases.Avloppsreningsverk spelar en viktig roll för att skydda miljön från mycket av det avfall som produceras av människor. Detta inkluderar inte bara mänskligt avfall utan allt som tar sig in i ett avloppssystem, till exempel gråvatten, dagvatten och potentiellt farliga kemikalier från bland annat industriutsläpp. Effekterna av ett kemiskt utsläpp kan vara katastrofala om det kommer in i ett avloppsreningsverk, vilket resulterar i ineffektiv behandling av inkommande vatten under längre perioder (Söhr, 2014). Detta är ett dilemma i urbana avloppssystem – ska man låta ett kemiskt utsläpp ledas förbi ett avloppsreningsverk, eller försöka behandla hela eller en del av utsläppet och riskera att skada mikroberna i den biologiska reningsprocessen (Schütze, 2002). För att beslutsfattare och processingenjörer vid avloppsreningsverk ska kunna fatta rätt beslut om vilka åtgärder som ska vidtas vid utsläpp måste egenskaperna för det specifika avloppsnätet definieras. Syftet med detta projekt är att uppskatta transportparametrar och karakterisera utspädning i nätverket genom att utföra en serie spårningsförsök i Käppalaverkets upptagningsområde. För att nå syftet fanns det flera mål som genomförts: Genomföra en litteraturstudie Skapa en förutsägbar modell i Excel baserad på flödesdata längs Käppalaförbundets tunnelsystem Genomföra en serie spårningsförsök vid flera punkter längs tunnelsystemet Strukturerad datalagring av resultaten så att data är lätt att hitta för framtida projekt Metoderna kan delas i två: modellering och försök. För att skapa en modell och simulera transport av ett ämne i nätet får man definiera relevanta ekvationer. För den hydrauliska delen av modellen användes Manning-Strickler-ekvationen. Resultaten från detta användes sedan i den förenklade formen av advektion-spridningsekvationen (ADE). Tunnelsystemet uppdelades i flera sektioner med samma egenskaper såsom form och geometri, och en anpassad form av ADE användes emellan sektionerna. För att nå framgång i försöken krävdes att rätt spårämne valdes. Uranin användes i försöken på grund av sina ogiftiga och stabila egenskaper och den låga detektionsgränsen. Injiceringspunkterna låg gradvis längre bort från inloppet; Försök 1 var 9km från verket till nästan 46km vid Arlanda flygplats för Försök 3. Resultaten från simuleringarna användes för att planera injiceringstid, start- och stopptid för provtagningen och provtagningsfrekvens. Resultatet från första försöket användes för att kalibrera modellen inför de andra försöken. Resultaten från alla försök visade att en dispersionskoefficient på 1.55m2/s, som är ett mått på utspädning i nätet, verkar tillämpligt till hela tunnelsystemet. Koefficienten kan dock vara högre i de kommunala näten. En djupberoende metod för att härleda Mannings tal formulerades, men det kräver ytterligare validering. Från alla tre försöken kan vi härleda ett förhållande mellan avstånd från inlopp och toppkoncentration samt avstånd från inlopp och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan. Toppkoncentration visar ett linjärt eller kanske logaritmiskt förhållande med distans, och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan visar ett starkt linjärt förhållande. Kunskaper om detta är viktigt när man vill genomföra en riskbedömning av ett kemiskt utsläpp i upptagningsområdet eftersom det ger en insikt om hur det kan påverka den biologiska reningen i ett avloppsreningsverk. Sammanfattningsvis fungerar den enkla formen av ADE bra, men viss avvikelse ses i experiment 3. Detta beror kanske på möjliga övergående lagringsprocesser vid pumpstationerna längs tunnelsystemet. En enda dispersionskoefficient, som är ett mått på utspädning, är tillämplig i hela huvudtunnelsystemet, men spridningen i kommunala nätverk är sannolikt högre. Ytterligare arbete behövs inom dessa kommunala nätverk för att kvantifiera deras effekter. På grundval av resultaten från detta projekt rekommenderas ytterligare forskningsundersökningar om vad som händer med föroreningar i avloppsreningsverket. Eftersom slammet vid Käppalaverket används för biogasproduktion och är Revaq-certifierat för användning på jordbruksmark är föroreningsnivån i slammet mycket viktigt både ur produktivitets- och hälso- och säkerhetsperspektiv.
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Teepakorn, Chalore. "Numerical simulation and experimental study of membrane chromatography for biomolecule separation." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10299/document.
Full textAbstract:
La chromatographie membranaire est une alternative à la chromatographie classique sur résine basée sur le transport convectif des solutés à travers une membrane microporeuse plutôt que par le transport diffusif des solutés dans les particules de résines. Cette technique présente les avantages de diminuer les phénomènes de diffusion, de réduire les temps de séjour et les pertes de charge, et de permettre la purification rapide de quantités importantes de molécules. La chromatographie membranaire connaît un fort succès commercial. Une gamme importante de membranes chromatographiques mettant en jeu différents mécanismes de rétention (échange d’ions, affinité, etc.) et différentes géométries (feuille, spirale, etc.) est actuellement commercialisée. Malgré ce succès, différents aspects relatifs à la chromatographie membranaire restent mal connus. Cette thèse de doctorat se propose de répondre à certaines questions relatives à cette techniqueMembrane chromatography (MC) is an alternative to traditional resin packed columns chromatography. The solute mass transport in the membrane occurs in convective through-pores rather than in stagnant fluid inside the pores of the resins particles, which is limited by the slow diffusive transport. MC offers the main advantage of reducing diffusion phenomena, shorter residence time and lowered pressures drops, and thus, facilitates rapid purification of large quantities of molecules. A wide range of chromatographic membranes involving different molecules retention mechanisms (ion exchange, affinity, etc...) is now commercialized. Despite their success, the influence of the geometry of the membrane chromatography devices remains relatively unexplored from a theoretical point of view. This doctoral thesis is aimed to clarify some ambiguous points related to this technique
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Boetto, Riccardo. "Extreme hepatectomies and non-resectability technical breakthrough for liver neoplasia, focusing on colorectal metastases: experimental pilot study on safety, efficacy, and regeneration patterns with new insight on ALLPS-LT hybrid techniques." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426225.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND
New strategies to broaden resectability criteria in hepatobiliary surgery has led to the development of two-stage hepatectomy techniques, multi-step procedures with the aim of promoting effective regeneration of the future liver residue (FLR).
The first multicentre international case study was published in 2012 for a new surgical technique defined ALPPS (Associating Liver partition and Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy), which implies in Step1 (laparotomy) ligation of the right portal branch (PVL) with subtotal parenchymal transection (in situ splitting), in order to stimulate rapid FLR hypertrophy for a staged hepatectomy. At the UOC of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit of Padova University a new surgical
technique was introduced that reverses the “classic ALPPS paradigm” based on a Step1 with laparoscopic PVL or portal vein embolization (sequential radiological PVE) and microwave (MWA) thermal ablation on the future transection plane. This method has been identified with the term LAPS (Laparoscopic microwave Ablation and Portal vein occlusion for Staged hepatectomy).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ten patients (M: F = 6: 4, mean age 62.5 years - gamma 29-81) were evaluated, underwent LAPS intervention for primitive or secondary malignant liver disease, upfront unresectable for insufficient preoperative FLR. The intraoperative data, the bio-morphological profile were collected during the first
week respectively after both surgical procedures, complications, overall survival and analysis of oncological and postoperative outcomes (median follow-up 17 months, range 4-36).
RESULTS
Significant increase in FLR from 372.3 cc (range 179-407) to 664 cc (range 491-923) - p = 0.002 – and of the FLR/BW ratio was obtained (0.53% - 0.94%; p = 0.002), with a FLR hypertrophy of 71.5% (range 42.8-132%) and a median daily volume increase of 29.3 cc die (range 16.4 -43.3).
All patients considered gained Step2, with effective FLR increase on average in 9.5 days (range 7-11 days).
Median duration of Step1 (145 min; range 75-325 min) was significantly lower (p = 0.0005) than Step2 (402.5 min; range 185-630); blood loss was negative (range 0-70 cc) during Step1 so no patient needs transfusion, and 800 cc (range 600-3600) in Step2 (p = 0.0001). The need for postoperative monitoring in intensive care unit was averaged after Step1 and Step2
respectively unnecessary and 2.5 days (range 1-6 days) (p = 0.0057). Total hospitalization was 14 days (range 10-46) with particular feature that 7/10 patients (70%) had interstage home discharge period. The study of postoperative complications using the Dindo-Clavien classification revealed 20 events in 8 patients (80% of patients had at least one complication); analyzing for single Step 4/10 patients (40%) had complications after Step1 while 7/10 (70) patients had complications after Step2; after Step1 and Step2, respectively, 20% and 40% of grade ≥IIIa complications (with a single event IIIb, no grade IV events and no biliary complications). No perioperative mortality event was registered (90-days mortality 0%). Overall Survival (12-months) was 77.8% with a median of 28.2 months. Pathological analysis revealed 8/10 patients (80%) with an oncologically radical resection (R0).
CONCLUSIONS
LAPS technique was effective in achieving resectability in patients upfront unresectable for FLR insufficiency, although with a remarkable rate of complications, but with comparable data literature ALPPS data. Compared with standard ALPPS data there was sno perioperative mortality rate and 70% of patients had a short interstage discharge. In the broad panorama of two-stage hepatectomy techniques development, LAPS seems to be able to describe one of the new paradigms, enabling by means of minimally-invasive techniques to achieve significant oncological results in selected preoperative unresectable patients.Background La ricerca di nuove strategie per ampliare i criteri resecabilità in chirurgia oncologica epatobiliare, ha condotto allo sviluppo delle tecniche di two-stage hepatectomy, procedure multi-step con l’intento di favorire una rigenerazione efficace del future liver remnant (FLR). Nel 2012 è stata pubblicata la prima casistica internazionale multicentrica relativa ad una nuova tecnica chirurgica definita con l’acronimo ALPPS (Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy) che sfrutta l’impiego nello uno Step1 (laparotomico) della legatura del ramo portale destro (PVL) in concomitanza di una transezione parenchimale subtotale (in situ splitting), al fine di stimolare una rapida ipertrofia del FLR in vista dello Step2 resettivo. Presso la UOC di Chirurgia Epatobiliare e dei Trapianti Epatici dell’Università di Padova parallelamente all’iniziale impiego della tecnica ALPPS, è stato messo a punto un nuovo modello chirurgico che inverte il paradigma classico ALPPS e prevede uno Step1 in videolaparoscopia con PVL intra-operatoria o embolizzazione portale (PVE) radiologica sequenziale con termoablazione con microonde (MWA) sulla futura trancia di sezione in vista dello Step2. Questa metodica è stata identificata col termine di LAPS (Laparoscopic microwave Ablation and Portal vein occlusion for Staged hepatectomy). Materiali e Metodi Sono stati valutati di 10 pazienti (M:F=6:4; età mediana 62,5 anni - range 29-81), sottoposti a intervento LAPS per patologia epatica maligna primitiva o secondaria, non altrimenti resecabile per insufficiente FLR preoperatorio. Sono stati raccolti i dati intra-operatori, il profilo bioumorale durante la prima settimana rispettivamente dopo entrambi gli Step chirurgici, le complicanze post-operatorie, la sopravvivenza globale e l’analisi dell’outcome oncologico e post-operatorio (follow-up mediano 17 mesi; range 4-36). Risultati In relazione all’analisi volumetrica è stato ottenuto un significativo incremento del FLR da 372.3 cc (range 179-407) a 664 cc (range 491-923) – p=0.002 – e del FLR/BW ratio (mediamente da 0.53% a 0.94%; p=0.002), assistendo a un’ipertrofia del FLR del 71.5% (range 42.8-132%) e a un incremento volumetrico giornaliero mediano di 29.3 cc die (range= 16.4-43.3). Tutti i pazienti considerati hanno avuto accesso allo Step2, ottenendo un’incremento efficace del FLR in media in 9.5 giorni (range 7-11 giorni). La durata mediana dello Step1 (145 min; range 75-325 min) è risultata significativamente inferiore (p=0.0005) a quella dello Step2 (402.5 min; range 185-630). Le perdite ematiche sono risultate mediamente nulle (range 0-70 cc) in corso di Step1 per cui nessun paziente ha necessitato di emotrasfusione, e 800 cc (range 600-3600) in corso di Step2 (p=0.0001). La necessità di monitoraggio post-operatorio in terapia intensiva è risultata mediamente dopo Step1 e Step2 rispettivamente non necessaria e di 2.5 giorni (range=1-6 giorni) (p=0.0057). La degenza totale è risultata mediamente di 14 giorni (range= 10-46) con la particolare caratteristica che 7/10 pazienti (70%) hanno beneficiato di un periodo di dimissione a domicilio interstage. Lo studio delle complicanze post-operatorie utilizzando la Dindo-Clavien Classification ha messo in evidenza 20 eventi in 8 pazienti (80% dei pazienti ha presentato almeno una complicanza); analizzando per singolo Step 4/10 pazienti (40%) hanno presentato complicanze dopo Step1 mentre 7/10 (70%) pazienti hanno presentato complicanze dopo Step2; dopo Step1 e Step2, rispettivamente 20% e 40% di complicanze di grado ≥ IIIa (con un unico evento IIIb, nessun evento di grado IV e nessuna complicanze biliare). Non si è registrato alcun evento di mortalità peri-operatoria (90-days Mortality 0%). La Overall Survival a 12 mesi, indipendentemente dalla patologia di base è risultata 77.8% con una sopravvivenza mediana di 28.2 mesi. Per quanto concerne l’analisi istologica 8/10 pazienti (80%) hanno ottenuto una resezione oncologicamente radicale (R0). Conclusioni La tecnica LAPS è risultata efficace nel raggiungimento della resecabilità in pazienti non operabili upfront per insufficienza del FLR, seppur con un considerevole tasso di complicanze, ma con dati comparabili ai risultati descritti in letteratura. Rispetto ai dati relativi alla tecnica standard ALPPS non si è registrata mortalità peri-operatoria e il 70% dei pazienti ha beneficiato di un breve periodo di dimissione interstage . Nell’ampio panorama dello sviluppo delle tecniche chirurgiche di two-stage hepatectomy la LAPS sembra poter descrivere uno dei nuovi paradigmi, permettendo grazie all’impego di tecniche mini-invasive, di ottenere un significativo risultato oncologico in pazienti selezionati pre-operatoriamente non resecabili.
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Suhogusoff, Alexandra Vieira. "Minimização de impactos nos recursos hídricos causados por sistemas de saneamento in situ: estudo piloto em Parelheiros - São Paulo (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44138/tde-08012011-000124/.
Full textAbstract:
O escopo principal desse projeto foi o de criar um conjunto de ações integradas que permitissem minimizar os impactos de sistemas de saneamento in situ nos recursos hídricos subterrâneo. Sendo as fossas sépticas, mesmo as bem construídas, pouco efetivas onde há alta densidade populacional, foi desenvolvido e aplicado no loteamento Jardim Santo Antônio (situado na APA de Capivari-Monos, Parelheiros) um novo conceito de saneamento in situ: uma fossa alternativa melhorada com uso de barreiras reativas, que possibilitasse a degradação mais eficiente de nitrato e de microorganismos patogênicos. Para a degradação de microorganismos, o material reativo utilizado correspondeu ao BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace - resíduo de altos fornos de fundição em siderúrgicas) e para a desnitrificação, a serragem. A barreira reativa para remoção de nitrato foi alvo de estudos desse projeto. Desenvolveu-se um questionário de avaliação de risco sanitário para uma área onde foram cadastrados 178 lotes, em um total de 218 poços e 182 fossas. A partir da análise dos dados por Cluster foi possível selecionar um conjunto de perguntas que estivessem mais relacionadas a riscos de contaminação por bactérias e nitrato. Observou-se que a relação entre as características de construção e operação dos poços pouco pode prever a contaminação por nitrato, o que evidencia que sua presença é de caráter regional, fruto de uma ocupação desordenada e densa. Em contrapartida, as perguntas tiveram maior relação com o parâmetro bactérias, o que implica em uma característica local (do poço em si). Antes da implantação da fossa alternativa melhorada, foram realizados experimentos de colunas de sedimentos em laboratório para se testar a eficiência de serragem na degradação de nitrato. Montaram-se 3 colunas: uma só com sedimentos da área, que correspondeu ao branco, e as outras duas com sedimentos e 10cm e 20cm de espessura de uma mistura de serragem (Cedrinho) com areia, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram uma eficiência de degradação do nitrato de até 96,5% e 99,7% para as colunas de 10cm e 20cm. Foram instaladas duas fossas na área de estudo: a fossa alternativa melhorada com o uso de barreiras reativas (FA) e a fossa controle (FC), equivalente ao esgotamento usualmente empregado pela comunidade (ausência de materiais reativos). Na Fossa Alternativa, estruturada com as barreiras reativas contendo BOF (1m abaixo do tanque receptor do efluente) e serragem (abaixo do BOF, mas separada deste por 1m de pacote arenoso), é possível discriminar certos comportamentos ao longo de suas posições. O BOF que é rico em óxidos de cálcio e ferro confere ao efluente percolante uma condutividade elétrica mais acentuada e um pH muito básico, em torno de 12. Já a barreira com serragem caracterizou-se por concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido mais baixas e presença de C orgânico na forma dissolvida, condições necessárias para a ocorrência da desnitrificação do nitrato gerado perfil acima. No entanto, as concentrações de oxigênio não devem ter sido suficientemente baixas para uma maior eficiência na desnitrificação na barreira de serragem. Além disso, a eficiência pode ter sido comprometida pelo elevado pH que essa barreira foi submetida pelo efluente percolado antes no BOF, o que afetou a capacidade das bactérias desnitrificantes em suas reações metabólicas. Na Fossa Controle, os íons distribuíram-se ao longo do perfil de forma mais regular. A composição dessa fossa representa a fonte em si, com altas concentrações de N-amoniacal e de carbono orgânico dissolvido e baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido. Para esse tipo de cenário, a nitrificação deve ocorrer na zona não-saturada abaixo da fossa, para que depois o nitrato possa alcançar o lençol freático.The main purpose of this project was to create a set of integrated actions that could minimize impacts of septic systems on groundwater resources. Since the septic tanks, even the well-constructed ones, are not effective on areas where the population density is high, an alternative latrine improved with reactive barriers was developed and applied in Jardim Santo Antônio settlement (Parelheiros, São Paulo, SP). In order to degrade the microorganisms, the reactive material was BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag from steel producer facilities, and in order to enhance the denitrification, the material of the reactive barrier was sawdust. The sawdust barrier was the main issue in this project. A risk assessment questionnaire was developed and it was applied to an area where 178 residences were evaluated, totalizing 218 water wells and 182 latrines. A Cluster Analysis was used to select the questions that would be related to the risk of contamination by bacteria or nitrate. It was observed that the inapropriated construction and operation of the wells are poorly related to the level of nitrate contamination, what suggests that the nitrate contamination is a more regional problem. On the other hand, it was found a good relationship between the level of bacteria contaminations and the characteristics of construction and operation of the wells, what suggests that this contamination has a local factor. Before the installation of the enhanced septic tank, soil columns breakthrough experiments were conducted in laboratory to test the efficiency of sawdust in nitrate removal. Three soil columns were set up: one filled only with sediments of Jardim Santo Antonio settlement, and another two with the same kind of sediments and sawdust layers introduced with 10cm and 20cm thickness. The results showed an efficiency of sawdust to denitrification of 96,5% and 99,7%, respectively. Two septic tanks were installed in the study area: the alternative latrine enhanced with reactive barriers (AL), and the control latrine (CL), equivalent to the usual tanks founded on the area. In AL, structured with reactive barriers containing BOF (1m below the wastewater tank) and sawdust (under the BOF layer, but first separate from it by 1m of sand package), it\'s possible to discern few parameter behaviors. BOF, which is rich in calcium oxides and iron oxides, incrises the electrical conductivity and the pH of the effluent (~12). The sawdust barrier, in its turn, was characterized by low concentration of dissolved oxygen and by the presence of dissolved organic carbon, essential conditions denitrification ocurrence. The denitrification efficiency of the sawdust barrier was affected by the high pH observed in the effluent that crossed the BOF barrier, which perturbed the denitrifying bacteria performance. In CL, the vertical distribution of the ions was more regular. The samples from this system presented high levels of ammonium and DOC and low values for dissolved oxygen. For this case, the nitrification must happen in the unsaturated zone bellow the tank, so the nitrate formed can reach the groundwater.
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Chen, Yi-jie, and 陳義杰. "Adsorption experiment for water and ethanol on 3A and 4A zeolite and simulation of breakthrough performance in the bed." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26705900856607169662.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
化學工程與材料工程研究所
98
In the distillation separation of ethanol vapor and water vapor, it can form an azeotrope at 78.2℃, at which there are 95.6wt% ethanol and 4.4wt% water. Traditional azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation to obtain anhydrous ethanol need more energy than adsorption. Adsorption as a low energy consumption process has attracted attention to apply in ethanol dehydration. This study obtained single component adsorption equilibrium data by the adsorption experiment for water and ethanol on 3A and 4A zeolite. Then this study obtained the isotherm curve and the parameters by numerical method. The adsorption is expressed by the Langmuir isotherm. The isotherm is applied to analyze the effect of the variables such as bed pressure, bed temperature, and bed length on the breakthrough performance. The simulation results show that the breakthrough time decreased with increasing bed temperature, and the breakthrough time increased with increasing bed length and bed pressure.
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Kovacevic, Stevo B. "Screening adsorbents for a layered adsorbent bed for Hydrogen separation using breakthrough experiments." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12353.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the present study was to apply the breakthrough experiment to screen
and select adsorbents used for gas purification. Layered adsorbent beds employed in the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process for hydrogen purification from Steam Methane Reforming and Partial Oxidation product gasses use activated carbon and 5A molecular sieve in the first and second layer, respectively. Few studies on the use of alternative adsorbents have been reported and the present study was aimed at investigating new adsorbents and generating the adsorption data required to assess the adsorbents suitability
for hydrogen purification using PSA.
The adsorption of CO₂, CO, CH₄ and N₂ on 7 adsorbents, activated alumina AA-
300, CBV 780 zeolite, PCB activated carbon, MHSZ-177 zeolite, 13X, 5A, and VSA6
molecular sieves were investigated using the breakthrough experiment. The first four
adsorbents (AA, CBV780, PCB carbon, and MHSZ-177) were considered as candidates
for the first adsorbent layer, which is typically an activated carbon. The last three (13X,5A and VSA6) were candidates for the second adsorbent layer which is typically a 5A molecular sieve The first and second moments, height of equivalent theoretical plates, HETP, axial dispersion coefficient, DL, Henry's equilibrium constant, and the adsorbtion
isotherm for each adsorbent/sorbate system were extracted from the breakthrough data.
These data were used to select the most promising adsorbents for the first and second
adsorbent layer. The MHSZ-177 and VSA6, respectively, were found to be the most promising candidates for the first and second adsorbent layer of adsorbent beds. The
VSA6 had the sharpest mass transfer zone, MTZ and the longest retention time for all
light sorbates and therefore was the most promising candidate for the second adsorbent
layer. The MHSZ177 had the highest retention time for CO2 and despite having a
broader MTZ than activated carbon it had the higher selectivities for CO2 with regard to
light sorbates. This put MHSZ-117 in front of activated carbon as the choice for the first layer. The values for DL calculated from the averaged breakthrough data were in very good agreement with the published values.
Books on the topic "Breakthrough experiment"
1
Stanislav, Adamenko, Selleri Franco, and Van der Merwe Alwyn, eds. Controlled nucleosynthesis: Breakthroughs in experiment and theory. Dorcrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2007.
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2
1930-, Simon William L., ed. The afterlife experiments: Breakthrough scientific evidence of life after death. New York: Atria, 2003.
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3
Schwartz, Gary E. The afterlife experiments: Breakthrough scientific evidence of life after death. New York: Pocket Books, 2002.
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4
Birch, Beverley. Louis Pasteur: The French chemist whose experiments on germs led to the greatest medical breakthrough of all time. Watford: Exley, 1989.
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5
Wim, Coleman, and Perrin Pat, eds. Marilyn Ferguson's book of pragmagic: Pragmatic magic for everyday living--ten years of scientific breakthroughs, exciting ideas, and personal experiments that can profoundly change your life. New York: Pocket Books, 1990.
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6
Raudive, Konstantin. Breakthrough: An Amazing Experiment in Electronic Communication with the Dead. White Crow Books, 2021.
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7
Arthur, Greg, Megan Pardue, Josh Broward, and Jesse C. Middendorf. Edison Churches: Experiments in Innovation and Breakthrough. The Foundry Publishing, 2017.
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8
Merwe, Alwyn van der, Franco Selleri, and Stanislav Adamenko. Controlled Nucleosynthesis: Breakthroughs in Experiment and Theory. Springer London, Limited, 2007.
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9
Merwe, Alwyn van der, Franco Selleri, and Stanislav Adamenko. Controlled Nucleosynthesis: Breakthroughs in Experiment and Theory. Springer Netherlands, 2010.
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10
Simon, William L., Gary E. Schwartz, and Deepak Chopra. Afterlife Experiments: Breakthrough Scientific Evidence of Life after Death. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Breakthrough experiment"
1
Zhang, Zhang, Chunyan Liu, Jie Tan, Dongdong Yang, and Mo Zhang. "Physical Simulation Experiment on Water Breakthrough and Control Along the Horizontal Well in Bottom Water Reservoir." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 1542–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0264-0_134.
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2
Johnson, Benjamin. "Advances in Organic Chemistry, Catalysis, and the Chemical Industry." In Making Ammonia, 29–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85532-1_3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAs we saw in the last section, the modern understanding of chemistry began in the second half of the eighteenth century with the advances of Antoine Lavoisier and others, and further contributions from John Dalton and Jöns Jacob Berzelius in the early 1800s. This period saw the emergence of organic chemistry, which, with the help of new conceptual and experimental tools, established itself as a discipline separate from inorganic chemistry over the next half century. The researchers of this period encountered considerable confusion due to the complexities and behavior of organic structures. Aided by increasingly accurate elementary analysis, they nevertheless made significant advances based on the empirical studies of structure chemistry. While these developments, along with other factors, helped the chemical and dye industries make large strides in chemical synthesis, the conceptual and experimental tools did not supply sufficient understanding of chemical systems to enable ammonia synthesis from the elements. Here we will focus on two developments that illustrate the experimentally-based approach to organic chemistry in the 1800s in order to frame the conceptual leap in physical chemistry toward the end of the century that led to Fritz Haber’s breakthrough.
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Port, Fillip, and Michael Boutros. "Tissue-Specific CRISPR-Cas9 Screening in Drosophila." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 157–76. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2541-5_7.
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AbstractOver the last century research in Drosophila has resulted in many fundamental contributions to our understanding of the biology of multicellular organisms. Many of these breakthroughs have been based on the identification of novel gene functions in large-scale genetic screens. However, conventional forward-genetic screens have been limited by the random nature of mutagenesis and difficulties in mapping causal mutations, while reverse-genetic RNAi screens suffer from incomplete knockdown of gene expression. Recently developed large-scale CRISPR-Cas9 libraries promise to address these limitations by allowing the induction of targeted mutations in genes with spatial and temporal control. Here, we provide a guide for tissue-specific CRISPR screening in Drosophila, including the characterization of Gal4 UAS-Cas9 lines, selection of sgRNA libraries, and various quality control measures. We also discuss confounding factors that can give rise to false-positive and false-negative results in such experiments and suggest strategies on how to detect and avoid them. Conditional CRISPR screening represents an exciting new approach for functional genomics in vivo and is set to further expand our knowledge of the molecular underpinning of development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Gunawan, Haris, Dede Hendry Tryanto, Kosuke Mizuno, and Osamu Kozan. "Toward Climate Change Mitigation: Restoration of the Indonesian Peat Swamp." In Global Environmental Studies, 141–57. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_8.
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AbstractIndonesia created a breakthrough in peatland management by establishing the Peatland Restoration Agency in early 2016 with the aim of restoring 2.67 million ha of degraded peatlands. This effort is intended to accelerate the recovery of peatlands and return of its hydrological functions after extensive damage by fire, drainage canals, and other external factors. This paper highlights the potential biomass and carbon resources in various land-use covers located in the Riau Biosphere Reserve. It discusses the results of restoration experiments conducted in severely degraded peatlands, and estimates carbon emission reductions in targeted priority areas. The total estimated emission reduction in natural forests was higher than in logged-over forests and disturbed forests: 207.36 CO2 Mg h−1, 161.48 CO2 Mg h−1, and 65.87 CO2 Mg h−1, respectively. The restoration of 2.3 million ha of targeted peatland ecosystems was estimated to have reduced carbon emissions by 98.77–153.53 Mt CO2e. The value of carbon from peatlands is considered important for maintaining ecological function while optimizing economic benefits. We have confirmed that above ground carbon storage can be restored even in severely degraded peatlands. Avoiding vegetation loss is an important aspect of restoration activity, but recovery of vegetation in degraded areas depends on below-ground carbon stocks, as these are indicative of fertile soils in various kinds of land cover and use.
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Castelló, Montserrat, Otto Kruse, Christian Rapp, and Mike Sharples. "Synchronous and Asynchronous Collaborative Writing." In Digital Writing Technologies in Higher Education, 121–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36033-6_8.
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AbstractCollaborative writing has been greatly stimulated by digital technologies, particularly by word processors that have made it easy for co-authors to exchange and edit texts and also led to the development of many experimental tools for collaborative, synchronous writing. When the world wide web was established, the arrival of wikis was hailed with great enthusiasm as an opportunity for joint knowledge creation and publishing. Later, cloud-based computer systems provided another powerful access to collaborative text production. The breakthrough for synchronous collaborative writing was the release of Google Docs in 2006, a browser-based word processor offering full rights to up to a hundred users for synchronous access to a virtual writing space. Next to its easy accessibility, it was the free offer of Google Docs that opened this new chapter of writing technology to a broader audience. When Microsoft and Apple followed with their own online versions, collaborative writing became an established standard of text production. In this chapter, we trace back what collaboration through writing means and then look at the new opportunities and affordances of collaborative writing software. Finally, we briefly recount the impact of early technologies before we settle on the current generation of collaborative writing tools.
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Li, Yuqian, and Weiguo Xu. "Using CycleGAN to Achieve the Sketch Recognition Process of Sketch-Based Modeling." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 26–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_3.
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AbstractArchitects usually design ideation and conception by hand-sketching. Sketching is a direct expression of the architect’s creativity. But 2D sketches are often vague, intentional and even ambiguous. In the research of sketch-based modeling, it is the most difficult part to make the computer to recognize the sketches. Because of the development of artificial intelligence, especially deep learning technology, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown obvious advantages in the field of extracting features and matching, and Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (GANs) have made great breakthroughs in the field of architectural generation which make the image-to-image translation become more and more popular. As the building images are gradually developed from the original sketches, in this research, we try to develop a system from the sketches to the images of buildings using CycleGAN algorithm. The experiment demonstrates that this method could achieve the mapping process from the sketches to images, and the results show that the sketches’ features could be recognised in the process. By the learning and training process of the sketches’ reconstruction, the features of the images are also mapped to the sketches, which strengthen the architectural relationship in the sketch, so that the original sketch can gradually approach the building images, and then it is possible to achieve the sketch-based modeling technology.
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Feshchenko, Vladimir. "A Breakthrough into Languages: Velimir Khlebnikov’s Yazykovodstvo." In Russian and American Poetry of Experiment, 57–70. BRILL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004526303_006.
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Tsukaguchi, Yuichi, Kodai Fujita, Hideki Murakami, and Roderick I.L. Guthrie. "Novel Physical Modelling under Multiple Dimensionless Numbers Similitudes for Precise Representation of Molten Metal Flow." In Casting Processes [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102655.
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Physical model experiments, together with numerical model calculations, are essential for scientific investigations such as molten metal flow in casting processes. Considering the physical modelling of flow phenomena, a common method is used to construct a physical model with a reduced scale ratio and then, experiment is carried out under one or two dimensionless number(s) similitude(s). It is an ideal condition of the experiment to establish the simultaneous similitude of multiple dimensionless numbers (SMDN) concerned with the objective flow phenomena but was considered difficult or impossible to realize in practice. This chapter presents a breakthrough in this matter. A simple relationship between the physical properties of fluids and the scale ratio of the physical model is clearly expressed for the simultaneous similitude of the Froude, Reynolds, Weber, Galilei, capillary, Eötvös and Morton numbers. For establishing the physical modelling to represent molten Fe flow phenomena under the SMDN condition, the physical properties of some molten metals can be demonstrated to meet the required relationships. Furthermore, this novel concept is also applicable for other combinations of molten metals. Precise, safe, and easy physical model experiments will be conducted under the SMDN condition that exactly mimics industrial casting operations in higher-temperature systems.
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Lin, Tzuhuan, and Yu-Ru Wang. "Forensic Camera Identification in Social Networks via Camera Fingerprint." In Technologies to Advance Automation in Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation, 148–60. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8386-9.ch008.
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Image-related crimes cause the urgent demand for tracing the origin of digital images. The breakthrough is a passive detection method via photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) analysis proposed by Lukáš et al. Recently, digital images are often shot with handheld devices (such as smartphones) and transmitted using social media (such as LINE). Most of the images are distorted (such as compressed and resized) during transmission. Previous studies are less focused on the impact of transmission compression through social networks. Thirty-one different Apple mobile phones were used to capture digital images in the experiment. Images were uploaded to the photo album via LINE software and then downloaded. The modified signed peak correlation energy (MSPCE) statistics is used to evaluate the correlation between the PRNU values of the disputed images and the pattern noise of the experimental devices. Experimental results show that the PRNU analysis method can effectively trace the source of the shot device using the distorted images which are compressed and resized during the transmission in LINE.
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Rana, Shikha, and Mahavir Singh. "Advanced Materials and Nanosystems for Catalysis, Sensing and Wastewater Treatment." In Advanced Materials and Nano Systems: Theory and Experiment (Part-1), 170–89. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050745122010012.
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This chapter accentuates the latest breakthrough in the advanced and intelligent materials' catalysis, sensing and wastewater treatment applications. The various engineered materials are securing the interest of researchers for optimized technical utilizations. This chapter discusses the number of catalytic and sensing operations of advanced and intelligent materials in detail. Catalysis and sensing phenomena involve the conversion of obtained signals into a readable format, and advanced materials with their superior optical, semiconducting or physical properties are studied widely. However, wastewater treatment needs adsorption and advanced oxidation of the different types of contaminants by the advanced materials. The list of advanced materials includes many organic/inorganic and natural/synthetic platforms with desired properties. These advanced materials have high biocompatibility and easy biodegradable characteristics. With the latest synthesis and functionalization methods, these advanced materials are becoming nanohybrid systems. This chapter covers implementing these nanohybrid systems for catalysis, wastewater treatment and sensing. The first half of the chapter focuses on introducing the basic catalytic, sensing and wastewater processes based on the application of advanced materials. However, the second half includes introducing various advanced materials in the techniques mentioned above.
Conference papers on the topic "Breakthrough experiment"
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Alameen, Mohammed B., Abdullah Almansour, Khaled A. Elraies, and Mysara Mohyaldinn. "A New Approach for Reducing Sand Production During Water Breakthrough from Semi-Consolidated Sandstone." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23382-ea.
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Abstract It is well recognized that most formations of semi-consolidated sandstone result in significant sand production during water breakthrough. In principle, the amount of sanding mainly depends on the rock strength and, subsequently, the reaction between the injected water and sand formation. Hence, this paper examines the sand (quartz) hydrolysis mechanism during water breakthrough to establish a correlation between silica dissolution and rock strength as a function of water saturation. Static and dynamic experimental approaches were used to correlate silica dissolution and rock strength as a function of water saturation. For the static method, pure quartz fine and coarse particles were utilized at different water compositions and temperatures to examine the reaction between the silica (quartz) and water. Then, selected cases were investigated further as a function of water saturation using a dynamic core flood test. The amount of silica reacted was monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, while the rock strength was investigated using uniaxial compressive strength. Semi-consolidated and consolidated sandstone core samples were employed for the dynamic tests. Based on the static experiment, the amount of sanding is significantly affected by the water quality (salinity) and pH. Results indicated that freshwater or distilled water has a higher impact on silica dissolution than brine water. Sodium chloride and Potassium chloride have the ultimate effect in silica dissolution in terms of hardness ions. In contrast, pH inconsistently impacts the silica dissolution, and an optimum pH value was selected. For the dynamic experiments, the results showed that an increase in water saturation leads to an increase in silica dissolution, which reduces the core strength. Sand production is, therefore, also a result of silica dissolution, which weakens the grain particles and connection at grain-to-grain contact. In conclusion, the water quality significantly impacts the amount of sand dissolved and the correlation between silica dissolution and rock strength as a function of water saturation was developed. The novelty of this paper is based on understanding the main reasons behind sand production for the semi-consolidated sandstone formation. The finding of this study is helpful in designing the optimum water quality used for water injection while reducing sand production issues.
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Aya, Izuo, Sadahiro Namie, Kenji Yamane, Ryuji Kojima, Yasuharu Nakajima, Hideyuki Shirota, Peter G. Brewer, et al. "Progress of COSMOS (CO2 Sending Method for Ocean Storage) and OACE (Ocean Abyssal Carbon Experiment)." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37211.
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The storage of liquid CO2 at an ocean floor, one of promising measures to mitigate the global warming, requires 3500 m depth for the gravitationally stable storage, a breakthrough technology and a reasonable cost to realize, although it has large advantages such as the sequestration term longer than 2000 years. However CO2 can be sent to the ocean floor by shallow release, if we can use the nature that the cold CO2 to be shipped by a CO2 carrier is much denser than the ambient seawater even at shallow depths. The National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) conducted several joint field CO2 release experiments with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI, USA) since 1999 under the auspices of the NEDO, and proposed the improved COSMOS, CO2 Sending Method for Ocean Storage, in which CO2 is released into 200 m depth as slurry masses (mixture of dry ice and cold liquid CO2). Since 2002, under the NEDO Grant, the NMRI started a new international joint research, OACE, Ocean Abyssal Carbon Experiment with the MBARI and the University of Bergen (UoB, Norway), in order to accumulate the basic data on the long-term stability of stored CO2 and its environmental effects around storage site.
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Lin, Joseph, and Carolyn Conner Seepersad. "Empathic Lead Users: The Effects of Extraordinary User Experiences on Customer Needs Analysis and Product Redesign." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35302.
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of empathic lead user analysis for uncovering latent customer needs that could lead to breakthrough product ideas. Empathic lead users are defined as ordinary customers (or designers) who are transformed into lead users by experiencing the product in radically new ways, via extraordinary user experiences. These extraordinary experiences may include modifications of the usage environment or the way in which the customer interacts with the product. A procedure for designing and conducting empathic lead user interviews is introduced in this paper. Results are reported for a trial study in which the empathic lead user technique is compared with verbal and articulated use interviews for a common consumer product (a two-person tent). Empathic lead user interviews are observed to have a significantly positive effect on latent needs discovery in the trial study, leading to a five-fold increase in latent needs discovery relative to articulated use interviews with a prototype and a twenty-fold increase relative to verbal interviews without a prototype. Empathic lead user interviews emerge as a promising tool for supporting innovation and breakthrough concept generation.
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Zhang, Peikun, Li Wang, Yuzhi Cheng, Zhengqiang Li, Yuan Gao, and Ding Wang. "Regeneration Strategies of Air-Purification TSA Process for Cryogenic Air Distillation Plant." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90330.
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Since the regeneration step in the Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) process requires time enough to heat and cool the bed, it is often the time-limiting step in the TSA cycle and it consumes a huge amount of energy for regeneration. Therefore, a valid management of the regeneration process can minimize the energy consumption of the TSA process which is involved with regeneration time, purge gas requirements, and heat load. Simulation software was developed for industrial scale bed of TSA. A new isotherm equation which performs well in predicting experiment data was extended to multi-component form and then used to interpret the adsorption equilibria of water vapor and carbon dioxide on adsorbents. Preliminary linear drive force mass transfer coefficients and the heat transfer coefficients were calculated by empirical equations and then refined by matching breakthrough curves obtained from industrial field process monitoring to theoretical curves. Under a wide range of regeneration conditions, the temperature effluence and breakthrough were drawn and studied. With the application of this simulation software, the performance and operation data of the TSA beds under various conditions can be obtained conveniently. This enables the manager to minimize their TSA’s heat consumption.
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Liu, Feng, Ye He, Jiawen Li, Jie Zhan, Xingdong Su, Xuefei Li, and Xiajie Liu. "Novel Syntheses Method of Grafted Chelating Resin and Its Application Study for Depleted Zinc Production." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-91904.
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Abstract Depleted zinc injection into the reactor coolant system (RCS) of pressurized water reactors (PWRs) has demonstrated benefits for significantly reducing radiation fields. Liquid chromatographic separation of zinc isotopes to produce depleted zinc was attempted. A novel chelating resin PS-g-GMA@IDA containing iminodiacetic acid (IDA resins) for separation of Zn2+ and zinc isotope was synthesized by γ-ray induced co-irradiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto polystyrene (PS) spherical resin, followed by ring-opening processes with iminodiacetic acid. The obtained chelating resin PS-g-GMA@IDA before and after adsorption of Zn2+ were characterized by FT-IR spectra. This showed that the adsorption of Zn2+ by chelating resin involved two processes. Firstly, zinc ions displaced the hydrogen of the carboxyl group on chelating resin, then Zn2+ chelated with oxygen atom to form a ring structure through the coordination bonds. Adsorption abilities of PS-g-GMA@IDA were evaluated by batch adsorption experiments. The effect of pH and initial concentration on adsorption capacity of PS-g-GMA@IDA were investigated. The highest adsorption capacity 130.1 mg/g for (CH3COO)2Zn was obtained at pH = 6 within 24h when C0 were 200 ppm. EDTA-(NH4)2 was selected as eluent because of its high desorption rate of zinc. A dynamic column adsorption test was carried out at 25 °C using a 1 m column packed with PS-g-GMA@IDA, and the breakthrough occurred at about 500 ml efflunent volume. Column capacity calculated from the breakthrough curve was 56.83 mg/g. Na type PS-g-GMA@IDA was utilized to carry out column chromatographic experiment for zinc isotope separation. Under the conditions of 278±1 K, migration distance 1+9 m and EDTA-(NH4)2 as eluent, the the maximum enrichment value of 66Zn/64Zn and 68Zn/64Zn in the effluent is 1.0268 and 1.0451 respectively.
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Frash, L. P., W. Li, M. Meng, J. W. Carey, and M. Sweeney. "Enhanced Geothermal System Design Using GeoDT and Fracture Caging — EGS Collab Stimulation Prediction Study." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-0278.
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ABSTRACT: Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) design optimization requires simultaneous evaluation of well placement, well stimulation, flow rates, pumping pressures, seismic stability, and power production. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider subsurface uncertainty to evaluate the probability of success of various design options to inform good decision making. In this study, we present our analysis of various injection flow rates and volumes for fracture hydraulic stimulation and fluid circulation through the EGS Collab Project’s Experiment 2 & 3 test bed at Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota. Here, our goal is to identify the minimum, optimum, and maximum injection parameters that should ensure successful well stimulation and observation of produced fluid cooling (i.e., thermal breakthrough) within a targeted timeframe of 24 hours to 6 months. This work uses our Geothermal Design Tool (GeoDT). Based on this analysis, we predict that fracture caging (i.e., containment of a fluid pressure propped fracture) will be both possible and necessary for successful well stimulation and observing thermal breakthrough. 1. INTRODUCTION The EGS Collab Project is a decameter-scale hydraulic well stimulation study being conducted at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) under the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA (Kneafsey et al., 2022). The project is currently in its second phase (Experiments 2 and 3) where the focus is on well stimulation and subsequent fluid circulation between two or more wells at 1250 m (4100 ft) depth. The rock at this site is Yates amphibolite with numerous rhyolite intrusions. The drilled well layout (Fig. 1) has one northeast oriented well surrounded by four bounding sub-parallel wells, all five being open-hole (no casing or cement). In a crossing southeast direction, an encompassing box of four instrumented and cemented wells were installed for geophysical monitoring. The monitoring wells include instruments for microseismicity, electrical resistivity, temperature, and strain. Fluid flow will target injection into the central northeast oriented well with production planned from one or more of the four bounding sub-parallel open holes, each of which is instrumented to measure flow rates and pressures.
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Sun, Wei, LongHao Zhao, Qian Wang, Yanchi Liu, Weiping Zhu, Guolin Yu, and Fujian Zhou. "Research on Nano-Emulsion Relieving Coal Seam Water Block Damage." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-62814.
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Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is the most effective reservoirstimulation techniques in the coalbed methane. However, the polymer in the fracturing fluid has a strong effect on the surface of the coal, causing the water lock damage as high as 70% to 90%. It is important to develop an efficient method for releasing coal seam water lock. In this paper, adsorption experiment, SEM, particle size experiment, core flow experiment, wettability and surface tension experiment are used to study the cause of coal seam water lock damage during fracturing and the effect of nano-emulsion on releasing water lock damage in coal seams. Experimental results show that after coal fracturing, the adsorption amount of polymer on the surface of coal is 14.81 mg/g. The large amount of hydrophilic polymer adsorption causes the pore radius of the coal to narrow. And the surface wettability changes from weak hydrophilic to strong hydrophilic, which increase the water lock damage. Compared with conventional slick water, fracturing fluid, the composite of nano-emulsion and fracturing fluid forms mixed micelles, which reduces the polymer adsorption capacity from 14.81 mg/g to 7.42 mg/g. After scanning by electron microscope, it is observed that the surface roughness of the rock sample is restored; The size of the nano-emulsion is about 10nm, and the very small volume can act deep in the pores of the coal seam; After using nano-emulsion, the gas/water interfacial tension is reduced by 45.1mN/m, and the wettability of coal is improved from hydrophilic to neutral, which reduces the capillary pressure in the pores of the coal and reduces the breakthrough pressure of coalbed methane by 11.1KPa; The water lock release rate is as high as 53.09%. The Nano-emulsion is an ideal choice to remove water lock damage.
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Taghavi, Soheila, Haavard Aakre, and Britt M. E. Moldestad. "The Impact of Autonomous Inflow Control Valve on Enhanced Bitumen Recovery in a SAGD Late Life Reservoir: Lab Experiment and Simulation." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212783-ms.
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Abstract Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is an effective thermal recovery method for enhanced bitumen recovery. However, the success of SAGD operation depends on several factors. Reduction in gas and steam production is a crucial factor to achieve a successful SAGD operation. Autonomous inflow control valve (AICV) restricts the inflow of steam and/or gas in the zones where breakthrough occurs and improves recovery from SAGD operations. This can be achieved by restricting the excessive steam and/or gas production in a well that is perfectly isolated by packers. This paper presents the performance analysis of AICVs, and passive inflow control devices (ICDs) based on the results from experiments and simulations. Experiments which illustrate the performance of an orifice type ICD and AICV is presented and compared. The results confirm the significantly better ability of the AICV to restrict the production of gas and/or steam. Simulations are performed with OLGA/ROCX which provides a dynamic wellbore- reservoir model. Simulation results show that utilizing AICV in the SAGD production wells will reduce the gas and steam production by 74% after 365 days of production. The results confirmed the significant benefit of AICV in steam and/or gas reduction and consequently increased oil production. Reduction in steam production will improve the overall SAGD operation performance. This will also result in more cost-effective oil production. In addition, the annular flow in a well completed by inflow controllers was studied by using OLGA and NETool. Almost all the reservoir simulators calculate the multiphase flow properties in annulus with no-slip. This study was an attempt to initiate discussions and provide an insight into a fundamental problem that almost all the reservoir simulators are dealing with.
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Xu, Xinhai, Shuyang Zhang, and Peiwen Li. "Desulfurization of Liquid Phase Jet-A Fuel by Selective Adsorption at Room Temperature." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2013-18100.
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To produce syngas from reforming of jet fuels for fuel-cell-based auxiliary power units, it is necessary to keep the fuel ultra-clean of sulfur. Several Ni-Ce based adsorbents for sulfur cleaning from jet-A fuel under room temperature were developed and tested in fixed bed reactors in this work. The adsorbent preparation procedure and calcination atmosphere were optimized for the highest adsorbent desulfurization capacity. Desulfurization performance due to the ratio of fixed bed column diameter (Dc) and adsorbent particle size (Dp) and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) were also investigated in a factorial experiment. The adsorbents can effectively remove sulfur in Jet-A fuel from over 1000 ppmw level to below 30 ppmw. The highest sulfur adsorption capacity achieved is 2.44 mg S/g adsorbent at the breakthrough point of 30 ppmw. To effectively scale up the fixed bed reactor, the LHSV should be kept lower than 0.65 and the Dc/Dp needs to be larger than 124.
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Zulkifli, Nazliah Nazma, Luky Hendraningrat, Norzafirah Razali, Che Nasser Bakri, Suzalina Zainal, and Nor Idah Kechut. "Evaluation of Flow Diverter Chemical to Improve Waterflood Performance as Conformance Control for Heterogeneous Reservoir and High-Temperature Field Application: An Innovative Experimental Design." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22752-ea.
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Abstract Water injection fields account for over half of Malaysia’s oil production, with most of these fields at matured waterflooding stage. Low sweep efficiency due to water conformance where reservoir with high heterogeneity might cause premature breakthrough is one of the issues that leads to low oil recovery. In this study, we described the comprehensive experimental analysis to substantiate waterflooding performance in heterogeneous reservoirs by evaluating the flow diversion chemical (FDC) as a water conformance agent at high temperature. Chemical characterization, rheology, particle size analysis, compatibility, and thermal stability were evaluated for FDC according to the prevailing mechanism. Afterward, an experiment to simulate the reservoir environment was conducted to estimate oil incremental and blocking mechanism, in terms of residual resistance factor (RRF) performance in the intended field condition. The test was innovatively set up using commercial outcrop and reservoir native cores in dual-core permeability systems to test high permeability and low permeability porous media at high temperature up to 115°C temperature to mimic the conformance process. Typical single core flooding test are only able to determine the potential of the blockage mechanism by determining the RRF, without the diversion effect to quantify the additional oil recovery from the flow diversion process. The setup uses cylindrical preserved core plug samples with permeability contrast ranges from 100mD to 2 Darcy and tested at 115°C. The customized coreflood design successfully mimicked the conformance process. In our study, the RRF of 186 and cumulative oil recovery of 52% with an incremental oil recovery of >5% was obtained by the FDC injection. The study provides an innovative way in the coreflooding experiment to evaluate the performance of a conformance control agent in a heterogeneous reservoir with high temperatures.
Reports on the topic "Breakthrough experiment"
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Dittrich, Timothy M., Paul William Reimus, and Stuart Douglas Ware. Mini-columns for Conducting Breakthrough Experiments. Design and Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1184604.
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Russo, David, and William A. Jury. Characterization of Preferential Flow in Spatially Variable Unsaturated Field Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580681.bard.
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Preferential flow appears to be the rule rather than the exception in field soils and should be considered in the quantitative description of solute transport in the unsaturated zone of heterogeneous formations on the field scale. This study focused on both experimental monitoring and computer simulations to identify important features of preferential flow in the natural environment. The specific objectives of this research were: (1) To conduct dye tracing and multiple tracer experiments on undisturbed field plots to reveal information about the flow velocity, spatial prevalence, and time evolution of a preferential flow event; (2) To conduct numerical experiments to determine (i) whether preferential flow observations are consistent with the Richards flow equation; and (ii) whether volume averaging over a domain experiencing preferential flow is possible; (3) To develop a stochastic or a transfer function model that incorporates preferential flow. Regarding our field work, we succeeded to develop a new method for detecting flow patterns faithfully representing the movement of water flow paths in structured and non-structured soils. The method which is based on application of ammonium carbonate was tested in a laboratory study. Its use to detect preferential flow was also illustrated in a field experiment. It was shown that ammonium carbonate is a more conservative tracer of the water front than the popular Brilliant Blue. In our detailed field experiments we also succeeded to document the occurrence of preferential flow during soil water redistribution following the cessation of precipitation in several structureless field soils. Symptoms of the unstable flow observed included vertical fingers 20 - 60 cm wide, isolated patches, and highly concentrated areas of the tracers in the transmission zone. Soil moisture and tracer measurements revealed that the redistribution flow became fingered following a reversal of matric potential gradient within the wetted area. Regarding our simulation work, we succeeded to develop, implement and test a finite- difference, numerical scheme for solving the equations governing flow and transport in three-dimensional, heterogeneous, bimodal, flow domains with highly contrasting soil materials. Results of our simulations demonstrated that under steady-state flow conditions, the embedded clay lenses (with very low conductivity) in bimodal formations may induce preferential flow, and, consequently, may enhance considerably both the solute spreading and the skewing of the solute breakthrough curves. On the other hand, under transient flow conditions associated with substantial redistribution periods with diminishing water saturation, the effect of the embedded clay lenses on the flow and the transport might diminish substantially. Regarding our stochastic modeling effort, we succeeded to develop a theoretical framework for flow and transport in bimodal, heterogeneous, unsaturated formations, based on a stochastic continuum presentation of the flow and a general Lagrangian description of the transport. Results of our analysis show that, generally, a bimodal distribution of the formation properties, characterized by a relatively complex spatial correlation structure, contributes to the variability in water velocity and, consequently, may considerably enhance solute spreading. This applies especially in formations in which: (i) the correlation length scales and the variances of the soil properties associated with the embedded soil are much larger than those of the background soil; (ii) the contrast between mean properties of the two subdomains is large; (iii) mean water saturation is relatively small; and (iv) the volume fraction of the flow domain occupied by the embedded soil is relatively large.
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Steenhuis, Tammo S., Israela Ravina, Jean-Yves Parlange, Rony Wallach, and Larry D. Geohring. Improving Preferential Flow Modules by Experimentation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570552.bard.
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Preferential flow is the process whereby water and solutes move by preferred pathways. During preferential flow, local wetting fronts propagate to considerable depths in the soil profile, essentially bypassing the matrix pore space. Under such conditions classical methods, such as the convective-dispersive equation, for quantifying flow of water and solutes in uniform soils are not valid. This project set out to develop methods to predict fast and early breakthrough of solutes. To facilitate understanding of these processes, several field drainage studies were conducted in the United States and Israel. In both countries, solutes moved rapidly down and could be found below 1 m depth soon after application. Based on these experiments, we developed and validated a number of modules to predict the solute concentration of the preferentially moving water in the vadose zone. We also successfully simulatd the initial high solute concentration in agriculturel tile lines shortly after the chemical was applied. The understanding gained on fast transport of agri-chemicals is instrumental in developing management practices to reduce the nonpoint sources and to increase the leaching efficiency of salt affected soils.
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Morrison, Mark, and Joshuah Miron. Molecular-Based Analysis of Cellulose Binding Proteins Involved with Adherence to Cellulose by Ruminococcus albus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695844.bard.
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At the beginning of this project, it was clear that R. albus adhered tightly to cellulose and its efficient degradation of this polysaccharide was dependent on micromolar concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and phenylpropionic acid (PPA). The objectives for our research were: i) to identify how many different kinds of cellulose binding proteins are produced by Ruminococcus albus; ii) to isolate and clone the genes encoding some of these proteins from the same bacterium; iii) to determine where these various proteins were located and; iv) quantify the relative importance of these proteins in affecting the rate and extent to which the bacterium becomes attached to cellulose. BARD support has facilitated a number of breakthroughs relevant to our fundamental understanding of the adhesion process. First, R. albus possesses multiple mechanisms for adhesion to cellulose. The P.I.'s laboratory has discovered a novel cellulose-binding protein (CbpC) that belongs to the Pil-protein family, and in particular, the type 4 fimbrial proteins. We have also obtained genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that, in addition to CbpC-mediated adhesion, R. albus also produces a cellulosome-like complex for adhesion. These breakthroughs resulted from the isolation (in Israel and the US) of spontaneously arising mutants of R. albus strains SY3 and 8, which were completely or partially defective in adhesion to cellulose, respectively. While the SY3 mutant strain was incapable of growth with cellulose as the sole carbon source, the strain 8 mutants showed varying abilities to degrade and grow with cellulose. Biochemical and gene cloning experiments have been used in Israel and the US, respectively, to identify what are believed to be key components of a cellulosome. This combination of cellulose adhesion mechanisms has not been identified previously in any bacterium. Second, differential display, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD RT-PCR) has been developed for use with R. albus. A major limitation to cellulose research has been the intractability of cellulolytic bacteria to genetic manipulation by techniques such as transposon mutagenesis and gene displacement. The P.I.'s successfully developed DD RT- PCR, which expanded the scope of our research beyond the original objectives of the project, and a subset of the transcripts conditionally expressed in response to PAA and PPA have been identified and characterized. Third, proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein of R. albus 8 are present in other R. albus strains and F. intestinalis, Western immunoblots have been used to examine additional strains of R. albus, as well as other cellulolytic bacteria of ruminant origin, for production of proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein. The results of these experiments showed that R. albus strains SY3, 7 and B199 all possess a protein of ~25 kDa which cross-reacts with polyclonal anti-CbpC antiserum. Several strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains C- 94 and FD-1, and Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 produced no proteins that cross-react with the same antiserum. Surprisingly though, F. intestinalis strain DR7 does possess a protein(s) of relatively large molecular mass (~200 kDa) that was strongly cross-reactive with the anti- CbpC antiserum. Scientifically, our studies have helped expand the scope of our fundamental understanding of adhesion mechanisms in cellulose-degrading bacteria, and validated the use of RNA-based techniques to examine physiological responses in bacteria that are nor amenable to genetic manipulations. Because efficient fiber hydrolysis by many anaerobic bacteria requires both tight adhesion to substrate and a stable cellulosome, we believe our findings are also the first step in providing the resources needed to achieve our long-term goal of increasing fiber digestibility in animals.
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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.
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Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.