Journal articles: 'Breastfeeding – Namibia – Case studies'

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Lubbe, Sam. "Information technology investment approaches in Namibia: Six case studies." Information Technology for Development 9, no. 1 (January 2000): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2000.9525316.

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Cadwell, Karin, and Cynthia Turner-Maffei. "Case Studies in Breastfeeding: Problem-Solving Skills & Strategies." Birth 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2005.0347a.x.

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van Greunen, Sophia. "The city assemblage: A case of Windhoek, Namibia." Cities 119 (December 2021): 103374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103374.

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Spatz, Diane L. "Case Studies in Breastfeeding Success for Infants With Congenital Surgical Anomalies." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 40 (June 2011): S133—S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01244_19.x.

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Bernshaw, Nicole J. "Book Review: Case Studies in Breastfeeding: Problem-Solving Skills and Strategies." Journal of Human Lactation 20, no. 2 (May 2004): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334404264051.

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Klingelhafer, Susan Kathleen. "Sexual Abuse and Breastfeeding." Journal of Human Lactation 23, no. 2 (May 2007): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334407300387.

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This article includes a group of case studies demonstrating the potential impact of previous sexual abuse on a woman's desire to, and ability to, breastfeed. Each case highlights a different aspect of breastfeeding promotion or support that is affected by the woman's personal history of sexual abuse. This problem is multifaceted, deeply personal, and elusive, inasmuch as it is not information easily elicited in interviews or histories. The need for compassion and sensitivity is highlighted. J Hum Lact. 23(2):194-197.

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Nordtveit, Bjorn Harald. "Discourses of education, protection, and child labor: case studies of Benin, Namibia and Swaziland." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 31, no. 5 (December 2010): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2010.516954.

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Smart, Annie K. "Breastfeeding and Scientific Motherhood: The Case of Marie-Jeanne Roland." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 39, no. 1 (2020): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tsw.2020.0020.

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Olivia Chinyere, Afam-Anene, Osita-Njoku Agnes, and Ajaegbu Odinaka Okechukwu. "Assessment of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers in Tertiary Institutions (A Case Study of Imo State)." Sumerianz Journal of Social Science, no. 311 (November 29, 2020): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjss.311.142.149.

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Globally, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding has been recognized as an important public health strategy for reducing infant and child morbidity and mortality. While studies have shown that many newborns in Nigeria are still fed with something other than breast milk despite the numerous health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, there is little information on why the practice of exclusive breastfeeding is low among the educated. This study therefore assessed the practices of exclusive breastfeeding among working mothers in tertiary institutions in Imo State. Mixed research design and multi-stage sampling method were used for this study. For the quantitative data, 912 copies of questionnaire were administered and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics while 20 in-depth interviews were conducted for the qualitative data and analyzed using content analysis method. It was found that spouse educational level is positively correlated with practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Short duration of maternity leave and inconvenient working environment were major factors that undermine exclusive breastfeeding practice among working mothers. In conclusion, while exclusive breastfeeding awareness is high, many working mothers do not practice it. Consequently, employers should increase paid maternity leave to minimum of six months and make work environment to be conducive for breastfeeding mothers and their babies.

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Hoffman, Paul F., Kelsey G. Lamothe, Samuel J. C. LoBianco, Malcolm S. W. Hodgskiss, Eric J. Bellefroid, Benjamin W. Johnson, E. Blake Hodgin, and Galen P. Halverson. "Sedimentary depocenters on Snowball Earth: Case studies from the Sturtian Chuos Formation in northern Namibia." Geosphere 13, no. 3 (April 7, 2017): 811–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01457.1.

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Park, Hyunsoon, Insook Cho, and Min-Kyeong Kim. "Multiple-Case Studies of Hand-on Breast Massage Techniques used by Breastfeeding Experts." Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing 23, no. 3 (2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2017.23.3.155.

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Hedström, AK, C. Adams, X. Shao, C. Schaefer, T. Olsson, LF Barcellos, and L. Alfredsson. "Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of multiple sclerosis in males, predominantly among HLA-DRB1*15:01 carriers." Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 6, no. 2 (April 2020): 205521732092810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055217320928101.

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Background Breastfeeding as an infant appears protective against later development of some autoimmune diseases, but research into its influence on multiple sclerosis (MS) risk has yielded inconclusive results. Objective We investigated the possible impact of breastfeeding on MS risk. Methods We used two population-based case–control studies comprising 3670 cases and 6737 matched controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for association between MS and exposure to prolonged breastfeeding (4 months or longer) versus reduced breastfeeding (less than 4 months). A meta-analysis of case–control studies that assessed the impact of breastfeeding on MS risk among women and men was conducted. Results Prolonged breastfeeding was associated with reduced MS risk among men (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9) but not among women (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8–1.1). Among men, a synergistic effect was observed between HLA-DRB1*15:01 carrier status and reduced breastfeeding. Conclusions Findings from the current study add to accumulating evidence that breastfeeding may be a modifiable protective factor for reducing the risk of MS in offspring. When possible, mothers should be supported to breastfeed their infants; however, the mechanism of a sex-specific biologic effect of breastfeeding on MS risk is unclear.

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Gehrmann, Andrea, Katrin Fiedler, Anna Linda Leutritz, Carolin Koreny, and Sarah Kittel-Schneider. "Lithium Medication in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding—A Case Series." Medicina 57, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060634.

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Lithium salts are the first-line prophylaxis treatment for bipolar disorder in most guidelines. The majority of bipolar women are treated with mood stabilizers at the time they wish to get pregnant. One reason for this is the rising average age at first childbirth, at least in the high-income countries, which increases in general the likelihood of a medication with psychotropic drugs. Previously, lithium exposition during pregnancy was thought to strongly increase the risk of severe cardiac malformation. However, recent studies only point to a low teratogenic risk, so nowadays an increasing number of women are getting pregnant with ongoing lithium treatment. Regarding lithium medication during breastfeeding, there is evidence that lithium transfers to the breastmilk and can also be detected in the infants’ serum. The influence on the infant is still a largely understudied topic. Regular monitoring of the infants’ renal clearance, thyroid function, and lithium levels is warranted when breastfeeding under lithium exposure. In this case series, we present three case reports of bipolar mothers who were treated with lithium during pregnancy and breastfeeding to add to the scarce literature on this important topic. In short, we strengthen the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring due to fluctuating plasma levels during pregnancy and after birth, and we can report the birth and development of three healthy infants despite lithium medication during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

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Manohar, Harshini, Madhavapuri Pravallika, Preeti Kandasamy, Venkatesh Chandrasekaran, and Ravi Philip Rajkumar. "Role of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Conferring Protection in Children At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results from a Sibling Case–control Study." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 09, no. 01 (January 2018): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_331_17.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Gut microflora influences neural development through complex mechanisms. Feeding practices, especially breastfeeding influence gut microbiome and thereby play a pivotal role in immune and neural development. Current understandings of the role of healthy distal gut microflora in the development of immune and neural systems provide insights into immunological mechanisms as one of the possible etiologies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies have shown that optimal breastfeeding is associated with lower odds of being at-risk for ASD and children with ASD are suboptimally breastfed. Methods: The feeding practices of children with ASD (n = 30) was compared to their typically developing siblings as matched controls (n = 30). Information regarding feeding practices was collected from mothers through a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: About 43.3% of children with ASD received exclusive breastfeeding, whereas 76.7% of their typically developing siblings were exclusively breastfed. Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower odds for ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.166; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.025–0.65), while early introduction of top feeds was associated with higher odds (OR = 6; 95% CI = 1.33–55.19). Difficulties in breastfeeding were attributed to child-related factors in 13.2% of the children. Conclusion: Children with ASD are suboptimally breastfed compared to their typically developing siblings. Exclusive breastfeeding may confer protection in vulnerable children. Further studies on larger prospective sample are required to establish the association.

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Conradi, Silja, Uwe Malzahn, Friedemann Paul, Sabine Quill, Lutz Harms, Florian Then Bergh, Anna Ditzenbach, Thomas Georgi, Peter Heuschmann, and Berit Rosche. "Breastfeeding is associated with lower risk for multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, no. 5 (September 4, 2012): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512459683.

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Background:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with known genetic and environmental susceptibility factors. Breastfeeding has been shown to be protective in other autoimmune diseases.Objective:This case-control study analyzed the association of breastfeeding in infancy on the risk of developing MS.Methods:A case-control study was performed in Berlin of 245 MS patients and 296 population-based controls, who completed a standardized questionnaire on their history and duration of breastfeeding in infancy and demographic characteristics. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between breastfeeding and MS. The multivariate model was adjusted for age, gender, number of older siblings, number of inhabitants in place of domicile between ages 0 and 6 (categorized in each case), and daycare attendance between ages 0 and 3.Results:In multivariable analysis, breastfeeding showed an independent association with MS (adjusted OR 0.58; p = 0.028). However, with no breastfeeding as reference, the protective effect only emerges after four months of breastfeeding (multivariable analysis for ≤ four months adjusted OR 0.87; p = 0.614 and for > four months OR 0.51; p = 0.016).Conclusion:The results of this case-control study support the hypothesis that breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of MS. These results are in line with findings of previous studies on other autoimmune diseases, in which breastfeeding was shown to have protective effects.

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Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene, Tobias Bendzko, Menare Royal Mabakeng, Elias Danyi Kuusaana, and Derek Osei Tutu. "Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration from Theory to Practice: Three Demonstrative Case Studies of Local Land Administration Initiatives in Africa." Land 10, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050476.

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Land is a critical factor of production for improving the living conditions of people everywhere. The search for tools (or approaches or strategies or methods) for ensuring that land challenges are resolved in ways that quickly respond to local realities is what led to the development of the fit-for-purpose land administration. This article provides evidence that the fit-for-purpose land administration—as a land-based instrument for development—represents an unprecedented opportunity to provide tenure security in Africa. The article presents case studies from three sub-Saharan African countries on local-level experiences in the applications of fit-for-purpose guidelines as an enabler for engaging in tenure security generating activities in communities. These case studies, drawn from Ghana, Kenya, and Namibia, are based on hands-on local land administration projects that demonstrate how the features of the fit-for-purpose guideline were adopted. Two of the case studies are based on demonstrative projects directly conducted by the researchers (Ghana and Kenya), while the other (Namibia) is based on their engagement in an institutional project in which the Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) and other local partners were involved. This work is relevant because it paves a path for land administration practitioners to identify the core features necessary for land-based projects.

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Pedrucci, Giulia. "Motherhood, breastfeeding and adoption: The case of Hera suckling Heracles." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57, no. 2-3 (June 2017): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2017.57.2-3.14.

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Guise, J. M. "Review of Case-Control Studies Related to Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Childhood Leukemia." PEDIATRICS 116, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): e724-e731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0636.

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Matongo, Beauty. "Management of audio-visual records at the National Archives of Namibia." ESARBICA Journal: Journal of the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives 39, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/esarjo.v39i1.8.

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The study sought to determine the role that the National Archives of Namibia plays in the management of audio visuals in an attempt to curtail the deterioration of audio-visual archives which are kept in various organisations, some of which are unknown to the National Archives of Namibia. A qualitative method was applied in the study. The case study used the interpretive paradigm which enabled the researcher to triangulate the data collection instruments. Interviews, questionnaires and observation checklists were used to collect data. Content analysis was carried out to analyse data from interviews, document review and the observations. While Excel software provided descriptive statistics on graphs. The results indicated that AV materials were created and stored by various organisations, including the National Archives of Namibia, which oversees the management of all records. The Archives Act (Act 12 of 1992), section 4(1), gives a mandate to the National Archives of Namibia for control over records and archives of all formats in government offices, offices of local authorities and statutory institutions. Nonetheless, there are instances where AV materials are not deposited or stored in appropriate conditions. It is also apparent that different cataloguing and classification systems are used by different organisations. It is clear that most of the organisations manage AV materials in the same way as paper formats records. There is also an inadequately skilled workforce who were given a responsibility to manage AV materials. The study was limited to the Khomas region. Since there are 14 regions in Namibia, the findings cannot be generalized to other regions. Future studies should cover other regions. The results point to the need for the National Archives of Namibia to adopt an integrated approach to the management of AV records. This will require the NAN to work in cooperation with public sector institutions and empower them to preserve AV materials while, at the same time, they continue to deposit copies with the National Archives of Namibia. Unlike previous studies on management of audio visual archives in Namibia, this study included other organisations. The results give a clear picture of the role the National Archives plays in the management of audio visual records and archives.

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Portaccio, Emilio, and Maria Pia Amato. "Breastfeeding and post-partum relapses in multiple sclerosis patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 9 (February 22, 2019): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458519830588.

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While it is acknowledged that exclusive breastfeeding has well-established benefits for both infant/child and mother health, evidence on the relationships between breastfeeding and disease course in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) is still controversial. On one hand, in the post-partum period, a disease worsening is possible, particularly in women with more active MS. On the other hand, the use of disease modifying drugs is currently contraindicated during lactation. In this topical review, we describe available evidence on the relationship between breastfeeding and disease activity in MS. In some studies, a possible protective role for exclusive breastfeeding against the risk of post-partum relapse has been suggested, while, in others, its impact was neutral. Waiting for definitive evidence on this topic, we propose a pragmatic approach to breastfeeding choice, on a case-by-case basis, considering the disease characteristics before and during pregnancy and the patient therapeutic history.

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Uutoni, Wilhelm. "Providing digital reference services: a Namibian case study." Information and Learning Science 119, no. 5/6 (May 14, 2018): 342–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-11-2017-0122.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate digital reference services at the Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) and the University of Namibia (UNAM) library. Two aspects were evaluated, namely, “resources” and “elements of the general digital reference model”. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a descriptive case study approach and used qualitative research methods, which comprised interviews and an observation checklist. The population consisted of librarians working at NUST and UNAM Library. Findings The research findings showed that these libraries used the general digital reference model in providing responses to the library users. The study established that the two libraries did not follow the International Federation of Library Associations and Reference and User Services Association standards of staffing and training of librarians working with digital reference services. The study further found that a lack of ability to fully demonstrate to users how to access various library services was one of the major problems that the librarians experienced. Research limitations/implications The study was limited to two academic libraries: UNAM and NUST. Originality/value The study could contribute to a better understanding of digital reference services provided by NUST and the UNAM libraries and contribute to the body of knowledge on the subject of digital reference services, especially in an African context, where few studies have been conducted on this subject. The two libraries could use the findings to improve digital reference services, plan for intervention and develop the services.

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Hunter, D. R. "Intracontinental fold belts — Case studies in the variscan belt of Europe and the damara belt in Namibia." Lithos 19, no. 2 (June 1986): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(86)90009-5.

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Lelubre, Maurice. "Intracontinental fold belts: Case studies in the Variscan Belt of Europe and the Damara Belt in Namibia." Tectonophysics 124, no. 3-4 (April 1986): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90213-1.

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de Wit, Maarten J. "Intracontinental Fold Belts. Case studies in the Variscan Belt of Europe and the Damara Belt in Namibia." Earth-Science Reviews 23, no. 3 (May 1986): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(86)90039-5.

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Nengomasha, Cathrine Tambudzai, and Alfred Chikomba. "Status of EDRMS implementation in the public sector in Namibia and Zimbabwe." Records Management Journal 28, no. 3 (November 19, 2018): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-08-2017-0023.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the adoption and use of electronic document and records management system (EDRMS) in the public service in Namibia and Zimbabwe with the aim of establishing barriers and enablers, and best practices which each country could adopt from the other. Design/methodology/approach This multi-case study was informed by an interpretivist paradigm. Qualitative in nature, the study applied face-to-face interviews as the data collection method, supplemented by documents analysis. The study population was Namibia and Zimbabwe’s public sectors with units of analysis, being the governments’ ministries, offices and agencies which have implemented EDRMS. Findings The paper provides the state of EDRMS implementation in Namibia and Zimbabwe. It establishes how the two countries have implemented EDRMS and factors that have contributed to the success/failure of the implementation in both countries. Originality/value The paper is a response to the need for further research studies on the implementation of EDRMS in various countries.

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Blandthorn, Julie, Katie James, Ellen Bowman, Yvonne Bonomo, and Lisa H. Amir. "Two Case Studies Illustrating a Shared Decision-Making Approach to Illicit Methamphetamine Use and Breastfeeding." Breastfeeding Medicine 12, no. 6 (July 2017): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.0010.

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Chetwynd, Ellen M., Heather M. Wasser, and Charles Poole. "Breastfeeding Support Interventions by International Board Certified Lactation Consultants: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Human Lactation 35, no. 3 (June 17, 2019): 424–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334419851482.

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Background: International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLC) are healthcare professionals who are highly trained in lactation science; however, little is known about the efficacy of IBCLC-specific support on breastfeeding outcomes. Research aims: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe interventions containing direct support by IBCLCs during the postpartum period and to analyze the association between study characteristics and the prevalence breastfeeding outcomes. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for studies published between January 2001 and December 2018. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed on studies containing breastfeeding prevalence data at 3 or 6 months postpartum. Results: Seventeen interventions met all inclusion and exclusion criteria and eight research teams reported the prevalence of any or exclusive breastfeeding at 3 and/or 6 months. For any breastfeeding at 6 months, the pooled difference was 0.08 [0.04, 0.12] meaning we’d expect to observe 1 additional case of any breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum for every 12 women who received an IBCLC intervention, 95% CI [8, 25] rather than control conditions. Results differed depending on which outcome variable was used to measure breastfeeding and the timing of that measurement. Conclusions: Breastfeeding interventions that include IBCLC support in the postpartum period have potential for improving breastfeeding outcomes; however, when designing interventions, the timing and method of data collection for measures of breastfeeding are instrumental to study sensitivity and need to be based on the aims of the intervention itself.

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Iita, Ananias, and Sakaria M. Iipinge. "The Implementation of New Religious and Moral Education Curriculum in Post-Independent Namibia." Msingi Journal 1, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/mj.v1i2.77.

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This paper investigated the perceptions of Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers with regard to the implementation of RME syllabus in Namibia. The paper engages a crucial global debate on paradigms for teaching religion and moral values while contributing to the literature through research in the Ompundja Circuit of Oshana Region, Namibia. Contrary to the previous colonial era when Christianity was the only recognized religion, the Republic of Namibia adopted a new constitution making it a secular state upon independence in 1990. This new constitution, however, brought new challenges to teachers who were previously trained only to teach Biblical Studies as a school subject. With this new constitution, Namibia adopted a policy of teaching a multi-cultural religious and moral education curriculum. The teaching of RME replaced Biblical Studies in the Namibian curriculum. Teachers are now required to make their learners aware of the different religious and moral values of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, African traditional religions, Bahai and others inextricably. This, paper, therefore, presents findings from a case study research conducted at Ompundja Circuit of Oshana Region in Namibia that examined the perceptions of Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers with regard to the implementation of RME syllabus. Fourteen teachers from selected schools participated in this study. Teachers were interviewed, observed and later completed a set of questionnaire. Findings indicated that teachers’individual religious and moral values shaped the teaching and learning process; teachers’ individual religious and moral values played a major role regarding conflicting concerns over RME; and as most RME teachers were Christian, they felt a commitment to share their personal Christian religious beliefs and moral values. The paper recommends that teachers be provided with the necessary teaching resources and be trained to develop more confidence and broad understanding of RME as a subject.

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Amadhila, Elina, and Sylvanus Ikhide. "Unfulfilled loan demand among agro SMEs in Namibia." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i2.1398.

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Using a qualitative methodology approach, a case study research design by way of in-depth semi-structured interview(s) was followed to interview farmers, commercial banks, development banks, venture capitals and private equities to determine the financing options available for farmers and provide reasons why some financial institutions shy away from providing finance to agricultural enterprises. This study deviates from prior studies which have focused on small-scale farmers and subjected farmers’ access to finance to rural credit markets, mostly informal money lenders using secondary information mostly from household surveys to build econometric models. The study indicates that only about 33 percent of formal financial institutions are providing finance to agricultural SMEs. The lack of expertise and perception of risk were cited as top reasons why formal financial institutions find it hard to provide finance to agricultural SMEs. Building on opinions from other authors cited in this paper, we maintain that new financing mechanisms can be achieved by all types of financial institutions through learning from experiences by other successful countries.

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Hawk, Cheryl, Amy Minkalis, Carol Webb, Olivia Hogan, and Sharon Vallone. "Manual Interventions for Musculoskeletal Factors in Infants With Suboptimal Breastfeeding: A Scoping Review." Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine 23 (January 1, 2018): 2515690X1881697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515690x18816971.

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Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, and continuing for at least the first year of life, is strongly recommended. Suboptimal breastfeeding, which is breastfeeding that does not meet these recommendations, is a multifactorial issue. Some authorities, particularly in the nursing and lactation counseling professions, have identified musculoskeletal issues that may interfere with successful breastfeeding. The purpose of this project was to survey the literature on manual treatments to correct musculoskeletal dysfunctions in infants with suboptimal breastfeeding. Our research question was, “Have manual interventions been used to correct infants’ musculoskeletal dysfunctions thought to be linked to suboptimal breastfeeding?” We searched PubMed and Index to Chiropractic Literature, from inception through July 2018, as well as relevant gray literature. We assessed quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies using modified SIGN checklists, and the overall strength of evidence using GRADE. The search yielded 461 articles, with a final inclusion of 27 articles: 7 expert commentaries, 1 high-quality RCT, 1 low-quality cohort, 1 pilot study, 2 cross-sectional surveys, 5 narrative reviews, and 10 case series or case reports. Combining the 10 case series and reports in our search with 18 discussed in narrative reviews included in our review yielded 201 infants who received manual therapy for nursing dysfunction. No serious adverse events were reported and improvement in nursing ability was observed using various outcome measures, usually maternal report. Based on the GRADE criteria, there is moderate positive evidence for the effect of manual therapy on suboptimal breastfeeding.

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Ramler, Mari E. "The Guilty Brelfie." Screen Bodies 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/screen.2019.040102.

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Breastfeeding mothers and their babies are simultaneously in the public sphere and hidden from public view. Although social media has the potential to normalize attitudes toward breastfeeding by increasing visibility, Facebook and Instagram maintain an unpredictable censorship policy toward “brelfies”—female breast selfies—which has undermined progress. Combining Iris Marion Young’s “undecidability” of the breasted experience with Brett Lunceford’s rhetoric of nakedness, this article investigates what breastfeeding mothers communicate online via digital images when they expose their breasts. By deconstructing controversial case studies, this article concludes that brelfies have increased breastfeeding’s accessibility and acceptability in the material world.

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Muller, Anna, and Edith Mbanga. "Participatory enumerations at the national level in Namibia: the Community Land Information Programme (CLIP)." Environment and Urbanization 24, no. 1 (April 2012): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247811435891.

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This paper describes how the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia developed the capacity to undertake enumerations and mapping of informal settlements and, with support from the national government and a local NGO, developed the Community Land Information Programme. Through this initiative, the federation has profiled and mapped all of the informal settlements in Namibia, covering more than 500,000 people without secure land tenure and setting a significant precedent in terms of the ability of the federation to work at scale. For each settlement, a profile was developed by the residents that stimulated discussions of their priorities and also discussions with government. In the second phase, the residents of informal settlements were supported to undertake more detailed enumerations and mapping to identify development priorities and provide the information needed for development initiatives. The paper describes how this was done in a case study of an informal settlement in Swakopmund municipality and ends with a discussion of what has been learned, especially with regard to keeping the process rooted in the concerns and priorities of the residents of each settlement.

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Colodro-Conde, Lucía, Frühling Rijsdijk, and Juan R. Ordoñana. "The Genetic and Environmental Structure of Reproduction-Related Variables: The Case of Fertility and Breastfeeding." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 6 (September 19, 2013): 1096–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.64.

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Life history theory studies the evolution of traits related to reproductive fitness. Fertility and parental investment are key life history traits which, from an evolutionary standpoint, appear strongly interrelated. The aim of this work was to analyze the genetic and environmental structure and relationship of two behaviors associated with reproductive fitness: total number of offspring and mean duration of breastfeeding. A total of 1,347 women distributed in 239 monozygotic pairs, 236 dizygotic pairs, and 393 individual twins from opposite sex pairs provided information about their reproductive history. We conducted separate univariate analyses to study the sources of variance of both variables; and a bivariate analysis, with threshold liability models. The sources of variance for number of children and breastfeeding were best explained by a model including familial and unique environmental factors, being E = 0.54 (CI 95%: 0.44, 0.66) and E = 0.46 (CI 95%: 0.34, 0.61), respectively. The phenotypic correlation between number of children and breastfeeding was low but significant (r = 0.16, CI 95%: 0.07, 0.25). Familial correlation between these variables did not reach significance, but unique environmental correlation did (re = 0.20, CI 95%: 0.02, 0.37). In conclusion, results do not support the existence of a clear common structure for the number of children a woman has and the time she spends breastfeeding them, at least in modern societies. The relationship found was mainly due to unique environmental factors. More research on these and related phenotypes is needed to better understand women's reproductive decisions and how natural selection acts on the life history traits.

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Safon, Cara, Gabriela Buccini, Isabel Ferré, Teresita González de Cosío, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla. "Can “Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly” Impact Breastfeeding Protection, Promotion, and Support in Mexico? A Qualitative Study." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572118789772.

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Background: The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) initiative includes a guide that helps countries worldwide assess their readiness to scale up national breastfeeding programs. Country committees of breastfeeding experts across government, academia, and civil society engage with BBF by applying the BBF toolbox that includes (1) the BBF Index (BBFI) to measure and score a country’s breastfeeding environment, (2) case studies that illustrate how countries have created enabling environments for breastfeeding, and (3) a 5-meeting process, during which country committees develop policy recommendations intended to improve breastfeeding outcomes based on the BBFI scores. Objective: This study seeks to understand how the application of the BBF toolbox impacted plans to improve the enabling environment for breastfeeding in Mexico. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Mexico’s 11 BBF country committee members about the 5-meeting process between May and June 2017. Audio recordings were transcribed and were coded and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results: Three major themes emerged: (1) the unique enabling environment for breastfeeding consisted of obstacles and opportunities for improvement, (2) favorable country committee member dynamics positively affected the utility of the BBF toolbox, and (3) BBF revealed and shaped country committee members’ shared vision of change that laid the foundation for a shared public policy agenda. Conclusions: Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly can generate multisectoral breastfeeding champions who can advance the public policy agenda to improve breastfeeding outcomes at the national level both in Mexico and elsewhere.

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de Vries, W. T. "How progressive land titling could foster new surveying practices and land information systems––based on case studies in Namibia." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 28, no. 5 (September 2004): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2003.11.006.

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Hemachudha, Pasin, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Rome Buathong, Sininat Petcharat, Saowalak Bunprakob, Chanida Ruchiseesarod, Pankeaw Roeksomtawin, and Thiravat Hemachudha. "Lack of Transmission of Zika Virus Infection to Breastfed Infant." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 12 (January 2019): 117954761983517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179547619835179.

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Ayu, Suci Musvita, and Arini Mayang Fa'uni. "DIFFERENCES OF TODDLER OBESITY BASED ON EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING HISTORY IN TEGALREJO HEALTH CENTER, YOGYAKARTA." Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR) 3, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/eshr.v3i1.3635.

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Background: Obesity is a global problem and continues to affect low and middle-income countries, mainly urban areas. In Indonesia, the obesity rate of children was 11.5% and was ranked 21st in the world by 2016. Even according to WHO, the number of obese children will continue to increase every year. Several studies have shown that a history of exclusive breastfeeding can reduce the risk of obesity in toddlers. This study aimed to determine the differences in the obesity status of children under five based on a history of exclusive breastfeeding in the Tegalrejo Health Center, Yogyakarta City.Methods: This research employed an analytical observational study with a case-control design. The research sample consisted of 34 toddlers aged 6-24 months, calculated using the difference of two proportions: 17 cases of obese children under five and 17 controls under five who were not obese. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A Chi-square test was used to analyse the data.Results: There were children under five without exclusive breastfeeding in the group of as many as 41.7% and 29.4% in the control group. 52,9% of children in the case group had exclusive breastfeeding, and 70% in the control group. The bivariate analysis showed no difference in the obesity status of children under five based on a history of exclusive breastfeeding with a value of p = 0.480 and OR = 2.133 (95% CI = 0.519-8.751).Conclusions: There was no difference in the obesity status of children under five based on a history of exclusive breastfeeding, but children without a history of exclusive breastfeeding were 2.133 times more likely to have obesity than children with exclusive breastfeeding.

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Snorek, Julie, Thomas Kraft, Vignesh Chockalingam, Alyssa Gao, and Meghna Ray. "How Social Connections to Local CBNRM Institutions Shape Interaction: A Mixed Methods Case from Namibia." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n6p26.

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Strong social connections between communities and institutions are essential to effective community-based natural resource management. Connectivity and willingness to engage with actors across scales are related to one’s perceptions of institutions managing natural resources. To better understand how individuals’ perceptions are related to connections between communities and institutions, and how these promote or inhibit interaction across scales, we carried out a mixed methods case study on the multiple actors living and working in the Namib Naukluft National Park in Namibia. We took a descriptive approach to the social network analysis and identified distinct subgroups as well as boundary actors for the community-institutional network. Thereafter, we regressed interview data on connections, perceptions, and willingness to reach out to institutions to understand more about network dynamics. Finally, we performed a qualitative analysis of interview data, to further highlight why community individuals were connected to institutional members. Positive perceptions are associated with greater connectivity for two out of three institutions. Better quality connections between community members and institutions was equated with a greater willingness (of community members) to reach out to an institutional member in only one out of three cases. As in other studies, willingness to reach out may be more strongly correlated to intergroup actor dynamics, as shown by subgrouping in the social network analysis, than one’s perceptions alone. This research highlights that direct interactions between community members and local institutions has the potential to support collaboration in the context of community-based natural resource management.

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Verd, Sergio, Gemma Ginovart, Javier Calvo, Jaume Ponce-Taylor, and Antoni Gaya. "Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081124.

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The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

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Brugaletta, Concetta, Karine Le Roch, Jennifer Saxton, Cécile Bizouerne, Marie McGrath, and Marko Kerac. "Breastfeeding assessment tools for at-risk and malnourished infants aged under 6 months old: a systematic review." F1000Research 9 (November 10, 2020): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24516.1.

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Background: Many small and malnourished infants under 6 months of age have problems with breastfeeding and restoring effective exclusive breastfeeding is a common treatment goal. Assessment is a critical first step of case management, but most malnutrition guidelines do not specify how best to do this. We aimed to identify breastfeeding assessment tools for use in assessing at-risk and malnourished infants in resource-poor settings. Methods: We systematically searched: Medline and Embase; Web of Knowledge; Cochrane Reviews; Eldis and Google Scholar databases. Also the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), CAse REport guidelines, Emergency Nutrition Network, and Field Exchange websites. Assessment tool content was analysed using a framework describing breastfeeding ‘domains’ (baby’s behaviour; mother’s behaviour; position; latching; effective feeding; breast health; baby’s health; mother’s view of feed; number, timing and length of feeds). Results: We identified 29 breastfeeding assessment tools and 45 validation studies. Eight tools had not been validated. Evidence underpinning most tools was low quality and mainly from high-income countries and hospital settings. The most comprehensive tools were the Breastfeeding, Evaluation and Education Tool, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools and CARE training package. The tool with the strongest evidence was the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form. Conclusions: Despite many possible tools, there is currently no one gold standard. For assessing malnourished infants in resource-poor settings, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools, Module IFE and the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form are the best available tools but could be improved by adding questions from other tools. Allowing for context, one tool for rapid community-based assessment plus a more detailed one for clinic/hospital assessment might help optimally identify breastfeeding problems and the support required. Further research is important to refine existing tools and develop new ones. Rigorous testing, especially against outcomes such as breastfeeding status and growth, is key.

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Shell, Terrian. "Case Studies in Breastfeeding: Problem-Solving Skills and Strategies, 3rd Edition, by Karin Cadwell and Cindy Turner-Maffei." Clinical Lactation 11, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/article_7_case_studies_in_breastfeeding_br.

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Belay, Getaneh Mulualem, and Chalachew Adugna Wubneh. "Infant Feeding Practices of HIV Positive Mothers and Its Association with Counseling and HIV Disclosure Status in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (August 1, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3862098.

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Introduction. Breastfeeding is the ideal food source for all newborns globally. However, in the era of Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) infection, feeding practice is a challenge due to mother-to-child HIV transmission. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the national prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and mixed feeding practices among HIV positive mothers and its association with counseling and HIV disclosure status to the spouse in Ethiopia. Methods. We searched all available articles from the electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. Moreover, reference lists of the included studies and the Ethiopian institutional research repositories were used. Searching of articles was limited to the studies conducted in Ethiopia and published in English language. We have included observational studies including cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies. The weighted inverse variance random effects model was used. The overall variations between studies were checked through heterogeneity test (I2). Subgroup analysis by region was conducted. To assess the quality of the study, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal criteria were employed. Publication bias was checked with the funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. Result. A total of 18 studies with 4,844 participants were included in this study. The national pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and mixed feeding practices among HIV positive mothers were 63.43% (95% CI: 48.19, 78.68) and 23.11% (95% CI: 10.10, 36.13), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice was observed in Tigray (90.12%) and the lowest in Addis Ababa (41.92%). Counseling on feeding option with an odds ratio of 4.32 (95% CI: 2.75, 6.77) and HIV disclosure status to the spouse with an odds ratio of 6.05 (95% CI: 3.03, 12.06) were significantly associated with exclusive breast feedings practices. Conclusion. Most mothers report exclusive breastfeeding, but there are still almost a quarter of mothers who mix feed. Counseling on feeding options and HIV disclosure status to the spouse should be improved.

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Merlob, Paul, Naomi Mor, and Aviva Litwin. "Transient Hepatic Dysfunction in an Infant of an Epileptic Mother Treated with Carbamazepine during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 12 (December 1992): 1563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202601215.

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OBJECTIVE: A case is reported of a carbamazepine (CBZ)-treated epileptic mother whose newborn presented with transient hepatic dysfunction characterized by direct hyperbilirubinemia and high concentrations of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). DATA SOURCES: Information was obtained from case reports, clinical trials, and relevant bibliographic laboratory studies. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from case reports were evaluated and compared with those from our patient. The hepatotoxic reactions together with the microsomal enzymatic induction of CBZ were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: A female infant bom to an epileptic mother treated with CBZ throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding presented with transient direct hyperbilirubinemia and high concentrations of GGT. The characteristics of her transient hepatic dysfunction were: early appearance (during the first day of life); discrepancy between the normal liver enzymes and high GGT concentrations; slow decrease of GGT, which nevertheless remained at above-normal concentrations even after the complete disappearance of direct hyperbilirubinemia; and spontaneous resolution in spite of only occasional breastfeeding. The possible explanations of this transient hepatic dysfunction (like enzymatic induction) are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: CBZ-induced hepatic dysfunction in neonates appears to have different clinical expressions. Infants of epileptic mothers treated with CBZ throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding should be carefully monitored for possible adverse effects.

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Agabu, Andrew, Andrew L. Baughman, Christa Fischer-Walker, Michael de Klerk, Nicholus Mutenda, Francina Rusberg, Dorothea Diergaardt, et al. "National-level effectiveness of ART to prevent early mother to child transmission of HIV in Namibia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0233341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233341.

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Background Namibia introduced the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (MTCT) program in 2002 and lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant women (option B-plus) in 2013. We sought to quantify MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Methods During Aug 2014-Feb 2015, we recruited a nationally representative sample of 1040 pairs of mother and infant aged 4–12 weeks at routine immunizations in 60 public health clinics using two stage sampling approach. Of these, 864 HIV exposed infants had DNA-PCR HIV test results available. We defined an HIV exposed infant if born to an HIV-positive mother with documented status or diagnosed at enrollment using rapid HIV tests. Dried Blood Spots samples from HIV exposed infants were tested for HIV. Interview data and laboratory results were collected on smartphones and uploaded to a central database. We measured MTCT prevalence at 4–12 weeks post-delivery and evaluated associations between infant HIV infection and maternal and infant characteristics including maternal treatment and infant prophylaxis. All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design. Results Based on the 864 HIV exposed infants with test results available, nationally weighted early MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery was 1.74% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00%-3.01%). Overall, 62% of mothers started ART pre-conception, 33.6% during pregnancy, 1.2% post-delivery and 3.2% never received ART. Mothers who started ART before pregnancy and during pregnancy had low MTCT prevalence, 0.78% (95% CI: 0.31%-1.96%) and 0.98% (95% CI: 0.33%-2.91%), respectively. MTCT rose to 4.13% (95% CI: 0.54%-25.68%) when the mother started ART after delivery and to 11.62% (95% CI: 4.07%-28.96%) when she never received ART. The lowest MTCT of 0.76% (95% CI: 0.36% - 1.61%) was achieved when mother received ART and ARV prophylaxis within 72hrs for infant and highest 22.32% (95%CI: 2.78% -74.25%) when neither mother nor infant received ARVs. After adjusting for mother’s age, maternal ART (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03–0.29) and infant ARV prophylaxis (PR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10–0.998) remained strong predictors of HIV transmission. Conclusion As of 2015, Namibia achieved MTCT of 1.74%, measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Women already on ART pre-conception had the lowest prevalence of MTCT emphasizing the importance of early HIV diagnosis and treatment initiation before pregnancy. Studies are needed to measure MTCT and maternal HIV seroconversion during breastfeeding.

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Bischoff, Adrianne Rahde, Alícia Dorneles Dornelles, and Clarissa Gutierrez Carvalho. "Treatment of Hypernatremia in Breastfeeding Neonates: A Systematic Review." Biomedicine Hub 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000454980.

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Background/Aims: Hypernatremic dehydration in term neonates is associated with inadequate fluid intake, usually related to insufficient lactation. The use of hypotonic fluids is appropriate to dilute serum sodium (SNa), but cerebral edema may develop when it happens abruptly. Our objective was to clarify how to correct hypernatremic dehydration properly. Methods: The following databases were searched, limited to studies published until January 31st, 2016: Clinical Trials, MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library. We included open-label trials, nonrandomized controlled trials, or prospective and retrospective case series evaluating relevant outcomes. Information regarding the way of administering the treatment, type of fluid used, rates of complications and outcomes, as well as the rate of SNa reduction were collected. Results: Searches yielded 771 articles: 64 had the full text reviewed and 9 were included. No randomized clinical trials or systematic reviews focusing on treatment of hypernatremic dehydration and its outcomes were found. We found a scarcity of high quality studies and great methodology heterogeneity. Conclusions: More severe hypernatremia is at greater risk of causing severe adverse effects of treatment. There is no consensus about the optimal rate of SNa drop in this population, but a slower correction appears to be safer. Questions as when parenteral fluids are indicated remain unanswered.

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Schurr, Mark R. "Exploring ideas about isotopic variation in breastfeeding and weaning within and between populations: Case studies from the American midcontinent." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 28, no. 5 (September 2018): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2698.

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Semente, Efigenia. "STUDENT SATISFACTION AND TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN TEACHING AND LEARNING: THE CASE OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN NAMIBIA." Journal of Education and Practice 1, no. 2 (October 4, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jep.201.

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Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to assess Student Satisfaction and Technology Integration in Teaching and Learning: The Case of University Education in Namibia. The concept of customer satisfaction has attracted much attention in recent years. Institutions of higher education are accountable for their performance to their trustees, state boards, accreditation agencies, employees, parents, and of course, their students. Students are the reason for the existence of Institutions of higher education. Hence Student satisfaction should be the core business of such institutions. Yet despite a large body of research literature examining customer satisfaction and student satisfaction for that matter, researchers have not fully investigated the relationship between student satisfaction and technology integration in teaching and learning. This study explores the Challenges faced by academics in terms of technology integration in teaching and learning. It further assesses Students’ Satisfaction in relation to Technology Integration in Teaching and Learning as well as the relationship between the use of technology in teaching and learning and Students Satisfaction. Research Methodology: This is a correlation cross-sectional quantitative survey. Responses were obtained from a 200 valid random sample comprising of Students and Lecturers at one of the major public Universities in Namibia. The responses were analysed using SPSS version 23. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the research questions. Descriptive statistics were used to report demographic information and for inferential statistics, the principal components analysis (PCA) was used. Further, in order to explore the relationships between Student Satisfaction and Technology Integration in Teaching and Learning, Pearson correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to address research questions accordingly.Findings: The study found significant relationships between Technology Integration in Teaching and Learning and Students Satisfaction. The results prompted recommendations guiding effective marketing strategies for Institutions of Higher Education, policy making in relation to Technology Integration in Teaching and Learning vis-à-vis Student Satisfaction.Contribution: Regular appraisal of students satisfaction with technology integration is critical. Evaluation of lecturer’s perception and awareness of technology integration is essential-to reduce the Knowledge Gap in the area of technology integration in teaching and learning. Specific studies related to technology integration in teaching and learning per discipline (Programme) are desirable since different Programmes may have different needs in terms of technology integration. Lecturers’ commendations/support for technology integration is key to ensure adoption and full technology integration in the long run. Institutional Policy on course web/e-learning presence is fundamental

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John, Helen C. "Conversations in Context: Cross-Cultural (Grassroots) Biblical Interpretation Groups Challenging Western-centric (Professional) Biblical Interpretation." Biblical Interpretation 27, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 36–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685152-00271p03.

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Abstract This article considers how biblical scholarship might break out of its western-dominated, largely historical-critical mould. I argue that we might challenge the hegemony of ‘western worldview’ scholarship by capitalising on the interpretative insights of alternative worldviews; in that regard, I advance a cross-cultural methodology. Additionally, I advocate engaging with grassroots interpreters, thereby contributing to the decentring of scholarly biblical criticism. Finally, this article focuses on the value of interpretation through dialogue, which functions here on two levels: the researcher dialoguing with grassroots interpretation groups in cross-cultural settings, and the resulting grassroots interpretations dialoguing with western professional biblical interpretations. The potential of this approach is demonstrated using a case study: Mark 4:35-41 interpreted with Cross-Cultural Biblical Interpretation Groups in northern Namibia. The interpretative insights of grassroots groups in non-western contexts, free(r) from the influence of western worldviews and scholarship, function to highlight the equally contextual nature of mainstream professional biblical interpretation.

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Spatz, Diane L., Leigh Raphael, and Elizabeth B. Froh. "Breastfeeding the Infant With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Post Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation." Neonatal Network 31, no. 1 (2012): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.31.1.31.

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Infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) often require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Infants on ECMO may experience a long period of being nothing by mouth (NPO) while receiving parenteral nutrition. Once the infant with CDH is repaired and off ECMO, human milk should be used to initiate enteral feedings. Human milk provides immunologic, developmental, and nutritional protection for these high-risk infants and may be crucial in decreasing morbidities commonly associated with post-ECMO survivors. These mother–infant dyads require extensive lactation support to ensure maintenance of milk supply and successful transition to direct breastfeeding. Three case studies are presented as exemplars to demonstrate how breastfeeding success can be achieved even in the most vulnerable infants.

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Victora, Cesar G. "Infection and Disease: The Impact of Early Weaning." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 1996): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659601700421.

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Although the protective effect of breastfeeding against infectious diseases has been long suspected, it has only recently been adequately quantified This article reviews the available epidemiologic evidence. Breastfeeding provides marked protection against diarrhoeal morbidity and severity (as measured by its duration, level of dehydration, or case-fatality rate), and mortality. This is true for acute watery diarrhoea as well as for dysentery and persistent diarrhoea. A dose-response pattern is observed: the risk level for children receiving both breastmilk and artificial milk is between that of exclusively breasfed children and that of completely weaned children. Even the introduction of water or herbal teas to a previously exclusively breasfed infant increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. The protection is greatest for young infants, and the period immediately after weaning seems to carry the highest risk. Although breastfeeding does not seem to have an appreciable effect on the incidence of acute respiratory infections as a whole, there is evidence of an effect on the incidence of pneumonia, on the incidence of hospitalization for pneumonia, and on mortality from respiratory infections. The level of protection against pneumonia, however, is lower than that against diarrhoea. Breastfeeding also protects against onus media and other infections, including neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and bacteraemia, although the number of relevant studies is small. A simulation exercise shows that a 40% reduction in the prevalence of nonbreastfeeding would prevent up to 15% of diarrhoea deaths and 7% of pneumonia deaths occurring in regions with a short breastfeeding duration, such as urban Latin America. In regions where breastfeeding durations are longer, the emphasis should be on maintaining these high rates and increasing the proportion of young infants who are exclusively breastfed. The present review confirms that breastfeeding promotion is an essential child survival strategy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Breastfeeding – Namibia – Case studies'

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