Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bredia'

Denna studie behandlar framställningen av ledare i ledarskapstidskrifter. Studien utgår från ledarbegreppet som en social konstruktion och syftar till att synliggöra vad som ingår i den bild som framställs. Med avseende på ledarbegreppet bidrar framställningen av ledare i media till att skapa föreställningar om vem som kan vara ledare och hur ledare bör vara. Studien avgränsar sig till ledarskapstidskriften Chef. Denna tidskrift har valts genom ett subjektivt urval. Metoden för denna studie är en innehållsanalys samt textanalys av tidskriftens innehåll i form av texter och bilder. Resultatet av denna studie visar att den framställda bilden är relativt snäv. Bilden visar upp få yngre ledare samt ytterst få ledare av någon annan etnicitet än Europeisk och Nordamerikansk. Fördelningen mellan ledare av manligt och kvinnligt kön är relativt jämn under åldern 45 år. Ledare över 45 år är enligt bilden oftare män än kvinnor. Ledarrollen framställs även som problematisk att kombinera med familjeliv och barn för ledare av kvinnligt kön, men inte för ledare av manligt kön. En ledare önskas också ha goda egenskaper inom ett antal olika områden, exempelvis kommunikation, personliga egenskaper samt handlingskraft och eftertänksamhet. Mycket ryms inom varje område och vissa önskade egenskaper står i direkt konflikt med varandra. En ledare önskas med andra ord vara allsidig. Utöver det förväntas ledare inte ha ett uttalat intresse för ledarskap. Ledare förväntas heller inte vara öppna med sitt privatliv varken i offentligheten eller bland medarbetare. Slutligen visar bilden att ledare oftast är verksamma inom stora statliga organisationer eller media. Ledare inom exempelvis tillverkningsindustri får inte utrymme i tidskriften och ingår alltså inte i bilden. Den snäva representationen i framställningen av ledare medför att det för vissa personer saknas förebilder i tidskriften. Detta är en del av det som påverkar hur de upplever sina möjligheter att bli ledare vilket utgör ett problem för mångfalden inom yrkesgruppen.

Alla har inte samma tillgång till den akademiska världen. De som kommer från akademisk bakgrund har både lättare att söka sig till och större chans att klara av och trivas i högre studier. Som ett svar på detta arbetar högskolorna och universiteten med breddat deltagande. ​Breddat deltagande är ett komplext begrepp som rymmer drivkrafter som spänner över ekonomi, utbildningskvalitet och social rättvisa. Studievägledarens yrkesroll och uppdrag är nära kopplat till arbetet med breddat deltagande, ändå har studievägledares upplevelser av begreppet inte undersökts. Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att nå ökad förståelse för hur gruppen studievägledare på Humanistiska fakulteten vid Göteborgs universitet förstår begreppet breddat deltagande. Detta genom att titta på hur studievägledargruppen använder begreppet, hur de konstruerar breddat deltagande som viktigt och hur de konstruerar det som problematiskt. Undersökningen har en socialkonstruktivistisk utgångspunkt och som teoretiskt och metodologiskt ramverk används diskursanalys. Två intervjuer med en och samma fokusgrupp om sju studievägledare har genomförts för att samla in data. Datan har sedan analyserats med diskursanalytiska begrepp. Undersökningen visar att studievägledargruppen kopplar begreppet breddat deltagande tätt till den egna yrkesrollen och förstår det som mycket viktigt men svårdefinierat, som en central del i ett demokratiskt samhälle och som inkluderingsarbete. Begreppet förstås som studievägledares, andra yrkesgruppers, universitetets och samhällets arbete med olika insatser för att studenter ska känna till, kunna välja och vara kvar i eller avsluta studier – utifrån den egna viljan. Å ena sidan förstår gruppen breddat deltagande som positivt för både individer, universiteten, arbetsmarknaden och samhället i stort. Samtidigt framkommer en rad olika konflikter och svårigheter i studievägledargruppens förståelser av begreppet.

This thesis seeks to analyse a critical juncture in the aftermath of the Brexit vote; Theresa May’s Brexit negotiations. This was a highly contentious time for politics in the UK, eventually leading to an extension on the initial deadline being granted and May’s resignation from the post of Prime Minister. By examining these negotiations through the lens of user-generated memes, the researcher finds a contemporary way to understand the interactive role citizens play in contributing to political discourse. This thesis asks how such discourses are playing out over social media visuals, and in turn, which symbols are being utilized to reflect these discourses. After a thorough investigation of the symbolism at play, ranging from flags to diversity, the researcher concludes that memes make a valuable and creative contribution to political discourse, and should not be disregarded as facetious; indeed their humour allows a fresh take on a serious issue. This thesis takes inspiration from a Research Methodology assignment written as a pilot for this study, entitled, “Exploring discourses of the Brexit negotiations through social media visuals: A visual analysis and discussion of research methods”.

Durant l’última dècada, Internet s’ha convertit en un aspecte crucial de les xarxes basades en les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació, trencant les barreres de comunicació entre cultures en permetre l’accés a gairebé qualsevol servei a tot el món. A més de la difusió d’Internet a tot el món, les xarxes de xarxes socials, les plataformes en línia i altres tecnologies digitals han canviat radicalment la nostra vida quotidiana. Com a resultat, Internet és potser l’aspecte més visible de la globalització i un motor que integra gairebé totes les indústries. Tot i que la tecnologia digital s’estén ràpidament, la majoria de la població no gaudeix dels avantatges. Han sorgit divisions digitals en l’ús d’Internet i les xarxes socials i en la realització d’activitats en línia. Inicialment, la bretxa digital es referia a la bretxa entre grups d’individus amb accés a tecnologies i aquells amb accés restringit o cap. No obstant això, les proves han demostrat que el concepte és més complex que el simple accés a dispositius digitals. En els darrers 15 anys, els investigadors han intentat produir una explicació completa de les diferents fractures digitals. Per entendre millor les relacions entre els diferents nivells de divisió digital, van Dijk i els seus associats van desenvolupar els seus recursos i la teoria de l’apropiació (van Dijk, 2005, 2020). La teoria RA proposa un model seqüencial per explicar la relació entre els diferents nivells de bretxa digital i com es produeixen i es reprodueixen les desigualtats socials. El model seqüencial mostra que el procés d’apropiació va des de les motivacions fins a l’ús d’Internet (actituds i motius per (no) utilitzar Internet), a l’accés físic a Internet (qualitat, quantitat i omnipresència), fins a habilitats digitals (adequades) ús d’Internet), i a l’ús i els resultats d’Internet (interactuar amb Internet i gaudir dels avantatges). Aquest procés no es distribueix per igual a la societat. Aquesta tesi doctoral, basada en la teoria dels recursos i de l’apropiació com a marc teòric, explora la primera bretxa digital a Tailàndia per explicar l’heterogeneïtat de l’accés a Internet en un país en desenvolupament. Es consideraven l’accés dels usuaris tailandesos a Internet, els motors teòrics i els indicadors de recursos de posició i categories socials. Es va trobar, en general, que les oportunitats d’accés a ordinadors i a Internet són els principals motors d’ús d’Internet. Tot i això, l’efecte agregat cobreix el fet que hi ha una transformació digital i social en curs a Tailàndia. D’una banda, hi ha un nou grup mòbil d’usuaris d’Internet per al qual el motor més crucial d’ús d’Internet són les oportunitats d’accés mòbil seguides d’oportunitats d’accés a Internet i ordinadors. D’altra banda, els conductors d’un grup tradicional d’usuaris d’Internet són oportunitats d’accés a ordinadors i a Internet. Pel que fa a les propietats socials de les persones de cada grup, el grup d’usuaris mòbils es pot definir com a dona, de 15 a 35 anys, amb bona formació, estudiant, soltera i resident a Bangkok o Tailàndia central, mentre que el grup d’usuaris d’Internet tradicional compost per persones grans amb menys educació, amb discapacitats, a l’atur, normalment casades o vídues i que viuen al nord de Tailàndia. Els motors de la diversitat de l’ús d’Internet poden ser generacionals, cosa que suggereix la necessitat de canviar l’enfocament de la recerca de les llars a les persones, fins i tot als països menys desenvolupats. També es va analitzar l’ús d’Internet per part dels ciutadans de la Unió Europea, generalitzant la validesa del model seqüencial proposat per la teoria RA des d’un país a tot el bloc. Es va trobar suport per a les relacions hipotetitzades, però una altra constatació va ser que els efectes dels motors sobre l’ús d’Internet varien en funció del nivell de desenvolupament digital dels països. Tot i que l’educació en general és el principal factor determinant de la producció social de desigualtats digitals, el nivell de desenvolupament digital d’un país és crucial per als europeus amb menys formació. A més, les persones joves i amb bona formació són les més ben posicionades de la societat per aprofitar les tecnologies digitals de cada país. Els nostres descobriments són nous analitzeu el procés social d’apropiació d’Internet, cosa que suggereix que es desenvolupa de manera diferent als diferents països europeus. Finalment, es va estudiar el paper de la confiança en la producció d’una nova fractura digital. El model seqüencial d’apropiació d’Internet social es va ampliar per incloure la confiança com a mediador en la cadena causal. El model ampliat proposa que les actituds, l’accés físic, les habilitats digitals i ara la confiança expliquin seqüencialment el procés d’apropiació que acaba en una bretxa digital en l’ús d’Internet. Les conclusions indiquen que, si bé la confiança és un altre factor important de la bretxa digital que media les habilitats digitals en l’ús d’Internet, les habilitats digitals continuen sent el motor més crucial per generar la bretxa digital. La confiança és un concepte construït socialment el significat del qual depèn de les habilitats digitals de les persones. En resum, aquesta investigació fa diverses contribucions al coneixement de la producció social de la bretxa digital als països en desenvolupament i als països desenvolupats. Es va descobrir l’existència d’una transformació digital generacional a Tailàndia que incideix en la importància dels motors teòrics d’accés a Internet, una troballa que genera dubtes sobre la hipòtesi de la classe mòbil. Generalitzant la validesa del model d’apropiació i recursos, es va identificar el nivell de desenvolupament digital d’un país com a recurs públic per reduir les desigualtats digitals. i l’educació i l’edat com a principals indicadors socials de les desigualtats digitals. Finalment, el model teòric seqüencial es va ampliar per incloure la confiança com un altre nivell de la bretxa digital, trobant que, tot i que el seu paper és significatiu, les habilitats digitals continuen sent el motor més influent.<br>Durante la última década, Internet se ha convertido en un aspecto crucial de las redes basadas en las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, rompiendo las barreras de comunicación entre culturas al permitir el acceso a casi cualquier servicio en todo el mundo. Además de la expansión de Internet en todo el mundo, las redes sociales, las plataformas en línea y otras tecnologías digitales han cambiado radicalmente nuestra vida diaria. Como resultado, Internet es quizás el aspecto más visible de la globalización y una fuerza impulsora que integra a casi todas las industrias. Aunque la tecnología digital se está extendiendo rápidamente, la mayoría de la población no disfruta de los beneficios. Las divisiones digitales han surgido en el uso de Internet y las redes sociales, y en la realización de actividades en línea. Inicialmente, la brecha digital se refería a la brecha entre grupos de personas con acceso a tecnologías y aquellos con acceso restringido o ninguno. Sin embargo, la evidencia ha demostrado que el concepto es más complejo que el mero acceso a dispositivos digitales. En los últimos 15 años, los investigadores han intentado producir una explicación completa de las diferentes brechas digitales. Para comprender mejor las relaciones entre los diferentes niveles de brecha digital, van Dijk y sus asociados desarrollaron sus recursos y la teoría de la apropiación (van Dijk, 2005, 2020). La teoría RA propone un modelo secuencial para explicar la relación entre diferentes niveles de brecha digital y cómo se producen y reproducen las desigualdades sociales. El modelo secuencial muestra que el proceso de apropiación va desde las motivaciones al uso de internet (actitudes y razones para (no) usar internet), al acceso físico a internet (calidad, cantidad y ubicuidad), a las habilidades digitales (adecuadas uso de Internet) y al uso y los resultados de Internet (interactuar con Internet y disfrutar de los beneficios). Ese proceso no se distribuye por igual en la sociedad. Esta tesis doctoral, basada en la teoría de los recursos y la apropiación como marco teórico, explora la primera brecha digital en Tailandia para explicar la heterogeneidad del acceso a Internet en un país en desarrollo. Se tuvieron en cuenta el acceso de los usuarios tailandeses a Internet, los impulsores teóricos y los indicadores de los recursos posicionales y las categorías sociales. En general, se descubrió que las oportunidades de acceso a la computadora y a Internet son los principales impulsores del uso de Internet. Sin embargo, el efecto agregado cubre el hecho de que se está produciendo una transformación digital y social en Tailandia. Por un lado, existe un nuevo grupo móvil de usuarios de Internet para el que el factor más importante del uso de Internet son las oportunidades de acceso móvil seguidas de Internet y las oportunidades de acceso a computadoras. Por otro lado, los impulsores para un grupo tradicional de usuarios de Internet son las oportunidades de acceso a la computadora y a Internet. En cuanto a las propiedades sociales de los individuos en cada grupo, el grupo de usuarios móviles puede perfilarse como mujeres, de entre 15 y 35 años, bien educados, estudiantes, solteros y residentes en Bangkok o Tailandia central, mientras que el grupo de usuarios de Internet tradicional es compuesto por personas mayores, menos educadas, con discapacidades, desempleadas, generalmente casadas o viudas, y que viven en el norte de Tailandia. Los impulsores de la diversidad en el uso de Internet pueden ser generacionales, lo que sugiere la necesidad de cambiar el enfoque de la investigación de los hogares a los individuos, incluso en los países menos desarrollados. También se analizó el uso de internet por parte de los ciudadanos de la Unión Europea, al generalizar la validez del modelo secuencial propuesto por la teoría de la RA de un país a todo el bloque. Se encontró apoyo para las relaciones hipotéticas, pero otro hallazgo fue que los efectos de los impulsores en el uso de Internet varían según el nivel de desarrollo digital de los países. Si bien la educación en general es el principal determinante de la producción social de desigualdades digitales, el nivel de desarrollo digital de un país es crucial para los europeos con menos educación. Además, las personas jóvenes y bien educadas son las mejor posicionadas en la sociedad para aprovechar las tecnologías digitales en cada país. Nuestros hallazgos arrojan nuevos luz sobre el proceso social de apropiación de Internet, lo que sugiere que se desarrolla de manera diferente en los diferentes países europeos. Finalmente se estudió el papel de la confianza en la producción de una nueva brecha digital. El modelo secuencial de apropiación social de Internet se amplió para incluir la confianza como mediador en la cadena causal. El modelo extendido propone que las actitudes, el acceso físico, las habilidades digitales y ahora la confianza explican secuencialmente el proceso de apropiación que desemboca en una brecha digital en el uso de Internet. Los resultados indican que, si bien la confianza es otro determinante significativo de la brecha digital que media las habilidades digitales en el uso de Internet, las habilidades digitales continúan siendo el factor más crucial para generar la brecha digital. La confianza es un concepto construido socialmente cuyo significado depende de las habilidades digitales de los individuos. En resumen, esta investigación hace varios aportes a nuestro conocimiento de la producción social de la brecha digital en países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. Se descubrió la existencia de una transformación digital generacional en Tailandia que incide en la importancia de los impulsores teóricos del acceso a Internet, un hallazgo que genera dudas con respecto a la hipótesis de la clase baja móvil. Generalizando la vigencia del modelo de recursos y apropiación, se identificó el nivel de desarrollo digital de un país como recurso público para la reducción de las desigualdades digitales. y la educación y la edad como los principales indicadores sociales de las desigualdades digitales. Finalmente, el modelo secuencial teórico se amplió para incluir la confianza como otro nivel de la brecha digital, encontrando que aunque su rol es significativo, las habilidades digitales siguen siendo el impulsor más influyente.<br>Over the past decade, the internet has become a crucial aspect of networks based on the information and communication technologies, breaking down communication barriers between cultures by allowing access to almost any service worldwide. In addition to the spread of the internet worldwide, social media networking, online platforms, and other digital technologies have radically changed our daily lives. As a result, the internet is perhaps the most visible aspect of globalization and a driving force that integrates almost every industry. Even though digital technology is spreading rapidly, most of the population does not enjoy the benefits. Digital divisions have arisen in the use of the internet and social media, and in conducting activities online. Initially, the digital divide referred to the gap between groups of individuals with access to technologies and those with restricted access or none at all. However, evidence has shown that the concept is more complex than mere access to digital devices. In the last 15 years, researchers have tried to produce a comprehensive explanation of different digital divides. To better understand relations between different digital divide levels, van Dijk and associates developed their resources and appropriation theory (van Dijk, 2005, 2020). The RA theory proposes a sequential model to explain the relationship between different digital divide levels and how social inequalities are produced and reproduced. The sequential model shows that the process of appropriation goes from motivations to use of the internet (attitudes and reasons for (not) using the internet), to physical access to the internet (quality, quantity, and ubiquity), to digital skills (appropriate internet use), and to the internet use and outcomes (engaging with the internet and enjoying the benefits). That process is not equally distributed in society. This doctoral dissertation, grounded in the resources and appropriation theory as the theoretical framework, explores the first digital divide in Thailand to explain internet access heterogeneity in a developing country. Considered were Thai users' access to the internet, theoretical drivers, and indicators of positional resources and social categories. It was found, in general, that computer and internet access opportunities are the primary drivers of internet use. However, the aggregate effect covers the fact that there is a digital and social transformation underway in Thailand. On the one hand, there is a new mobile group of internet users for which the most crucial driver of internet use is mobile access opportunities followed by internet and computer access opportunities. On the other hand, drivers for a traditional group of internet users are computer and internet access opportunities. As for the social properties of individuals in each groups, the mobile user group can be profiled as female, aged 15-35 years, well educated, a student, single, and resident in Bangkok or Central Thailand, while the traditional internet user group is composed of older, less well-educated individuals, with disabilities, unemployed, most typically married or widowed, and living in Northern Thailand. The drivers behind internet use diversity may be generational, suggesting a need to switch the research focus from households to individuals, even in less developed countries. Also analysed was internet use by European Union citizens, by generalizing the validity of the sequential model proposed by the RA theory from one country to the entire bloc. Support was found for the hypothesized relationships, but another finding was that the drivers' effects on internet use vary depending on the digital development level of countries. While education overall is the primary determinant of the social production of digital inequalities, a country's digital development level is crucial for less well-educated Europeans. Furthermore, young and well-educated individuals are the best positioned in society to take advantage of digital technologies in each country. Our findings throw new light on the social process of internet appropriation, suggesting that it develops differently in different European countries. Finally studied was the role of trust in producing a new digital divide. The sequential model of social internet appropriation was extended to include trust as a mediator in the causal chain. The extended model proposes that attitudes, physical access, digital skills, and now trust sequentially explain the appropriation process that ends in a digital divide in internet use. Findings indicate that while trust is another significant determiner of the digital divide that mediates digital skills on internet use, digital skills continue to be the most crucial driver in generating the digital gap. Trust is a socially constructed concept whose meaning depends on the digital skills of individuals. To sum up, this research makes several contributions to our knowledge of the social production of the digital divide in developing and developed countries. Uncovered was the existence of a generational digital transformation in Thailand that impinges on the importance of theoretical drivers of access to the internet – a finding that raises doubts regarding the mobile underclass hypothesis. Generalizing the resources and appropriation model's validity, identified was the digital development level of a country as a public resource for reducing digital inequalities. and education and age as the primary social indicators of digital inequalities. Finally, the theoretical sequential model was extended to include trust as another level of the digital divide, finding that even though its role is significant, digital skills remain as the most influential driver.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Creació i Gestió d'Empreses

Uppsatsen undersöker geografiundervisningen på gymnasienivå. Undersökningen genomfördes med enkäter till geografilärare på gymnasienivå. Resultaten analyserar med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten visar att många olika arbetsmetoder används för att undervisa geografi och elevernas deltagande i undervisningen har varit en viktig punkt i lärarnas arbetsmetoder. I flera gymnasier finns det någon form av tvärvetenskapligt samarbete men majoriteten av gymnasierna har inte det på grund av en blandning av orsaker som tid, pengar och skolkulturen. Studien visar att geografi som skolämne är en komplicerad fråga gällande ämnesinnehållet i geografi på grund av så många olika ämnen kan ses som en del av geografiämnet. Studien visar att geografilärare på gymnasienivå ser det som ett viktigt ämne som ger eleverna ett vidare perspektiv på globaliseringens och hållbart resurshantering. Men samtidigt finns det en rädsla för att geografiämnet minskar i betydelse och försvinner

Cette these comprend un ensemble de recherches sur la phonetique du portugais du bresil. C'est un long travail descriptif presente en trois etapes : un precis qui renferme les regles generales de prononciation portugal-bresil ; une description detaillee de l'ensemble des sons utilises dans le portugais de dix-sept capitales d'etat (sur un total de vingt-trois) au bresil ; et une analyse du probleme complexe de la delimitation des aires linguistiques au bresil, dans le domaine de la phonetique. Ces travaux ne se limitent pas a une norme unique, mais a des exemples reels de la langue orale de toutes les regions bresiliennes, representees par ces capitales d'etat. Cette variete de composantes interregionales permet de cerner les principales caracteristiques du phonetisme bresilien et de mettre en question les criteres adoptes depuis les annees vingt pour la division du bresil en aires linguistiques. Un autre travail ("le bresil : la faillite de l'eldorado?") analyse les principaux problemes du bresil contemporain en egard a sa formation socio-economique : grands cycles de produits d'exportation et leurs consequences, formation d'un marche interne, repartition des revenus, le "miracle" economique bresilien, la transnationalisation de l'economie et les caracteristiques de l'endettement exterieur du bresil<br>This thesis is made up of a research whole about phonetics on brazil's portuguese. It is a long descriptive work presented in three stages : one precis including general rules of pronunciation ; one detailed description of the whole system of brazil's portuguese sounds in seventeen brazilian states (on txentythree); one analysis on the intricate problem of linguistic areas delimitation in brazil with regard to phonetics. These works exclude a single pattern and are based on examples of oral language as it is really spoken in all brazilian regions. This variety of pronunciations shows the principal peculiarities of brazilian portuguese. It also questions the foundations of brazil's division in linguistic areas adopted since the twenties. Another work (brazil : eldorado's failure?") analyses the principal contemporary brazil's problems attached to its socio-economical history : exportation produce cycles, inner market, revenue sharing, the brazilian economical "miracle", the economics transnationalization, brazil's international debt, etc

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union and the possibility of it, has been discussed in the news with reference to the term ‘Brexit’ extensively for at least the last two years. The role of the media has been an important issue around the Brexit decision, which had its peak in June 2016 with the EU-referendum, where the population of the United Kingdom voted in favour of leaving the EU. The given master thesis builds up on these preconditions and aims for a better understanding of the media representation of Brexit on transnational news platforms from Europe and beyond. More precisely, the media output on Deutsche Welle, France 24 and Al Jazeera English after the EU-referendum until the end of the year 2016 is examined and compared to each other. The given form of the study has emerged out of the lack of previous research, where only the role of the media before the EU-referendum and the media output within the United Kingdom have been under investigation. First, a Framing Analysis on a big sample is conducted, where the main frames and the scope of the articles are examined to get a broad picture of the way transnational media reports about the issue. Second, a Critical Discourse Analysis is carried out on a small part of the big sample. In this way, the media output can be investigated more in-depth and the results of both methods complement each other. The results show that even though differences occur, the media representation of Brexit on DW, F24 and AJE are remarkably similar. More similar even than it was expected beforehand. It occurs that the topic ‘Brexit’ is particularly presented with emphasis on the conflictual potential of it, although differences can be found in the application of a national (rather UK) or international context. Furthermore, an uncertainty is present in various elements of the articles on DW, F24 and AJE. The significance of this study is empirically, since knowledge can be generated of Brexit in transnational news. However, also methodological indications are included that can be significant for future research.

Hur kan en idrottare bygga upp ett starkt personligt varumärke och på vilket sätt försöker de använda sig av varumärket för att bredda sina karriärmöjligheter?Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur idrottare kan bygga upp sitt personliga varumärke och hur det kan användas för att bredda idrottarens karriärmöjligheter.Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ ansats med en deduktiv angreppssätt, detta för att kunna skapa en djupare förståelse inom ämnet. Vi har intervjuat fyra personer som jobbar med idrott fast med olika aspekter. Detta för att få en djupare och bredare informationstillgång.Vi har delat in den teoretiska referensramen i fyra huvudrubriker. I dessa redogör vi vad ett varumärke, personligt varumärke, varumärkesuppbyggande och karriärmöjligheter är.Med uppsatsen kom vi fram till ett flertal slutsatser men även några generella riktlinjer som vi tycker idrottare bör följa. Det första vi kunde konstatera var att det inte finns en mall som kunde följas utan idrottaren skall anpassa uppbyggnaden efter sin personlighet. Samt att individen bör vara aktiv i processen för att kunna bygga upp ett starkt personligt varumärke som är hållbart under en längre tid. Vi kom fram till att balansen mellan det naturliga och tillgjorda beteendet skall vara jämnt. Personligt varumärke skapar inte aktivt jobb men däremot öppnar möjligheter utanför sporten som kan leda till en breddning av karriären.

La brecha digital es un tema preocupante, debido a que el mundo transita hacia una sociedad de la información y en este proceso no todos tienen las mismas oportunidades para desarrollarse y asimilar los cambios que ocurren constantemente en la sociedad. Además el mundo cada vez se hace más dependiente de las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) y una persona que no tiene acceso a estas tecnologías tampoco tendrá acceso al desarrollo que vive actualmente – y en el futuro – la sociedad. La brecha digital como se dijo es un tema mundial, pero al mismo tiempo es un problema micro, de las regiones, países y comunidades. Este trabajo justamente apunta a analizar profundamente el problema desde el punto de vista de país y la brecha digital existente dentro de los países, para ello veremos el caso de Chile analizando la brecha digital entre las regiones de Chile y si las políticas públicas han ayudado a la reducción de la brecha digital. Para analizar lo anterior crearemos un índice para comparar la brecha digital entre las regiones, este índice es el ARES – llamado así por honor a sus creadores1 – el cual a diferencia de otros índices no sólo ve la brecha desde el punto vista privado, sino también desde el punto de vista social. Lo que buscamos no es sólo hacer un índice más, lo que realmente buscamos es tener una herramienta que ayude a los hacedores de política, focalizar mejor los recursos y recomendar algunas medidas a seguir. El trabajo se estructura de la siguiente manera: Tras una sección introductoria, en el capitulo 2 se analizará teóricamente la noción de brecha digital, cubriendo desde la definición de la misma hasta las formas de intervención del gobierno, en dicho capitulo efectuamos una revisión de otros índices que se han usado en la investigación de estos temas. En el capítulo 3 se verá en términos globales la brecha digital en Chile, como se encuentra en el marco internacional y la brecha digital entre sus regiones. En el capitulo 4 se construirá, discutirá y analizará los resultados del índice ARES. En el capitulo 5 se harán criticas y recomendaciones para reducir la brecha digital. En el capítulo final se extraerán las conclusiones finales.

Demeuré longtemps méconnu parmi ses contemporains du champ artistique, le graveur et dessinateur Rodolphe Bresdin (1822-1885) a néanmoins fait l'objet de plusieurs travaux scientifiques. Une exposition et un catalogue récents (B. N. F, 2000) attestent du regain d'intérêt de l'histoire de l'art pour l’artiste. La multiplicité des liens existants entre Bresdin et la littérature tend à autoriser que soit posé un regard littéraire complémentaire sur ce sujet. Devenu le modèle de l'artiste bohème maudit du Chien-Caillou de Champfleury, Bresdin fut à l'origine d'un mythe littéraire construit et enrichi par les divers écrits d’hommes de lettres. Parallèlement, son œuvre donna lieu à plusieurs critiques et transpositions d'art qui révèlent l'engagement de la littérature pour la promotion d'un artiste, mais trahissent aussi l'appropriation d'une œuvre pour la défense de théories propres. À l'inverse, Bresdin devait user du médium littéraire pour son expression artistique. En témoignent quelques contrats d'illustration, mais surtout l'idée d'un artiste lecteur et d’une œuvre lisible. Bresdin fit du livre l'une des sources principales de son œuvre. Il empruntait certains détails des vignettes de livres illustrés, éléments qu'il s'appropriait avant de les réintroduire dans ses propres travaux. Toutefois, l'artiste ne devait pas se contenter de cet emploi matériel, puisqu'il fit de ses lectures un intermédiaire à son inspiration, à l'expression de ses rêves et à la composition de ses estampes, véritables synthèses de sources diverses amalgamées<br>Although Rodolphe Bresdin (1822-1885), french engraver and draughtsman, remained unknown to his contemporaries of the artistic arena, he was the subject of several scientific researches. A recent exhibition and catalogue (B. N. F, 2000) testify to a renewed interest of Art History for this artist. Numerous links between Bresdin and literature allow a further literary eye on such a subject. Model of the bohemian accursed artist in Chien-Caillou from Champfleury, Bresdin was at the source of a literary myth which was built and enhanced by writers. At the same time, his work has generated several art critics and transpositions that reveal the commitment of literature for the promotion of one artiste, but betray the appropriation of one work in order to stand up own theories. Conversely, Bresdin made used of literary medium for his artistic expression. Several contracts as illustrator and, above all, the idea of a reader artist and a readable work prove it. Bresdin used book as a main source for his work. He took some details of vignettes of illustrated books, appropriated such elements, before reintroducing them in his own work. However, the artist didn’t content himself of such a material use, he used his reading as a go-between for his inspiration, for the expression of his dreams, and for the composition of his engravings, a real synthesis of several combined sources

Negli ultimi anni la città di Brescia ha assunto una ruolo di notevole importanza per quanto riguarda l'ambiente artistico-culturale italiano, grazie al crescente numero di iniziative ed eventi tematici, e grazie anche a continui e costanti investimenti per migliorarne il settore. In questo elaborato si affronterà un percorso volto ad analizzare i personaggi, gli enti museali e le gallerie che hanno avuto e stanno avendo un ruolo importante per rendere la città di Brescia una vera e propria città dell'arte.

La seguente ricerca si pone quale obiettivo lo studio del cantiere navale Breda di Porto Marghera, in un arco di tempo compreso dalla fine degli anni ’60 ai primi anni ’80. Nel redigere la struttura della qui presente, mi sono avvalso principalmente di fonti orali, debitamente messe in dialogo con le fonti archivistiche. La tesi è ripartita in tre capitoli. Il primo, inaugurato dalle agitazioni dei primi anni Sessanta, foriere dell’“autunno caldo”, terminerà attorno al 1975. Tale periodo contrassegnato da una crescita produttiva e occupazionale, vedrà l’affermarsi del sindacato e con esso l’avanzata del movimento operaio. Il cantiere sottoposto ad un massiccio processo di ristrutturazione, avviato nel ’73 in concomitanza con l’esplodere della crisi petrolifera, amplierà notevolmente le proprie capacità produttive, affacciandosi ad un mercato mondiale oramai proteso verso Oriente. Giunto agli sgoccioli degli anni ’70, quando inizieranno a soffiare i primi venti di crisi, lo stabilimento fino ad allora in mano all’EFIM sarà acquistato a titolo definitivo dalla finanziaria Fincantieri, già proprietà dell’IRI. Il secondo capitolo si pone quale obiettivo l’analisi dei rapporti sociali all’interno dello stabilimento. Dall’ingresso in cantiere all’incontro con il sindacato, fino ad arrivare ad esplorare gli spazi formali e informali gestiti dai lavoratori nel corso degli anni presi in esame. Il terzo capitolo, si concentrerà sulla prima metà degli anni ’80, un periodo drammatico, caratterizzato dall’abbattersi violento della crisi. Il cantiere, al pari delle altre realtà industriali, sarà investito da un ampio processo di riorganizzazione che impegnerà operai e sindacato in una strenua difesa dell’autonomia dello stabilimento e, assieme ad esso, del livello occupazionale, seriamente minacciato dall’utilizzo, ad opera dell’azienda, della cassa integrazione. Ci si dovrà misurare con processi volti a razionalizzare le attività produttive, secondo un’ottica di aumento della produttività a fronte di una riduzione della manodopera e di un netto peggioramento delle condizioni lavorative.

Thesis (M.M.)--Georgia State University, 2006.<br>Title from title screen. Alan Raines, committee chair; John Haberlen, N. Lee Orr, committee members. Electronic text (72 p. : music) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 10, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63).

The United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union – the so-called ‘Brexit’ referendum of 23 June 2016 – represents one of the most significant political moments in recent British history. The Brexit vote revealed long-established divisions within British society, ones which threaten the continued unity of the four constituent countries of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Brexit is undoubtedly an event in national and international politics, but it is also an event in culture, contributing to the emergence of new cultural forms which seek to reflect on and represent the state of the UK in the contemporary moment. This thesis’s focus is on fictional literatures which have arisen in the aftermath of the referendum – or ‘Brexlits’, to use Kristian Shaw’s term. Specifically, it employs a close analysis of several British novels published since June 2016 in order to shed light on Brexit’s divisions, and offer somewhat of an explanation for disparate voting patterns across the four constituent countries. Recognising that conceptions of national identity both contributed to Brexit, and will inevitably be influenced by its aftermath, the thesis adopts national identity as a lens through which to read the fictions, with Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland and England treated as distinct entities. While some similarities are noted across the national literatures, differences with respect to content, style and form are of greater significance. These divergences affirm the national divisions Brexit represents, and suggests that the continued existence of the United Kingdom in its current form is not guaranteed.

The effect of temperature and duration of leaf wetness (DLW) on sporulation of Bremia lactucae was determined for lettuce cv. Ithaca. A single spore isolate of B. lactucae was produced and was identified using lettuce differential lines each of which had known gene for resistance. Potted lettuce plants were inoculated with the isolate and incubated at 15 C, at 100% relative humidity for 24 h and then at a relative humidity lower than 70%. Seven days later, the plants were submitted to five different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 C) and six durations of leaf wetness (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 h). The number of spores produced was determined at the end of each wet period. After 4 h of incubation no spores were observed at any of the temperatures. Highest number of spores was found at 10 and 15 C for more than 10 h of DLW. The rate of sporulation rapidly increased between 8 and 10 h for all the temperatures, including 25 C, where the amount of spores produced was very low. The observed number of spores was transformed into proportion of maximum sporulation (PMS) by providing each data by the maximum number of spores observed for each experiment. The Richards model was used to describe sporulation as a function of leaf wetness duration and the rate and maximum value expressed as a function of temperature. This approach resulted in a three-dimensional equation that explained 87% of the variation in the PMS. Spore viability was also estimated for each temperature and DLW. It was zero after 6 h of incubation and reached almost the maximum after 10 h for all the temperatures. The sporulation model was validated under field conditions and it predicted high, medium, low, or no sporulation in 8 out of 11 times.

AbstractDue to widening participation in higher education, so-called språkverkstäder (academic writing centers) have been founded and are now present at most of the larger Swedish universities. The main activity at writing centers are individual tutorials in academic writing, reading and study skills. At most of the writing centers, tutors also give lectures and workshops in general academics, sometimes in cooperation with the university teachers at the departments. The aim of this study is to broaden the knowledge about a group of tutors who work with students in study difficulties in extended tutorials. Research questions are asked about what jurisdiction the tutors have over the professional work with the students, both in the individual tutorials and in other work tasks at the writing centers. Through interviews with eight tutors, data were collected and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Based on the theoretical approach of critical pragmatism, democratic goals like inclusion of all, are associated with the tutors’ descriptions of what in this study is regarded as a special educational work at the academic writing centers. As an analytical and interpretive frame categorial and relational perspectives together with Abbott’s theory about jurisdictional control over expert labor are used. The result shows that the tutors’ claim over their professional work with students in study difficulties vary. The jurisdictional claim depends upon the tutors’ educational background, on how the area of work and knowledge are defined and on how it is described, understood and negotiated by other professionals at the university. In the struggle about who should do what to whom the students in study difficulties are at risk to becoming invisible. Further, the jurisdiction depends upon how the tutors perceives their democratic mission within the reality of widening participation. Overall, the result shows a weak jurisdiction for the tutors at the academic writing center regarding their work with students in study difficulties. The study draws the conclusions that work with students in study difficulties needs more attention at writing centers, and that tutors need more knowledge about teaching a diverse student body with different learning realities. In this context, special educational expertise and special educational perspectives can be of use for the development of both writing center practice and theory. Futhermore, a professionalization of the writing tutor work is crucial for writing centers in order to contribute to the inclusion work in higher education and truly become a writing center for all. Finally, the question of support for students in study difficulties needs to be regarded as a matter for all professions in higher education.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estratégia<br>A saída do Reino Unido da União Europeia, vulgo Brexit, é um dos maiores, senão o maior desafio que a UE enfrentou. Com esta decisão de um dos principais Estado-Membro, colocar-se-ão uma série de desafios a esta organização supranacional, nomeadamente em termos económicos, securitários e institucionais. Tendo Portugal uma relação secular com aquele país, e considerando a interdependência em relação a transações comerciais, movimento de cidadãos e capacidades de defesa e segurança, torna-se necessário identificar quais as implicações que a saída do Reino Unido terá nos interesses estratégicos de Portugal. Pretende-se, por isso, identificar quais os interesses estratégicos nacionais e relacioná-los com os dois cenários que têm sido apontados para a saída do Reino Unido da União Europeia – saída com acordo e saída sem acordo – identificando assim quais as implicações que resultarão para Portugal em matéria de segurança nacional e segurança económica. Dos resultados obtidos, considera-se que existirão implicações aos interesses estratégicos portugueses, em especial nos que visam a salvaguarda económica nacional, nos dois modelos de saída do Reino Unido em análise. No entanto, num modelo de saída com Acordo tais implicações serão de impacto mais reduzido<br>The exit of the UK from the EU, known as Brexit, is one of the major, if not the biggest challenge the EU as faced. With this decision of one of the main Member-States, this supranational organization will face a series of challenges in economic, security and institutional terms. As Portugal as a historical relationship with that country, and bearing in mind the interdependency towards commercial transactions, citizen’s movement and security and defense capabilities, it is crucial to identify the implications that Brexit will have on the Portuguese national strategic interests. With this paper we intend to identify the main Portuguese national strategic interests and relate them with the two scenarios in consideration for Brexit – exist with an agreement and exist without agreement – identifying thus the implications that can result from it for Portugal in terms of national and economic security. From the results obtained, we can assume that there will be implications for the Portuguese strategic interests, especially on those related to economic security, on both proposed exist models of the UK existing the EU. Nevertheless, those impacts will have a reduced impact if the agreement model is the one that happens.<br>N/A

Cette these analyse les strategies professionnelles des urbanistes bresiliens depuis la constitution de ce champ professionnel. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre de la depuis la constitution de ce champ professionnel. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre de la sociologie des professions et repose sur une comparaison avec le developpement de ces professions dans d'autres pays. Elle revele l'apparent paradoxe bresilien : les problems de l'urbanisme, aux penchants reformistes, se sonht en realite - a l'exception de la periode developpementaliste - davantage epanouies au bresil sous des regimes autoritaires que sous des regimes democratiques. Au terme de notre analyse, une question reste en suspens : alors que les professeurs de l'urbanisme, notamment celles liees a la planification, au bresil comme ailleurs, semblent aujourd'hui depasses, pourront-elles construire un nouveau projet professionnel?<br>This thesis examines the professional strategies of brazilian urbanists and planners since the origins of those professions. Our approach is based on the sociology of professions and on a comparison between professions of urbanism's development in others countries. It shows the apparent brazilian paradox: the professions of urbanism, always progressists, have gained more recognition under authoritarian regimes than under democratic regimes (except the developentalist era) in brazil. It seems that the professions of urbanism, especially planners, in brasil as everywhere else, will not survive. Can urbanists and planners build a new professional progejt ?

L'objectif de notre travail est d'etudier la toxicocinetique du cadmium chez la brebis. Un modele tricompartimental a permis d'analyser le devenir du cadmium chez la brebis tarie et en lactation apres administrations uniques ou repetees de chlorure de cadmium par voies intraveineuse et orale. Nous avons de solides arguments en faveur de la linearite du modele. Chez les brebis taries, la biodisponibilite orale du cadmium a ete tres faible (0,12-0,50%), la distribution dans l'organisme large (vss=17-35 l/kg) et les capacites d'epuration faibles (c1=0,12-0,24 l/kg/j). Chez les brebis en lactation, les temps moyens de residence n'ont pas ete augmentes (mrt-1100,013 l/kg/j) parce que la distribution du cadmium dans l'organisme a ete plus large (vss=48,810,3 l/kg/j). Lors de nos experimentations, une brebis tarie a absorbe plus de cadmium que les autres brebis (f=5%) et l'a elimine plus rapidement (mrt=78j). Le cadmium, absorbe en plus grande quantite, a pu induire des lesions tubulaires renales qui ont pu accelerer son elimination. La clairance mammaire du cadmium a ete faible et a varie dans le temps. Sur l'ensemble de la lactation, elle a represente 2 a 5% de la clairance totale. Les reins puis le foie ont presente les concentrations les plus elevees en cadmium. Le lendemain et 81 j apres la derniere administration orale de cadmium, 0,09% de la dose totale etait presente dans les reins ; dans le foie ces pourcentages etaient 0,19 et 0,10%. Les reins semblaient retenir le cadmium plus durablement que le foie. L'administration simultanee de plomb a augmente les concentrations en cadmium dans le sang, le lait et les organes. Ce modele pourrait etre utilise pour tester des methodes susceptibles de diminuer la biodisponibilite du cadmium

The objective of this work is to evaluate the consequences of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union in the field of Private International Law, with a focus on the enforcement of civil judgments between the UK and the EU after “Brexit”. The theme is part of a broader debate, which has involved the European Institutions, the British Government and the European academia and has been focused on the identification of the relevant rules on international jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of civil judgments in Europe, after the discontinuation of the Acquis Communautaire and the Brussels Ibis Regulation. On the assumption of the uncertainty surrounding the issue and the unfortunate outcome of a “no-deal Brexit”, the discussion is first articulated over the framing of the historical and political context within which the will to withdraw has been formed and expressed and over the analysis of the different reconstructive hypotheses that have been put forward since the 2016 British vote, in order to highlight the problematic aspects and the juridical limits that prevent the usability of each. Then, on the premise that reference should be made to the national rules of Private International Law and, more specifically, to the common law, if we consider the English legal system, the reflection unfolds in a dialectical reconstruction of the legislation in question in light of the principles that govern the Brussels regime, with the aim of emphasizing the consequences of Brexit in terms of more complex procedural fulfillments and increased time and costs that will aggravate creditors whose claims require compulsory satisfaction in the United Kingdom. More generally, the comparison between the avant-garde project implemented by the European Institutions with the Recast Brussels Regulation and the outdated principles governing the matter of English conflict of laws allows a critical evaluation of the epistemological and cultural value of the British withdrawal from the European Union, since in the claims of autonomy and renewed sovereignty of the United Kingdom we must recognize the prelude of a new dialectical interaction between common law and civil law. In this respect, the challenge for scholars cannot be limited to a mere consideration of the technicalities of the new regime for the enforcement of European civil judgments in the UK after Brexit, but is enriched by an essential comparative approach that the transnational dimension of legal protection demands to be accomplished.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-06T13:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-29. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-10-06T13:18:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000848743_20170701.pdf: 75109 bytes, checksum: 4e73310d731d8cd4155e8befdabcb519 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-07-24T11:34:13Z: 000848743_20170701.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-07-24T11:35:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000848743.pdf: 1219320 bytes, checksum: 860d36a9c731bc409e4f48cae9beb4cf (MD5)<br>Conseguiu-se avançar progênies F3 de alface-crespa resistentes a B. lactucae, até conseguirem estabilidade fenotípica nas gerações F5 e F6, por meio da seleção tanto dentro como entre famílias, com base na coloração verde-clara e alta crespicidade das folhas, tamanho grande, ausência de brotações laterais, tolerância ao pendoamento precoce e queima dos bordos. Diante do exposto, os objetivos deste trabalho consistiram em caracterizar as linhagens em geração F5: L1, L2, L3 e L4, e em geração F6: L5, L6, L7 e L8, em relação à resistência às raças SPBl:03, SPBl:04, SPBl:05, SPBl:06, SPBl:07, SPBl:09, SPBl:10, SPBl:11 e SPBl:12 de B. lactucae identificadas no Estado de São Paulo e à mistura delas, assim como selecionar linhagens superiores por seus caracteres agronômicos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade, em diferentes municípios e épocas de cultivo por meio da metodologia REML/BLUP, para possibilitar a recomendação das referidas linhagens. Para a caracterização da resistência, o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial de 10 X 9, determinado pelas nove raças de B. lactucae e a mistura delas, e pelas oito linhagens de alface-crespa e a cultivar Solaris suscetível, em quatro repetições. Cada raça e a mistura delas foram inoculadas isoladamente e avaliaram-se o índice de latência por meio de notas (notas de 0 a 12), dependendo do dia do aparecimento dos primeiros sinais do patógeno, e a porcentagem de plântulas com esporângios em 20 plântulas por parcela. Para avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade das linhagens, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 10 x 6 x 2, sendo 10 genótipos (oito linhagens, Vanda e Vera), seis áreas de produtores de alface nos municípios de Monte Alto, São Simão, Aramina, Mogi das Cruzes, Biritiba-Mirim e Salesópolis, e duas épocas de cultivo de Outono-Inverno de 2014 e Primavera- Verão de...<br>It was possible to advance progenies F3 of crisp leaf lettuce resistant to B. lactucae, to achieve phenotypic stability in the generations F5 and F6, by selecting individuals from both, within and between families, based on the bright green color and high roughness of the leaves, large size, absence of side buds and tolerance to bolting and tip burn. Thus, the aims of this work consisted of characterize the lineages in generations F5: L1, L2, L3, L4, and in generations F6: L5, L6, L7, L8, related to their resistance to the races SPBl:03, SPBl:04, SPBl:05, SPBl:06, SPBl:07, SPBl:09, SPBl:10, SPBl:11 and SPBl:12 of B. lactucae identified in São Paulo State and to their mixture, as well as to select lineages superiors for their agronomic characters, adaptability and stability, in different municipalities and cropping seasons using the REML/BLUP methodology, in order to enable the recommendation of such lineages. To characterize the resistance, the experimental model was completely randomized in a factorial design of 10 X 9, determined by the nine races of B. lactucae and their mixture, and the eight lineages of crisp leaf lettuce and the susceptible cultivar Solaris, with four replications. Each race and their mixture were separately inoculated and the index latency was evaluated by means of notes (notes from 0 to 12) depending on the day of appearance of the first signs of pathogen and the percentage of seedlings with sporangia, in 20 seedlings per plot. To assess lineages adaptability and stability, randomized blocks in a factorial design of 10 x 6 x 2 was used as experimental model, being 10 genotypes (eight lineages, Vanda and Vera), six areas of lettuce producers in the municipalities of Monte Alto, São Simão, Aramina, Mogi das Cruzes, Biritiba-Mirim and Salesópolis, and two cropping periods autumn-winter 2014 and spring-summer 2014-2015, with four replications; it was assessed the volume (cm3/plant), the total and commercial ...

Orientador: Leila Trevisan Braz<br>Banca: Rita de Cassia Panizzi<br>Banca: Renata Castoldi<br>Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula<br>Banca: Pablo Forlan Vargas<br>Resumo: Conseguiu-se avançar progênies F3 de alface-crespa resistentes a B. lactucae, até conseguirem estabilidade fenotípica nas gerações F5 e F6, por meio da seleção tanto dentro como entre famílias, com base na coloração verde-clara e alta crespicidade das folhas, tamanho grande, ausência de brotações laterais, tolerância ao pendoamento precoce e queima dos bordos. Diante do exposto, os objetivos deste trabalho consistiram em caracterizar as linhagens em geração F5: L1, L2, L3 e L4, e em geração F6: L5, L6, L7 e L8, em relação à resistência às raças SPBl:03, SPBl:04, SPBl:05, SPBl:06, SPBl:07, SPBl:09, SPBl:10, SPBl:11 e SPBl:12 de B. lactucae identificadas no Estado de São Paulo e à mistura delas, assim como selecionar linhagens superiores por seus caracteres agronômicos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade, em diferentes municípios e épocas de cultivo por meio da metodologia REML/BLUP, para possibilitar a recomendação das referidas linhagens. Para a caracterização da resistência, o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial de 10 X 9, determinado pelas nove raças de B. lactucae e a mistura delas, e pelas oito linhagens de alface-crespa e a cultivar Solaris suscetível, em quatro repetições. Cada raça e a mistura delas foram inoculadas isoladamente e avaliaram-se o índice de latência por meio de notas (notas de 0 a 12), dependendo do dia do aparecimento dos primeiros sinais do patógeno, e a porcentagem de plântulas com esporângios em 20 plântulas por parcela. Para avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade das linhagens, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 10 x 6 x 2, sendo 10 genótipos (oito linhagens, Vanda e Vera), seis áreas de produtores de alface nos municípios de Monte Alto, São Simão, Aramina, Mogi das Cruzes, Biritiba-Mirim e Salesópolis, e duas épocas de cultivo de Outono-Inverno de 2014 e Primavera- Verão de...<br>Abstract: It was possible to advance progenies F3 of crisp leaf lettuce resistant to B. lactucae, to achieve phenotypic stability in the generations F5 and F6, by selecting individuals from both, within and between families, based on the bright green color and high roughness of the leaves, large size, absence of side buds and tolerance to bolting and tip burn. Thus, the aims of this work consisted of characterize the lineages in generations F5: L1, L2, L3, L4, and in generations F6: L5, L6, L7, L8, related to their resistance to the races SPBl:03, SPBl:04, SPBl:05, SPBl:06, SPBl:07, SPBl:09, SPBl:10, SPBl:11 and SPBl:12 of B. lactucae identified in São Paulo State and to their mixture, as well as to select lineages superiors for their agronomic characters, adaptability and stability, in different municipalities and cropping seasons using the REML/BLUP methodology, in order to enable the recommendation of such lineages. To characterize the resistance, the experimental model was completely randomized in a factorial design of 10 X 9, determined by the nine races of B. lactucae and their mixture, and the eight lineages of crisp leaf lettuce and the susceptible cultivar Solaris, with four replications. Each race and their mixture were separately inoculated and the index latency was evaluated by means of notes (notes from 0 to 12) depending on the day of appearance of the first signs of pathogen and the percentage of seedlings with sporangia, in 20 seedlings per plot. To assess lineages adaptability and stability, randomized blocks in a factorial design of 10 x 6 x 2 was used as experimental model, being 10 genotypes (eight lineages, Vanda and Vera), six areas of lettuce producers in the municipalities of Monte Alto, São Simão, Aramina, Mogi das Cruzes, Biritiba-Mirim and Salesópolis, and two cropping periods autumn-winter 2014 and spring-summer 2014-2015, with four replications; it was assessed the volume (cm3/plant), the total and commercial ...<br>Doutor

Posmatrajući gradove kao nosioce kulturnih, društvenih i političkihpromjena, razumijevajući funkcije grada i osnovne elemente grada kao nosiocetih funkcija, brend i brendiranje su koncepcije u službi prepoznavanja ipodsticanja privrednog razvoja. Rezultati istraživanja prikazani u ovojdoktorskoj disertaciji su pokazali da izgradnjom modela grada zasnovanog naprocesnom pristupu se pruža mogućnost da upravljanje brendom grada(upravljanje procesima - komponentama grada) se ostvare strateški ciljevigrada. Efektivno i efiaksno upravljanje komponentama grada ima presudanuticaj na privredni razvoj grada.<br>Observing cities as the holders of cultural, social and political changes andunderstanding city functions and basic elements of any city as holders of theaforementioned functions, a brand and branding are concepts for the purpose ofrecognition and encouragement of economic development. The research resultspresented in this PhD dissertation have shown that a creation of city model based onthe process approach enables the possibility to run the brand of the city. Effectiveand efficient managing of city components has the crucial effect on the cityeconomic development.

In June 2016, UK chose to terminate the EU membership. The negotiation period for the exit (Brexit) has started at a time the UK economy has become increasingly dependent on the service sector as the main engine of job generation and a source of export demand. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of how Brexit possibly influences the service economy within the UK. The empiric data is collected from recent journal articles exposing issues regarding the service economy fallacies reasoned for regarding distribution of goods, user-financed services and tax-financed services. Findings revealed that a termination of the EU membership has led to market consternation and dramatic drop in the British Pound Sterling, which may affect the production costs, the wages, and the international trade that may lead to the fact that the competitiveness of the UK's service economy may be weaken. Besides, the sustainability of the pension system may be negatively affected due to the decreased immigration from other EU member states. Also, there is a need to reconstruction of the security and defence policies, which on the other hand may meet obstacles to remain the cost-efficiency.

A "Brecha Algarvia" é, na realidade, um calcário bioclástico com aspecto brechoide, em tons de rosa, creme ou castanho acinzentado. As suas características particulares conferem-lhe alguma singularidade como rocha ornamental. A cartografia geológica, na temática das rochas ornamentais, realizada na região entre Tavira e S. Brás de Alportel (Algarve oriental), teve em atenção a variação de factores como a fitologia, a cor e textura da rocha, e a intensidade da fracturação e da carsificação. Complementada pela execução de sondagens e estudos de fracturação, esta cartografia permitiu delimitar duas zonas com aptidão preferencial para a exploração do geo-recurso "Brecha Algarvia": uma na região de Sto. Estêvão, concelho de Tavira, com cerca de 44,2 ha, e outra a sul da Mesquita, concelho de S. Brás de Alportel, com aproximadamente 88,8 ha. Com base nos dados colhidos, os recursos disponíveis "in sitt foram calculados em cerca de 26 e 16 milhões de toneladas, respectivamente para cada uma das zonas, considerando uma profundidade de exploração até 50 m. No âmbito da geologia estrutural, foi realizado um breve estudo das principais estruturas geológicas que afectam a área, permitindo o seu enquadramento na evolução tectónica da Bacia Algarvia e resultando na execução de um mapa estrutural. Foram também identificadas e caracterizadas algumas estruturas mesoscópicas locais, relacionadas com as diversas fases da evolução geodinâmica da região, tais como: compacção e diagénese, distensão da bacia Algarvia e posterior inversão tectónica.

Mestrado em Finanças<br>O objetivo do trabalho é entender se o Brexit pode ser visto como um choque capaz de provocar contágio financeiro nos mercados bolsistas europeus. O contágio financeiro é definido como um aumento significativo nas correlações cross-market e nas volatilidades após um choque. Para testar a hipótese de contágio procedeu-se com a estimação das correlações e dos DP condicionais por meio de um modelo VAR-MGARCH: obteve-se evidência empírica de que o Brexit causou contágio financeiro.<br>The objective of this work is to understand if the Brexit can be considered as a shock capable of causing financial contagion in the European stock markets. Financial contagion is defined as a significant increase in cross-market correlations and volatilities after a shock. To test the hypothesis of contagion I estimated the conditional correlations and standard deviations through a VAR-MGARCH model: I got empirical evidence of financial contagion caused by the Brexit.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The objects of interest in this thesis are classifying spaces EFG for discrete groups G with stabilisers in a given family F of subgroups of G. The main focus of this thesis lies in the family Fvc(G) of virtually cyclic subgroups of G. A classifying space for this specific family is denoted by EG. It has a prominent appearance in the Farrell–Jones Conjecture. Understanding the finiteness properties of EG is important for solving the conjecture. This thesis aims to contribute to answering the following question for a group G: what is the minimal dimension a model for EG can have? One way to attack this question is using methods in homological algebra. The natural choice for a cohomology theory to study G-CW-complexes with stabilisers in a given family F is known as Bredon cohomology. It is the study of cohomology in the category of OFG-modules. This category relates to models for EFG in the same way as the category of G-modules relates to the study of universal covers of Eilenberg–Mac Lane spaces K(G; 1). In this thesis we study Bredon (co-)homological dimensions of groups. A major part of this thesis is devoted to collect existing homological machinery needed to study these dimensions for arbitrary families F. We contribute to this collection. After this we turn our attention to the specific case of F = Fvc(G). We derive a geometric method for obtaining a lower bound for the Bredon (co-)homological dimension of a group G for a general family F, and subsequently show how to exploit this method in various cases for F = Fvc(G). Furthermore we construct model for EG in the case that G belongs to a certain class of infinite cyclic extensions of a group B and that a model for EB is known. We give bounds on the dimensions of these models. Moreover, we use this construction to give a concrete model for EG, where G is a soluble Baumslag–Solitar group. Using this model we are able to determine the exact Bredon (co-)homological dimensions of these groups. The thesis concludes with the study of groups G of low Bredon dimension for the family Fvc(G) and we give a classification of countable, torsion-free, soluble groups which admit a tree as a model for EG

Dentro de la historia del arte, el cómic, tiene un lugar excesivamente pobre, no solo por su juventud (posee un poco más de cien años desde su creación), sino por la marginalidad en que lo han catalogado y lo ubicaron la mayoría de los entendidos en el arte. Si bien en los últimos tiempos, el cómic, ha obtenido algún reconocimiento mayor, su valoración sigue siendo mala, por debajo de su presunto valor artístico, plástico y técnico. Seguramente su masividad y falta de calidad en la impresión ha ayudado a marginarle. Alberto Breccia, uno de los maestros de la historia del cómic nos acercará, a la máxima expresión artística y expresiva que este medio puede llegar a dar, llevándonos a la disyuntiva entre el arte y el éxito comercial que fue su problemática de vida. No dudó en utilizar los conceptos y técnicas más vanguardistas en el arte de su tiempo, enriqueciéndolas y adaptándolas a su medio de expresión, el cómic. Su vínculo con la imagen lo llevo a buscar la máxima expresión visual; esto lo llevo repetidas veces a una marginalidad e incomprensión del espectador y los editores. Las técnicas de impresiones gráficas modernas le dieron nuevas aperturas, posibilidades multiplicadas más allá de lo puramente lineal. El lenguaje visual utilizado por Breccia, totalmente innovador, ha sido uno de los motivos de este trabajo dedicado a analizar su obra, sus etapas evolutivas, su metodología plástica y compositiva, en primer lugar, no solo quedándome con lo estrictamente técnico, sino también puntualizando los aspectos personales, históricos y políticos que circundaron su persona. Esta tesis doctoral recopila, muestra y analizar la extensa obra de Alberto Breccia. Un realizador de historietas que impuso con nuevos medios y nuevos recursos y una obra innovadora que pudo encontrar vías antes no imaginadas para el discurso político.<br>Fellinger, CM. (2012). Alberto Breccia. La pulsión de un ideario [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/15177<br>Palancia

Ce travail etudie la politique menee a l7egard des indiens dans la periode 1930-1967. Comprendre correctement l'action de l'etat en la matiere implique que cette derniere soit replacee dans le contexte de l'evolution general du pays. Dans ce sens, les modifications survenues a partir des annees 1930 gagnent en lisibilite si l'on prend compte du lancement de la marche vers l'ouest. C'est aussi dans ce contexte qui doivent etre interpretes la suppression du service de protection des indiens et son remplacement par un nouvel organisme, la fondaton nationale de l'indien<br>This work covers brazilian indian politics from 1930 to 1967. In order to understand governmental action in this respect we place the subject in the context of the general evolution of the country. Thus, the changes that occured from 1930 onwards can be better understood if the beginning of the frontier movement towards the west is considered. This also enables to appreciate the end of the indian protection service and its replacement by a new institution, the indian's national foundation

Description detaillee de l'ensemble des caracteristiques phonetico-phonologiques du portugais du bresil. Les exemples analyses ne se limitent pas a une norme unique, mais a des occurences reelles de la langue orale de dix-sept etats (sur un total de vingt-trois) appartenant a toutes les regions du bresil. Cette analyse met en evidence les principaux axes du comportement phonique des bresiliens a travers la variete des composantes interregionales mises en jeu. Une comparaison avec le systeme normatif du portugal degage un grand nombre de particularites du portugais au bresil en ce qui concerne des sons nouveaux, ainsi que des performances nouvelles a partir de graphies existantes et prononcees tout autrement au portugal. Les points communs de la langue orale des deux pays sont egalement traites afin d'aboutir a une esquisse du systeme phonetique de la langue portugaise. En aires linguistiques. Un autre travail ("le bresil : la faillite de l'eldorado?") analyse les principaux problemes du bresil contemporain eu egard a sa formation socio-economique : grands cycles de produits d'exportation et leurs consequences, formation d'un marche interne, repartition des revenus, le "miracle" economique bresilien, la transnationalisation de l'economie et les caracteristiques de l'endettement exterieur du bresil<br>A detailed description of the whole system of brazil's portuguese sounds, following their acustical characteristics, must always be based on real occurences of oral language. They have been taken from the spontaneous language spoken by educated people in seventeen brazilian states (of the twenty-five which constitute the country). These pronunciations, seen outside a single pattern, show a great number of peculiarities of brazilian portuguese, such as new sounds and new oral performances from graphic portuguese supports already existent. It also shows common aspects of pronunciation in comparison with protugal. Questions the foundations of brazil's division in linguistic areas adopted since the twenties. Another work ("brazil : eldorado's failure?") analyses the principal contemporary brazil's problems attached to its socio-economical history : exportation produce cycles, inner market, revenue sharing, the brazilian economical "miracle", the economics' transnationalization, brazil's international debt, etc

Pour comprendre le role du systeme igf dans la croissance et l'atresie des follicules ovariens chez la brebis, nous avons etudie l'evolution de chacun des elements qui le composent (igf-i, igf-ii, proteines de liaison, recepteur igf-i et recepteur igf-ii/m6p) dans les follicules en fonction de leur taille et de leur qualite. Le recepteur de l'igf-i apparait tres tot au cours de la croissance folliculaire dans la granulosa. La quantite de recepteurs ne varie pas avec la taille du follicule entre 800m et 8mm de diametre. Elle diminue par contre dans les follicules atretiques de moins de 2mm de diametre. Dans les follicules normaux, le recepteur igf-ii/m6p est present essentiellement au niveau de la theque. Dans les follicules atretiques par contre, il est surtout retrouve dans la granulosa, quelle que soit la taille des follicules. La signification physiologique de ce phenomene est inconnue pour le moment. Les teneurs en igf-i dans le liquide folliculaire ne varient ni avec la taille, ni avec la qualite des follicules entre 2mm et 8mm de diametre. Dans les follicules preovulatoires, elles sont correlees avec les teneurs en igf-i presentes dans le serum, ce qui suggere une origine endocrine partielle. Les teneurs en igf-ii sont une fois et demi plus fortes dans les follicules atretiques compris entre 2 et 3,5mm de diametre, que dans les follicules de plus de 5,5mm. Il n'existe pas de correlation avec les teneurs en igf-ii presentes dans le serum. La croissance folliculaire est caracterisee par une augmentation du rapport bp3/igfbps<40kda. L'atresie par contre, est caracterisee par une chute importante de ce rapport. Les variations des teneurs en igfbps<40kda dans le liquide folliculaire sont independantes des igfbps presentes dans le serum. Elles resultent donc de phenomenes intrafolliculaires. Les resultats obtenus in vitro montrent que ces modifications du profil des igfbps sont responsables d'alterations importantes de la biodisponibilite des igfs sur les cellules de granulosa. L'evolution des teneurs intrafolliculaires en igfbps constituent donc certainement un element cle de la folliculogenese

Notre etude portait sur l'utilisation du des au bresil. Jusqu'aujourd'hui aucun rapport avait ete fait sur ce sujet. Nous pouvons conclure de cette recherche, notamment a rio de janeiro : 1 - que le des a ete utilise au bresil avec indication obstetricale 2 - que le des a ete commercialise avec indication obstetricale, sous le nom de stilbestrol-johnson entre les annees 1946 et 1969, quand il n'est plus trouve dans les prescriptions medicales des patientes hospitalises. 3 - que le des etait encore commercialise pour d'autres indications gynecologiques, comme la dysmenorrhee, au debut des annees 90. 4 - que le des avait comme indications obstetricales le traitement de la menace de fausse couche (19,8%), le traitement des seins turgides pendant la grossesse ou apres l'accouchement (21,1%), et la suppression de la lactation (58,5). 5 - que le des a ete utilise, pour indication obstetricale en hospitalisation, entre 1957 et 1969 avec un maximum d'utilisation entre 1957 et 1967. 6 - que entre 1957 et 1967, a la ville de rio de janeiro, on a eu un minimum de 16. 459 et un maximum de 36. 681 femmes exposees directement au des (les meres distilbene). 7 - que entre 1957 et 1967, a la ville de rio de janeiro, ou a eu un minimum de 3. 264 et un maximum de 7. 336 enfants exposes in-utero. 8 - que les medecins au bresil sembent ignorer, au moins en partie, la gravite des consequences possibles de cette utilisation. 9 - qu'il est donc important de prendre des atittudes pour la gestion du probleme.

Les constituants de la matrice extracellulaire (mec) interviennent localement dans la regulation des fonctions cellulaires (migration, proliferation, differenciation, survie/apoptose) au sein de nombreux tissus. Le travail realise au cours de cette these a pour but de determiner les roles potentiels des elements de la mec dans la regulation des fonctions des cellules folliculaires au cours de la croissance terminale et de l'atresie des follicules ovariens chez la brebis. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherche a caracteriser la composition de la mec presente in vivo au niveau des follicules ovariens, ainsi que ses changements au cours de la croissance terminale et de l'atresie folliculaire. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous avons etudie les effets de composes matriciels in vitro sur la proliferation et la steroidogenese de cellules de granulosa. Dans les follicules a antrum, les cellules de granulosa les plus externes reposent sur une membrane basale constituee de laminine, de collagene de type iv, de proteoglycannes a heparane sulfate et de fibronectine. La croissance folliculaire terminale est caracterisee par une augmentation des teneurs en collagene de type i au niveau des cellules de granulosa, et d'une augmentation des teneurs en fibronectine ed-a au niveau de la theque externe. L'atresie folliculaire s'accompagne d'une disparition rapide de la fibronectine ed-a thecale, et se poursuit par une augmentation plus tardive des teneurs en fibronectine, laminine, collagene de type iv et proteoglycannes a heparane sulfate au niveau des cellules de granulosa. Le collagene de type i, utilise comme support de culture, ainsi que l'heparine additionnee dans le milieu de culture, stimulent la secretion d'oestradiol et inhibe la secretion de progesterone des cellules de granulosa ovines. L'effet de ces deux composes matriciels semble passer, en partie, par un maintien de la forme ronde des cellules de granulosa. A l'inverse, la laminine, la fibronectine, et, dans une moindre mesure les peptides arg-gly-asp, utilises comme support de culture, induisent l'etalement et la proliferation des cellules de granulosa tout en reduisant parallelement leurs activites steroigenes. Ces resultats suggerent que : 1) l'augmentation des teneurs en collagene de type i au cours de la croissance folliculaire terminale pourrait participer a l'induction et/ou au maintien de la secretion d'oestradiol par cellules de granulosa ; 2) la secretion d'oestradiol in vitro dependrait etroitement du maintien de la forme ronde des cellules de granulosa et serait inversement correlee a leur activite de proliferation.

Nel 23 giugno 2016 nel Regno Unito è stato indetto un referendum sulla permanenza o meno del Paese nell’Unione europea. La tesi si propone di fornire una panoramica sulle vicende che si sono susseguite dopo la vittoria del leave a partire dal 2016 fino ai giorni nostri. A seguito di un’analisi di tipo politico e sociale è intento dell’elaborato studiare anche le conseguenze in ambito culturale attraverso un focus sul settore audiovisivo del cinema e della televisione. Obiettivo della tesi è dunque individuare i rischi, le possibilità che un eventuale accordo apporterebbe al settore e come questo reagirebbe a tali cambiamenti.

Mentre nella campagna referendaria di Brexit la questione è stata quasi completamente ignorata, Irlanda del Nord e confine irlandese si sono guadagnati un ruolo centrale nei negoziati per l’uscita del Regno Unito dall’Unione Europea. La maggior parte delle ricerche su Brexit prendono in considerazione dati e analisi relative a tutto il paese, non considerando il fatto che l’Inghilterra ha molto più peso politico e demografico delle altre parti del Regno Unito. Tutto ciò si è reso evidente anche nella campagna referendaria nazionale, dove gli interessi di Irlanda del Nord e Scozia non sono stati presi in analisi come dovuto. Nella mia ricerca ripercorro la travagliata storia dell’Irlanda del Nord e il più recente processo di pace per sottolineare l’importanza di prestare attenzione alle particolari necessità della regione in un contesto come quello del referendum britannico sull’Unione Europea e delle successive negoziazioni con essa. Inoltre, metto a confronto la campagna referendaria nazionale con quella Nordirlandese, dando spazio alle opinioni dei maggiori partiti politici della regione e ai gruppi d’interesse locali sui temi del referendum, oltre alle loro reazioni al risultato del voto. Infine, analizzo come il governo britannico ha gestito i negoziati con l’Unione Europea portando l’attenzione su come Irlanda del Nord e confine irlandese siano diventati centrali in questo contesto e nel risultante accordo di uscita dall’UE. La mia ricerca mostra ciò che sembra essere un atteggiamento superficiale da parte del governo britannico sulla questione, oltre a una mancanza di adeguata preparazione per risolvere questa nuova ‘questione irlandese’ nel contesto di Brexit. La decisione di convocare un referendum sull’Unione Europea, in primo luogo, non tiene conto delle conseguenze che la vittoria del ‘Leave’ poteva avere sull’Irlanda del Nord, la quale si appoggia fortemente a fondi e strutture europee. Anche per questo motivo l’accordo finale aveva, fra gli altri, l’obiettivo di mantenere il più inalterato possibile l’equilibrio nordirlandese: nonostante ciò, non è riuscito a soddisfare le fazioni unioniste più convinte, come è stato reso evidente dagli episodi di violenza che si sono succeduti nella regione a partire da inizio 2021. Si può perciò dire che l’accordo ha destabilizzato il fragile equilibrio politico raggiunto dall’Accordo di Belfast del 1998.

Recentemente il termine Euro-English è diventato sempre più utilizzato per descrive il modo in cui l’inglese viene parlato all’interno delle Istituzioni Europee, in particolare nell’Unione Europea. L’Euro-English è una variazione dell’inglese che sta diventando sempre più comune anche in Europa. Un tema fortemente collegato all’Euro-English è la Brexit, ovvero l’uscita della Gran Bretagna dall’Unione Europea. Essa ha comportato la scomparsa di un paese che abbia come prima lingua ufficiale l’inglese all’interno dell’Unione Europea. Questa trattazione si pone l’obiettivo di rispondere alle seguenti domande che sorgono spontaneamente: Come la Brexit potrebbe influenzare la lingua inglese? L’inglese non sarà più una lingua di lavoro all’interno dell’Unione Europea? Qual è il futuro dell’inglese in Europa? Per questo motivo un questionario di ricerca è stato indirizzato ad un campione di 153 persone di età, istruzione e nazionalità diverse. La ricerca ha voluto scoprire se l’uso dell’Euro-English è ormai diffuso nell’uso comune e se viene considerata modalità accettabile, oppure se l’inglese Standard prevale. I risultati ottenuti hanno contribuito a capire quanto il campione di popolazione esaminato conosce l’Euro-English e quanto e se la variazione della lingua inglese sia già stata assimilata.

Aux Antilles Françaises, les animaux d’élevage sont susceptibles d’être exposés à la chlordécone (CLD), Polluant Organique Persistant (POP) présent dans leur environnement. Afin de sécuriser les Denrées Alimentaires d’Origine Animale (DAOA) destinées à la consommation humaine, nos travaux ont porté sur l’étude du devenir de la CLD chez la brebis. Les objectifs de ces travaux étaient de comprendre comment s’effectue l’élimination de la molécule depuis l’organisme animal c’est-à-dire de déterminer par quelle(s) voie(s), sous quelle(s) forme (s), en combien de temps, en quelle quantité et par quels mécanismes s’élimine la CLD. Pour cette étude, deux volets ont été considérés : un volet analytique et un volet toxicocinétique. En effet, les méthodes de dosage connues des métabolites de la CLD ne permettaient pas d’obtenir la sensibilité et la fiabilité attendues pour nos travaux. Ainsi, un développement analytique de méthodes de dosage de la CLD et de ses métabolites dans les matrices d’intérêt a été mené. Ces travaux analytiques se sont appuyés sur une méthodologie d’extraction de type Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS), une analyse par chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS) et l’utilisation d’étalons internes isotopiques. Ce développement permet de disposer de méthodes de dosage sensibles, rapides et fiables de la CLD et de ses métabolites dans différentes matrices animales. A l’issue de l’étape de développement analytique, les méthodes dans le foie, les fèces et les urines ont été validées à l’aide de profils d’exactitude établis selon la norme V03-110 et le guide SANTE de référence pour les pesticides. Pour exemple, dans la matrice foie, des limites de quantification de 1,36 µg kg-1 PF et de 2,50 µg kg-1 PF respectivement de chlordécone et de chlordécol (métabolite de la CLD) ont été retrouvées. Le deuxième volet de cette thèse s’est appuyé sur deux protocoles toxicocinétiques réalisés chez la brebis. A l’aide de ces expérimentations, il a été possible de combler une partie des lacunes sur la toxicocinétique de la CLD chez la brebis. Nos travaux ont démontré que la CLD est partiellement métabolisée en chlordécol (CLDOH) par la chlordécone réductase dans le foie des brebis. Par la suite, la CLD et le CLDOH peuvent être métabolisés à l’aide d’UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases et de sulfo-transferases en métabolites conjugués de la CLD et du CLDOH (CLD-C et CLDOH-C). Le CLDOH est un métabolite intermédiaire qui n’est quasiment jamais quantifié dans l’organisme animal hormis dans le tissu gras. L’élimination de la CLD se fait majoritairement via les fèces : 1/3 de la molécule parent CLD est éliminé sous forme de CLD et 1/6 est éliminé sous forme de CLDOH. La voie urinaire est une voie mineure d’élimination de la CLD. A l’aide de ces travaux, un modèle compartimental a été proposé. Sur la base de ce modèle, des travaux de modélisation seront possibles et permettront la proposition et la mise en place de stratégies de décontamination des ovins aux Antilles Françaises<br>In the French West Indies (FWI), farming animals can be exposed to CLD, a persistent organic pollutant (POP) bound to soil in contaminated areas. In order to produce safe animal products, this thesis was focused on the CLD’s fate in ewes. The aims were to determine by which way(s), in which form(s), in how much time, in which quantities and by which mechanisms, CLD would be eliminated from the animal body. In this thesis, two complementary approaches were followed. First it was necessary to improve the analytical methods especially for the metabolites in order to obtain more sensitive and reliable methods than the actual ones. In the analytical approach, methods for CLD and its metabolites were developed in various animal matrices suitable for the toxicokinetic studies. The extraction method was based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology and the analysis was performed with a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Isotopic Standards were also used. Thanks to this work, sensitive, quick and reliable methods were obtained in animal matrices. The set-up methods in liver, feces and urine were validated with accuracy profiles according to the French Standard NF V03-110 and European Union guidelines. Limits of quantifications of 1.36 μg kg−1 and 2.50 μg kg−1 of fresh liver were respectively found for chlordecone and chlordecol (the CLD’s metabolite). Secondly, and thanks to the analytical development, in vivo toxicokinetic studies were performed to determine the fate of CLD in ewes. The second approach of this thesis was based on two toxicokinetic protocols realized in ewes. The results revealed that CLD is partially metabolized in chlordecol (CLDOH) by the chlordecone reductase in ewe’s liver. Then, CLD and CLDOH can be conjugated by UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases and sulfo-transferases in conjugated metabolites (CLD-C and CLDOH-C). It appeared that CLDOH is only an intermediate metabolite which is almost never quantified in the organism except in fat tissue. The major route of CLD elimination is in feces: 1/3 of the molecule is eliminated in its CLD’s form and 1/6 in its CLDOH’s form. The urinary way of CLD elimination is minor. Based on the obtained results, a compartmental model was proposed. It will allow to propose and to establish ovine decontamination strategies in the FWI

Aux Antilles Françaises, les animaux d’élevage sont susceptibles d’être exposés à la chlordécone (CLD), Polluant Organique Persistant (POP) présent dans leur environnement. Afin de sécuriser les Denrées Alimentaires d’Origine Animale (DAOA) destinées à la consommation humaine, nos travaux ont porté sur l’étude du devenir de la CLD chez la brebis. Les objectifs de ces travaux étaient de comprendre comment s’effectue l’élimination de la molécule depuis l’organisme animal c’est-à-dire de déterminer par quelle(s) voie(s), sous quelle(s) forme (s), en combien de temps, en quelle quantité et par quels mécanismes s’élimine la CLD. Pour cette étude, deux volets ont été considérés : un volet analytique et un volet toxicocinétique. En effet, les méthodes de dosage connues des métabolites de la CLD ne permettaient pas d’obtenir la sensibilité et la fiabilité attendues pour nos travaux. Ainsi, un développement analytique de méthodes de dosage de la CLD et de ses métabolites dans les matrices d’intérêt a été mené. Ces travaux analytiques se sont appuyés sur une méthodologie d’extraction de type Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS), une analyse par chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS) et l’utilisation d’étalons internes isotopiques. Ce développement permet de disposer de méthodes de dosage sensibles, rapides et fiables de la CLD et de ses métabolites dans différentes matrices animales. A l’issue de l’étape de développement analytique, les méthodes dans le foie, les fèces et les urines ont été validées à l’aide de profils d’exactitude établis selon la norme V03-110 et le guide SANTE de référence pour les pesticides. Pour exemple, dans la matrice foie, des limites de quantification de 1,36 µg kg-1 PF et de 2,50 µg kg-1 PF respectivement de chlordécone et de chlordécol (métabolite de la CLD) ont été retrouvées. Le deuxième volet de cette thèse s’est appuyé sur deux protocoles toxicocinétiques réalisés chez la brebis. A l’aide de ces expérimentations, il a été possible de combler une partie des lacunes sur la toxicocinétique de la CLD chez la brebis. Nos travaux ont démontré que la CLD est partiellement métabolisée en chlordécol (CLDOH) par la chlordécone réductase dans le foie des brebis. Par la suite, la CLD et le CLDOH peuvent être métabolisés à l’aide d’UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases et de sulfo-transferases en métabolites conjugués de la CLD et du CLDOH (CLD-C et CLDOH-C). Le CLDOH est un métabolite intermédiaire qui n’est quasiment jamais quantifié dans l’organisme animal hormis dans le tissu gras. L’élimination de la CLD se fait majoritairement via les fèces : 1/3 de la molécule parent CLD est éliminé sous forme de CLD et 1/6 est éliminé sous forme de CLDOH. La voie urinaire est une voie mineure d’élimination de la CLD. A l’aide de ces travaux, un modèle compartimental a été proposé. Sur la base de ce modèle, des travaux de modélisation seront possibles et permettront la proposition et la mise en place de stratégies de décontamination des ovins aux Antilles Françaises<br>In the French West Indies (FWI), farming animals can be exposed to CLD, a persistent organic pollutant (POP) bound to soil in contaminated areas. In order to produce safe animal products, this thesis was focused on the CLD’s fate in ewes. The aims were to determine by which way(s), in which form(s), in how much time, in which quantities and by which mechanisms, CLD would be eliminated from the animal body. In this thesis, two complementary approaches were followed. First it was necessary to improve the analytical methods especially for the metabolites in order to obtain more sensitive and reliable methods than the actual ones. In the analytical approach, methods for CLD and its metabolites were developed in various animal matrices suitable for the toxicokinetic studies. The extraction method was based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology and the analysis was performed with a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Isotopic Standards were also used. Thanks to this work, sensitive, quick and reliable methods were obtained in animal matrices. The set-up methods in liver, feces and urine were validated with accuracy profiles according to the French Standard NF V03-110 and European Union guidelines. Limits of quantifications of 1.36 μg kg−1 and 2.50 μg kg−1 of fresh liver were respectively found for chlordecone and chlordecol (the CLD’s metabolite). Secondly, and thanks to the analytical development, in vivo toxicokinetic studies were performed to determine the fate of CLD in ewes. The second approach of this thesis was based on two toxicokinetic protocols realized in ewes. The results revealed that CLD is partially metabolized in chlordecol (CLDOH) by the chlordecone reductase in ewe’s liver. Then, CLD and CLDOH can be conjugated by UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases and sulfo-transferases in conjugated metabolites (CLD-C and CLDOH-C). It appeared that CLDOH is only an intermediate metabolite which is almost never quantified in the organism except in fat tissue. The major route of CLD elimination is in feces: 1/3 of the molecule is eliminated in its CLD’s form and 1/6 in its CLDOH’s form. The urinary way of CLD elimination is minor. Based on the obtained results, a compartmental model was proposed. It will allow to propose and to establish ovine decontamination strategies in the FWI