Academic literature on the topic 'Breeding objectives'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Breeding objectives.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Breeding objectives"
1
Dhankhar, B. S., and J. P. Mishra. "Objectives of Okra Breeding." Journal of New Seeds 6, no. 2-3 (February 15, 2005): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j153v06n02_09.
Full text
2
Borg, R. C., D. R. Notter, L. A. Kuehn, and R. W. Kott. "Breeding objectives for Targhee sheep1." Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 2815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-064.
Full text
3
McManus, C., and R. Thompson. "Breeding objectives for red deer." Animal Science 57, no. 1 (August 1993): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006735.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe definition of breeding objectives for farmed red deer in the United Kingdom (UK) was investigated. Options studied include the effects of discounting gene flow and the effect of altering variable costs/income (such as price of food or price received for sale animals). Three different herd structures were investigated. As the discount rate increased the importance of traits measured on the offspring also increased. Traits included in the economic breeding objective included number of calves weaned, carcass weights of stag calves and surplus hinds, hind calf live weight and food consumption for hinds and calves. The breeding objective derived does not include a measure of antler size, as antlers have little/no economic value in the UK market. Suggestions are made for further research.
4
Cunningham, E. P. "Sustainable breeding objectives in developing countries." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013685.
Full textAbstract:
In the developed world, the last fifty years has seen a great convergence of breeding objectives and strategies in all farmed species. This is part of the effects of globalisation, which has led to ever increasing specialisation of livestock producers. A general consequence is that breeding goals and structures of dairy, beef, pig and poultry production are now very similar throughout the developed world.After some decades of successful concentration on narrow breeding goals (yield of milk solids in the dairy sector, growth, feed conversion and lean yield in meat animals) objectives have now broadened to take in product quality, reproduction and disease traits.
5
Mirhosseini, S. Z., M. Ghanipoor, and A. Shadparvar. "Breeding objectives for commercial silkworm lines in Iran." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010462.
Full textAbstract:
Animal breeding generally aims to obtain a new generation of animals that will produce desired products more efficiently under future farm economic and social circumstances than the present generation of animals (Groen, 2000). Definition of the breeding objective is generally regarded as the primary step in the development of structured breeding programmes (Ponzoni, 1988). Clearly defined breeding objectives are vital for effective genetic improvement of all livestock species. So, they stipulate the animal characteristics to be improved and the desired direction for genetic change. The breeding objective involves calculation of economic values for all biological traits that have an impact upon profitability. This study focuses on the derivation of a breeding objective based on a profit function for three commercial silkworm lines in Iran and effect of limitation in production system size on economic values.
6
Tozer, P. R., and J. R. Stokes. "Producer Breeding Objectives and Optimal Sire Selection." Journal of Dairy Science 85, no. 12 (December 2002): 3518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74441-x.
Full text
7
Ponzoni, R. W., and D. R. Gifford. "Developing breeding objectives for Australian Cashmere Goats." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 107, no. 1-6 (January 12, 1990): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1990.tb00044.x.
Full text
8
Simões, Michele R. S., Joal J. B. Leal, Alessandro P. Minho, Cláudia C. Gomes, Michael D. MacNeil, Rodrigo F. Costa, Vinícius S. Junqueira, et al. "Breeding objectives of Brangus cattle in Brazil." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 137, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12415.
Full text
9
Donnelly, J. R., M. Freer, and A. D. Moore. "Evaluating pasture breeding objectives using computer models." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 3 (September 1994): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1994.9513065.
Full text
10
Amer, P. R., G. Simm, M. G. Keane, M. G. Diskin, and B. W. Wickham. "Breeding objectives for beef cattle in Ireland." Livestock Production Science 67, no. 3 (January 2001): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(00)00201-3.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Breeding objectives"
1
Borg, Randy Charles. "Developing Breeding Objectives for Targhee Sheep." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9973.
Full textAbstract:
Breeding objectives were developed for Targhee sheep at different levels of prolificacy and triplet survival. Economic weights (EW) were derived for estimated breeding values (BV) from National Sheep Improvement Program genetic evaluations for 120 d weaning weight (WW), maternal milk (MM), yearling weight (YW), fleece weight (FW), fiber diameter (FD), staple length (SL), and prolificacy (PLC; lambs born/100 ewes lambing). A commercial flock was simulated, accounting for nonlinear relationships between performance and profit. Ewes were assumed mated to sires of specified BV and profit was derived from lifetime performance of lambs and replacement females from that lamb crop. Economic weights were determined as change in profit from use of sires with BV that were one additive standard deviation above the mean for each trait [1.98 kg for WW, 1.62 kg for MM, 2.90 kg for YW, 0..36 kg for FW, 0.99 microns for FD, 0.74 cm for SL, and 17.58 lambs/100 ewes for LC], while holding all other BV at breed average. Separate breeding objectives were derived for different ways of meeting increased nutrient needs (P = purchase hay, R = rent pasture, and L= limited flock size) and for different market lamb values (D = discounting lamb value for heavy weights, ND = no discount for heavy lambs). Based on replicated simulations, relative EW did not vary with prolificacy or triplet survival (P > 0.15) but were affected by feed costs and lamb market values (P < 0.01). Selection indexes were derived within and across simulated scenarios, and correlation (r) among indexes of > 0.90 indicated that an index could be used across multiple scenarios with little loss of selection efficiency. Indexes derived within feed cost scenarios (P, R, and L) and lamb value scenarios (D, ND) were strongly intercorrelated (r > 0.97). Correlations among average indexes for feed cost scenarios (0.97 for R and P, 0.70 for R and L; 0.85 for P and L) indicated that two feed cost scenarios could be used depending on whether winter forage was limited (L) or not (NL). The correlation between average indexes for these two scenarios was 0.78. Indexes were presented for combinations of feed cost and lamb value scenarios. Two indexes were suggested, representing the scenarios that apply to a large portion of Targhee producers. These indexes were for discounting heavy lambs with limited winter forage (D-L: 1.0 WW + 0.14 MM __ 0.76 YW + 1.22 FW __ 0.36 FD - 0.09 SL + 0.25 LC) and discounting heavy lambs with additional available forage (D-NL: 1.0 WW + 0.24 MM __ 0.34 YW + 1.65 FW __ 0.41 FD - 0.14 SL + 0.33 LC). For a standardized selection differential of one for the index, the expected changes in mean index value were $2.17 and $1.92 per ewe per generation for D-L and D-NL, respectively.Master of Science
2
Matjuda, Lehotlo Ephraim. "Development breeding objectives for the nguni cattle breed in South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/862.
Full text
3
Edwards, Anne Michelle. "Breeding objectives for niche markets in the beef industry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27451.pdf.
Full text
4
Stoddard, F. L. "Fertilization in Vicia faba L. in relation to breeding objectives." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354172.
Full text
5
Jolliffe, Thomas Howard. "Genetical studies in relation to breeding objectives in sugar beet." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256755.
Full text
6
Alzamora, M. Rosa Maria. "Valuing Breeding Traits for Appearance and Structural Timber in Radiata Pine." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5077.
Full textAbstract:
The aims of this thesis were; firstly, to obtain economic values for radiata pine traits to produce appearance and structural lumber, and secondly to analyze the selection of efficient logs and profitable trees to substantiate the development of breeding objectives for solid wood quality.
The thesis included three approaches to value wood attributes: hedonic models, partial regressions and stochastic frontiers. Hedonic models generated economic values for pruned and unpruned log traits to produce appearance grades. Values for small end diameter were 0.33, 0.19 and 0.10 US $/mm, and for form 2.6, 1.4 and 0.63 US $ for the first, second and third log respectively. The value of mean internode length was 0.19 US $/cm. Branch size traits were non-significant to explain the log conversion return (p>0.05).
The economic value of log traits to produce structural lumber with stiffness of 8, 10 and 12 GPa was estimated with a partial regression. The values were 1.1, 29.7, 0.3 and -0.4 NZ $/m3 for small end diameter (cm), stiffness (GPa), basic density (kg/m3) and largest branch (mm) respectively. Small end diameter and stiffness explained 73% of the variation of log conversion return. The economic values for structural attributes were also derived from a Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier, resulting in 2.1 NZ $/cm for small end diameter and 15.8 NZ $/GPa for stiffness. The change of values between approaches can be attributed to differences of model formulation. The stochastic frontier used aggregate volume of lumber with stiffness of 8 GPa or higher. The partial regression used the economic value of every lumber product derived from the logs, making it more sensitive to changes in wood quality.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) used structural traits and their economic values to assess the technical and economic efficiency of logs to produce lumber with stiffness of 8, 10 and 12 GPa. The most efficient logs had 1:4 ratios between stiffness and small end diameter, whereas logs that did not generate structural lumber had ratios closer to 1:8. Trait economic values from the partial regression analysis were used as attribute prices to estimate cost efficiency. Efficiency measures were significantly correlated with stiffness and log conversion return; however, they were non-significantly correlated with small end diameter and log prices. The technical efficiency of logs to produce structural lumber was also determined using a Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier which determined that the most efficient logs were characterized by a 1:5 ratio between stiffness and small end diameter.
Selection of trees for deployment was analyzed with a portfolio model, where risk was represented as the mean absolute deviation of tree returns due to the variability of volume, stiffness and resin defects. Under high variability (risk), the model selected structural trees with large stiffness and high return. These results suggest an opportunity for narrowing genetic variability (via clonal or family forestry) to make the returns from radiata pine structural grades lumber less risky.
As variability decreased the portfolio model opted for trees that produced appearance and structural lumber. These trees had a stabilizing effect on their returns, as there were phenotypic tradeoffs between stiffness and volume under optimistic and pessimistic growing scenarios. These results showed the benefits of product diversification at the tree level.
7
Visser, Daniel Pieter. "Structuring of breeding objectives in the pork supply chain in South Africa." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01142005-093429.
Full text
8
Souza, Flávia Martins. "Valores e índices bioeconômicos para um sistema de produção de bovinos nelore no bioma cerrado." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6490.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-10T17:37:30Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
Tese - Flavia Martins de Souza - 2016.pdf: 2069042 bytes, checksum: fe83d06b4777198e60836ea748ef5c2d (MD5)
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-10T17:37:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flavia Martins de Souza - 2016.pdf: 2069042 bytes, checksum: fe83d06b4777198e60836ea748ef5c2d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T17:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flavia Martins de Souza - 2016.pdf: 2069042 bytes, checksum: fe83d06b4777198e60836ea748ef5c2d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-05
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The use of selection indices as tools for animal genetic evaluation may be more efficient than other selection methods to represent the animal merit. The aim of this study was to propose indices applied to different breeding objectives for production systems of Nellore cattle raised in the Cerrado biome. This study consisted in two phases. First, traits of economic relevance in beef cattle were evaluated. Subsequently, the development of indices and different breeding objectives were considered. The production system evaluated was an operation of purebred Nellore cattle, located in the Northwest of Goiás state, Brazil, where the inputs about management, indices of productivity, income and expenses were obtained. A bio-economic model was used to calculate the economic values of the following traits: age at first calving (IPP), calving interval (IDP), stayability (STAY), earlier calving probability (3P), accumulated productivity (PAC), daily weight gain prior (GMDPre) and post weaning (GMDPos), weight at standard ages of 120 (P120), 210 (P210), 365 (P365) and 450 (P450) days, feed efficiency (EA), carcass dressing (RC), and longissimus muscle area (AOL). Economic values were obtained for a change in one unit of each trait, maintaining the remaining unchanged. Then the economic values were standardized by its standard deviation of each trait. To generate selection indices the genetic (co)variances components of the traits were estimated by Bayesian implementation via Gibbs sampling using bi-trait animal models. The covariance and variance means obtained were used to generate a new matrix (12 x 12) containing all traits. The "matrix bending" methodology was applied to obtain a positive-defined matrix. The selection index equation used was I = b1DEP1 + ... + bnDEPn, where DEP is the expected progeny differences and "b" is the index coefficient that maximize the correlation among the index and the breeding objective. The "b" coefficients were calculated as b = G11-1G12a, where G11 is the genetic (co)variance matrix of the criteria in the index, G12 is the genetic covariance matrix between the selection criteria in the index and the traits in the breeding objective, and "a" is the vector of corrected economic values. Three indices were constructed with different proposes: indices I represent an overall index, which objective is to select harmonics animals. The indices II and III were defined with the purpose to maximize the weaned calves and finished beef cattle production, respectively. Economic values of the traits varied between R$ 0.38 and R$ 68.29 per animal/year. The traits that more strongly affected the economic system were GMDPre (20.55%), IPP (15.70%), AOL (12.13%), GMDPos (11.13%) and P450 (8.98%). The greater economic gains were obtained with index I (R$ 129.12). Indices II and III represented the lowest gains for the system. Generally, the indices are very sensitive to market conditions. However, they may provide more total gains (genetic and economic) as they comprise a set of economically relevant traits to the production system. In addition, the indices may be applied to different purposes in order to attend specific market requirements.
A utilização de índices econômicos de seleção como ferramenta para avaliação genética animal é mais eficiente em representar o valor total de um animal. Por isso, objetivou-se propor índices aplicados a diferentes objetivos de seleção para sistemas de produção de Nelore no bioma Cerrado. O presente estudo consistiu em duas fases, em que na 1ª avaliou-se a relevância econômica de características em bovinos de corte e na 2ª fase desenvolveu-se índices econômicos de seleção com diferentes objetivos. O sistema de produção avaliado foi baseado em uma propriedade de criação de bovinos Nelore PO, localizada no noroeste do estado de Goiás-Brasil, na qual foram obtidas informações sobre manejo, índices zootécnicos, gestão, receitas e despesas. Utilizou-se modelo bioeconômico para o cálculo dos valores econômicos das características idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), intervalo de partos (IDP), stayability (STAY), probabilidade de parto precoce (3P), produtividade acumulada (PAC), ganho médio diário pré (GMDPre) e pós desmama (GMDPos), pesos padronizados aos 120 (P120), 210 (P210), 365 (P365) e 450 (P450) dias de idade, eficiência alimentar (EA), rendimento de carcaça (RC) e área de olho de lombo (AOL). Os valores econômicos foram calculados por meio do melhoramento em 1 unidade de cada característica, mantendo as demais constantes, e em seguida foram padronizados pelo respectivo desvio-padrão de cada característica. Para criação dos índices de seleção, estimou-se os componentes de (co)variâncias de características usualmente selecionadas em Nelore (P120, P210, P365, P450, Perímetros Escrotal aos 365 (PE365) e aos 450 dias (PE450) de idade, AOL, Acabamento (ACAB), IPP, IDP, PAC e STAY), por meio da metodologia Bayesiana via Gibbs sampling, em modelo animal bi-característico. As covariâncias e as médias das variâncias obtidas das análises bicaracterísticas foram utilizadas para formação de uma nova matriz (12 x 12) que envolveu todas as características analisadas. Para assegurar que esta matriz fosse positiva definida, foi aplicada a metodologia Matrix Bending. O índice econômico de seleção foi desenvolvido por meio da equação: I = b1DEP1 + ... + bnDEPn, em que DEP é a diferença esperada na progênie do animal e "b" é o coeficiente regressor que maximiza a correlação entre o índice e o objetivo de seleção. O "b" foi calculado por meio da seguinte equação: b= G11-1G12a, em que o G11 é a matriz de (co)variâncias genéticas entre as características do índice de seleção, o G12 é a matriz de covariâncias genéticas entre as características do índice e do objetivo de seleção e "a" é o vetor de valores genético-econômicos. Três índices foram construídos com diferentes propósitos: o I referiu-se a um índice geral, cujo objetivo foi selecionar animais harmômicos. Os índices II e III tiveram como finalidade a maximização da produção de bezerros desmamados e de animais terminados, respectivamente. Os valores econômicos das características avaliadas variaram de R$ 0,38 a R$ 68,29 /animal/ano. As características que mais impactaram economicamente o sistema foram GMDPre (20,55%), IPP (15,70%), AOL (12,13%), GMDPos (11,13%) e P450 (8,98%). O índice econômico que proporcionou maior ganho econômico para o sistema avaliado foi o I (R$ 129,12). Enquanto os índices II e III representaram menores ganhos para o sistema. Em geral, os índices são sensíveis às condições mercadológicas. No entanto, podem proporcionar maiores ganhos totais (genéticos e econômicos), por envolver um conjunto de características economicamente relevantes para o sistema de produção. Além disso, os índices podem ser aplicados a diferentes propósitos, de forma a atender às necessidades mercadológicas.
9
Formigoni, Ivan Borba. "Estimação de valores econômicos para características componentes de índices de seleção em bovinos de corte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-03092003-133102/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar valores econômicos para características componentes de índices de seleção em bovinos de corte na fase de cria. Os dados produtivos analisados foram simulados e representativos de sistemas de produção que fazem uso dos programas de melhoramento genético animal. Os valores de custos e receitas aplicados foram coletados de empresas ligadas ao setor econômico da pecuária de corte nacional. As características assumidas como critérios de seleção, para as quais estimaram-se valores econômicos, foram: probabilidade de prenhez aos 14 meses (PP14), habilidade de permanência (HP) e peso a desmama (PD). Para a estimação de valores econômicos, foi aplicada a metodologia de Modelo Bioeconômico, a qual estima o lucro adicional a partir da alteração no desempenho produtivo da característica de influência genética, enquanto mantendo constante todas as demais variáveis analisadas. O valor econômico da PP14 foi de R$0,71 por percentual de prenhez, avaliado por novilha e de R$1,16 por kg bezerro(a) desmamado, para a característica de PD. Os valores econômicos da HP, avaliados por vaca, foram de R$1,37, R$1,87, R$2,37 e R$2,87, considerando-se o custo de compra da novilha a R$450,00, R$500,00, R$550,00 e R$600,00, respectivamente. Os resultados econômicos obtidos foram padronizados para o valor genético-econômico, medida resultante do produto entre o desvio padrão genético aditivo da característica e o respectivo valor econômico. A HP, apesar de, em valores absolutos, ser a característica de maior importância econômica para o sistema produtivo analisado, apresenta o valor genético-econômico inferior em relação às características de PP14 e PD, as quais têm maior herdabilidade e variabilidade genética. O valor genético-econômico da soma das características PP14 e HP foi maior do que PD, sugerindo serem as características de fertilidade as mais economicamente importantes para o sistema produtivo simulado, específico ao comércio de bezerros desmamados para o mercado.The objective of the present study was to estimate economic values for component of selection indexes in beef cattle herds during suckling phase. Analyzed productive data was simulated and representative of production systems assisted by breeding program. Values of costs and incomes were collected from companies related to the economical study of national cattle raising. Selection criteria, for which economic values was estimated, were: heifer pregnancy at 14 months (PP14), stayability (HP) and weight weaning (PD).) The methodology of Bioeconomic Model was applied to estimation of economic values (VE). This methodology estimates the impact in the profit from the alteration in performance for each trait of genetic influence, keeping constant all the others variables analyzed. The VE for PP14 was R$0.71 for percentage of heifer pregnant, evaluated for heifer, and R$1.16 for kg of calves weaned analyzed for PD. The VE of the HP, analyzed for cow, were R$1.37, R$1.87, R$2.37 and R$2.87 considering the heifer cost purchase of R$450.00, R$500.00, R$550.00 and R$600.00, respectively. The VE were standardized for the genetic-economic value, result of multiplication of additive genetic standard deviation of the trait by respective VE. Although HP, in absolute values, was the trait of larger economic importance to the analyzed productive system, it presents inferior genetic-economic value compared PP14 and PD. This inversion is due to greater heritability and genetic variability of PP14 and PD. The genetic-economic value of the PP14 and HP together, was more important than WW, showing that the traits of fertility are the most economically important for this simulated productive system, specific to the commerce of calves weaned for the market.
10
Cai, Xinye. "A multi-objective GP-PSO hybrid algorithm for gene regulatory network modeling." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1492.
Full textBooks on the topic "Breeding objectives"
1
Joliffe, Thomas Howard. Genetical studies in relation to breeding objectives in sugar beet. Norwich: University of EastAnglia, 1990.
Find full text
2
Sleper, D. A., T. C. Barker, and P. J. Bramel-Cox, eds. Plant Breeding and Sustainable Agriculture: Considerations for Objectives and Methods. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub18.
Full text
3
Chuntanaparb, Lert. Defining tree breeding objectives for multipurpose tree species in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International-F/FRED, 1989.
Find full text
4
Hargrove, T. R. Changes in rice breeding in 10 Asian countries: 1965-84 : diffusion of genetic materials, breeding objectives, and cytoplasm. Manila: International Rice Research Institute, 1985.
Find full text
5
Sleper, David A., P. J. Bramel-Cox, and T. C. Barker. Plant Breeding and Sustainable Agriculture: Considerations for Objectives and Methods. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2015.
Find full text
6
A, Sleper D., Barker Thomas C. 1954-, Bramel-Cox P. J, and Crop Science Society of America. Division C-1., eds. Plant breeding and sustainable agriculture: Considerations for objectives and methods : proceedings of a symposium. Madison, Wis., USA: Crop Science Society of America, 1991.
Find full text
7
Sleper, D. A., and T. C. Barker. Plant Breeding and Sustainable Agriculture: Considerations for Objectives and Methods (C S S a Special Publication). Crop Science Society of Amer, 1991.
Find full text
8
Nozière, Pierre. INRA feeding system for ruminants. Edited by Daniel Sauvant and Luc Delaby. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-872-8.
Full textAbstract:
The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal’s requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.
9
PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES: TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF PUSHKIN LABORATORIES OF VIR. N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-907145-84-9.
Full textAbstract:
The program and abstracts of the All-Russian Conference Plant Genetic Resources for Genetic Technologies: To the 100th Anniversary of Pushkin Laboratories of VIR are presented. The conference was held at VIR on June 22–23, 2022, under Agreement No 075-15-2021-1050 of Sept. 28, 2021 (hereinafter: Event/Conference). The new technological setup aimed at the development of bioeconomy increases the demand for bioresource collections (BRC), including collections of plant genetic resources. Currently, new approaches to collection management and studying are being actively introduced. The foundations for the work with collections of plant genetic resources were laid 100 years ago by Nikolai Vavilov. On May 20, 1922, the Central Breeding and Genetic Station (since 1939: Pushkin Laboratories of VIR) was organized in Detskoye Selo (Pushkin) as one of the sites for environmental and geographical testing of the collection accessions. At the same time, this experimental site became the core element for the development of VIR's methodological divisions whose aim was comprehensive studying of accessions using the methods of genetics, physiology, anatomy, cytology, biochemistry, and technological assessment. The objective of the Conference was to highlight the full scope of modern trends in the work with collections of plant genetic resources and their application in fundamental science and applied sectors of economy. The issues of conservation, integrated studying (including comprehensive characterization and genetic certification) and utilization of crop genetic resources and their wild relatives were discussed. Aspects of inventorying and development of uniform principles for BRC management were also considered. The thematic areas of the Conference included: Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources Collections, Study of Plant Genetic Resources, and Applied Research on Plant Genetic Resources. This edition also contains the abstracts of presentations prepared by heads of departments, employees and veterans of VIR, showing the activities of the Institute's departments and laboratories for 100 years – up to the present time. Addressed to a wide range of experts in the field of the work with bioresource collections, including students, postgraduate students and young scientists under the age of 39. Abstracts are published in the authors' initial versions. The authors (co-authors) of the published abstracts are responsible for the impartiality and reliability of the data presented. The Conference's website: https://www.vir.nw.ru/blog/2021/10/29/brk2021/
Book chapters on the topic "Breeding objectives"
1
Brown, Jack, and Peter D. S. Caligari. "Breeding objectives." In An Introduction to Plant Breeding, 18–33. Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118685228.ch3.
Full text
2
Casler, Michael D., and Edzard van Santen. "Breeding Objectives in Forages." In Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses, 115–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0760-8_5.
Full text
3
Dhillon, S. S., P. R. Kumar, and Neena Gupta. "Breeding Objectives and Methodologies." In Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 8–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06166-4_2.
Full text
4
Duller, Sheena, Daniel Thorogood, and Stacy A. Bonos. "Breeding Objectives in Amenity Grasses." In Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses, 137–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0760-8_6.
Full text
5
Rauf, Saeed, Dorota Sienkiewicz-Paderewska, Dariusz P. Malinowski, M. Mubashar Hussain, Imtiaz Akram Khan Niazi, and Maria Kausar. "Forages: Ecology, Breeding Objectives and Procedures." In Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Agronomic, Abiotic and Biotic Stress Traits, 149–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22518-0_5.
Full text
6
Priyadarshan, P. M. "Objectives, Activities and Centres of Origin." In PLANT BREEDING: Classical to Modern, 35–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7095-3_2.
Full text
7
Simm, Geoff, Geoff Pollott, Raphael Mrode, Ross Houston, and Karen Marshall. "Pig breeding." In Genetic improvement of farmed animals, 393–413. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241723.0393.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter presents a brief background on the global pig sector and pig-meat value chains. Topics focused on the breeding objectives, pig breeds and lines, genetic improvement strategies for pigs (for both large-scale and smallholder systems) and use of pig reproductive technologies. The final section of this chapter gives some practical guidelines for selection.
8
Felipe, A. J. "Flower quality and fruit quality in almond: Conflicting objectives?" In Developments in Plant Breeding, 245–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0467-8_51.
Full text
9
Francis, Charles A. "Contributions of Plant Breeding to Future Cropping Systems." In Plant Breeding and Sustainable Agriculture: Considerations for Objectives and Methods, 83–93. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub18.c5.
Full text
10
Reddy, P. Sanjana. "Ideotype breeding for improving yield in sorghum: recent advances and future perspectives." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 498–516. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0029.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter focuses on ideotype breeding for improving the yield and related traits, abiotic stress resistance, and quality of grain and forage sorghum. Ideotype breeding involves defining and breeding for the target traits to reach the objectives and differs from classical plant breeding which focuses more on yield. Due to diversification of cropping systems and ever-changing climatic conditions, change in farmers' preferences and several production constraints, breeders need to focus on more traits simultaneously.
Conference papers on the topic "Breeding objectives"
1
Ferreira, Ana Paula Lüdtke. "On the problem of compensatory mating in animal breeding." In Workshop-Escola de Informática Teórica. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/weit.2021.18928.
Full textAbstract:
Animal breeding relies on two processes to achieve its objectives: the selection and the mating systems. Mating systems devise a particular plan to perform one or more breeding goals, which often encompass improving the herd's health and maximising financial gains in animal production systems. Compensatory mating is a strategy to produce animals with more homogeneous selection trait characteristics, discarding the production of exceptional animals in favour of a more balanced herd. This paper defines and investigates the complexity class of the optimal compensatory mating problem, proving that a polynomial-time algorithm can solve it.
2
Crepis, Oleg, Dumitru Bulat, Elena Zubcov, Marin Usatii, Denis Bulat, Nicolae Saptefrati, and Aureliu Cebanu. "Dezvoltarea unui complex mobil pentru reproducerea ecologo- industrial a speciilor pelagofile de pești în condiții de fluvii și lacuri." In Simpozion "Modificări funcționale ale ecosistemelor acvatice în contextul impactului antropic și al schimbărilor climatice". Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975151979.13.
Full textAbstract:
The populations of most fish species in the Republic of Moldova reproduce naturally, however, as a result of the increasing anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems, the conditions for their natural reproduction have deteriorated significantly. In this context, one of the research objectives for 2020 was the development of efficient technological principles for conservation and rational use of local fish stock. It was revealed the ensuring of the development of the most vulnerable stages in the ontogenesis of fish in controlled environmental conditions is one of the basic principles of productivity management of Danube mackerel populations. In order to put into practice the principles of managing the productivity of breeding stocks, a mobile installation has been developed for the reproduction of pelagophilous fish species.
3
Wang, Zhibo, Zachary Shea, Maria L. Russo, Chao Shen, Jianyong Li, Patrick Bewick, Bingyu Zhao, and Bo Zhang. "crispr/cas9-targeted Mutagenesis of KTI1 and KTI3 to Reduce Trypsin Inhibitors in Soybean Seeds." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/qvrf9783.
Full textAbstract:
Trypsin inhibitor (TI) in soybean seeds, restrains the function of trypsin, causing low protein digestibility when raw soybeans are fed to animals. Heat treatment has been widely used to deactivate TI, but it is energy-intensive and costly, and degrades protein quality. Despite a few soybean accessions harboring natural low TI content have been identified, multiple TI genes and lacking of gene-based markers still hinder the breeding success of low TI soybean cultivars. The objectives of this study were to concisely edit the major genes contributing to the TI content and activity specifically in the soybean seeds using CRISPR/Cas9 system, and develop allele-specific molecular markers based on the generated mutant alleles. With the aid of TI gene expression data and real-time PCR results, KTI1 (Glyma01g095000) and KTI3 (Glyma08g341500), were selected as the target genes. Then, we developed a productive CRISPR/Cas9 construct for the transformation on Glycine max cv. Williams 82. (WM82). The results showed that in the seeds at T0 generation, the gene editing has been all complete for KTI1 while it has been partly finished for KTI3. Consistent with genotyping results, the TI content and activity in gene edited seeds declined 70% and 10% with knock-out of KTI1 alone and 90% and 30% with knock-out of both KTI1 and KTI3, which were also both lower than that in the seeds of PI 547656, the natural low TI soybean accession. Furthermore, in T1 seeds, we collected one transgene free line #5-26 with double homozygous mutations. Based on the mutant alleles in #5-26, we developed molecular markers to effectively screen the mutant alleles of KTI1 and KTI3 for the perspective breeding of low TI soybean varieties. The soybean line and selection markers acquired from this study will assist in accelerating the introduction of low TI trait to elite soybean cultivars with added-value.
4
Currie, Fergus, Yi Mei, Mengjie Zhang, Maren Wellenreuther, and Linley Jesson. "An Investigation on Multi-Objective Fish Breeding Program Design." In 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659936.
Full text
5
Yermenbay, Аray, Lyudmila Shagarova, Мalis Absametov, and Sergey Osipov. "PROSPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY WITH FRESH GROUNDWATER UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT CONDITIONS." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/29.
Full textAbstract:
The role of water resources at the present stage of human development becomes more and more significant every year and, actually, just the availability of water resources of required quality limits the further production force growth, city enlargement and the improvement of living standards and industry and agriculture development. The water supply deficit reduction and the water supply level increase are some of the priority national objectives, which are also related to the international obligations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The prospects for fresh groundwater supply under anthropogenic impact conditions are given in the article for the water-stressed region as exemplified by Nur-Sultan city. Currently, the centralized water supply of Nur-Sultan city is provided by supplying water from the Vyacheslav Water Reservoir on the Esil River, which under the existing population size, does not satisfy completely the city’s water demand. The problem of utility and drinking water supply in the capital becomes more acute due to the growth population and its economic activity and, increased impact on natural components and geosystems. As a result of consolidation and analysis of the information on the anthropogenic impact as the most significant factor of change in the groundwater formation conditions, the article shows it's the negative impact on the fresh groundwater resource quantity and quality. It is noted that the main groundwater pollutants in the research area are the sewage ponds, domestic and industrial waste deposits of Nur-Sultan city, as well as the livestock breeding complexes, filtration fields and ash-disposal areas. According to the monitoring results, the areas of groundwater pollution have been identified in the zone of individual deposit influence. Various methods of geophysical and geochemical surveys, as well as the Earth remote sensing methods are used to identify large pollution areolas and prospective areas for groundwater exploration
6
Hejzlar, Pavel, Neil E. Todreas, Michael J. Driscoll, Philip E. MacDonald, Jacopo Buongiorno, and Kevan D. Weaver. "Design Strategies for Lead-Alloy-Cooled Reactors for Actinide Burning and Low-Cost Electricity Production." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22377.
Full textAbstract:
A multi-year project at the INEEL and MIT is investigating the potential of lead or lead-bismuth (lead-alloy) cooled fast critical reactors for producing low-cost electricity as well as for burning actinides from LWR spent fuel. While these two goals are the primary thrust in the development of a conceptual design, the proliferation resistance of the fuel and the plant safety are also important constraints incorporated into the design process. Thus, this concept addresses all Generation IV reactor goals, which involve favorable economics, enhanced safety, and sustainability. This paper outlines the objectives of the project, the challenges shaping the design strategy, and the approaches adopted to achieve the design goals. The most promising path forward is also identified. The four key factors that influence the direction of the design and also require compromise are the actinide destruction rate, safety, economy, and proliferation resistance. Achieving a maximum actinide destruction rate per MWth requires fertile-free fuels. However, the achievement of safe reactivity coefficients in such cores is difficult. If the total elimination of actinides from LWR spent fuel is pursued, multiple reprocessing with high recovery efficiency is necessary. This will probably significantly increase the fuel cycle costs, thus negatively affecting the economics. On the other hand, in-situ breeding and burning of plutonium in cores initially loaded with U235 can be cost effective. However, such a system does not achieve any reduction in the actinide inventory, and the discharge fuel contains relatively pure Pu239, which poses a potential proliferation threat. To reconcile these competing goals, a number of approaches have been investigated to achieve a balanced design that is cost competitive with other alternatives for electricity generation, attains excellent safety, helps in the reduction of transuranics from the spent LWR fuel, and has discharged fuel that is at least as proliferation resistant as spent LWR fuel from a once-through cycle. The preliminary design of the reactor concept that has the best potential to achieve these characteristics is identified and briefly described. This concept incorporates a supercritical carbon dioxide power conversion cycle that achieves thermal efficiencies up to 45% at a core outlet temperature of 550°C. However, conventional steam cycles are also an option.
7
Elisovetcaia, Dina, Raisa Ivanova, Iachim Gumeniuc, and Vasili Zayachuk. "Influența factorilor abiotici asupra capacităților germinative a semințelor de fag (Fagus sylvatica L.)." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.11.
Full textAbstract:
The diversification of beech genotypes on the territory of the Republic of Moldova could be a so-lution to avoid the risks caused by climate change. The objective of this research was to determine the viability of beech seeds collected from four areas of the Ivano-Frankivsk region (Ukraine) and their modi-fication under the influence of various abiotic factors. The analyzed seeds possessed high viability (77.89 – 96.63%), which under the influence of supra optimal temperature +40°C decreased 1.3-1.4 times de-pending on the applied dose. Seeds exposed to heat treatment used reserve substances for radicle growth 1.4 – 1.6 times more than the control.
8
Салтанович, Татьяна, Людмила Анточ, and А. Дончилэ. "Оценка реакции мужского гаметофита томата на действие патогенов Alternaria Spp." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.84.
Full textAbstract:
Research objective: to identify tomato genotypes resistant to Alternaria on variability and symptoms of male gametophyte on selective backgrounds with cultural filtrate of pathogens Alternaria spp. A set of gamete breeding techniques and genetic-statistical analysis were used in the experiments. Some patterns of the variability and heritability of traits in the tomato male gametophyte have been identified on media with filtrates of pathogens. The differences in the resistance of pollen to the filtrate influence were established; the differentiation and selection of genotypes for further breeding were made. These studies can be used at different stages of the selection process.
9
Cui, Deyang, Xiangzhou Cai, Jingen Chen, and Chenggang Yu. "Analysis of Sustainable Thorium Fuel Utilization in Molten Salt Reactors Starting From Enriched Uranium." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67177.
Full textAbstract:
Molten salt reactor (MSR), as one of the six systems selected by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) for future advantaged reactors research and development (R&D), has excellent performances such as high inherent safety, desirable breeding capacity, low radioactive waste production, flexible fuel cycle and non-proliferation. Meanwhile, thorium, as an appealing alternative nuclear fuel to uranium, is more abundant than uranium in the earth’s crust. Realization of thorium fuel cycle in MSRs will greatly contribute to sustainable energy supply for global development. The objective of this paper is to analyze and evaluate thorium fuel utilization in a program in which MSRs are expected to be developed step by step. The program can be described as follows: 1 The first stage is a converter reactor fueled with low enriched uranium. With limited processing based on current chemical partitioning technology and fuel-feeding techniques in the generation-I MSR; 2 The second stage is a 233U production reactor. By using the enriched uranium, it can produce 233U which does not exist in nature; 3 The third stage is a thorium breeding reactor. It is a breeder reactor with Th/233U fuel cycle, and sustainable thorium utilization for energy production is expected to be eventually realized. By employing an in-house developed tool based on SCALE6.1, the performance of MSR fueled with low enriched uranium is firstly assessed. It is found that MSR is attractive regarding conversion ratio when compared with light water reactors. Then we illustrate the feasibility of 233U production in MSR. Enriched uranium with two enrichments are used as driver fuels to start MSR and produce 233U. The results show that 233U production can be achieved and the double time is about 79.1 years for 20% enriched uranium and 28.3 years for 60% enriched uranium. Finally, the performance of MSR based on pure Th/233U fuel cycle is evaluated. It is found that breeding fissile material is possible in MSR and the breeding ratio is desirable (1.049). Comparison of the three-stage MSRs is also conducted and the results indicate that the resource utilization efficiency is much higher in stage-III than that in the first two stages and much less minor actinides is produced in MSR operating on Th/233U fuel cycle than that in traditional light water reactor.
10
Bewick, Patrick, Eva Collakova, and Bo Zhang. "Identification of Soybean Germplasm with Higher Concentrations of Long Chain Fatty Acids." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/yetx4658.
Full textAbstract:
Fatty Acids are essential components of the diet and are critical for proper cell function. A balanced ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acids can be tied to positive human cardiovascular and autoimmune health. Aquaculture requires a much higher ratio. Soybean contains a substantial amount of fatty acids, but many varieties contain significantly higher concentrations of ω-6 fatty acids. The objective of this project was to identify soybean accessions with unique fatty acid profiles for genetic analysis to inform breeding decisions. Samples of 50 accessions originating from 16 countries were taken from seeds harvested in Blacksburg, VA in 2020. A gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector was used to quantify fatty acid levels and composition. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identity of peaks of interest. Fatty acid profiles for each sample were compared to the mean of all samples, and accessions with significantly different fatty acid concentrations were identified. These preliminary results will be used to inform future projects.
Reports on the topic "Breeding objectives"
1
Bozek, Michael, and Tani Hubbard. Greater Yellowstone Network amphibian monitoring protocol science review: A summary of reviewers’ responses. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293614.
Full textAbstract:
Science reviews are an essential cornerstone of all excellent science programs and are a requirement of monitoring programs within the Inventory and Monitoring Division of the National Park Service (NPS). Science reviews provide necessary professional critique of objectives, study design, data collection, analysis, scientific interpretation, and how effectively information is transferred to target audiences. Additionally, reviews can help identify opportunities to cooperate more effectively with interested and vested partners to expand the impacts of collective findings across larger landscapes. In December 2020, seven biologists from USGS, USFWS, and NPS provided a critical review of the Greater Yellowstone Network Amphibian Monitoring Protocol for monitoring Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris), boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata), western toads (Anaxyrus boreas), western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium), and environmental conditions at wetland sites clustered within watershed units in Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks. This review followed sixteen years of GRYN amphibian and wetland monitoring, allowing us to evaluate the impact of the work thus far and to discuss potential improvements to the protocol. Reviewers were asked to assess the following amphibian monitoring objectives per Bennetts et al. (2013, Cooperative amphibian monitoring protocol for the Greater Yellowstone Network: Narrative, version 1.0, https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2194571) and to assess the degree to which GRYN is meeting the objectives based on the current sampling, analyses, and reporting: Objective 1: Estimate the proportion of catchments and wetland sites used for breeding by each of the four common, native amphibian species annually, and estimate the rate at which their use is changing over time. Objective 2: Determine the total number of wetlands within sampled catchments that are suitable for amphibian breeding (i.e., have standing water during the breeding season) annually. Objective 3: For western toads, estimate the proportion of previously identified breeding areas that are used annually, and estimate the rate at which their use may be changing over time. Generally, reviewers commended the GRYN Amphibian Monitoring Program, including the design, the statistical rigor of current analytical approaches, the large number of monitoring reports and publications, and the audiences reached. Reviewers unanimously felt that the first two objectives of this protocol are being met for two species (Columbia spotted frogs and boreal chorus frogs) in medium- and high-quality catchments, and all but one reviewer also felt these objectives are being met for western tiger salamanders. It was universally recognized that objective 3 for western toads is not being met but reviewers attributed this to issues related to funding and capacity rather than design flaws. Reviewers felt the current design provides an adequate base for parlaying additional work and offered suggestions focused on increasing efficiencies, maximizing information that can be collected in the field, strengthening analyses, and improving scientific outreach. In this document, we summarize reviewers' comments and include their full written reviews in Appendix B.
2
Dunham, Rex A., Boaz Moav, Thomas Chen, and Benzion Cavari. Expression and Inheritance of Growth Hormone Gene Constructs and Selective Breeding of Transgenic Farmed Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568774.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: To accomplish stable expression, inheritance of transgenes and growth improvement in transgenic channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio, containing growth hormone (GH) genes, develop transgenic fish with all fish constructs, determine the relationships between copy number, expression and growth, determine the combined affect of selective breeding and gene transfer and assess environmental risk of transgenic fish. To develop mechanisms of triploidization for transgenic carp. Results: Performance of transgenic channel catfish was made uniform by selection. Growth of channel catfish and common carp was improved 40-50% more by combining gene transfer of GH genes with selection and crossbreeding than with either selection of crossbreeding. Growth improvement of transgenic catfish was not strongly correlated with copy number and expression levels. Progress was made in producting triploid transgenic common carp. Insertion of salmonid GH gene did not alter reproductive performance in channel catfish. Transgenic channel catfish grew no faster than controls when they had to forage on natural food and transgenic individuals were slightly more vulnerable to predation indicating that fitness of transgenic individuals in natural conditions is less than or equal to non-transgenic channel catfish. Contribution to Agriculture: These experiments are the first to demonstrate that transgenic fish can increase aquaculture production in the aquaculture production in the aquaculture environment. This research also demonstrated that maximum benefit of gene transfer in farmed fish is attained when combined with traditional selective breeding.
3
Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
4
Malkinson, Mertyn, Irit Davidson, Moshe Kotler, and Richard L. Witter. Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus-subtype J Infection in Broiler Breeder Flocks of Poultry and its Eradication from Pedigree Breeding Stock. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586459.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives 1. Establish diagnostic procedures to identify tolerant carrier birds based on a) Isolation of ALV-J from blood, b) Detection of group-specific antigen in cloacal swabs and egg albumen. Application of these procedures to broiler breeder flocks with the purpose of removing virus positive birds from the breeding program. 2. Survey the AL V-J infection status of foundation lines to estimate the feasibility of the eradication program 3. Investigate virus transmission through the embryonated egg (vertical) and between chicks in the early post-hatch period (horizontal). Establish a model for limiting horizontal spread by analyzing parameters operative in the hatchery and brooder house. 4. Compare the pathogenicity of AL V-J isolates for broiler chickens. 5. Determine whether AL V-J poses a human health hazard by examining its replication in mammalian and human cells. Revisions. The: eradication objective had to be terminated in the second year following the closing down of the Poultry Breeders Union (PBU) in Israel. This meant that their foundation flocks ceased to be available for selection. Instead, the following topics were investigated: a) Comparison of commercial breeding flocks with and without myeloid leukosis (matched controls) for viremia and serum antibody levels. b) Pathogenicity of Israeli isolates for turkey poults. c) Improvement of a diagnostic ELISA kit for measuring ALV-J antibodies Background. ALV-J, a novel subgroup of the avian leukosis virus family, was first isolated in 1988 from broiler breeders presenting myeloid leukosis (ML). The extent of its spread among commercial breeding flocks was not appreciated until the disease appeared in the USA in 1994 when it affected several major breeding companies almost simultaneously. In Israel, ML was diagnosed in 1996 and was traced to grandparent flocks imported in 1994-5, and by 1997-8, ML was present in one third of the commercial breeding flocks It was then realized that ALV-J transmission was following a similar pattern to that of other exogenous ALVs but because of its unusual genetic composition, the virus was able to establish an extended tolerant state in infected birds. Although losses from ML in affected flocks were somewhat higher than normal, both immunosuppression and depressed growth rates were encountered in affected broiler flocks and affected their profitability. Conclusions. As a result of the contraction in the number of international primary broiler breeders and exchange of male and female lines among them, ALV-J contamination of broiler breeder flocks affected the broiler industry worldwide within a short time span. The Israeli national breeding company (PBU) played out this scenario and presented us with an opportunity to apply existing information to contain the virus. This BARD project, based on the Israeli experience and with the aid of the ADOL collaborative effort, has managed to offer solutions for identifying and eliminating infected birds based on exhaustive virological and serological tests. The analysis of factors that determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of virus in the hatchery resulted in the workable solution of raising young chicks in small groups through the brooder period. These results were made available to primary breeders as a strategy for reducing viral transmission. Based on phylogenetic analysis of selected Israeli ALV-J isolates, these could be divided into two groups that reflected the countries of origin of the grandparent stock. Implications. The availability of a simple and reliable means of screening day old chicks for vertical transmission is highly desirable in countries that rely on imported breeding stock for their broiler industry. The possibility that AL V-J may be transmitted to human consumers of broiler meat was discounted experimentally.
5
Perl, Avichai, Bruce I. Reisch, and Ofra Lotan. Transgenic Endochitinase Producing Grapevine for the Improvement of Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator). United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568766.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The original objectives are listed below: 1. Design vectors for constitutive expression of endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum strain P1. Design vectors with signal peptides to target gene expression. 2. Extend transformation/regeneration technology to other cultivars of importance in the U.S. and Israel. 3. Transform cultivars with the endochitinase constructs developed as part of objective 1. A. Characterize foliar powdery mildew resistance in transgenic plants. Background of the topic Conventional breeding of grapevines is a slow and imprecise process. The long generation cycle, large space requirements and poor understanding of grapevine genetics prevent rapid progress. There remains great need to improve existing important cultivars without the loss of identity that follows from hybridization. Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) is the most important fungal pathogen of grapevines, causing economic losses around the world. Genetic control of powdery mildew would reduce the requirement for chemical or cultural control of the disease. Yet, since the trait is under polygenic control, it is difficult to manipulate through hybridization and breeding. Also, because grapevines are heterozygous and vegetatively propagated cultivar identity is lost in the breeding process. Therefore, there is great need for techniques to produce transgenic versions of established cultivars with heterologous genes conferring disease resistance. Such a gene is now available for control of powdery mildew of grapevines. The protein coded by the Endochitinase gene, derived from Trichoderma harzianum, is very effective in suppressing U. necator growth. The goal of this proposal is to develop transgenic grapevines with this antifungal gene, and to test the effect of this gene on resistance to powdery mildew. Conclusions, achievements and implications Gene transfer technology for grape was developed using commercial cultivars for both wine and table grapes. It paved the way for a new tool in grapevine genetic studies enabling the alteration of specific important traits while maintaining the essential features of existing elite cultivars. Regeneration and transformation technologies were developed and are currently at an advanced stage for USA wine and Israeli seedless cultivars, representing the cutting edge of grape genetic engineering studies worldwide. Transgenic plants produced are tested for powdery mildew resistance in greenhouse and field experiments at both locations. It is our ultimate goal to develop transgenic grapes which will be more efficient and economical for growers to produce, while also providing consumers with familiar products grown with reduced chemical inputs.
6
Naim, Michael, Gary R. Takeoka, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Ron G. Buttery. Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Tomato: Implications to New Hybrids with Improved Acceptance through Sensory, Chemical, Breeding and Agrotechnical Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585204.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.
7
Czosnek, Henryk Hanokh, Dani Zamir, Robert L. Gilbertson, and Lucas J. William. Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus by Combining Expression of a Natural Tolerance Gene and a Dysfunctional Movement Protein in a Single Cultivar. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573079.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background The tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCV) has been a major deterrent to tomato production in Israel for the last 20 years. This whitefly-transmitted viral disease has been found in the Caribbean Island in the early 1990s, probably as an import from the Middle East. In the late 1990s, the virus has spread to the US and is now conspicuous in Florida and Georgia. Objectives Because of the urgency facing the TYLCV epidemics, there was a compelling need to mobilize scientists to develop tomato variety resistant to TYLCV. The major goal was to identify the virus movement protein (MP) and to express a defective from of MP in a cultivar that contained the natural Ty-1 resistance gene. The research included 1. cloning of the TYLCV isolate from the Dominican Republic (DR) which is (or a close variant) also present in the continental USA; 2. ddefining the role of the MP; 3. mutating the putative MP gene; 4. introducing the modified gene into an advance Ty-1 line; 5. testing the transgenic plants in the field. The pressing threat to tomato production in the US resulted in an extension of the objectives: more emphasis was placed on characterization of TYLCV i the DR, on determination of the epidemiology of the virus in the DR, and on using new TYLCV resistance sources for tomato breeding. Achievements and signification 1. The characterization of TYLCV-DR allowed for more effective TYLCV management strategies that are now implemented in the DR. 2. The identification of the TYLCV MPs and, more importantly, insight into their function has provided a model for how these proteins function in TYLCV movement and support the targeting of one or more of these proteins in a dominant lethal strategy to engineer plants for TYLCV resistance. 3. The transgenic plants that are being generated with wild-type and mutated TYLCV MPs will serve to test the hypothesis that interference with one or more of the TYLCV movement proteins will be a strategy for generating TYLCV-resistant plants. 4. The fine mapping of the resistance Ty-1 gene allowed eliminating deleterious chromosome segments from the wild tomato genitor L. chilense. It may in a near future allow the cloning of the first geminivirus resistance gene. 5. Another resistance source from the wild tomato species L. hirsitum was introgressed into the domesticated tomato, resulting in the production of resistant breeding lines. Implications 1. The monitoring of TYLCV in whiteflies has been applied in the DR. These tools are presently being used to assist in the evaluation of the host-free period and to help select the appropriate locations for growing tomatoes in the DR. 2. An overall strategy to obtain resistance against TYLCV has been used. The expression of wild-type or mutated TYLCV MPs in transgenic tomato is another addition to the arsenal used to fight TYLCV, together with marker assisted breeding and mobilization of additional resistant genes from the wild.
8
Weller, Joel I., Ignacy Misztal, and Micha Ron. Optimization of methodology for genomic selection of moderate and large dairy cattle populations. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594404.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The main objectives of this research was to detect the specific polymorphisms responsible for observed quantitative trait loci and develop optimal strategies for genomic evaluations and selection for moderate (Israel) and large (US) dairy cattle populations. A joint evaluation using all phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic data is the optimal strategy. The specific objectives were: 1) to apply strategies for determination of the causative polymorphisms based on the “a posteriori granddaughter design” (APGD), 2) to develop methods to derive unbiased estimates of gene effects derived from SNP chips analyses, 3) to derive optimal single-stage methods to estimate breeding values of animals based on marker, phenotypic and pedigree data, 4) to extend these methods to multi-trait genetic evaluations and 5) to evaluate the results of long-term genomic selection, as compared to traditional selection. Nearly all of these objectives were met. The major achievements were: The APGD and the modified granddaughter designs were applied to the US Holstein population, and regions harboring segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for all economic traits of interest. The APGD was able to find segregating QTL for all the economic traits analyzed, and confidence intervals for QTL location ranged from ~5 to 35 million base pairs. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for milk production traits in the Israeli Holstein population were computed by the single-step method and compared to results for the two-step method. The single-step method was extended to derive GEBV for multi-parity evaluation. Long-term analysis of genomic selection demonstrated that inclusion of pedigree data from previous generations may result in less accurate GEBV. Major conclusions are: Predictions using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were the least biased, and that method appears to be the best tool for genomic evaluation of a small population, as it automatically accounts for parental index and allows for inclusion of female genomic information without additional steps. None of the methods applied to the Israeli Holstein population were able to derive GEBV for young bulls that were significantly better than parent averages. Thus we confirm previous studies that the main limiting factor for the accuracy of GEBV is the number of bulls with genotypes and progeny tests. Although 36 of the grandsires included in the APGD were genotyped for the BovineHDBeadChip, which includes 777,000 SNPs, we were not able to determine the causative polymorphism for any of the detected QTL. The number of valid unique markers on the BovineHDBeadChip is not sufficient for a reasonable probability to find the causative polymorphisms. Complete resequencing of the genome of approximately 50 bulls will be required, but this could not be accomplished within the framework of the current project due to funding constraints. Inclusion of pedigree data from older generations in the derivation of GEBV may result is less accurate evaluations.
9
Joel, Daniel M., Steven J. Knapp, and Yaakov Tadmor. Genomic Approaches for Understanding Virulence and Resistance in the Sunflower-Orobanche Host-Parasite Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592655.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Oroginal Objectives: (i) identify DNA markers linked to the avirulence (Avr) locus and locate the Avr locus through genetic mapping with an inter-race Orobanche cumana population; (ii) develop high-throughput fingerprint DNA markers for genotypingO. cumana races; (iii) identify nucleotide binding domain leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) genes encoding R proteins conferring resistance to O. cumana in sunflower; (iv) increase the resolution of the chromosomal segment harboring Or₅ and related R genes through genetic and physical mapping in previously and newly developed mapping populations of sunflower; and (v) develop high-throughput DNA markers for rapidly and efficiently identifying and transferring sunflower R genes through marker-assisted selection. Revisions made during the course of project: Following changes in O. cumana race distribution in Israel, the newly arrived virulent race H was chosen for further analysis. HA412-HO, which was primarily chosen as a susceptible sunflower cultivar, was more resistant to the new parasite populations than var. Shemesh, thus we shifted sunflower research into analyzing the resistance of HA412-HO. We exceeded the deliverables for Objectives #3-5 by securing funding for complete physical and high-density genetic mapping of the sunflower genome, in addition to producing a complete draft sequence of the sunflower genome. We discovered limited diversity between the parents of the O. cumana population developed for the mapping study. Hence, the developed DNA marker resources were insufficient to support genetic map construction. This objective was beyond the scale and scope of the funding. This objective is challenging enough to be the entire focus of follow up studies. Background to the topic: O. cumana, an obligate parasitic weed, is one of the most economically important and damaging diseases of sunflower, causes significant yield losses in susceptible genotypes, and threatens production in Israel and many other countries. Breeding for resistance has been crucial for protecting sunflower from O. cumana, and problematic because new races of the pathogen continually emerge, necessitating discovery and deployment of new R genes. The process is challenging because of the uncertainty in identifying races in a genetically diverse parasite. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We developed a small collection of SSR markers for genetic mapping in O. cumana and completed a diversity study to lay the ground for objective #1. Because DNA sequencing and SNPgenotyping technology dramatically advanced during the course of the study, we recommend shifting future work to SNP discovery and mapping using array-based approaches, instead of SSR markers. We completed a pilot study using a 96-SNP array, but it was not large enough to support genetic mapping in O.cumana. The development of further SNPs was beyond the scope of the grant. However, the collection of SSR markers was ideal for genetic diversity analysis, which indicated that O. cumanapopulations in Israel considerably differ frompopulations in other Mediterranean countries. We supplied physical and genetic mapping resources for identifying R-genes in sunflower responsible for resistance to O. cumana. Several thousand mapped SNP markers and a complete draft of the sunflower genome sequence are powerful tools for identifying additional candidate genes and understanding the genomic architecture of O. cumana-resistanceanddisease-resistance genes. Implications: The OrobancheSSR markers have utility in sunflower breeding and genetics programs, as well as a tool for understanding the heterogeneity of races in the field and for geographically mapping of pathotypes.The segregating populations of both Orobanche and sunflower hybrids are now available for QTL analyses.
10
Schaffer, Arthur, Jack Preiss, Marina Petreikov, and Ilan Levin. Increasing Starch Accumulation via Genetic Modification of the ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591740.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objective of the research project was to utilize biochemical insights together with both classical and molecular genetic strategies to improve tomato starch accumulation. The proposal was based on the observation that the transient starch accumulation in the immature fruit serves as a reservoir for carbohydrate and soluble sugar content in the mature fruit, thereby impacting on fruit quality. The general objectives were to optimize AGPase function and activity in developing fruit in order to increase its transient starch levels. The specific research objectives were to: a) perform directed molecular evolution of the limiting enzyme of starch synthesis, AGPase, focussing on the interaction of its regulatory and catalytic subunits; b) determine the mode of action of the recently identified allelic variant for the regulatory subunit in tomato fruit that leads to increased AGPase activity and hence starch content. During the course of the research project major advances were made in understanding the interaction of the small and large subunits of AGPase, in particular the regulatory roles of the different large subunits, in determining starch synthesis. The research was performed using various experimental systems, including bacteria and Arabidopsis, potato and tomato, allowing for broad and meaningful conclusions to be drawn. A novel discovery was that one of the large subunits of tomato AGPase is functional as a monomer. A dozen publications describing the research were published in leading biochemical and horticultural journals. The research results clearly indicated that increasing AGPase activity temporally in the developing fruit increase the starch reservoir and, subsequently, the fruit sugar content. This was shown by a comparison of the carbohydrate balance in near-isogenic tomato lines differing in a gene encoding for the fruit-specific large subunit (LS1). The research also revealed that the increase in AGPase activity is due to a temporal extension of LS1 gene expression in the developing fruit which in turn stabilizes the limiting heterotetrameric enzyme, leading to sustained starch synthesis. This genetic variation can successfully be utilized in the breeding of high quality tomatoes.