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Randestad, Stina. "BREED." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-8988.
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Breed has a concept and a main goal, to be unpredictable and visually impressive. The idea that it was built on was to try to create a collection with the method of breeding and the rules of genetics. At first, twelve individuals were created. They were all given characteristics – “genes”, handed out in a random way, decided by the toss of a dice. The individuals bred and were blended into a second generation, who thereafter procreated into a third. This third generation of eight characters, four females and four males, carry genes and features from their ancestors. They have been twisted, mutated and mixed, just like in nature. It is voluminous line-up with clashes between references, colours and styles. The challenge has been to let chance take decisions and to do something that was unexpected and was going to give an unpredictable result. Breed has not been done for a commercial destination but would be suitable for styling artists, editorials for fashion magazines, costumes in music videos or artistic films. The method is supposed to make people interested, the result is supposed to give the onlooker a smaller chock, a tingling sensation and the impression of a new subculture, a modern day tribe or a new breed. Or simply “What crazy person made this?”
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Meling, Jan. "BREEAM i Norge : Vurdering av BREEAM-NOR i praksis." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21454.
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BREEAM er et britisk miljøklassifiseringsverktøy som ble lansert i 1990, med den hensikt å vurdere et byggeprosjekts bærekraftighet. BREEAM-NOR er en norsk tilpasning av verktøyet og ble lansert 20. oktober 2011. Formålet med denne oppgaven er å vurdere erfaringene med BREEAM-NOR, og har følgende problemstilling: Hvordan vurderes BREEAM-NORs brukervennlighet, og hvor godt er BREEAM-NOR tilpasset norske forhold? Hvilke bygningstekniske og økonomiske utfordringer har BREEAM-NOR medført, og hvordan vurderes BREEAM-NOR opp mot tidligere/eksisterende miljøoppfølgingsverktøy? Videre har oppgaven som delmål å diskutere hvorvidt det vil være hensiktsmessig å anvende BREEAM-NOR på eksisterende bygninger.Oppgavens teoridel åpner med å beskrive noen begreper og tiltak som har sammenheng med bærekraftig bygging, med den hensikt å gi et helhetlig bilde av oppgavens tema. Deretter følger grunnleggende informasjon om BREEAM og en oppsummering av den norske manualen. I sammenheng med oppgavens delmål, gis det deretter en kort beskrivelse av Norges eksisterende bygningsmasse, med dens omfang og tilstand, samt en innføring i BREEAM In-Use, en versjon av verktøyet ment å benyttes på eksisterende bygninger. Teoridelen avsluttes med en beskrivelse av eksisterende miljøoppfølgingsverktøy i Norge.For å kunne svare på problemstillingen, har det blitt gjennomført en spørreundersøkelse blant aktører fra alle fasene i byggeprosessen. Spørreundersøkelsen tar for seg brukernes generelle erfaring med BREEAM-NOR. I tillegg har det blitt gjennomført en casestudie i samarbeid med Kruse Smith AS, som omhandler Kanalsletta, et næringsbygg på Forus utenfor Stavanger. BREEAM-NOR har blitt benyttet på dette prosjektet, og i den forbindelse har det blitt gjennomført et intervju med Aslaug Helberg, BREEAM-koordinator i Kruse Smith, for å avdekke deres erfaringer med BREEAM-NOR.Oppgaven konkluderer med at BREEAM-NOR har god brukervennlighet, og utfordringer knyttet til bruken av verktøyet avhenger av prosjekttype og prosjektets omfang, samt lite kunnskap og erfaring med BREEAM-NOR. Det konkluderes også med at BREEAM-NOR er relativt godt tilpasset norske forhold, men geografisk plassering kan spille en rolle. Videre konkluderes det med at både økonomiske og bygningstekniske utfordringer henger sammen med strenge krav til dokumentasjon, samt tid- og ressurskrevende arbeid, og motvilje knyttet til tilstrekkelig investering. I tillegg konkluderes det med at BREEAM-NOR er et bedre alternativ enn tidligere/eksisterende miljøoppfølgingsverktøy. Avslutningsvis konkluderes det med at det vil være hensiktsmessig å benytte en norsk versjon av BREEAM In-Use, ettersom det kan bidra til å løse de utfordringene man står overfor knyttet til Norges eksisterende bygningsmasse.
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McVicker, Scott. "Barbi Breen-Gurley dressage website /." Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/artsp/11/.
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Dorn, Katja [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm, Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, and Sonja [Gutachter] Franz. "Thorakoskopische Untersuchungen am stehenden Rind / Katja Dorn ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Sonja Franz ; Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1238601405/34.
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Nygren, Magnus. "BREAM : Domänanpassning av olycksanalysmetod till sjöfarten." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5503.
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<p>Syftet med följande studie var att undersöka hur olycksanalysmetoderna CREAM och DREAM kan anpassas till sjöfartsdomänen, samt hur begreppet den mänskliga faktorn kan beskrivas och hur kan den analyseras. Teoristudier samt intervjuer med anställda vid sjöfartsinspektionen och domänexperter har genomförts. Ett förslag på hur en anpassad analysmetod skulle kunna se ut redovisas som BREAM (Bridge Reliability and Error Analysis Method). Den anpassade metoden har utvärderats med hjälp av experter inom domänen. Utvärderingen visar på att metoden fungerar bra men att ytterligare specificering av metoden till domänen är önskvärt.</p>
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Brown, Alexandra. "Across breed genomic evaluation in cattle." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23593.
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Genomic evaluation techniques have been a huge success in the dairy cattle industry, as they allow accurate enough estimation of breeding values at a young age to allow selection decisions to be made at an earlier stage, thereby increasing the rate of genetic progress per annum. The success of genomic selection techniques relies on the existence of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) across the population of interest; LD persists across larger distances within breeds than across breeds. Therefore, most success so far has been for selection within breeds, but the industry is keen for “across breed” evaluations to be developed, both in a multi-breed scenario which would allow evaluations for breeds that are numerically too small to carry out evaluations within breeds, and also for the evaluation of crossbred animals. This thesis investigates the potential for applying genomic selection techniques in both the multi-breed and crossbred scenarios. Chapter 2 examines the potential for a multi-breed reference population to improve the accuracy of genomic evaluation for a numerically small breed, for a range of production and non-production traits. The results provide evidence that forming a multi-breed reference population for two closely related breeds (Holstein and Friesian) results in a higher accuracy of GEBVs for the smaller breed, particularly when more phenotypic records are added via the single-step GBLUP method, and when a higher density SNP chip is used. Chapter 3 examines the crossbred scenario, whereby GEBVs are calculated for crossbred individuals based on a crossbred reference population. The population used for analysis was a highly crossbred African population, and GEBVs were calculated for three groups of animals chosen according to whether they had a high or low proportion of imported dairy genetics. Accuracy of prediction was higher than expected, and provided proof of concept for applying genomic selection techniques in crossbred African cattle populations. Chapter 4 investigates the potential for using novel SNPs derived from sequence data in order to estimate genomic relationships across cattle breeds, deploying data from two closely related breeds, Fleckvieh and Simmental, and a further distant European breed, the Brown Swiss. Novel SNPs were selected from sequence based on their putative impact on the genome, with impacts being inferred by SNP annotation software snpEff. Results showed that genomic relationships calculated using novel SNPs have a high correlation with genomic relationships calculated using SNPs common to the Illumina BovineHD SNP chip, though between-breed correlations were lower than those within breeds. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that utilising a multi-breed reference population can improve the accuracy of prediction for a numerically small breed, and that genomic prediction of highly crossbred individuals is also feasible. However, differences between breeds and also types of crossbred animal suggest that no one solution can be used for all across-breed evaluations, and further research will be needed to allow commercial implementation in further populations.
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Nilsson, Johan. "Energirelevanta aspekter inom miljöklassificeringssystemen LEED och BREEAM." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-55320.
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Syftet med denna rapport är att granska skillnaden mellan energikategorierna i miljöcertifieringssystemen LEED och BREEAM. Eftersom amerikanska LEED bygger på det brittiska BREEAM finns det många aspekter som liknar varandra. BREEAM utgår ifrån de nationella standarderna i första hand. Om sådana inte finns är det de europeiska som används. Klassningen av byggnaden visar hur bra byggnaden är jämfört med de krav som finns nationellt. Dessa är i sin tur anpassade till förutsättningarna som finns i landet. LEED grundar sig istället på kraven som beskrivs utifrån den amerikanska standarden ASHRAE. Dessa krav är inte anpassade till svenska eller europeiska standarder vilket gör det svårt att jämföra rakt av. Detta innebär att kraven som ställs i ASHRAE och LEED är olika svåra att uppfylla då förutsättningarna i länderna är olika. Till exempel tillhör Sverige klimatzon 6, tillsammans med Chile, Ryssland, Kanada och de nordliga delarna i USA. Detta ger olika utgångspunkter för att klara kriterierna då de naturliga förutsättningarna skiljer sig i olika länder. För att bedöma om en byggnad är energieffektiv behövs någon typ av verktyg för att verifiera byggnaden. För svenska företag som vill visa att de är miljömedvetna och vill ha låga energikostnader behövs någon typ av märkning av byggnaden. Även utländska företag på svenska marknaden letar efter byggnader med bra energieffektivitet som har ett intyg på att byggnaden följer hårda miljö- och byggnationskrav. Det är då en stor fördel att använda stora internationella system som exempelvis LEED och BREEAM som intygar att byggnaden uppfyller de hårda kraven som finns i systemen. Det indikeras med olika certifieringsnivåer beroende på hur väl byggnaden uppfyller kraven. Dessa miljöcertifieringssystem används för att påvisa att byggnaden uppfyller höga krav, men även för att öka eller behålla värdet på byggnaden jämfört med andra likvärdiga byggnader som inte är certifierade. Detta är påtagligt för byggnader med hyresgäster som har som företagspolicy att hyra byggnader med en viss nivå av ett miljöcertifieringssystem eller bara är intresserade att hyra byggnader med låga energikostnader. Om byggnaden inte skulle vara certifierad minskar andelen potentiella hyresgäster och priserna pressas och byggnaden riskerar att stå outhyrd en tid vilket kostar stora summor i stora byggnader. Respektive systems energikategori anses viktigast i båda systemen och det är framförallt reduceringen av energianvändningen som spelar en avgörande roll, även användandet av förnyelsebar energi är en viktig del. Generellt i båda systemen sker liknande ställningstaganden i de flesta frågorna för att reducera byggnaders påverkan av miljön, genom olika förbättringsåtgärder. Sporren för att göra byggnaden bättre är att minska miljöpåverkan, sänka driftkostnaden, öka trivseln, förbättra driften och att uppnå en hög certifieringsnivå. Generellt fås en uppfattning av att BREEAM är enklare att använda än LEED, eftersom den utgår från kraven i BBR. Båda systemen räknar ut en procentuell förbättring eller anger att uppställda värden uppfyllts. Exempelvis räknas reduceringen av koldioxid och energieffektivisering ut procentuellt. I LEED ska även ASHRAE användas utöver BBR och beräknar energieffektivisering utifrån reducering av kostnaden i dollar jämfört med referensbyggnaden.
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Ögren, Tomas, and Jesper Ökvist. "Förvaltning av en BREEAM In-Use certifierad byggnad : Fastighetsförvaltning som verktyg för främjande av miljö och hållbar utveckling." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101264.
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Denna studie har utförts med avseende på förvaltning av byggnader enligt BREEAM In-Use, som används för miljöcertifiering av befintliga byggnader. Rapporten är inriktad på aspekterna av att certifiera en byggnads förvaltning samt den verksamhet som förs inom denna. Kopplingen mellan brukaren och förvaltaren är väsentlig för att säkerställa att man uppnår de krav som BREEAM ställer. Ett hjälpmedel för att främja denna kommunikation mellan dessa parter är de gröna hyresavtal från fastighetsägarna, som har visat sig vara en nödvändig länk. Det har visat sig att befintlig förvaltningsmetodik behöver utvidgas i dess rutiner och att kunskap om BREEAM är nödvändig inom förvaltningen. BREEAM In-Use ställer krav på ett engagemang och kontinuerligt arbete och kommer medföra en förändring i beteende hos brukare, för att en hög nivå på certifieringen ska kunna uppnås. Förvaltning har visat sig ha stor potential att verka för en minskad resursanvändning samt för att säkerställa en långsiktigt hållbar brukstid.<br>This study has been conducted with emphasis on managing buildings according to BREEAM In-Use, which is used as an environmental certification on existing buildings. The report is oriented on the aspects of certifying the management and organization carried out within the building. The connection between user and manager is important to ensure that the goals within BREEAM are achieved. A tool to encourage communication between these two sides is the green leases from Fastighetsägarna, which has shown to be a necessary link. It has been shown that current management methods need to be extended in its routines and that knowledge regarding BREEAM is necessary within the management. BREEAM In- Use demands commitment and a continuous work and will result in a change of behavior from the user, to achieve a high rating. Management has shown to have great potential to work for less resource use and to ensure a sustainable long term service life.
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Basic, Mila [Verfasser], Anja [Akademischer Betreuer] Bremm, Volker [Gutachter] Dötsch, and Anja [Gutachter] Bremm. "Versatile regulation of autophagy by the deubiquitinase USP11 / Mila Basic ; Gutachter: Volker Dötsch, Anja Bremm ; Betreuer: Anja Bremm." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231911298/34.
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Näslund, Madelene. "Underlag för BREEAM-certifiering : Kristianstad Nya Galleria." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-76217.
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Granath, Anna. "BREEAM Communities - ett verktyg inom kommunal planering?" Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-120445.
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Denna uppsats utgör en explorativ fallstudie om certifieringssystemet BREEAM Communities och dess möjlighet att fungera som ett verktyg för svenska kommuner i plan- och exploateringsprocesser. Sedan ett par år tillbaka pågår de första projekten i Sverige där BREEAM Communities används. Företagen Diligentia och PEAB var först ut att använda verktyget vid utvecklingen av sina stadsdelar Masthusen och Varvsstaden i Västra Hamnen i Malmö. Uppsatsen utgörs i första hand av en kvalitativ intervjustudie med anställda vid Diligentia, PEAB och Malmö Stad, vilken genomfördes våren 2012. Studien kompletterades med två intervjuer med anställda vid Norrköpings kommun, detta eftersom Norrköpings kommun vid tidpunkten för intervjuerna, övervägde en användning av certifieringssystemet vid utvecklingen av stadsdelen Saltängen. Intervjustudien tar utgångspunkt i intervjupersonernas erfarenheter och tankar kring BREEAM Communities’ inverkan på arbetsprocessen och vilka hållbarhetsaspekter som hanteras inom de två projekten i Västra Hamnen. Därefter diskuteras om och hur en kommun skulle kunna använda verktyget i stadsutvecklingsprojekt. I Västra Hamnen kom initiativet att använda BREEAM Communities från de privata markägarna. Dessa uppger att verktyget fungerat som ett stöd i hanteringen av hållbarhetsaspekter i de pågående projekten. Uppsatsen pekar på att BREEAM Communities också kan bidra med fördelar i kommunala plan- och exploateringsprocesser. Vid dessa processer har verktyget potential att fungera som ett stöd och ge inspiration för att integrera hållbarhetsaspekter. Verktygets tillämpbarhet har påverkats av att det är ett relativt nytt verktyg som utvecklas kontinuerligt. Under hösten 2012 lanserades en omarbetad version av verktyget med ett nytt och förenklat upplägg. Utveckling av BREEAM Communities och det faktum att Sweden Green Building Council avser att svenskanpassa och översätta manualen kommer underlätta användningen framöver, oavsett om verktyget används i syfte att certifiera ett stadsutvecklingsprojekt eller endast som stöd och inspiration.<br>The study aims to explore BREEAM Communities’ potential to be used as a tool within municipal planning in Sweden. Since a few years BREEAM Communities is being applied in two development projects in the Western Harbour in Malmö. The use of the tool was initiated by the private landowners Diligentia and PEAB for the development of Masthusen and Varvstaden. By qualitative interviews with employees at Diligentia, PEAB and Malmö Municipality the experiences of using the tool are being explored. The interviews took place during the spring 2012 and focus on BREEAM Communities’ impacts on the process and the sustainability issues being addressed within the projects, followed by a discussion on the possibilities for a municipality to use BREEAM Communities. Additional interviews with civil servants at Norrköping Municipality gave supplementary perspectives on the possibilities to use BREEAM Communities as a tool within urban planning. Likewise the private landowners express that BREEEAM Communities has been a tool for addressing and integrating sustainability aspects in the development of Masthusen and Varvsstaden, this study indicates that BREEAM Communities has potential to benefit in municipal urban planning. The tool has potential to provide support and inspiration to integrate sustainability aspects from an early stage throughout the process. BREEAM Communities is a rather new tool, and it is continuously developing which has impacts on its applicability. In 2012 a new, simplified and more streamlined scheme was launched. The development of the scheme and the fact that Sweden Green Building Council will make a Swedish adjustment and translation of BREEAM Communities the will simplify the use of tool significantly.
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Augenstein, Rune. "Verdien av BREEAM sertifiserte bygg i Norge." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-176021.
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BREEAM is a voluntary environmental certification, which covers all aspects of the construction of a building. A BREEAM building also referred to as a green building. In Norway BREEAM is the dominant environmental certification scheme. In the survey carried out among brokers and building owners in the Norwegian market 97.5% of respondents responds that they know or have good knowledge of BREEAM certification. In recent years, one has recorded an increase in the number of buildings that are BREEAM certified in Norway. How does BREEAM certification affect the market value of a building? By using traditional models for valuation (discounted cash flow analysis) one can, by including the building performance and the market performance, calculate the value added. This market performance can be translated into higher rental income, higher occupancy, lower operating costs or lower risk premium. In the survey carried out 68% responding that they think a BREEAM certified building has a higher value. The calculation that has been carried out shows that this is very likely, but that the size of the value added depends on risk assessment, as well as how the market reacts to the green building. The biggest drivers of the continuous development of BREEAM in the Norwegian market is, according to the survey, that BREEAM buildings have higher value, transaction market demand it, image and internal value of the tenants , environmental requirements and less risk in terms of future regulatory requirements.
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Lindgren, Emil. "Studie om BREEAM, Miljöbyggnad, Svanenmärkning och GreenBuildning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136142.
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Denna studie granskar fyra användbara miljöcertifieringssystem för svenska förhållanden. Examensarbetet har gjorts i samarbete med MAF Arkitektkontor AB. Företaget arbetar med arkitektur, byggteknik, inredning och projektledning. Syftet med arbetet är att belysa läsaren om Miljöbyggnad, GreenBuilding, BREEAM och Svanen. I arbetet kommer de olika faktorerna som granskas för respektive certifieringssystem att förtydligas. Certifieringsprocessen, kostnader och betygssättningen är några av faktorerna som påverkar valet av system. Resultatdelen i rapporten grundar sig på teorin om miljöcertifieringssystemen. Det är en avsevärd skillnad mellan de olika certifieringssystemen. Omfattningen och kraven är några aspekter som har beaktats. BREEAM och Svanenmärkning är två heltäckande system som ställer krav på alla skeden i byggprocessen. I projekteringsskedet är det många indikatorer som behöver granskas för att klara miljöcertifieringens krav. En god miljöanpassad teknik gör att arkitektens insats i processen skapar goda förutsättningar för byggnaden. För att uppnå en certifierad byggnad finns idag hjälpmedel som förenklar arbetet för de involverade aktörerna i projektet. BIM är ett verktyg som utnyttjas i stor utsträckning inom byggbranschen, Graphisofts, ArchiCAD är ett program som används av MAF. Programmets användningsområde möjliggör att många miljöcertifieringskrav går att uppfylla. I många av systemen är materialen en essentiell aspekt, vilket medför att materialen måste dokumenteras. På marknaden finns flera tillgängliga materialdatabaser som beaktar hur väl de passar in till den blivande byggnaden.<br>This essay will examine four different certifications regarding environmental aspects in the building industry in the Swedish context. The bachelor essay has been made in collaboration with MAF Arkitektkontor AB. The company is active within building technique, interior design and projection. The aim of this essay is to educate the reader about Greenbuilding, Miljöbyggnad, BREEAM and Svanen. The methods of survey for each certification system will be explained more in detail. The process of certification, the costs and the different grading systems are some of the factors that will influence the choice of certification system. The results will be based on the theory of the different certification systems. There are considerable differences between each system. The extent and the demands of each system are some aspects that have been taken into consideration. BREEAM and Svanenmärkning are two comprehensive systems that require high demands on all levels in the building process. In the planning phase there are a lot of demands that need to be fulfilled in order to achieve the goal of certification. A technique well adapted makes it easier for the architect to create good possibilities for the future building. To achieve a certificated building there are a lot for tools to simplify the works of those involved in the project. BIM is one of the tools that can be to a huge advantage within the building industry. ArchiCAD from Graphisoft is the program used by MAF. The broadness of the program makes it possible to achieve a lot of the demands. In several of the systems the materials chosen are essential and, thus need to be documented from start. There are different material data bases available on the market that help to choose the right material for each building.
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Doehring, Orlando. "Identification of breed contributions in crossbred dogs." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1464461/.
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There has been a strong public interest recently in the interrogation of canine ancestries using direct-toconsumer (DTC) genetic ancestry inference tools. Our goal is to improve the accuracy of the associated computational tools, by developing superior algorithms for identifying the breed composition of mixedbreed dogs. Genetic test data has been provided by Mars Veterinary, using SNP markers. We approach this ancestry inference problem from two main directions. The first approach is optimized for datasets composed of a small number of ancestry informative markers (AIM). Firstly, we compute haplotype frequencies from purebred ancestral panels which characterize genetic variation within breeds and are utilized to predict breed compositions. Due to a large number of possible breed combinations in admixed dogs we approximately sample this search space with a Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. As proposal density we either uniformly sample new breeds for the lineage, or we bias the Markov Chain so that breeds in the lineage are more likely to be replaced by similar breeds. The second direction we explore is dominated by HMM approaches which view genotypes as realizations of latent variable sequences corresponding to breeds. In this approach an admixed canine sample is viewed as a linear combination of segments from dogs in the ancestral panel. Results were evaluated using two different performance measures. Firstly, we looked at a generalization of binary ROC-curves to multi-class classification problems. Secondly, to more accurately judge breed contribution approximations we computed the difference between expected and predicted breed contributions. Experimental results on a synthetic, admixed test dataset using AIMs showed that the MCMC approach successfully predicts breed proportions for a variety of lineage complexities. Furthermore, due to exploration in the MCMC algorithm true breed contributions are underestimated. The HMM approach performed less well which is presumably due to using less information of the dataset.
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Jurča, Jaromír. "Energetické hodnocení budovy s využitím metodiky Breeam." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265576.
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The subject of diploma thesis is energy assessment of the building according to BREEAM methodology. First chapter overviews certification systems. The main part of the thesis consists of energy assessment of the building with application of BREEAM requirements. Specifically, building, its systems and interior environment analysis has been carried out, determination of heat transfer coefficients and production of energy performance certificate. Energy assessment of the building is carried out in accordance to BREEAM criteria. Third part contains analysis and evaluation of thermal comfort.
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Breen, Kevin Christopher. "Ultra-managing nature: technology and the recreation of Eden." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/breen/BreenK1209.pdf.
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The manner in which National Park managers employ the use of modern technology to protect imperiled species and landscapes has created heterotopic parks populated by cybernetic wildlife. Using the island fox restoration program on Channel Islands National Park as my primary focus, I discuss my personal struggle between my desire to preserve endangered species and the notion that humanity has over-managed nature. I reveal how historian of science Donna Haraway's endorsement of cyborg theory and philosopher Michel Foucault's discussion of heterotopic spaces can be applied to how park biologists have ultra-managed the northern Channel Islands. Because modern human activity nearly caused the extinction of the island fox, park managers have used technology to erase evidence that modern humans once inhabited the islands and to recreate a mythic past when humanity had little impact on the island ecosystem. Ultimately, I embrace the results of the controversial restoration program because I believe that if human actions are the cause of a species going extinct, we have a moral obligation to reverse those impacts in an attempt to save the species.
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Stöckl, Thomas [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm, Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, and Renate [Gutachter] Weller. "Vergleichende bilaterale magnetresonanztomographische Untersuchung der Hufregion im Niederfeld-MRT / Thomas Stöckl ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Renate Weller ; Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1238021077/34.
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Burk, Janina [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm, Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, and Lutz-Ferdinand [Gutachter] Litzke. "Klinische Anwendung und vergleichende Charakterisierung equiner mesenchymaler Stromazellen / Janina Burk ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Lutz-Ferdinand Litzke ; Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1238240798/34.
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Päbst, Felicitas Miriam Thekla [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm, Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, and Stefan [Gutachter] Arnhold. "Oberflächenentigen- und Sehnenmarkerexpression equiner multipotenter mesenchymaler Stromazellen / Felicitas Miriam Thekla Päbst ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Stefan Arnhold ; Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://d-nb.info/124048142X/34.
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Klein, Astrid [Verfasser], Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, Sven [Gutachter] Reese, and Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm. "Transkutane und intraabdominale Ultraschalluntersuchungen des Pankreas am stehenden Rind / Astrid Klein ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Sven Reese ; Akademischer Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1238091180/34.
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Schröter, Kathrin [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm, Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, and Lutz-Ferdinand [Gutachter] Litzke. "Indikationen und Gewebeverträglichkeit der selbstquellenden Hydrogelexpander bei verschiedenen Tierarten / Kathrin Schröter ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Lutz-Ferdinand Litzke ; Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1239421869/34.
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Dudziak, Nadine [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm, Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, and Axel [Gutachter] Wehrend. "Laparotomie beim Fohlen-dargestellt am Patientengut der Chirurgischen Tierklinik Leipzig / Nadine Dudziak ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Axel Wehrend ; Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1239738269/34.
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Uzagan, Abdulkerim. "Fiktionalität und Realität in der Romantrilogie "Die Throne stürzen" von Bruno Brehm." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=958369038.
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Kundu, Pankaj. "Output and employment prospects of new breed paddy in the rural economy of Hugly." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/303.
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García, Eusebi Paulina. "Genetic characterization of the Mexican Bovine Lidia Breed." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666836.
Full textAbstract:
El de la raza de Lidia ha sido seleccionado durante siglos por caracteres relacionados al comportamiento, una peculiaridad que la distingue del resto de las razas vacunas, principalmente seleccionadas por características de interés productivo, como carne y leche. En España, la población de Lidia originaria ha sido estudiada por medio de información genómica, permitiendo conocer que la riqueza genética de ésta raza se debe al aporte proporcionado por cada uno de los múltiples encastes o linajes en los que se subdivide. En México la raza de Lidia representa un legado histórico y cultural importante y actualmente, su población no ha sido caracterizada genéticamente.
En esta tesis analizamos la diversidad y estructura genética de la población Mexicana y la comparamos con información proveniente de la población originaria Española utilizando información genómica mediante diferentes tipos de marcadores moleculares.
Primero analizamos los parámetros de diversidad genética en ambas poblaciones con marcadores autosómicos de tipo Microsatélite y Polimorfismos de nucleótido único, encontrando valores similares de heterocigosis esperada con ambos tipos de marcadores moleculares. Encontramos también valores elevados en términos de FIS en ambas poblaciones. Tanto los valores elevados de FIS en los encastes así como el comportamiento que presentan las Carreras de Homocigosis son consecuencia del bajo censo de los encastes, contribuyendo por ende a incrementar la tasa de endogamia. También encontramos una alta diferenciación genética entre poblaciones con ambos tipos marcadores moleculares; microsatélites y SNPs. La partición de la variabilidad genética total analizada con SNPs mostró que el 19% de la variación se explica por las diferencias genéticas entre linajes. Curiosamente, la estructura genética de la población mexicana reveló que comparte escasos orígenes genéticos en común con la población originaria española, ubicando a ambas poblaciones en grupos diferentes.
El análisis de cromosoma Y mostró que la Casta Navarra ha dejado huella paterna en la población mexicana mediante una frecuencia elevada en el haplotipo H6, exclusivo de ésta casta así como del encaste de Miura. Los análisis de ADN mitocondrial, por otro lado, revelaron patrones de haplotipos similares en ambas poblaciones.
Por último, considerando la peculiaridad en la selección de esta raza, realizamos un análisis para detectar huellas de selección que pudieran afectar caracteres asociados a comportamiento de tipo agonista, utilizando dos razas mansas españolas como referencia. Utilizando dos métodos que se basan en inferencias bayesianas, identificamos en común dos regiones genómicas seleccionadas. A demás, la dirección e intensidad en la frecuencia del alelo seleccionado en la raza de Lidia es opuesto a los de las razas mansas. En éstas regiones detectamos genes asociados a rutas metabólicas como las de la serotonina y la dopamina, así como genes expresados en corteza cerebral, los cuáles han sido relacionados con patrones de comportamiento agresivo en humanos y animales de laboratorio.<br>The cattle of the Lidia breed have been selected during centuries for behavioral related traits, a peculiarity that distinguishes it from the rest of the bovine breeds, selected mostly for characteristics of productive interest, such as meat and milk. In Spain, the original Lidia population has been studied through genomic data, allowing to know that the genetic richness of the breed is owed to the contribution of each of the multiple lineages or encastes in which it is subdivided. In Mexico, the Lidia breed represents an important historical and cultural legacy and currently, its population has not been genetically characterized.
In this thesis we analyze the genetic diversity and structure of the Mexican population and compared it with data from the original Spanish population by using genomic information derived from different types of molecular markers.
First, we analyzed parameters of genetic diversity in both populations using Microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms autosomal markers, finding similar values of expected heterozygosities with both types of molecular markers. We found also high values in terms of FIS in both populations. Both, the high values of FIS in the lineages and the behavior of the Runs of Homocigosity are a consequence of the lineages´ low census, contributing hence to increase the inbreeding rate. Furthermore, we detected high genetic differentiation between populations with both types of molecular markers: microsatellite and SNP, and the partition of the total genetic variability analyzed with SNPs showed that 19% of the variation is explained by the genetic differences among lineages within populations. Curiously, the genetic structure of the Mexican population revealed that it shares few common genetic origins with the original Spanish population, placing both populations in different groups.
The Y chromosome analysis evidenced the paternal footprint that Casta Navarra has left in the Mexican population through a high frequency of the H6 Haplotype, exclusive of this lineage. Mitochondrial DNA analyzes, on the other hand, revealed similar haplotype patterns in both populations.
Finally, considering the peculiarity of the selection performed in this breed, we carried out an analysis to detect signatures of selection that could affect agonistic behavioral related traits, using as a reference two tamed Spanish breeds. Using two methods based on Bayesian inferences, we jointly identified two selected genomic regions. Also, the direction and intensity in the frequency of the allele selected of the Lidia breed is opposite to that of the tame breeds. In these regions were detected genes associated to metabolic pathways such as serotonin and dopamine, as well as genes expressed in the brain cortex, which have been related to patterns of aggressive behavior in humans and laboratory animals.
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au, R. Doupe@murdoch edu, and Robert Gerard Doupe. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040901.133809.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, the widespread clearing of native vegetation has resulted in large areas of once-productive agricultural land being affected by rising saline groundwaters. There is considerable interest among farmers and rural landowners throughout Western Australia, in the possibilities that inland saline aquaculture may offer for a potentially productive use of land and water resources that can no longer support traditional agriculture. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) appear to be an ideal candidate for the developing saline aquaculture industry of inland Western Australia, however their current maximum growth rates are too slow for profitable production. The high productivity of modern breeds of terrestrial livestock species is primarily due to genetic improvement programs utilising selective breeding, and similar gains have also been made where they have been implemented for aquatic species. Before the growth rate of black bream can be genetically improved, however, it is necessary to estimate both the extent of genetic improvement required and the extent of genetic (co)variation in those growth traits which will be subject to, or affected by, selection. The aims of this study were to:
(1) Determine the extent of genetic improvement in growth rate required for black bream to be considered as a profitable aquaculture species.
(2) Estimate the potential for growth rate to be improved through heterosis when different black bream strains are crossbred.
(3) Estimate the additive genetic variation for growth rate, which exists within populations of black bream.
(4) Estimate the genetic (co)variation which exists between growth rate and other production traits.
A partial budget analysis investigated whether enhanced growth rates of black bream would improve profitability and justify a genetic improvement program. It was conducted for two different fish production systems; a commercial operation that incurred more operating expenses due to costs associated with farm initiation (stand-alone farm model) and an existing farm that diversified into aquaculture using the saline water resources of established farm dams (integrated farm model). Sensitivity analyses indicated that a 33% increase in growth rate to at least 200g/annum would allow either production system to return a profit at a farm-gate price of AUS$6/kg whole fish, with fish survival rates of 98% for the stand-alone farm and 65% for the integrated farm model. These results provided a breeding objective, being an improvement in growth rate by at least 33%.
A complete diallel cross of two black bream populations was used to estimate the comparative advantages that might be gained from straight-breeding and crossbreeding. At 90 days of age, the growth traits of standard length, total length and wet weight, varied significantly among all straight-bred and crossbred lines, and among half-sib groups within lines. Differences among half-sib groups explained 6.8% of the total variance in standard length, 8.3% in total length and 7.1% in wet weight, giving estimated heritabilities over all lines of 0.27 ± 0.11 for standard length, 0.33 ± 0.13 for total length and 0.28 ± 0.12 for wet weight. There was no evidence for heterosis in any traits when straight-bred and crossbred lines were compared, and phenotypic (rP = 0.95 0.98) and genetic (rG = 0.63 0.69) correlations were high among all growth traits.
I used the estimated heritability for wet weight of 0.28 to optimise a factorial mating design from a single population, and to estimate the contribution of additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and maternal effects to variation in growth traits of black bream at 75, 130 and 180 days of age in the hatchery. Maternal genetic and environmental effects were greatest at 75 days of age, accounting for 9.1% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 11.4% of variance in standard length and 8.8% of variance in total length. At later ages maternal effects were much reduced, explaining 0.8 3.7% of phenotypic variance in growth traits. Additive genetic effects were greatest at 130 days of age, when they accounted for 17.4% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 21.4% of variance in standard length and 18.7% of variance in total length. Additive genetic effects were negligible (<1%) at 75 days of age and 4.8 5.5% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 180 days of age. Non-additive genetic effects (which also included common environmental effects due to families being raised in the same tank) explained 5.8 7.3% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 75 days of age, but were much smaller at later ages. Variable stocking densities among tanks up to 75 days significantly affected all growth trait measurements below 180 days of age.
One of the most important of these traits is feed conversion efficiency. Feed conversion
efficiency (FCE) is the effectiveness with which feed is converted to saleable fish product. Feed costs are a major input to aquaculture production systems and genetic changes in FCE may therefore have an important influence on profitability. FCE is usually expressed by a composite measure that combines feed intake and growth rate. The two most common measures are feed conversion ratio (feed intake/weight gain over a specified time interval) and its inverse, feed efficiency. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency are measures of gross FCE, because they do not distinguish between the separate energy requirements of growth and maintenance. There is abundant evidence of substantial genetic variation in FCE and its component traits in terrestrial livestock species and, although data are few, the same is likely for cultured fish species. The major problems with selecting from this variation to genetically improve FCE in fish species are:
It appears impractical to measure feed intake on individual fish, so that family mean data must be used.
We do not know the optimal time period over which to test fish for FCE.
We do not know the genetic correlations between FCE under apparent satiation or restricted intake conditions, or between FCE at different times in the production cycle.
I measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half-sib families of black bream at four times over a 56-day test period. After 42 days, I found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilisation in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. There was no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is the difference between the actual feed intake of an individual and the intake predicted from its body weight and growth rate. I argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other correlated traits.
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Doupe, Robert Gerard. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri." Doupe, Robert Gerard (2004) Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/25/.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, the widespread clearing of native vegetation has resulted in large areas of once-productive agricultural land being affected by rising saline groundwaters. There is considerable interest among farmers and rural landowners throughout Western Australia, in the possibilities that inland saline aquaculture may offer for a potentially productive use of land and water resources that can no longer support traditional agriculture. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) appear to be an ideal candidate for the developing saline aquaculture industry of inland Western Australia, however their current maximum growth rates are too slow for profitable production. The high productivity of modern breeds of terrestrial livestock species is primarily due to genetic improvement programs utilising selective breeding, and similar gains have also been made where they have been implemented for aquatic species. Before the growth rate of black bream can be genetically improved, however, it is necessary to estimate both the extent of genetic improvement required and the extent of genetic (co)variation in those growth traits which will be subject to, or affected by, selection. The aims of this study were to:
(1) Determine the extent of genetic improvement in growth rate required for black bream to be considered as a profitable aquaculture species.
(2) Estimate the potential for growth rate to be improved through heterosis when different black bream strains are crossbred.
(3) Estimate the additive genetic variation for growth rate, which exists within populations of black bream.
(4) Estimate the genetic (co)variation which exists between growth rate and other production traits.
A partial budget analysis investigated whether enhanced growth rates of black bream would improve profitability and justify a genetic improvement program. It was conducted for two different fish production systems; a commercial operation that incurred more operating expenses due to costs associated with farm initiation (stand-alone farm model) and an existing farm that diversified into aquaculture using the saline water resources of established farm dams (integrated farm model). Sensitivity analyses indicated that a 33% increase in growth rate to at least 200g/annum would allow either production system to return a profit at a farm-gate price of AUS$6/kg whole fish, with fish survival rates of 98% for the stand-alone farm and 65% for the integrated farm model. These results provided a breeding objective, being an improvement in growth rate by at least 33%.
A complete diallel cross of two black bream populations was used to estimate the comparative advantages that might be gained from straight-breeding and crossbreeding. At 90 days of age, the growth traits of standard length, total length and wet weight, varied significantly among all straight-bred and crossbred lines, and among half-sib groups within lines. Differences among half-sib groups explained 6.8% of the total variance in standard length, 8.3% in total length and 7.1% in wet weight, giving estimated heritabilities over all lines of 0.27 plus-minus 0.11 for standard length, 0.33 plus-minus 0.13 for total length and 0.28 plus-minus 0.12 for wet weight. There was no evidence for heterosis in any traits when straight-bred and crossbred lines were compared, and phenotypic (rP = 0.95 - 0.98) and genetic (rG = 0.63 - 0.69) correlations were high among all growth traits.
I used the estimated heritability for wet weight of 0.28 to optimise a factorial mating design from a single population, and to estimate the contribution of additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and maternal effects to variation in growth traits of black bream at 75, 130 and 180 days of age in the hatchery. Maternal genetic and environmental effects were greatest at 75 days of age, accounting for 9.1% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 11.4% of variance in standard length and 8.8% of variance in total length. At later ages maternal effects were much reduced, explaining 0.8 - 3.7% of phenotypic variance in growth traits. Additive genetic effects were greatest at 130 days of age, when they accounted for 17.4% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 21.4% of variance in standard length and 18.7% of variance in total length. Additive genetic effects were negligible (<1%) at 75 days of age and 4.8 - 5.5% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 180 days of age. Non-additive genetic effects (which also included common environmental effects due to families being raised in the same tank) explained 5.8 - 7.3% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 75 days of age, but were much smaller at later ages. Variable stocking densities among tanks up to 75 days significantly affected all growth trait measurements below 180 days of age.
One of the most important of these traits is feed conversion efficiency. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) is the effectiveness with which feed is converted to saleable fish product. Feed costs are a major input to aquaculture production systems and genetic changes in FCE may therefore have an important influence on profitability. FCE is usually expressed by a composite measure that combines feed intake and growth rate. The two most common measures are feed conversion ratio (feed intake/weight gain over a specified time interval) and its inverse, feed efficiency. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency are measures of gross FCE, because they do not distinguish between the separate energy requirements of growth and maintenance. There is abundant evidence of substantial genetic variation in FCE and its component traits in terrestrial livestock species and, although data are few, the same is likely for cultured fish species. The major problems with selecting from this variation to genetically improve FCE in fish species are:
* It appears impractical to measure feed intake on individual fish, so that family mean data must be used.
* We do not know the optimal time period over which to test fish for FCE.
* We do not know the genetic correlations between FCE under apparent satiation or restricted intake conditions, or between FCE at different times in the production cycle.
I measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half-sib families of black bream at four times over a 56-day test period. After 42 days, I found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilisation in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. There was no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is the difference between the actual feed intake of an individual and the intake predicted from its body weight and growth rate. I argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other correlated traits.
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Doupé, Robert G. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040901.133809.
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Eriksson, Viktor. "Tillämpning av miljöcertifieringssystemen BREEAM och Miljöbyggnad i projekteringsskedet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-87585.
Full textAbstract:
I detta arbete har kraven för miljöcertifieringarna BREEAM och Miljöbyggnad granskats och sammanställts med lösningsförslag i syfte att användas under projekteringsfasen vid framtagning av byggprojekt på Sesam Arkitektkontor AB. Det är framförallt de energibesparande åtgärderna som framarbetats då dessa varit extra efterfrågade från beställaren av projektet. Båda certifieringssystemen är väldigt omfattande, med en tydlig målsättning inom energi, miljö och inomhusklimat. Beskrivningarna av systemen innehåller tabeller som tydliggör kraven för att uppnå en viss certifieringsnivå. Inledande i rapporten, beskrivs övergripande de olika certifieringssystemen med tillhörande tabeller där krav för respektive system finns specificerat. Fullständig certifiering enligt systemen kan endast uppnås på färdig byggnad. Det arbete som presenteras i rapporten är framtagna till användning i projektering av byggnader. En plan för att nå de energimål som ställs, presenteras i den manual som utgör produkten av arbetet. Detta sker i form av en lista över relevanta faktorer som starkt påverkar byggnadens energiförbrukning. De olika områdena är uppdelade under olika rubriker för att vara lättöverskådliga och enkelt kunna användas som ett effektivt verktyg på ritbordet för arkitekten.<br>In this work the requirements for certification from both BREEAM and Miljöbyggnad reviewed and compiled with solution proposals to be used during the design phase in the development of construction projects at the company Sesam Arkitektkontor AB. It is especially energy saving actions that have been worked up since these have been in additional demand from the purchaser of the project. Both certification systems are very extensive, with a clear objective in the energy, environment and indoor climate. The descriptions of the systems contain tables that clarify the requirements to achieve a certain level of certification. Preliminary report extensively describes the different certification systems and related tables where the requirements for each system are specified. Full certification under the systems can only be achieved in the finished building. The work presented in this report is designed for use in the design of buildings. The plan to achieve the energy targets is presented later on in a manual that is the product of this work. This takes the form of a list of relevant factors that strongly influence the building's energy consumption. The different areas are grouped under different headings to be visible at a glance and easily be used as an effective tool on the drawing board for the architect.
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Vicente, António Pedro Andrade. "Characterization and selection of the Lusitano horse breed." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8646.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias. Especialidade de Produção Animal<br>Um estudo aprofundado de caracterização genética e estratégias de seleção na raça equina Lusitana foi realizado para identificar os principais fatores que afetam a variabilidade genética desta população e fornecer informações para o delineamento de um programa de melhoramento genético sustentável. Foi analisada a informação genealógica registada entre 1824-2009, incluindo 53417 animais. O intervalo de gerações médio foi de 11.33±5.23 e 9.71±4.48 anos para garanhões e éguas, respetivamente. Os animais nascidos entre 2005 e 2009 tiveram um número médio de gerações conhecidas de 11.20±0.71 e consanguinidade média de 11.34±7.48%. O aumento anual da consanguinidade foi de 0.173±0.070, a que corresponde um tamanho efetivo da população de 28. O número efetivo de fundadores, ascendentes e coudelarias fundadoras foi de 27.5, 11.7 e 5.4, respetivamente. Estes resultados refletem uma forte ênfase em algumas linhas e indicam a necessidade de uma gestão cuidadosa da diversidade genética para o futuro.
Foram utilizados modelos mistos para estimar parâmetros genéticos, efeitos fixos e predizer valores genéticos para características morfo-funcionais por análises uni e multivariadas. Os caracteres morfológicos incluídos foram as pontuações parciais atribuídas a mais de 18 mil animais na sua inscrição como reprodutores (classificação de cabeça/pescoço, espádua/garrote, peitoral/costado, dorso/rim, garupa, membros e conjunto de formas), para além da pontuação final (FS), altura ao garrote (HW) e andamentos (GA). Funcionalmente foram considerados os resultados das provas de ensino (WEDT) e maneabilidade (WEMT) em Equitação de Trabalho (WE, cerca de 1500 resultados em 200 cavalos), e Dressage (CD, cerca de 12000 resultados em 760 cavalos). Os efeitos fixos para a morfologia foram a coudelaria, ano, sexo, consanguinidade e idade. Para a funcionalidade foram a prova, nível de competição, sexo, consanguinidade e idade. A heritabilidade estimada (h2) para as pontuações morfológicas parciais variou entre 0.12 e 0.18, à exceção dos membros (0.07). Foi também de 0.18 para FS, 0.61 para HW e 0.17 para GA. Para a performance a h2 foi de 0.32 (WEDT e CD) e 0.18 (WEMT). As correlações genéticas entre os vários componentes parciais de morfologia foram positivas mas muito variáveis (0.08-0.77). As relações genéticas entre morfologia e funcionalidade foram favoráveis, indicando que a morfologia/andamentos podem ser usados como caracteres complementares na seleção para a WE ou CD. A depressão consanguínea foi de magnitude muito reduzida para todos os caracteres analisados. Os valores genéticos estimados para a morfologia e funcionalidade apresentam grande variabilidade, mostrando que a seleção pode ser eficaz, mas a tendência genética observada ao longo dos últimos anos foi moderadamente positiva.
Compararam-se ainda duas fontes diferentes de informação (pedigrees vs microssatélites) enquanto indicadores da diversidade genética e estrutura populacional do cavalo Lusitano. Para além das genealogias completas, foram utilizados dados sobre 6 ou 8 microssatélites genotipados em cerca de 19 mil Lusitanos entre 1998-2007. A consanguinidade obtida via genealogias revelou-se melhor estimador da consanguinidade molecular do que o inverso, mas apresentou uma correlação modesta com a heterozigotia multilocus (6% da variabilidade explicada). As taxas de consanguinidade por geração estimadas pelos dois métodos foram semelhantes. As distâncias genéticas entre as principais coudelarias foram comparáveis (correlação entre distâncias genéticas FST de 0.82). Globalmente, os parâmetros calculados a partir de informação genealógica são melhores preditores dos indicadores moleculares. No entanto, ao nível da população, os parâmetros de diversidade genética estimados, tendências ao longo do tempo e subestrutura da população são muito semelhantes quando estimados pelo pedigree ou por marcadores microssatélites.<br>ABSTRACT - Characterization and selection of the Lusitano horse breed - An in-depth study of characterization and evaluation of selection strategies in the Lusitano horse breed was conducted to identify factors affecting the genetic variability of the breed and provide baseline information for the establishment of a sustainable genetic improvement program. Pedigree records collected in 53417 animals born from 1824 to 2009 were used. The mean generation interval was 11.33±5.23 and 9.71±4.48 years for sires and dams, respectively. For animals born between 2005 and 2009, the mean number of equivalent generations was 11.20±0.71 and the average inbreeding was 11.34±7.48%. The rate of inbreeding per year was 0.173±0.070, and the corresponding effective population size was about 28. The effective number of founders, ancestors and studs was 27.5, 11.7 and 5.4, respectively. These results reflect a strong emphasis placed on a few sire-families and raise concerns regarding the conservation of genetic diversity for the future.
Mixed model procedures were used to estimate genetic parameters, fixed effects and genetic trends for morpho-functional traits in Lusitano horses by uni- and multivariate animal models. Morphological traits included were partial scores attributed to more than 18000 horses at the time of registration in the studbook and included the classification of head/neck, shoulder/withers, chest/thorax, back/loin, croup, legs and overall impression, plus a final score (FS) and a score for gaits (GA) and the measurement of height at withers (HW). For functionality, the traits considered were scores obtained in dressage (WEDT) and maneability (WEMT) trials of working equitation (WE, about 1500 records by 200 horses), and classical dressage (CD, about 12130 records by nearly 760 horses). Fixed effects considered in the analyses of morphology, GA and FS were stud, year, sex, inbreeding and age. For functionally traits, the fixed effects were event, level of competition, sex, inbreeding and age. Heritability (h2) estimates for all partial morphological scores ranged between 0.12 and 0.18, except for legs (0.07), and were 0.18 for FS, 0.61 for HW and 0.17 for GA. For performance, h2 was 0.32 for WEDT and CD and 0.18 for WEMT. The genetic correlations among partial components of morphology were positive but widely different (0.08 to 0.77). The favourable genetic relationships existing between morphology and performance indicate that morphology and gaits traits can be used to enhance selection response when the improvement of WE or CD is intended. The magnitude of inbreeding depression was small for all the traits analyzed. The estimated breeding values for morphology, gaits and WE presented a large variability, indicating that selection can be effective, but the genetic trend observed over the last few years was positive but moderate for all traits.
The assessment of genetic diversity and population structure obtained by either pedigree data or microsatellite markers was compared. The same pedigree database was used and, in addition, data on either 6 or 8 microsatellite markers genotyped in more than 19000 horses, from 1998-2007. Genealogical inbreeding was a better predictor of molecular inbreeding than the opposite, but it had a modest correlation with multilocus heterozygosity (6% of its variability). Still, the rates of inbreeding per generation estimated by the two methods were very similar. Genetic distances among the major studs producing Lusitano horses were comparable when they were estimated from pedigree or molecular information, with a correlation between FST distances of 0.82, and similar dendrograms were obtained in both cases. Overall, estimates derived from a reduced number of microsatellites or from pedigrees are poorly correlated when considered at the individual level, but parameters derived from pedigree are better predictors of molecular-derived indicators. However, when considered at the breed-level, the estimated diversity parameters, time trends and population substructure are very similar when genealogical data or microsatellite markers are considered.<br>Instituto Politécnico de Santarém
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Doupé, Robert G. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri." Thesis, Doupé, Robert G. (2004) Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/25/.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, the widespread clearing of native vegetation has resulted in large areas of once-productive agricultural land being affected by rising saline groundwaters. There is considerable interest among farmers and rural landowners throughout Western Australia, in the possibilities that inland saline aquaculture may offer for a potentially productive use of land and water resources that can no longer support traditional agriculture. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) appear to be an ideal candidate for the developing saline aquaculture industry of inland Western Australia, however their current maximum growth rates are too slow for profitable production. The high productivity of modern breeds of terrestrial livestock species is primarily due to genetic improvement programs utilising selective breeding, and similar gains have also been made where they have been implemented for aquatic species. Before the growth rate of black bream can be genetically improved, however, it is necessary to estimate both the extent of genetic improvement required and the extent of genetic (co)variation in those growth traits which will be subject to, or affected by, selection. The aims of this study were to:
(1) Determine the extent of genetic improvement in growth rate required for black bream to be considered as a profitable aquaculture species.
(2) Estimate the potential for growth rate to be improved through heterosis when different black bream strains are crossbred.
(3) Estimate the additive genetic variation for growth rate, which exists within populations of black bream.
(4) Estimate the genetic (co)variation which exists between growth rate and other production traits.
A partial budget analysis investigated whether enhanced growth rates of black bream would improve profitability and justify a genetic improvement program. It was conducted for two different fish production systems; a commercial operation that incurred more operating expenses due to costs associated with farm initiation (stand-alone farm model) and an existing farm that diversified into aquaculture using the saline water resources of established farm dams (integrated farm model). Sensitivity analyses indicated that a 33% increase in growth rate to at least 200g/annum would allow either production system to return a profit at a farm-gate price of AUS$6/kg whole fish, with fish survival rates of 98% for the stand-alone farm and 65% for the integrated farm model. These results provided a breeding objective, being an improvement in growth rate by at least 33%.
A complete diallel cross of two black bream populations was used to estimate the comparative advantages that might be gained from straight-breeding and crossbreeding. At 90 days of age, the growth traits of standard length, total length and wet weight, varied significantly among all straight-bred and crossbred lines, and among half-sib groups within lines. Differences among half-sib groups explained 6.8% of the total variance in standard length, 8.3% in total length and 7.1% in wet weight, giving estimated heritabilities over all lines of 0.27 plus-minus 0.11 for standard length, 0.33 plus-minus 0.13 for total length and 0.28 plus-minus 0.12 for wet weight. There was no evidence for heterosis in any traits when straight-bred and crossbred lines were compared, and phenotypic (rP = 0.95 - 0.98) and genetic (rG = 0.63 - 0.69) correlations were high among all growth traits.
I used the estimated heritability for wet weight of 0.28 to optimise a factorial mating design from a single population, and to estimate the contribution of additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and maternal effects to variation in growth traits of black bream at 75, 130 and 180 days of age in the hatchery. Maternal genetic and environmental effects were greatest at 75 days of age, accounting for 9.1% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 11.4% of variance in standard length and 8.8% of variance in total length. At later ages maternal effects were much reduced, explaining 0.8 - 3.7% of phenotypic variance in growth traits. Additive genetic effects were greatest at 130 days of age, when they accounted for 17.4% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 21.4% of variance in standard length and 18.7% of variance in total length. Additive genetic effects were negligible (<1%) at 75 days of age and 4.8 - 5.5% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 180 days of age. Non-additive genetic effects (which also included common environmental effects due to families being raised in the same tank) explained 5.8 - 7.3% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 75 days of age, but were much smaller at later ages. Variable stocking densities among tanks up to 75 days significantly affected all growth trait measurements below 180 days of age.
One of the most important of these traits is feed conversion efficiency. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) is the effectiveness with which feed is converted to saleable fish product. Feed costs are a major input to aquaculture production systems and genetic changes in FCE may therefore have an important influence on profitability. FCE is usually expressed by a composite measure that combines feed intake and growth rate. The two most common measures are feed conversion ratio (feed intake/weight gain over a specified time interval) and its inverse, feed efficiency. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency are measures of gross FCE, because they do not distinguish between the separate energy requirements of growth and maintenance. There is abundant evidence of substantial genetic variation in FCE and its component traits in terrestrial livestock species and, although data are few, the same is likely for cultured fish species. The major problems with selecting from this variation to genetically improve FCE in fish species are:
* It appears impractical to measure feed intake on individual fish, so that family mean data must be used.
* We do not know the optimal time period over which to test fish for FCE.
* We do not know the genetic correlations between FCE under apparent satiation or restricted intake conditions, or between FCE at different times in the production cycle.
I measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half-sib families of black bream at four times over a 56-day test period. After 42 days, I found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilisation in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. There was no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is the difference between the actual feed intake of an individual and the intake predicted from its body weight and growth rate. I argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other correlated traits.
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Gittel, Claudia [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Brehm, Walter [Gutachter] Brehm, and Florien [Gutachter] Jenner. "Einfluss von Ursprungsquelle und Isolationsmethode auf zellbiologische Charakteristika equiner mesenchymaler Stromazellen / Claudia Gittel ; Gutachter: Walter Brehm, Florien Jenner ; Betreuer: Walter Brehm." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1238789595/34.
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Wells, Sarah J. "Effect of breed on palatability of dry-cured ham." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/29467.
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Brehm, Andreas B. [Verfasser]. "Technological contributions to endoscopic submucosal dissection / Andreas B. Brehm." Aachen : Shaker, 2015. http://d-nb.info/108076268X/34.
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Rowe, Fiona Pauline Gabrielle. "The bulldog breed : identifying the nation c.1800-2000." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614346.
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Zishiri, Oliver T. "Genetic evaluation of the South African dorper sheep breed." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18105.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD (Animal Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Dorper sheep breeders developed their own linear type scoring system based on a 5-point scale
which assesses Conformation, Size, Type, Fat distribution and Colour. For many decades Dorper sheep
breeders have been so consistent with adherence to these breed standards without paying much
attention to performance testing of their stud animals. However, there is a paucity of information
pertaining to the genetic relationships between visually assessed traits and objectively measured growth,
reproduction and fitness traits in the breed. Slow genetic gains in Dorper production traits are assumed to
be caused by over-accentuation of type traits but those assumptions needed to be scientifically validated.
It was therefore vital to derive these relationships as they could have a negative impact on genetic
progress in the event that some antagonisms existed. Against this background, the major objectives of
this study were to estimate genetic parameters and trends for production, reproduction, fitness and
subjective traits using data extracted from National Small Stock Improvement Scheme (NSIS).
Furthermore, the study correlated performance data with subjectively assessed traits to derive genetic
relationships between them to establish the effect of selecting Dorper sheep on breed standards has on
objective traits of economic importance.
Genetic parameters and relationships were estimated for subjectively assessed and objectively measured
traits using linear and threshold methods. Linear methods were applied via the implementation of
Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedures and Bayesian methods were implemented through
Gibbs sampling. It was established through the implementation of single-trait and multi-trait analyses that
live weight and growth traits were moderately to highly heritable. Maternal effects were also significant for
such traits. Subjectively assessed traits were demonstrated to be lowly to moderately heritable using both
linear and threshold methods. There were positive genetic and environmental correlations between live
weight, growth and subjectively assessed traits with the exception of Colour. There was favourable
selection response to live weight and growth traits in a Dorper flock, with the exception of average daily
gain during the post weaning phase where there was a slight negative trend. Subjectively assessed traits
with the exception of Size responded favourably to selection. It was concluded that breeders should
consider removing Colour from their breeding objectives, and focus more on selecting animals based on
BLUP breeding values of objectively measured traits. The across flock genetic evaluation of all Dorper
records demonstrated through the implementation of both linear and threshold methods that reproduction
and fitness traits were lowly to moderately heritable and exhibited favourable genetic correlations
amongst themselves. It was further established that ewe rearing ability, ewe stayability and ewe
productive life are lowly heritable and have some favourable correlations with component traits of
reproduction. There was little genetic change in reproduction and fitness traits, but traits generally
deteriorated where significant trends were found. It was concluded that breeders should select their
animals on objectively measured production and reproduction traits and not put as much emphasis on
breeding standards.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Dorper skaaptelers het hul eie liniêre puntestelsel ontwikkel wat op ‘n 5-punt skaal bouvorm, grootte,
tipe, vetverspreiding en kleur beoordeel. Dorper skaaptelers se fokus was vir baie dekades om hierdie
rasstandaarde na te kom, sonder om aandag te gee aan die prestasietoetsing van hul stoetdiere.
Rasverbetering in die Dorperskaapras is gebaseer op subjektiewe beoordeling van eienskappe soos dit in
die skouring bepaal word. Daar is egter ‘n gebrek aan inligting aangaande genetiese verwantskappe
tussen visueel beoordeelde eienskappe en objektiewe eienskappe soos groei, reproduksie en fiksheid.
Dit word aangeneem dat stadige genetiese vordering in produksie-eienskappe van Dorpers deur ‘n
oorbeklemtoning van tipe eienskappe veroorsaak word, maar hierdie aannames moet wetenskaplik
bewys word. Daarom is dit uiters belangrik om die verwantskappe tussen subjektiewe en objektiewe
eienskappe te bepaal, aangesien hulle ‘n moontlike negatiewe effek op genetiese vordering mag uitoefen
as daar wel antagonismes bestaan. Teen hierdie agtergrond is die hoofdoelwitte van hierdie studie om
prestasiedata vanuit die Nasionale Kleinveeverbeteringskema (NSIS) te onttrek en die beraming van
genetiese parameters en tendense vir produksie, reproduksie, fiksheid en subjektiewe eienskappe.
Verder het hierdie studie prestasiedata met subjektiewe beoordeelde eienskappe gekorreleer om
genetiese verwantskappe tussen subjektiewe en objektiewe eienskappe te bepaal.
Genetiese parameters en -verhoudings was beraam vir subjektief beoordeelde en objektiewe gemete
eienskappe met die gebruik van lineêre- en drumpelwaardemetodes. Lineêre metodes is toegepas d.m.v
die implementering van Residuele Maksimum Waarskynlikheid (REML) prosedures en die Bayesiaanse
metodes deur Gibbs steekproefneming. Dit is bevestig dat dat liggaamsgewig en groei-eienskappe matig
tot hoog oorerflik is. Maternale-effekte het ook ‘n beduidende invloed op hierdie eienskappe gehad.
Subjektiewe eienskappe is laag tot matig oorerflik, volgens beide lineêre en drempelwaarde metodes.
Daar was positiewe genetiese- en omgewingskorrelasies tussen liggaamsgewig, groei en subjektiewe
eienskappe, met die uitsondering van kleur. Daar was ‘n gunstige seleksie respons vir liggaamsgewig en
groei-eienskappe met die uitsondering van gemiddelde daaglikse toename gedurende die na-speense
fase wat ‘n afname in die gemiddelde voorspelde teelwaardes getoon het. Subjektiewe eienskappe, met
die uitsondering van grootte, het in die studietydperk geneties verbeter. Die gevolgtrekking is dat telers dit
moet oorweeg om kleur (subjektiewe eienskap) van hul teeldoelwitte te verwyder en om diere op BLUP
teelwaardes van objektiewe eienskappe moet selekteer. Die genetiese evaluasie van die nasionale kudde
het getoon dat reproduksie- en fiksheidseienskappe laag tot matig oorerflik is en gunstige korrelasies
onderlings toon. Dit is verder bevestig dat grootmaakvermoë, terughouvermoë en produktiewe leeftyd
laag oorerflik is, en sekere gunstige korrelasies met die komponente van reproduksie toon. Daar was
geen genetiese verandering in reproduksie en fiksheid eienskappe in die nasionale kudde nie, moontlik
omdat geen seleksie toegepas is nie, a.g.v ‘n oorbeklemtoning van rasstandaarde. Die gevolgtrekking is dat telers diere moet selekteer gebaseer op produksie en reproduksie eienskappe, en minder klem lê op
rasstandaarde.
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Samartzis, Alexandros. "Organic iron requirements of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3111.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the current study was to determine the organic iron (Fe) requirements of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). A total number of four experiments have been carried out each one for 12 weeks, in order to address and extend the knowledge on nutritional issues and challenges related with the culture of the gilthead sea bream in the Greek aquaculture industry and therefore enhance the fish health status under intensive culture conditions. These experiments aimed to determine the optimum level of organic Fe supplemented in commercial type diets of sea bream, the comparison between an organic Fe form and two inorganic Fe forms added in the diet of the fish, the effect of supplemented organic Fe on sea bream species exposed to oxygen deprivation stressors related to poor aquaculture husbandry practices and finally the interaction of organic Fe in the diet of sea bream with various levels of other trace minerals (Zn, Cu). The parameters evaluated were the growth performance of the fish, the Fe concentration in three selected tissues (the spleen, the liver and the muscle), the haematological status of the fish (the haematocrit, the red blood cell count, and the haemoglobin) and both the humoral and cellular immunology of the fish (the antibacterial activity of serum and the respiratory burst respectively). 150 mg/Kg of added organic Fe appears to be the recommended level as well as the minimum amount on fish exposed to overstocking conditions. The comparison between the two inorganic Fe forms (Ferrous Sulphate and Ferrous Carbonate) added in the diets show no significant effect on the fish. While, the fish fed the diets with 150 mg/Kg organic Fe and Cu levels lower that 5 mg/Kg had higher Hb values.
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Stenzel, Sandra, M. Schröpfer, I. Prade, and Michael Meyer. "Leather properties as a function of cattle breed - 248." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34333.
Full textAbstract:
Content:
Since hundreds of years, tanners share the opinion that hides from different cattle breeds lead to varying leather qualities. Especially European hides from the alpine region (e. g. Simmentaler or brown origin) are preferred by tanners. These leathers feature a higher thickness, a maximum utilisation induced by a minor thickness difference over the whole area and a lower tensile strength in contrast to leathers from other breeds. However, are these alpine hides better because of their breed affiliation or because they are kept in special regional conditions? It is known that, besides the breed, also other factors can influence the rawhide and leather quality like age, gender, nutrition and climate conditions. In addition, present dairy and beef cattle are high-performance cattle by breeding, which leads to more crossbreeds than 100 years ago. Our intention was to find out, whether leather quality nowadays is still a function of breed or not.
For that purpose, 40 rawhides from four different cattle breeds (Angus, Charolais, Simmentaler, Limousin) were collected from the Saxon region. From each breed, five male and five female rawhides were
collected. The age of each individual was restricted to two years. All 40 rawhides were tanned with the same technology for furniture leather. Leather quality was characterized by determining chemical and
physical parameters. Chemical parameters included collagen content, fat content and ignition lost (DIN 181218). The physical parameters were tensile strength (DIN EN ISO 3376), elongation at break (DIN EN
ISO 3376) and stitch tear resistance (DIN EN ISO 23910).
The analyses revealed that the chemical parameters were identical for all examined breeds. For this reason, the chemical composition of a cattle skin is irrespective of breed origin. The tensile strength of the
leathers showed only a small significant difference between Angus and Limousin (p= 0.05). Leathers from Limousin hides showed significantly different elongations at break compared to Angus, Charolais and
Simmentaler. The stitch tear resistance varied in nearly all breeds. Significant differences were detected between all breeds except between Angus and Charolais as well as Angus and Simmentaler. Plotting the measured physical values against gender or age of the individuals showed no correlation.
In summary, only minor differences between the cattle breeds were found. But this tendency must be confirmed by a larger quantity of test individuals. For this purpose, an analysis is planed with 100
individuals from different breeds and crossbreeds.
Take-Away:
Many tanners share the opinion that hides from different attle breeds lead to varying leather qualities.
We found only minor differences of the physical parameters between the cattle breeds with a random sample of 10 individuals per breed.
To confirm this tendency, an analysis is planed with 100 individuals from different breeds and crossbreeds.
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Jakobsson, Jenny. "Structural variation identification in non-reference cattle breed genomes." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448593.
Full textAbstract:
Cattle are essential for the global food industry through the meat and milk production. It is from an economical point of view in our best interest to make cattle as efficient as possible, whether it is milk or beef production, without negatively influencing their health and welfare. That has led to a steady increase in the interest of genetic analysis of cattle. The sequencing and identification of genomic variation has led to the association of genotypes with phenotypes of interest and the discovery of the underlaying genetic risk factors for many diseases and traits. Diseases or monogenetic traits caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), small deletions and insertions or other small mutations are often easy to identify if the correct region is found. The diseases caused by structural variants (SVs), variants larger than 50 base pairs (bp) are still challenging. It is more challenging because they are harder to identify, especially using shortread sequencing technologies. It is therefore still a rather unexplored area for cattle and other domestic species.This thesis looks at SVs found in the Swedish Red and Brown (SRB) cattle to discover breed specific SVs. This was done by creating a pipeline with VCF files as input. The identified SVs were filtered and overlapped with externally identified SVs. The pipeline was tested with two SRB datasets. The structural variant caller, DELLY, performed poorly with low read depth data when comparing single replicate data and combined replicates data. Multiple SVs were identified in all individuals and did overlap with both functional and gene annotation. There was also overlap found with datasets in the European variant archive (EVA). This indicates that the identified SVs are shared among multiple breeds of cattle and that DELLY can be used to develop future pipelines to include long read sequencing technologies and/or data with higher read depth.
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Brehm, Erich [Verfasser]. "Partikulare Integrale des Problems der n Körper / Erich Brehm." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2006. http://d-nb.info/120619748X/34.
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Cvejic, Dejan. "Congenital sensorineural deafness in client-owned pure-breed white cats." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-104302.
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Lillegraven, Ingrid Nesbakken, and Ida Edrikke Orseth Løvik. "BREEAM Norge : et forslag til norsk tilpasning av utvalgte kategorier." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11473.
Full textAbstract:
BREEAM er et britisk miljøklassifiseringsverktøy som brukes for å vurdere en bygnings bærekraftighet. Verktøyet stiller konkrete krav til bygninger og byggeprosjekter innenfor flere kategorier, og vurderer prosjektene ut i fra oppnåelse av disse kravene. Man får poeng for oppnåelse av kravene, og summen danner grunnlaget for klassifiseringen. Det er tatt en beslutning om at BREEAM skal implementeres i Norge, og det er derfor behov for at verktøyet blir tilpasset norske forhold. Denne rapporten forsøker å svare på hvor godt terskelkrav og oppbygging av BREEAM samsvarer med forholdene i Norge. Oppgaven er begrenset til å se på kategoriene helse og innemiljø, energi, materialer, avfall og forurensing. Det er tatt utgangspunkt i manualen BREEAM Europe Commercial 2009 for vurdering av kravene som stilles i disse kategoriene, heretter kalt terkelkrav. Vurderingen er gjort på grunnlag av gitte tilpasningskriterier og norske forhold innenfor de ulike temaene. Det er lagt vekt på å vurdere om kravene som stilles er i samsvar med norsk praksis og lovverk, samt norske fokusområder innen miljøvennlig og bærekraftig bygging. Vurderingen av de ulike terskelkravene har resultert i forslag til endringer av formål, fremgangsmåte for poengoppnåelse og innhold. Det er også lagt fram forslag om nye krav samt foreslått at enkelte blir fjernet. En vurdering av kategoriene som en helhet har i tillegg resultert i forslag om endring av antall oppnåelige poeng for enkelte terskelkrav. Endringene som er foreslått er bakgrunn for et forslag til tilpassing av BREEAM til norske forhold, kalt BREEAM-N. Det er foretatt sensitivitetsanalyser på det foreslåtte verktøyet BREEAM-N og BREEAM Europe for å vurdere endringene som er foreslått, samt systemene som en helhet. Det er konkludert med at de foreslåtte endringene vil føre til et skjerpet system, og at det kreves mer for å oppnå et godt resultat i BREEAM-N enn i BREEAM Europe. Analysene viser at ved å prioritere kun utvalgte kategorier kan man vanskelig oppnå de beste sertifikatene, og at det er viktig å prestere innenfor de høyest vektede kategoriene for å oppnå et godt resultat. Helhetsinntrykket på bakgrunn av de vurderte kategoriene og systemets oppbygging er at BREEAM med mindre justeringer kan tilpasses Norge, og at dette er et velutviklet verktøy med gode løsninger.
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Grozelier, Anna. "Labrador and German shepherd breed differences in dog-human communication." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119521.
Full textAbstract:
As our long-term companions, dogs’ communication with us is perhaps the most developed of all human- animal ones. This study was aimed to investigate breed differences of German Shepherds and Labradors in dog-human communication. This was obtained through two tests: a problem-solving task and a pointing test. These two tests target both directions of communication: how much dogs understand and respond to the pointing and how they communicate with humans when facing a problem. Additionally, hair cortisol was measured in the dogs and dog owners filled a behavioural questionnaire (C-BARQ). The main breed difference I found was that Labradors performed better in both tests. I also found that the latency of the dogs’ choices in the pointing test correlated with many factors, e.g. they chose quicker when: choosing correctly, when they had many physical contacts with the experimenter in the problem-solving task, when they were more intense, energetic dogs, when they had higher hair cortisol levels and when they had a confident body posture. This indicates that the latency of choice could depend on the confidence of the dog and on the trust in the experimenter as well as on energy level and focus ability. Overall, this study revealed a limited amount of breed differences, compared to a parallel study on Labrador types (hunting and show dogs), showing that intra-breed differences can be more important than inter-breed ones on a behavioural level.
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Pentz, Eduan. "Marketing perceptions of the Drakensberger breed of cattle / E. Pentz." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4798.
Full textAbstract:
The Drakensberger is a medium-framed black cattle breed indigenous to South Africa.
The breed is concentrated mainly in Mpumalanga, the Eastern Free State and Kwazulu Natal. The breed fares well in key requirements for successful cattle farming. The North West Province and Northern Free State are some of the major cattle producing areas in South Africa. The Drakensberger does not enjoy a large market share in the region, at around 5-10%. The reasons for this lack of popularity of the breed are not evident.
The study aims to establish why the breed in the region does not have the market share it seemingly deserves. Farmers are resistant to farm with the breed despite its good qualities. A literature review was performed to gain background on the cattle industry. Some breeds, their attributes and reasons for being successful, were explored. The Drakensberger was researched in detail, examining the breed’s potential. From literature it was evident that the breed has no fatal flaws and even outperforms certain breeds in some aspects. The current positioning of the breed in the market was described. A questionnaire was designed in order to determine which cattle breeds respondents prefer, why they prefer these breeds, what the sentiment of respondents in the region is towards the Drakensberger and reasons for the sentiments. A sample was selected and the questionnaires were completed through personal interviews. The areas covered were in the North West and Northern Free State.
From the responses it was established that almost 50% of respondents farm with Bonsmara and Simmentaler breeds. The Drakensberger did not feature highly. It was found that farmers prefer the breeds due to hardiness, fertility, weaning weight and the colour of the breed. The Drakensberger is not a very popular breed and not well known. The main reasons for farmers not choosing the breed are based on a lack of information, perceptions that the black breed is more sensitive towards heat and that farmers preferred cattle. Respondents indicated being somewhat aware of evidence dispelling perceptions around the breed and indicated that the research is valuable to an extent. It was concluded that the Drakensberger is not reaching its potential in the region due to the black colour of the breed and due to a lack of quality information of the breed. It is recommended that a focused information and promotion campaign be launched in order to improve the image of the breed and to increase market share.<br>Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
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Jarl, Erik. "BREEAM-SE : Är den bidragande till ett ökat ekonomiskt fastighetsvärde?" Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22166.
Full textAbstract:
Miljöcertifieringssystemet BREEAM-SE har granskats och de delar som skapar ett ekonomiskt ökat värde för fastighetsägaren har lokaliserats i certifieringssystemet. Undersökningen genomfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer där de intervjuade personerna fick utveckla sina svar om varför de ansåg att indikatorerna skapar eller inte skapar något värde. Ett betyg för högste ekonomiska värdeökningen enligt BREEAM-SE har sammanställts. Undersökningen tog enbart hänsyn till den ekonomiska värdeökningen för fastighetsägaren och avgränsade undersökning för andra yrkeskategorier. En fördjupning i de indikatorer som skapar ett ekonomiskt värde har begränsats i mån av tid vilket lett till att dels indikatorn energi, inte är helt optimerad vad gäller målpoängen som ska nås för högsta ekonomiska värdet. De delar i miljöcertifieringssystemet som skapar högst ekonomiskt värde är lägre energiförbrukning, lokalisering av byggnaden och materialvalen Dessa indikatorer sänker drift- och underhållskostnaderna mest för fastighetsägaren och därmed ökar vinstmarginalen för fastighetsägaren. Byggnadens komfort bidrar till att hyresgästen kan vara villig att betala en högre hyra och lägre byggproduktionskostnader bidrar till en lägre investeringskostnad och break-even nås i teorin tidigare för fastighetsägaren. Även själva miljöcertifieringen bidrar till ett ökat ekonomiskt värde, dels för att hyresgäster ställer högre och högre miljökrav och de nästan kräver en miljöcertifiering idag, och dels att miljöcertifieringen ”tvingar” projektgruppen att ta tag i frågor i ett tidigare skede än vad som i vanliga fall hade gjorts. Detta leder till att ändringskostnader kan undvikas och blir lägre i ett tidigt skede, än om ändringar skulle göras i ett senare skede. Betyget som nåddes vid en ekonomiskt optimerad BREEAM-SE bedömning blev VERY GOOD eftersom nådd BREEAM-poäng blev 59,55 % och alla minimikriterier uppfylldes.<br>The environmental certification system BREEAM-SE has been studied and the parts that create an economical increase in value seen from the property owner’s perspective, has been located in the environmental certification system. The study was done by qualitative interviews so the interviewed people were able to explicate their answers about why or why not they thought that the indicators created a value. A complete grade has been compiled regard to the economical increase in value according to BREEAM-SE. The study only considered the economical increase in value regarded to the property owner and delimitated studies for other job types. An immerse to the indicators that creates an economical increase in value has been restricted due to time which led to that partly the indicator energy, wasn’t fully optimized regarding the objective point that need to be reached for the greatest economical increase of value. Those parts in this environmental certification system that creates the greatest economical increase in value are decreasing energy consumption, localization of the building and choice of material. These indicators decreased the management- and maintenance cost the most for the property owner and therefor it increases the marginal profit for the property owner. The buildings comfort contributes to the tenants will to pay a higher rent, the lowered production cost contributes to a lower investment cost and the critical break-even point is, in theory, reached faster by the property owner. Even the environmental certification contributes to an economical increase in value, partly because the tenant request higher environmental standards and they almost demands some kind of an environmental certification, and partly because the environmental certification system ‘’forces’’ the planning group to handle certain questions in an early stage of the process which otherwise might have been left for a later occasion. This leads to that the cost of changes in the project can be avoided and becomes lower in an early stage of the project, then it would be if the changes were met later in the process. The grade that was reached regarding to an optimized economical BREEAM-SE evaluation was VERY GOOD because the obtained BREEAM-points was 59,55 %, and all of the minimum criteria’s were executed.
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Kasam, Alisha. "Conceptual design of a breed & burn molten salt reactor." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289755.
Full textAbstract:
A breed-and-burn molten salt reactor (BBMSR) concept is proposed to address the Generation IV fuel cycle sustainability objective in a once-through cycle with low enrichment and no reprocessing. The BBMSR uses separate fuel and coolant molten salts, with the fuel contained in assemblies of individual tubes that can be shuffled and reclad periodically to enable high burnup. In this dual-salt configuration, the BBMSR may overcome several limitations of previous breed-and-burn (B$\&$B) designs to achieve high uranium utilisation with a simple, passively safe design. A central challenge in design of the BBMSR fuel is balancing the neutronic requirement of large fuel volume fraction for B$\&$B mode with the thermal-hydraulic requirements for safe and economically competitive reactor operation. Natural convection of liquid fuel within the tubes aids heat transfer to the coolant, and a systematic approach is developed to efficiently model this complex effect. Computational fluid dynamics modelling is performed to characterise the unique physics of the system and produce a new heat transfer correlation, which is used alongside established correlations in a numerical model. A design framework is built around this numerical model to iteratively search for the limiting power density of a given fuel and channel geometry, applying several defined temperature and operational constraints. It is found that the trade-offs between power density, core pressure drop, and pumping power are lessened by directing the flow of coolant downwards through the channel. Fuel configurations that satisfy both neutronic and thermal-hydraulic objectives are identified for natural, 5$\%$ enriched, and 20$\%$ enriched uranium feed fuel. B$\&$B operation is achievable in the natural and 5$\%$ enriched versions, with power densities of 73 W/cm$^3$ and 86 W/cm$^3$, and theoretical uranium utilisations of 300 $\mathrm{MWd/kgU_{NAT}}$ and 25.5 $\mathrm{MWd/kgU_{NAT}}$, respectively. Using 20$\%$ enriched feed fuel relaxes neutronic constraints so a wider range of fuel configurations can be considered, but there is a strong inverse correlation between power density and uranium utilisation. The fuel design study demonstrates the flexibility of the BBMSR concept to operate along a spectrum of modes ranging from high fuel utilisation at moderate power density using natural uranium feed fuel, to high power density and moderate utilisation using 20$\%$ uranium enrichment.
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Brehm, Jan David [Verfasser], and A. V. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ustinov. "Superconducting Quantum Metamaterials / Jan David Brehm ; Betreuer: A. V. Ustinov." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229514635/34.
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Brehm, Nico [Verfasser]. "Föderierte ERP-Systeme auf Basis von Web Services / Nico Brehm." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1156517583/34.
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Smith, Algina Maria Johanna. "Genetic analyses of growth traits for the Simbra composite breed." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4168.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Simbra breed of cattle for certain non-genetic as well as
genetic parameters influencing live weight traits in the breed. Live weight traits included birth weight
(BW), weaning weight at 200 days of age (WW), yearling weight at 400 days of age (YW) and 600
day weight. The Simmental and Simbra Breeders’ Society of Southern Africa availed 148751 records
for analysis from the year 1987 till 2009. Due to deficiencies of various kinds in the data and the
restrictions imposed for the purposes of the analysis, 56.44% of the records were discarded for BW,
76.55% for WW, 91.54% for YW and 96.32% for 600-day weight.
Non-genetic parameters affecting BW, WW, YW and 600-day weight were analysed using the
General Linear Models procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2004) software. During
this procedure sex of calf, breed composition of calf, breeder of calf, month of birth, year of birth and
dam age were fitted in the models. BW, WW, YW and Mature Cow Weight (MCW) were fitted as
covariates where possible. It was determined that the fixed effects of sex, dam age, breeder, year
and month had a significant (P < 0.05) effect of BW and WW while dam age was not significant (P >
0.05) for YW or 600-day weight. Breed was found non significant for YW. Breeder of the calf
accounted for the most variation in BW, WW, YW as well as 600-day weight with a contribution of
17.55%, 25.77%, 18.35% and 10.71% respectively. Tukey’s multiple range tests were performed for
testing differences between least square means. Results indicated male calves to be significantly
heavier than females for all four traits measured. Breed composition differences were found
significant until WW. Calves with higher Brahman percentage weighted more at birth while calves with
higher Simmental percentage weighed more at weaning. Middle-aged dams were found to account
for heavier calves at both BW and WW while very young dams and very old dams produced lighter
calves for the two live weight traits. A number of years showed a significant difference from each
other for all the traits measured as well as month of birth.
(Co) variance components and the resulting genetic parameters were estimated using single-traits
and three-traits analysis by means of Restricted Maximum Likelihood procedures (Gilmour et al., 2002). Appropriate models were selected by means of Log likelihood ratios tests and implemented to
estimate genetic parameters for each of the traits studied. Direct additive heritabilities for BW, WW,
YW and 600-day weight in the Simbra were respectively 0.56 ± 0.08, 0.67 ± 0.09, 0.70 ± 0.11 and
0.10 ± 0.03 when the most suitable animal model was fitted in single-trait analyses for each trait.
Single traits analysis also included maternal additive as well as the correlation between direct additive
and maternal additive for BW, WW and YW. Maternal additive heritability estimates of 0.24 ± 0.07,
0.33 ± 0.06 and 0.38 ± 0.07 was obtained for BW, WW and YW. Correlation estimates between direct
additive and maternal additive were -0.75 ± 0.07, -0.93 ± 0.07 and -0.85 ± 0.08 for BW, WW and YW
respectively. Furthermore, dam permanent environment was included as an additional random effect
that increased the log likelihood value significantly. A value of 0.04 ± 0.05 was obtained for dam
permanent environment estimate for WW. When a three traits analysis was done for the same traits,
but using a significantly smaller data set, direct additive heritabilities of 0.24 ± 0.07 for BW, 0.33 ±
0.06 for WW and 0.38 ± 0.07 for YW were obtained. Genetic and environmental correlation estimates
of 0.18 ± 0.16 and 0.09 ± 0.06 between BW and WW; 0.27 ± 0.16 and 0.07 ± 0.06 between BW and
YW; as well as 0.52 ± 0.10 and 0.45 ± 0.05 between WW and YW were obtained during the three-trait
analysis. The magnitude of the heritabilities obtained in this study indicates that the opportunity exists to make genetic progress through proper selection objectives.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die Simbra bees ras te evalueer op grond van sekere niegenetiese
so wel as genetiese parameters wat lewende gewig beïnvloed. Gereelde en akkurate
opnames van lewende gewig, is ‘n goeie indikasie van groei potensiaal en is ‘n minimim vereiste vir
meeste beesras telings genootskappe. Lewende gewigs eienskappe sluit in geboorte gewig (BW),
speen gewig gemeet op 200 dae (WW), jaaroue gewig gemeet op 400 dae (YW) en finale gewig
gemeet op 600-dag gewig. Die Simmentaler en Simbra genootskap van Suid Afrika het 148751
rekords beskikbaar gestel vir evaluasie vanaf die jaar 1987 tot 2009. Daar was egter groot tekort
komings aan die gewewe data en dus is daar 56.44% van die rekords vir BW nie gebruik nie, 76.55%
vir WW, 91.54% vir YW en 96.32% vir 600-dag gewig.
Nie-genetiese parameters wat die onderskeie lewende gewigte beïnvloed het, is geanaliseer deur
Algemene Lineêre Modelle met behulp van die Statistiese Analitiese Sisteem (SAS, 2004) sagteware.
Gedurende die analise is geslag van die kalf, ras samestelling, teler van die kalf, maand van
geboorte, jaar van geboorte asook moeder ouderdom gepas in die modelle vir die onderskeie
gewigte. Geboorte gewig, speen gewig, jaaroue gewig asook volwasse koei gewig is gepas in elk
van die modelle as ko-variate. Volgens die resutate is daar vasgestel dat geslag van die kalf, moeder
ouderdom, teler, jaar, maand en volwasse koei gewig almal ‘n betekenisvolle (P < 0.05) invloed
gehad het op BW en WW. Die moederouderdom was nie betekenisvol (P > 0.05) vir YW of 600-dag
gewig nie. Die ras samestelling was ook nie betekenisvol gevind vir YW. Teler van die kalf was
verantwoordelik vir die meeste variasie in BW, WW, YW asook 600-dag gewig met ‘n bydrae van
17.55%, 25.77%, 18.35% en 10.71% onderskeidelik. Tukey se veelvuldige vergelykings toets is
gebruik om onderskeid te tref tussen “least square means”. Resultate het aangedui dat manlike diere
swaarder weeg as vroulike diere tot en met finale gewig. Ras samestelling vir BW en WW was
betekenisvol verskillend vir die diere. Kalwers met ‘n hoër Brahmaan persentasie het swaarder BW
opgelewer as dié met ‘n hoër Simmentaler persentasie, terwyl kalwers met ‘n hoër Simmentaler
persentasie swaarder geweeg het met speen en dus ideal is vir speen kalwer produksie stelsels.
Middel-jarige moeders het swaarder kalwers geproduseer met geboorte en speen as baie jong en -
ou moeders. Sommige jare waarin van die kalwers gebore is, het ook betekenisvol van mekaar
verskil asook die maand waarin die kalf gebore is. Ko) variansie faktore en opeenvolgende genetiese parameters is bepaal met behulp van enkeleienskap
analises asook meervuldige-eienskap analises deur middel van die “Restricted Maximum
Likelihood” prosedure (Gilmour et al., 2002). Modelle is opgestel vir elk van die gewigte deur die
geskikte genetiese terme toe te voeg en te toets met behulp van “Log likelihood tests” om sodoende
die onderskeie genetiese parameters te bepaal. Direkte genetiese oorerflikhede bepaal deur enkeleienskap
analises vir die Simbra ras was as volg, 0.56 ± 0.08 vir BW, 0.67 ± 0.09 vir WW, 0.70 ± 0.11
vir YW en 0.10 ± 0.03 vir 600-dag gewig. Die direkte maternale genetiese oorerflikhede tydens
dieselfde enkel-eienskap analise vir die onderkeie gewigte was 0.24 ± 0.07 vir BW, 0.33 ± 0.06 vir
WW en 0.38 ± 0.07 vir YW. Korrelasies tussen direkt genetiese en direk maternale eienskappe was
sterk negatief. ‘n Waarde van -0.75 ± 0.07 is bepaal vir BW, -0.93 ± 0.07 vir WW en -0.85 ± 0.08 vir
YW. ‘n Adisionele faktor was ook ingelsuit vir WW, naamlik die permanente omgewing van die
moeder, wat ‘n waarde opgelewer het van 0.04 ± 0.05. Tydens die veelvuldige-eienskap analise het
die oorerflikhede merkwaardig verminder vir die betrokke gewigte en kan ook waargeneem word as
die meer korrekte genetiese weergawe. Direkte genetiese oorerflikhede van 0.24 ± 0.07 vir BW, 0.33
± 0.06 vir WW en 0.38 ± 0.07 vir YW was bepaal. Hierdie matig tot hoë parameters dui op genetiese
vordering deur middel van korrekte seleksie prosedures. Genetiese- en omgewing korrelasies is ook
bepaal tydens die analise en het positiewe waardes opgelewer. ‘n Genetiese korrelasie waarde van
0.18 ± 0.16 tussen BW en WW is bepaal asook ‘n waarde van 0.27 ± 0.16 tussen BW en YW en ‘n
waarde van 0.52 ± 0.10 tussen WW en YW. Hierdie korrelasies dui daarop dat na-speengewigte
vermeerder kan word deur te selekteer vir verhoogde WW sonder om BW dramties te vermeerder.
Omgewings korrelasie waardes van 0.09 ± 0.06 tussen BW en WW, 0.07 ± 0.06 tussen BW en YW
asook ‘n waarde van 0.45 ± 0.05 tussen WW en YW is gevind. Genetiese neigings is bepaal vir die
onderskeie gewigte deur die gemiddelde voorspelde teelwaardes aan te teken teenoor elke jaar wat
bereken was tydens die enkel-eienskap analises vir die onderskeie gewigte. Groot variasie asook
negatiewe tendense vir WW en YW is ondervind van jaar tot jaar en dui daarop dat die seleksie
doelwitte vir lewendige gewig nie in plek gestel is nie en is dit nodig om te her evalueer.
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Eriksson, Richard, and Sadaf Moghbel. "Miljöcertifiering i Sverige Nytta med både Miljöbyggnad och BREEAM-SE?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-89683.
Full textAbstract:
På en marknad där allt fler byggnadsprojekt miljöcertifieras i samband med ökat intresse i miljö och samhällsutveckling så blir verktygen för själva certifieringen allt viktigare, men får även ökad konkurrens. Miljöbyggnad är starkt etablerat i Sverige men saknar betydelse utomlands. BREEAM-SE som är en svensk adaption av det brittiska certifieringssystemet Building Research Establishment Enviromental Assessment Method (BREEAM)är mindre vanligt i Sverige men sprider sig på marknaden runt om i världen och är ett av de större internationella systemen med en global standard. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra BREEAM-SE och Miljöbyggnad för att belysa deras respektive styrkor och svagheter för att se om det finns en nytta med att ha båda systemen på den svenska marknaden eller om det är mer fördelaktigt att endast nyttja ett system. En litteraturstudie har utförts genom datainsamling av manualerna för respektive system. Därefter har en intervjustudie genomförts för att samla in information från nyckelpersoner som arbetar med respektive system i olika företag. Resultaten visade att systemen är så pass olika att de inte konkurrerar med varandra i samma projekt utan är specialiserade mot olika kundgrupper som kräver skilda typer av certifieringar. Slutsatsen är att båda systemen behövs på den svenska marknaden för att fylla de behov som finns och som respektive system inte skulle kunna uppfylla på egen hand. Huruvida något av de andra miljöcertifieringssystemen som finns på marknaden skulle vara bättre än de som undersökts i denna studie har inte undersökts i denna studie och kvarstår att besvara.<br>On a market where an increasing number of building projects are being subject to environmental certification as a result of the growing interest of the environment and societal development, the tools for the certifications become more important and competition from similar systems increases. Miljöbyggnad is already firmly established in Sweden but lack any significant bearing in other countries. BREEAM-SE is a Swedish adaptation of the British certification system BREEAM and is not used to the same extent in Sweden but continue to spread on a global market and is at this point one of the largest certification systems with a core system as the global standard. The purpose with this study is to compare BREEAM-SE and Miljöbyggnad to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses to see if there is any use to keep both systems on the Swedish market or if it would be beneficial to use one system alone. A literature study was done through extensive data collection from the manuals for respective system. Furthermore, an interview study was done to collect information from key persons that work with respective system in various companies. The result showed that the systems are different enough to not compete with each other on the same projects since they are specialized towards different market segments that require different systems, to get the most out of it and be beneficial. The conclusion is that both systems are required on the Swedish market to fulfil the needs that exist since neither system can fulfil those needs on their own, as of right now. However whether other environmental certification systems that exist could be better than the systems brought up in this study, has not been investigated in the study and remains to be answered.