Academic literature on the topic 'Breyer Animal Creations'

Embryonic mortality in cattle is the death of the conceptus before Day 42 of pregnancy. Estimates of embryonic mortality varied greatly, ranging from 10 to 40% in first-service cattle to 65% in repeat-breeder cows. This paper reviews endogenous causes of embryonic mortality, including chromosomal abnormalities, inadequate corpus luteum function and the influence of follicular development on fertility. External causes of embryonic mortality, including heat stress and nutrition, are also reviewed; these factors act by modifying the follicular environment (thereby affecting oocyte quality) or by creating a hostile uterine environment. Strategies to reduce embryonic mortality, including good management practices and supplementation with progesterone or interferon-tau, are discussed. From a practical perspective, improved knowledge of the causes of embryonic mortality and regulation of follicular growth and corpus luteum function should result in the development of improved, cost-effective hormonal regimes that effectively synchronize estrus and ovulation and reduce embryonic mortality, thereby benefiting the cattle industry. Key words: Cattle, reproduction, fertility, embryo development, embryo mortality

It is necessary to carry out not only the evaluation of sexual activity of breeder boars and the quality of their sperm, but carefully investigate the metabolic status by laboratory methods during the medical examination. It helps to determine the optimal parameters for the implementation of the reproductive potential of the breeder boars. Biochemical methods of research can establish imbalance in metabolism, the nature and localization of cytolytic processes by the degree of enzymes activity in serum. However, in order to detect inflammatory or destructive changes in the connective tissue structures, in particular the musculoskeletal system, the most informative indexes will be biopolymers of the connective tissue – glycoproteins and proteoglycans. The results of a complex examination of clinically healthy breeder boars with different regime of their production use, which includes an extended set of biochemical tests with the determination of glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate, total glycosaminoglycans and their fractions, are presented in this paper. It was found that the level of such parameters as the total protein and its fractions, urea, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activity, and the MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase did not have any significant differences. For breeder boars that were used in reproductive events irregularly (group I), there was an indicative higher level of creatinine and glycosaminoglycans. In animals with regular use as the herd (group II), the level of creatinine and fractions of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was lower, but there was an increasing in cholesterol, β-lipoproteins, and activity of total creatine phosphokinase. The probable difference in these indicators can be explained by the difference in the intensity of the energy metabolism processes in muscle tissue. Indeed, during long-term hard work of skeletal muscles, not only glycogen stores are used, but also the use of lipids is of great importance. In addition, the raising of cholesterol and β-lipoproteins may be due to their active involvement in the synthesis of steroid hormones. Increasing the activity of total creatine phosphokinase in blood serum of animals with the intensive use in technology probably is the evidence of severe physical activity and the development of destructive processes in muscle tissue (hyperenzymemia is detected in early stages of myopathy). The absence of the most inflammatory processes was evidenced by the unchanged level of serum glycoproteins, which are known as the acute phase tests. Differences in the parameters of the state of connective tissue were determined at the levels of general GAG, their I and III fractions (chondroitin-6-sulfate and heparan sulfate, respectively). In the first group of boars, there was a higher level of I fraction of GAG, that indicated a significant load on the joints' cartilages and the gradual development of destructive processes in them. About the III fraction of GAG, an increasing of their blood content could indicate the reaction of the vascular flow, changes in ventilation of the lungs, the course of anti-inflammatory processes in animals with the appearance of intense physical activity.

O bem-estar animal tem sido amplamente discutido, abordando as ações e efeitos no processo de criação, transporte até o abate, a fim de se adequar os meios de produção. No entanto, bem-estar é um assunto de ampla abrangência e que atualmente, adequa também as condições de trabalho das pessoas que atuam no setor agrícola. A segurança e a saúde dos trabalhadores é motivo de preocupação, uma vez que a forma como o indivíduo se sente ou como exerce as suas atividades, pode influenciar de forma negativa na produção animal. Diante dessa crescente preocupação, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar os efeitos da tipologia das edificações e do sistema de produção de matrizeiros de frangos de corte sobre as condições de saúde, segurança e ergonomia dos trabalhadores envolvidos na atividade. De posse dos dados coletados, verificou-se que as atividades que exigem o carregamento de peso, principalmente quando realizada por mulheres, podem vir a prejudicar a coluna bem como outros membros corporais. Os demais fatores ergonômicos como concentração de gases, luz e ruído não tornaram o ambiente insalubre uma vez que as instalações são abertas favorecendo a ventilação natural e iluminação.Palavras-chave: ergonomia, produção de frangos, trabalho rural. HEALTH AND SAFETY OF WORKERS IN HARBORS OF BROILERS BREEDER ABSTRACT:Animal welfare has been widely discussed, addressing the actions and effects in the process of creation, transportation to slaughter, in order to suit the means of production. However, well-being is a matter of wide scope and currently, it also suits the working conditions of the people who work in the agricultural sector. The safety and health of workers is a matter of concern, since the way in which the individual feels or how he practices his activities may negatively influence animal production. Faced with this growing concern, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of typology of buildings and the system of production of broilers breeder on the health, safety and ergonomic conditions of workers involved in the activity. With the collected data, it was verified that the activities that require the weight load, especially when performed by women, can harm the spine as well as other body limbs. Other ergonomic factors such as concentration of gas, light and noise have not made the environment unhealthy since the facilities are opened favoring natural ventilation and lighting.Keywords: ergonomics, poultry production, rural work.

The article purpose is to cover main milestones of life and scientific path, systematize scientific heritage of famous scientist-breeder in field of animal husbandry, Doctor of Agricultural science, Professor V. Yu. Nedava (1925–2009). Material and methods of research are based on general scientific principles of historical accuracy, objectivity, systematicity, complexity, scientificness, miltifactoriality and comprehensiveness. The source base of the research is manuscripts (archives) and printed documents (statistical materials, scientific papers). It is identified three periods of scientific activity Professor V. Yu. Nedava. During first of them (1950–1961) he worked at Transcarpathian State Agricultural Experimental Station as Senior Research Fellow, Head of Department of Animal Husbandry and Depute Director on Scientific Path. The main directions of scientific activities, which were characteristic for this period, improvement of Brown Carpathian cattle. Like the most significant achievements the authors considered establishing the bread area, its origin, studing the exterior-constitutional features, patterns of dairy and beaf productivity formation, drawing up the first perspective plan of breeding work with the breed. Scientist have developed and introduced an oroginal method of ecological selection on the exampl of Brown Carpathian cattle. The second period (1961–1975) was marked his activities on base Kyiv Experimental Station of Animal Husbandry «Terezine» in the positions Senior Research Fellow, Head of Department of Cattle Breeding and Depute Director on Scientific Work. He developed the basics of improving the productive and tribal qualities of the Simmental and Black-and-White cattle at pure breeding and crossbreeding, as well as the production of beef by commercial crossing. The most important achievements are the method of estimation of tribal animals for feed conversion with milk, the basics of the increasing of milk fat of the Simmental by the method of introductive crossing. The third period of scientist activities covered 1975–1986 and related to his leading of Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Breeding and Artificial Insemination of Cattle (now Institute Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubets NAAS. Key directions of scientist activities are organization of material and technical base, deployment of system scientific researches on breeding and selection, genetics and reproduction of farm animal. It is shown that due to his purposeful activity the experimental and tribal bases of the institute were created, that contributed to the organization of successful scientific efforts of its collective, introduction of the most promising scientific developments in the tribal farms. V. Yu. Nedava main achievements of this period – creation high-productive competitive specialized breeds and types of cattle on the base reproductive crossing, modern methods of genetics and biotechnology were highlighted. Since 1986 he moved to teaching work in National Agrarian University (now National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine). The scientific heritage of the scientist was systematized into such blocks: planning and organization of breed work; schemes for organization of large-scale selection in animal husbandry; substantiation of the concept of development of specialized cattle breeding; introduction of intensive technologies of milk and beef production; principles of the theory of tribal selection; breeding, estimation and bull rational use; fundamentals of increasing of cattle milk fat; use the heterosis effect in cattle breeding and others.

The methodical aspects of the Montbeliarde breed gene pool in Ukraine are presented. The evaluation and selection of animals was carried out on the basis of the dairy productivity and tribal value of the ancestors, the type of exteriors, the overall development of the body, the period of cohort, and also the parentage. Selected and brought 100 heads of the cows of the Monglereid breed. As a result of growth, development, the type of body structure, the animals corresponded to the standard of breed requirements and were pregnant for 3–4 months. The parents type productivity indices (ISU) was 98–147. More than 50% of them were ranked in the top 20 best breeders. The milk productivity of the heifers mathers on 305 days of the first lactation ranged from 5300 to 9100 kg of milk, with a fat content of 3.9–4.4% and a protein of 3.3–3.7%.Genealogical structure of the herd (100 cows and 64 heifers, which were obtained at the farm PLAE "Zhatkivske") is represented by 5 genealogical bloodlines. The most numerous is the bloodline Charmant – Ideal – Helios 15.421 (26 cows and 13 heifers). The Charvant sire was quite widely used in the breeding stock virtually of all bloodlines. This line is developed through the bulls Corail 3971002640, Cardian 7191071104106 and Isangrin 6393018001 (scheme 1). No less numerous is the Pirates 11,695 (25 caws and 6 heifers) bloodline, which has two powerful sublines: Novac 17136 and Tabarin 3967923962. The development of these independent branches continues through the bulls: Rhum 7080007171, Ezozo 0189014533 Martien 7176060311 Cantadou, Verglas 3984014417, Leguyer 7495022208, Bois Levin 0186006232.From the genealogical bloodline Oceano 11594 have been 23 caws selected, from which already 13 heifers were received. The bloodline has been developed through the bulls: Faucon 3990016792, Natif 3997030107, Oxalin 2598012281. Oxbou. Based on the old bloodline Ideal 9128, a new bloodline Osiris – Orkan 78315, is developed through the bulls: Lusignan, Jardin 2574010156, Tilleul 3912920526, Boulogne 7086000198 and represented by 15 individuals.The most numerous in the past century in the breed, the Bravo 12.571 bloodline has narrowed significantly and is currently developing only through the branch Debount 2572016541, his sons: Tafia 2582003300 and Tartars 7082004021 and their grandsons: Polichinel 2199011839, Maldini 1596099083 and others. At the moment, it's a disappearing bloodline, so the best bulls as Ezozo 0189014533, Bois Le Vin 0186006232 and the most promising bulls from Pirate 11.695 bloodline are used widely on the cows of this line. The farm brought 6 heavens of this line, from which 3 daughters were taken. In order to prevent the rapid growth of inbreeding, in recent years, in the breed used cross the most distant lines. The average expectation of 31 firstborns for 305 days of lactation in the PLAE "Zhatkivske" was 7298 (limits 6544–8839) kg.Thus, the breeding stock imported into the PLAE "Zhatkivskoe" is rather high-yielding and reflects the gene pool of the Monglereid breed. A plan for individual fixation, which is implemented in the herd, is developed to provide linear breeding, which in the complex forms the basis for the creation of the Monglereid breeder.

Leading researcher of the laboratory of biotechnology of reproduction of the Institute of animal breeding and genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS Stepan Demchuk on November 27, 2019 turned 70 years old. He was born in the village. Pripyat of Lyuboml district of Volyn region. After graduating from Shatsk secondary school he entered the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy, which he graduated in 1971 with a major in Veterinary Science. He then worked as a veterinarian for the "Chervona zirka" state farm, then as a chief veterinarian of the state farms. Comintern and "Bolshevik" Baryshevsky district of Kyiv region, and from 1976 to 1978 – in the Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky state plant at the post of senior zootechnic breeder. From 1978 to 1994 he worked at the Ukrainian Research Institute for breeding and artificial insemination of cattle as a junior researcher. In 1994–1996 he was a leading researcher at the "Vorzel" research station. Since 1996 he has been working as a senior scientist and since 2000 – a leading researcher at the Institute of animal breeding and genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. In 1997, he defended his dissertation for the Candidate of Agricultural Sciences degree on “Restoration of reproductive function in cows of Ukrainian meat breed in connection with the course of childbirth”. The scientific creativity of a scientist exceeds 100 published works in Ukraine and abroad, including books, methodical recommendations, patents and instructions on reproduction and breeding of cattle. In particular, he co-authored books on the Strategy for the Development of Meatbreeding in Ukraine in the Context of National Food Security (Kyiv, 2005), The Scientific Principles of Breeding Livestock of Meat Breeds (Kyiv, 2017), "Breeding, genetic and biotechnological methods for improving and preserving the gene pool of breeds of farm animals" (Kyiv, 2018), articles in scientific publications of Belarus, the Russian Federation, Moldova and Ukraine. For a long time, Stepan Yukhimovich has been providing advisory and practical assistance to farms, has been actively involved in the creation of high-performance dairy and beef cattle herds, in the training and retraining of livestock specialists, and has repeatedly been a judge of All-Ukrainian artificial insemination operators competitions. Under his scientific guidance, K. J. Skoryk defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Agricultural Sciences on "Economic and biological features of goat breeders of foreign breeding in Ukraine". High professionalism, deep knowledge in the field of biotechnology of breeding animals, butchery, humanity, modesty and honesty have formed in the staff of the institute and scientific community of Ukraine Stepan Yukhimovich deserved authority. The staff of the institute, where the jubilee has been working for over 40 years, sincerely congratulates the dear Stepan Yukhimovich and wishes him good health, further creative success, scientific and human longevity!

Investigation of the selection methods, used during various stages of the creating the Ukrainian red dairy breed, has an actual significance in the evaluation of the methodology of the breed formation process. A comparative analysis found that the female ancestors of the studied cows according to milk yield significantly differed. With each subsequent stage, bulls-breeders, which were used in the breeding process, prevailed over female ancestors of the previous stage according to the milk productivity. The level of maternity benefit of the parents of the second and third stages was higher than that of the parents of the first stage mothers. However, for fatty milk, the parents of stage I parents had a superiority, compared with the second and third stages. While analyzing the milk yield of mothers of cows, it was found a certain pattern. In particular, the increase in milk in the next stages of the breeding of Ukrainian red dairy breed. According to the productivity of cows-primates, derived from different selection methods, determined by the level of support of female ancestors, the effectiveness of the use of highly heterogeneous selection is established. The difference in comparison with the homogeneous selection for the second and third stages was 462 kg (P > 0.999) and 235 kg of milk, respectively. As for the first stage of breeding of Ukrainian red dairy breed, the best results were obtained from the use of moderately heterogeneous selection. Its efficiency is confirmed by the highest milk yield of 359 kg (P > 0.95) of milk compared with homogeneous selection. There was a tendency to increase the fat content in milk of animals in the I, II and III stages of the breeding process in a highly heterogeneous selection in comparison with homogeneous selection, the difference was accordingly 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.03%. It should be noted that in the second stage, heterogeneous selection was effective. Along with the abovementioned, there is a general tendency of reduction of fatty milk production in ІІІ stage compared to І and ІІ stages. This is explained by the inclusion in the program of the breeding process of the Ukrainian red dairy breed using the Holstein breeder bulls. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, we have a convincing confirmation of the effectiveness of a highly heterogeneous selection. In the first and second stages of breeding, the prevail of milk fat was 15.4 kg (P > 0.99) and 12.9 kg (P > 0.95) compared to homogeneous selection. Thus, it is logical to increase the level of milk productivity in the studied cows from the first to the third stage of the withdrawal of Ukrainian red dairy breeds with the advantage of using highly heterogeneous selection.

In recent years, farms of different categories of Ukraine, including tribal, are intensively imported pigs from different countries of the world, which destroy domestic pigs. In the middle of the last century, the Global Community Action Plan on Biodiversity Conservation, which has been supported in Ukraine, has been developed by the world community, for the leading role of FAO, to extend the duration of the existence of a breed or domesticated animal population. Practically for all kinds of animals, including domesticated ones, and not only agricultural ones, developed methods of preservation of their gene pool, defined forms and methods of their conservation, calculated funds for the reimbursement of breeding of non-competitive breeds of animals and other measures, but no basic – no effective legislative framework has been developed that would contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in the animal world in Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to highlight the basic, standardized requirements for the creation and functioning of the gene pool of the herd in pig breeding, breeding methods, increase the number of the main population, the number of lines and families necessary for the conservation, reproduction and rational use of the gene pool of breeds, the conditions of keeping and feeding animals, their Identification, registration, evaluation, confirmation of origin, etc. Material and research methods. The main requirements for the gene pool herd in pig breeding have been developed through the use of the regulatory framework of the livestock sector in Ukraine, including the Guidelines for the boning of pigs, the Regulations on the procedure for attestation and admission to reproduction of pedigrees for breeding purposes, the Orders of the Ministry of Education of the UIA, the Guidance on conducting immunogenetic studies, DNA - Testing, cytogenetic control, standardized feeding and feeding requirements, and the EU directive on identification and registration of pigs, the management of the breed s books chystoporodnosti animals. Research results. In pig breeding, the gene pool herd should be formed on the basis of a leading breeding herd of the breed whose main activity is aimed at preserving the gene pool of the breed. Preservation in gene pool herds is subject to pure-bred animals, both main and local, as well as foreign breeds, types and lines of pigs, which are bred and kept on the territory of Ukraine. The number of main sows in the gene pool should be not less than 100 heads, and the main boars must be at least 10 heads. Each genealogical line or family in the gene pool herd should have 2-3 branches with 2-3 sons or daughters. The gene pool of the herd in pig breeding should be the leading breeder herd, which is subordinated to 2-3 breeding herds, which purposefully exchange tribal material with it. The basic method of breeding animals in gene pool herds is pure breeding. In some cases, during the implementation of state and sectoral breeding programs in livestock, approved by the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, the use of introductory crossings is permissible. They relate animals to purebred animals, are recorded in the pedigree book, and also trade in animals of the gene pool of the herd in accordance with the current legislation and the requirements of the European Union. Selection pressures during the selection of animals in the gene pool should remain at the median level in the flock. Selection of animals in the gene pool of the individual individually, according to intra-group signs. Intra-group selection is carried out using inbreeding of moderate degrees in 2-3 generations with further cross-section. Estimates of animals at their own productivity in the gene pool of the herd according to the current normative documents. Herbs in gene pool herds are selected according to pedigree, individual characteristics and pedigree value. Kennels-pedigrees used in the gene pool of the herd, certify and evaluate the quality of the descendants in the conditions of specialized control and testing stations. If among the offspring of the barn more than 50% of the animals have development and productivity indicators at the level of requirements of the first class and below, there are cases of genetic anomalies, and the safety of the livestock is less than 80% - the pedigree is discarded from the herd and the family disposed of this way To prevent its reuse. Indicators of development and productivity of animals in the gene pool are to meet the requirements of the "elite" class for the breed in accordance with the Guidelines for the boning of pigs. Numbers pigs in the gene pool in accordance with the requirements of the Instructions for boning pigs. Identification and registration in the state automated database - The register of breeding animals is subject to all the main breeds and main sows that are sown or kept in the gene pool of the herd, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination. Identify pigs in the gene pool of the herd according to the results of the confirmation of origin, conducted using modern genetic methods in accordance with the requirements of the current instructions. Animals are identified using two pairs of ear tags of the established sample for identification of pigs during their transfer to the main herd. For the purpose of long-term storage of tribal (genetic) resources, it is necessary for the National Bank of Genetic Resources to transfer the semen of the kennels of all available gene pool stock lines. From each line it is necessary to store not less than 10 spermodozes, with periodic, once every 2-3 years, replenishment of the bank by material from new or the same parent, provided that they exist. A similar approach should be applied to genetic material from females of different families. The level of feeding of pigs should ensure the manifestation of their genetic potential. Hold breeding pigs in gene pool herds in accordance with the requirements of state standards. Conclusions To create a gene pool of herds in pig breeding, it is necessary to follow standardized requirements. We believe that the status of a pedigree subject in pig breeding, a "gene pool economy", may be assigned not only to those farms that, according to the "Procedure for the conferment of the appropriate status to breeders in livestock breeding and Technological requirements for selection breeding and breeding work in the field of beekeeping "Have a herd or herds of endangered breeds, types, populations of animals, but also leading breeding herds of all breeds of pigs in Ukraine that meet the above requirements, in order to preserve them. In the pig breeding industry, as well as in other sectors of livestock breeding in Ukraine, the breeds are not officially identified as endangered. In addition, it is necessary not only to establish requirements for gene pool farms, which are not very easy to implement, but also to provide their state support.

The effects of breed, development, and nutrition on mRNA expression of the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and its relationship with intramuscular fat (IMF) content in porcine muscle (m. longissimus dorsi; m.l.d.) were estimated. Purebred Jinhua, Zhongbai, Yorkshire, Duroc, Duroc × Zhongbai (DZ), and Duroc × Yorkshire × Landrace (DYL) pigs were used to investigate the effect of breed. Pigs weighing 2.5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 kg were selected to study the effects of different stages of development. To study the effect of nutrition, four diets were selected: corn-soybean (CS), CS with 1.2% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or 0.05% creatine monohydrate (CMH), and barley-soybean (BS). All eighty animals were slaughtered, and m.l.d. samples were collected to examine FTO mRNA expression and IMF content. Results showed that breed significantly affected FTO mRNA expression and IMF content. FTO mRNA expression in the studied pigs was in the order: Zhongbai and Yorkshire > Duroc and DZ > Jinhua and DYL. The IMF content ordered by breed was Duroc > DZ > DYL > Jinhua > Zhongbai > Yorkshire. Both FTO mRNA expression and IMF content increased with age of the pigs, with the greatest difference seen between 100 kg pigs and all other weights. In the study, none of the four diets had a significant effect (P > 0.05) on FTO mRNA expression or IMF content. The study demonstrated that FTO mRNA expression increased with increasing body weight and was significantly affected by the breed of pigs. The results showed that FTO mRNA expression had an inconsistent correlation with IMF content between breeds and developmental ages.    

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Paolo Bacigalupi, known for his eco-fiction, sets his Ship Breaker and The Drowned Cities in dystopias of flooded environments controlled and exploited by huge corporations. Everything is commodified, including children’s bodies. Lars Schmeink demonstrates how the adolescent protagonists Nailer and Mahlia resist genetic determinism and find hope as they create alternative value systems. The animal-human hybrid Tool, common to both novels, also resists his supposed DNA-determined behavior as mindless warrior and frees himself to become tool to no one. Critical, or ethical, posthumanism offers a vision for creating subjectivities that embrace the Other and forge paths to a better future.