Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bricall'

Cette recherche effectuee aupres d'une population d'ouvriers de la region de nantes-saint-nazaire, porte sur des pratiques de travail, dites "de bricole", realisees en marge de l'emploi salarie. A la suite d'une etude lexicographique ayant permis d'exhumer une categorie de pensee et d'experience du "travail de bricole", puis d'une relecture de sources monographiques du siecle dernier visant a mettre en perspective historique des formes marginales du travail observables aujourd'hui, l'auteur analyse la construction d'un champ du loisir dans lequel ces pratiques ont ete classees au chapitre du bricolage. Cet effort d'elaboration repond a une interrogation, formulee dans l'entre-deux- guerres dans une litterature d'organisateurs des loisirs ouvriers, devant l'evolution des conditions de vie ouvrieres et du travail industriel. Cette preoccupation croise alors une reflexion sociologique sur le travail ouvrier qui fait ici l'objet d'un examen critique. Il en est ressorti une definition du bricolage comme travail de loisir, libre de contraintes productives et operant a contre-sens de la vie professionnelle. L'analyse des pratiques observees retourne cette perspective. Il est montre en effet que le travail professionnel constitue une matrice des pratiques de bricoleurs, qui mobilisent, en les recomposant, des logiques et des savoirs industriels dans la sphere privee. Ils y retablissent un "ordre productif" et etendent les marges du travail
This research, conducted among a working class population in the nantes-saint-nazaire area, concerns working practices referred to as "de bricole", carried out on the fringe of regular paid employment. Following a lexicographical study making it possible to point out a category of thought and experience relating to the "travail de bricole" (almost to potter, to tinker), in turn followed by a rereading of monographic sources from the last century aiming at situating from a historical standpoint certain marginal forms of work discernable today, the author analyses the construction of a field of leasure in witch these practices were classified in the do-it-yourself category. This effort on elaboration answers a questionning formulated between the two world wars in literature dealing with working class leasure activity, in light of the evolution of working class living conditions and industrial labor. This concern encounters a sociological reflection on working class labor wich herein forms the subject of a critical examination. The end result is a definition of do-it-yourself/ odd jobs as a leasure activity, exempt from productive constraints and operating against the tide of professional life. The analysis of currently observed practices overturns this viewpoint. Indeed, it is shown that professional labor constitutes a matrix of do-it-yourself practices by those people concerned wich mobilizes, while reconstructing them, industrial logic and knowledge in the private sphere. They in turn reestablich a "productive order" and widen the scope of work

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This paper concern the general subject of teacher career construction, since the period of the initial formation in the teaching course of pedagogy crossing the first effectives experiences of professional performance, until the reflections about the results of the continuous formation propositions. The specifics subject is the formative quotidian in the teacher s life beyond of the traditional stereotypes about individuals and institutions bring up for discussion a micro sociological approach about the professionals uncertainty and the personal hopes, the teacher displeasures and the pedagogical satisfactions. The epistemological reflection about the different formatives experiences, taking as example the Programa de Forma??o de Alfabetizadores PROFA (Alphabetizers Formation Program) developed by the Secretaria Municipal de Educa??o of Natal City, consider the ambiguous tension between the knowledge that the teachers acquire in their formation and the concrete teachers practical since those experiences. The study methodology is based in the qualitative comprehensive research, sustained by observations, impressive reflective accounts, and also in the theoretic analyses with contemporary references to the critical pedagogical through and education sociology. I used the autobiographic reflective account by the writer-researcher in her owner academic and professional way. I propose an image of a teacher s factory in such a way for its conformist aspects to the continuity stands as much the internal contradictions of the system. Gears, pieces and manual instructions are the educational components of this factory as ideological, institutional and technical structures to aim at to limit the critics and the changes. However the teachers thinking and acting with their owner creativity to adapted uncontexted professional knowledge s to their pedagogical lives. Under those analogies I propose the problem of this research the teacher s formation and theirs pedagogical practices- and also examine briefly its theoretic-philosophical and methodological basis. From the analysis and interpretation of my owner experiential life as teacher s educator I put the necessity of re-thinking the teacher s formation in terms to rebound more meaningfully in their pedagogical actuation. I believe an important part of the teacher s formation process is the personal wish to learn more about the office, explicitly connected to human convictions and values such as to a positive professional identity. Thus, the teacher able to reflect about your owner educator life can find the best way to help the students to think critically about their culture and history, valorizing creative exits by themselves to face the conformist social stands connected with school education
Esse trabalho trata do tema geral da constru??o da carreira docente, desde o per?odo da forma??o inicial no curso de licenciatura em pedagogia, passando pelas primeiras experi?ncias efetivas de desempenho profissional, at? a reflex?o sobre os resultados das propostas de forma??o continuada. A tem?tica espec?fica ? a do cotidiano formativo na vida dos professores al?m dos estere?tipos tradicionais sobre indiv?duos e institui??es, trazendo ? discuss?o uma abordagem micro-sociol?gica sobre as incertezas profissionais e as esperan?as pessoais, os descontentamentos docentes e as satisfa??es pedag?gicas. A reflex?o epistemol?gica sobre as diferentes experi?ncias formativas, tomando como exemplo o Programa de Forma??o de Alfabetizadores (PROFA) desenvolvido pela Secretaria Municipal de Educa??o de Natal-RN, discute a tens?o amb?gua entre os conhecimentos que o professor adquire na sua forma??o e as pr?ticas docentes concretas a partir dessas experi?ncias. A metodologia do estudo baseou-se na pesquisa qualitativa compreensiva, amparada em observa??es, em relatos impressionistas e reflexivos, assim como em an?lises te?ricas com refer?ncias contempor?neas ao pensamento da pedagogia cr?tica e da sociologia da educa??o. Utilizei o formato de uma narrativa autobiogr?fica reflexiva da pesquisadora-autora em seu pr?prio trajeto acad?mico e profissional. Propus a imagem da f?brica de professores, tanto pelos seus aspectos de conformismo aos padr?es de continuidade quanto ?s contradi??es internas do sistema. Engrenagens, pe?as e manuais de instru??o s?o os componentes educacionais dessa f?brica, como estruturas ideol?gicas, institucionais e t?cnicas, que visam limitar as cr?ticas e as mudan?as. Todavia, os professores pensam e atuam com criatividade pr?pria para adaptar conhecimentos profissionais descontextualizados para as suas viv?ncias pedag?gicas. Com essas analogias proponho o problema desta pesquisa a forma??o de professores e suas pr?ticas docentes e tamb?m examinar brevemente o lastro te?rico-filos?fico e metodol?gico que a ampara. A partir da an?lise e interpreta??o da pr?pria viv?ncia como formadora de professores, coloco a necessidade de se repensar a forma??o de professores de maneira a repercutir mais significativamente na sua atua??o docente. Acredito que um componente importante do processo de forma??o do professor ? o desejo pessoal de aprender mais sobre seu of?cio, explicitamente ligado a convic??es e valores humanos assim como a uma identidade profissional positiva. Assim, o professor capaz em refletir sobre a sua pr?pria vida de educador, pode encontrar o melhor modo de ajudar os alunos a pensarem criticamente sobre a sua cultura e a sua hist?ria, eles pr?prios valorizando sa?das criativas diante dos padr?es conformistas da sociedade ligados ? educa??o escolar

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The intervalar arithmetic well-known as arithmetic of Moore, doesn't possess the same properties of the real numbers, and for this reason, it is confronted with a problem of operative nature, when we want to solve intervalar equations as extension of real equations by the usual equality and of the intervalar arithmetic, for this not to possess the inverse addictive, as well as, the property of the distributivity of the multiplication for the sum doesn t be valid for any triplet of intervals. The lack of those properties disables the use of equacional logic, so much for the resolution of an intervalar equation using the same, as for a representation of a real equation, and still, for the algebraic verification of properties of a computational system, whose data are real numbers represented by intervals. However, with the notion of order of information and of approach on intervals, introduced by Aci?ly[6] in 1991, the idea of an intervalar equation appears to represent a real equation satisfactorily, since the terms of the intervalar equation carry the information about the solution of the real equation. In 1999, Santiago proposed the notion of simple equality and, later on, local equality for intervals [8] and [33]. Based on that idea, this dissertation extends Santiago's local groups for local algebras, following the idea of Σ-algebras according to (Hennessy[31], 1988) and (Santiago[7], 1995). One of the contributions of this dissertation, is the theorem 5.1.3.2 that it guarantees that, when deducing a local Σ-equation E t t in the proposed system SDedLoc(E), the interpretations of t and t' will be locally the same in any local Σ-algebra that satisfies the group of fixed equations local E, whenever t and t have meaning in A. This assures to a kind of safety between the local equacional logic and the local algebras
A aritm?tica intervalar conhecida como aritm?tica de Moore, n?o possui as mesmas propriedades dos n?meros reais, e por este motivo, defrontase com um problema de natureza operat?ria, quando se deseja resolver equa??es intervalares como extens?o de equa??es reais atrav?s da igualdade usual e da aritm?tica intervalar, por esta n?o possuir o inverso aditivo, como tamb?m, a propriedade da distributividade da multiplica??o pela soma n?o ser v?lida para qualquer terno de intervalos. A falta dessas propriedades impossibilita a utiliza??o da l?gica equacional, tanto para a resolu??o de uma equa??o intervalar usando a mesma, como para uma representa??o de uma equa??o real, e ainda, para a verifica??o alg?brica de propriedades de um sistema computacional, cujos dados sejam n?meros reais representados atrav?s de intervalos. Entretanto, com a no??o de ordem de informa??o e de aproxima??o sobre intervalos, introduzida por Aci?ly[6] em 1991, surge a id?ia de uma equa??o intervalar representar satisfatoriamente uma equa??o real, j? que os termos da equa??o intervalar carregam a informa??o sobre a solu??o da equa??o real. Em 1999, Santiago prop?s a no??o de igualdade simples e, posteriormente, igualdade local para intervalos [8] e [33]. Baseado nessa id?ia, esta disserta??o estende os conjuntos locais de Santiago para ?lgebras locais, seguindo a id?ia de Σ-?lgebras contidas em (Hennessy[31], 1988) e (Santiago[7], 1995). Uma das contribui??es desta disserta??o ? o teorema 5.1.3.2 que garante que, ao se deduzir uma Σ-equa??o local ⊢ E t t no sistema SDedLoc(E) proposto, as interpreta??es de t e t ser?o localmente iguais em qualquer Σ-?lgebra local que satisfa?a o conjunto de equa??es locais E fixado, sempre que t e t tiverem significado em A. Isto garante um tipo de seguran?a entre a l?gica equacional local e as ?lgebras locais

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The paper discusses the school library in the unit school construction process, with the general assumption the library definition as an alternative instrument of power and freedom can make significant contributions in the education process. Its theoretical framework in support of the main argument, the theoretical formulations of Antonio Gramsci, Pierre Bourdieu, Althusser and Luis Milanesi. We identify and demonstrate how the library can act in the Federal Institute of Amap? education system - campus Macap?, in contrast to the bourgeois system of reproduction logic, helping to change the political hegemony of the ruling classes? element. We undertook a review of its assets, its structure and its universe of users and present performance methods for the library to act in support of research, reading, training players and the general and humanistic education of students, as well as democratization of access to culture and knowledge built by mankind. educational intervention of the library was performed by experimental research that applied questionnaire to students to check their social vision and understanding in relation to the issue of agrarian reform; They were later made available to students information resources: videos that have been produced by the Movement of Landless Rural Workers - Terra - MST and by people and organizations that defend popular agrarian reform, as well as the text with the title "The agrarian question in Brazil: a historical and social approach" to bring them information on the proposed theme; after the use of these resources, we return to submit the questionnaire in order to compare the results of textual production. The results of experimental research has confirmed that the availability to students, information through activities developed by the school library, can influence the worldview of students and that this educational practice is able to counteract the homogenized and homogenizing training practiced by the ideological apparatuses State, as well as bridge the gap between existing information and information that are denied to students by education systems. In addition, distributed forms of writing to students that aimed to identify the significance of the school library for students of IFAP - campus of Macap?. We realize that students can understand very well the relationship between the school library and its formation process, seeing this as a multifaceted space.
O trabalho discute a biblioteca escolar no processo de constru??o da escola unit?ria, tendo como pressuposto geral a defini??o da biblioteca como instrumento alternativo de poder e de liberdade podendo dar contribui??es significativas no processo de educa??o. Tem como aporte te?rico, na sustenta??o do argumento principal, as formula??es te?ricas de Antonio Gramsci, Pierre Bourdieu, Althusser e Luis Milanesi. Identificamos e demonstramos de que forma a biblioteca pode atuar no sistema de ensino do Instituto Federal do Amap? ? c?mpus Macap?, contrapondo-se ? l?gica de reprodu??o do sistema burgu?s, contribuindo para alterar o elemento de hegemonia pol?tica das classes dominantes. Realizamos uma an?lise do seu acervo, da sua estrutura e do seu universo de usu?rios e apresentamos m?todos de atua??o para que a biblioteca atue no apoio ? pesquisa, ? leitura, ? forma??o de leitores e a forma??o geral e humanista dos educandos, assim como no processo de democratiza??o de acesso ? cultura e aos saberes constru?dos pela humanidade. Foi realizada a interven??o educativa da biblioteca atrav?s da pesquisa experimental que aplicou question?rio aos alunos para verificar a sua vis?o social e compreens?o em rela??o ao tema da reforma agr?ria; posteriormente foram disponibilizados aos alunos recursos informacionais: v?deos que foram produzidos pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem - Terra - MST e por pessoas e organiza??es que defendem a reforma agr?ria popular, assim como o texto com o t?tulo ?A quest?o agr?ria no Brasil: um enfoque hist?rico e social? para levar a eles informa??es sobre o tema abordado; ap?s o uso destes recursos, voltamos a submeter o question?rio a fim de comparar os resultados da produ??o textual. O resultado da pesquisa experimental confirmou que a disponibiliza??o aos alunos de informa??es por meio de atividades desenvolvida pela biblioteca escolar, pode influenciar na vis?o de mundo dos educandos e que esta pr?tica educativa ? capaz de contrabalan?ar a forma??o homogeneizada e homogeneizante praticada pelos aparelhos ideol?gicos de Estado, assim como diminuir o fosso entre as informa??es existentes e as informa??es que s?o negadas aos educandos pelos sistemas de ensino. Al?m disto, distribu?mos formul?rios de reda??o aos educandos que teve por finalidade identificar qual a significa??o da biblioteca escolar para os educandos do IFAP ? c?mpus de Macap?. Percebemos que os educandos conseguem compreender muito bem a rela??o existente entre a biblioteca escolar e o seu processo de forma??o, vendo esta como um espa?o multifacetado.

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Na computa??o cient?fica ? necess?rio que os dados sejam o mais precisos e exatos poss?vel, por?m a imprecis?o dos dados de entrada desse tipo de computa??o pode estar associada ?s medidas obtidas por equipamentos que fornecem dados truncados ou arredondados, fazendo com que os c?lculos com esses dados produzam resultados imprecisos. Os erros mais comuns durante a computa??o cient?fica s?o: erros de truncamentos, que surgem em dados infinitos e que muitas vezes s?o truncados", ou interrompidos; erros de arredondamento que s?o respons?veis pela imprecis?o de c?lculos em seq??ncias finitas de opera??es aritm?ticas. Diante desse tipo de problema Moore, na d?cada de 60, introduziu a matem?tica intervalar, onde foi definido um tipo de dado que permitiu trabalhar dados cont?nuos,possibilitando, inclusive prever o tamanho m?ximo do erro. A matem?tica intervalar ? uma sa?da para essa quest?o, j? que permite um controle e an?lise de erros de maneira autom?tica. Por?m, as propriedades alg?bricas dos intervalos n?o s?o as mesmas dos n?meros reais, apesar dos n?meros reais serem vistos como intervalos degenerados, e as propriedades alg?bricas dos intervalos degenerados serem exatamente as dos n?meros reais. Partindo disso, e pensando nas t?cnicas de especifica??o alg?brica, precisa-se de uma linguagem capaz de implementar uma no??o auxiliar de equival?ncia introduzida por Santiago [6] que ``simule" as propriedades alg?bricas dos n?meros reais nos intervalos. A linguagem de especifica??o CASL, Common Algebraic Specification Language, [1] ? uma linguagem de especifica??o alg?brica para a descri??o de requisitos funcionais e projetos modulares de software, que vem sendo desenvolvida pelo CoFI, The Common Framework Initiative [2] a partir do ano de 1996. O desenvolvimento de CASL se encontra em andamento e representa um esfor?o conjunto de grandes expoentes da ?rea de especifica??es alg?bricas no sentido de criar um padr?o para a ?rea. A disserta??o proposta apresenta uma especifica??o em CASL do tipo intervalo, munido da aritm?tica de Moore, afim de que ele venha a estender os sistemas que manipulem dados cont?nuos, sendo poss?vel n?o s? o controle e a an?lise dos erros de aproxima??o, como tamb?m a verifica??o alg?brica de propriedades do tipo de sistema aqui mencionado. A especifica??o de intervalos apresentada aqui foi feita apartir das especifica??es dos n?meros racionais proposta por Mossakowaski em 2001 [3] e introduz a no??o de igualdade local proposta por Santiago [6, 5, 4]

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This paper?s objective is to comprehend the connections of domestic entrepreneurship of Italian immigrants, focusing on the pasta factory of the family Pappalardo, which lasted for approximately 34 years between the 1930?s and the 1960?s in the city of Porto Alegre. Furthermore, it intends to contribute to a better comprehension of the importance of the family business formations of the Italian immigrants and their connections with their city, attempting to understand the formation of a local company without external investments, and with the goal of helping to build the history of the cultural influences brought with the immigrants and their culinary practices. It wants to contextualize and understand the transformations which were made during the operating period of the pasta factory, also analyzing the methods of advertisement used during that time, and the way with which they attracted the customers, as well as the rotation of employees inside the company. Finally, it is going to use the definitions of transnationalism in commercial sectors. The sources are available in the private family collection of the ?Massas Pappalardo? company founder and also present in the archives of ?Junta Comercial de Porto Alegre?.
Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender as rela??es do empreendedorismo familiar de imigrantes italianos, tendo em foco o pastif?cio da fam?lia Pappalardo que teve aproximadamente a dura??o de 34 anos durante os meados das d?cadas de 1930 e 1960 na cidade de Porto Alegre. Al?m disso, pretende-se contribuir para melhor compreens?o ? import?ncia das forma??es empresariais familiares dos imigrantes italianos e suas rela??es com a cidade, buscando entender a constitui??o de uma empresa local sem investimentos externos, e com o intuito de ajudar a construir a hist?ria das influ?ncias culturais trazidas com os imigrantes e com a culin?ria deles. Visa-se contextualizar e compreender as transforma??es que foram feitas durante o per?odo de funcionamento do pastif?cio, analisando tamb?m os m?todos de divulga??o e propaganda utilizadas durante o per?odo, e o modo em que o consumidor era atra?do, bem como as movimenta??es e rota??es de funcion?rios dentro da empresa. Enfim, utilizar? as defini??es do transnacionalismo em setores comerciais. As fontes est?o disponibilizadas no acervo privado da fam?lia do fundador da empresa ?Massas Pappalardo? e tamb?m presentes no arquivo da Junta Comercial de Porto Alegre.

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The study present analyzes the relation between work accident and human values. It was developed with the sample of 156 operators of a factory, through to an application of structured questionnaires. The data were submitted to quantitative analyses (for example, analyses of frequency distributions, Chi-Square, test t). It was verified that 27 employees that filled out the questionnaires suffered work accidents. The results evidence that there aren?t significant differences between the people s values that suffered work accidents and those that did not suffer. The employees presented a hierarchy of different values comparing with the others Brazilian studies. It was observed that the work accidents varies for organizational sectors. So, we get the conclusion, the occurrence of the work accidents is not associated to the values, but they are probably associated to work conditions
O presente estudo analisa a rela??o entre os acidentes de trabalho e os valores humanos. Foi desenvolvido com uma amostra de 156 operadores de uma f?brica, atrav?s da aplica??o de question?rios estruturados. Os dados foram submetidos a an?lises quantitativas (por exemplo, an?lises das distribui??es de freq??ncia, teste t e qui-quadrado). Verificou-se que 27 funcion?rios que preencheram os question?rios sofreram acidentes de trabalho. Os resultados apontam que n?o h? diferen?as significativas entre os valores daqueles que sofreram acidentes e os que n?o sofreram. Os participantes apresentaram uma hierarquia de valores diferente de outras amostras pesquisadas nos Brasil. Constataram-se diferen?as de freq??ncia de acidentes por setores da empresa. Verificou-se, ent?o, que, a ocorr?ncia dos acidentes de trabalho n?o est? associada aos valores, mas mais provavelmente ?s condi??es de trabalho

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The main objective of this research is to explain the reasons Ritter Alimentos S.A. has always maintained its position in the market, since it is a family firm, founded in 1919, in Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, considering many cycles in its development related to management, property as well as family relationships. The company is still in the market for more than 90 years and, due to this fact, it deserves to be treated in a special way, as a study subject. The analysis of the company, focusing on its longevity in the market, can unveil some factors that may justify, in a universal way, the existence, still, of many family enterprises. In the current research, we showed the differences between the generations that managed the industry, taking into consideration its founder, genre and parentage, leadership, enterprising spirit, technological innovation and work in the production sector. In order to understand the founder s cycle, we studied, in his origins, the breweries of the family and his history, as a brewer. The food industry, in the beginning, had to overcome many obstacles, trigged by the Second World War and the big flood that happened in 1941, in Porto Alegre. The next step to the other phase was related to the way the founder educated his daughters and sons-in-law, considering the succession process. Still, in the leadership cycle of the son-in-law succession, Fritz Bernhard Beiser, the business was not modernized, and the product, typically characterized as craft. Over the years, the industry developed the most modern technologies to all its line production in the 60s, and Fritz gave his three children the management of the company. Thus, the third cycle of the history of the company begins with participation of these new members, as shareholders of the industry. Even though they have to face many economic crises, the industry increased at the end of this phase. Eventually, the fourth generation, trying to develop may researches, changed the way that the company had been managed in many aspects, such as: the development of management and qualification programs, and the utilization of the best technological resources, leading to the automation in the production.
Esta tese procurou explicar as raz?es da longevidade da Ritter Alimentos S. A., empresa familiar fundada em 1919, em Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, com base nos v?rios ciclos do seu desenvolvimento no que se refere ? gest?o, ? propriedade e ?s rela??es familiares. A an?lise da perman?ncia da empresa no mercado por mais de 90 anos pode contribuir para a defini??o de fatores que justifiquem, de forma universal, a longa exist?ncia de empreendimentos familiares. O trabalho descreve as diferen?as entre as gera??es que gerenciaram a empresa a partir de seu fundador, Frederico Augusto Ritter, no que se refere ?s quest?es de g?nero e de parentesco, ? lideran?a, ao esp?rito empreendedor, ?s inova??es tecnol?gicas e ao trabalho no setor de produ??o. Para compreender o ciclo do fundador, foram resgatadas, em suas origens, as f?bricas de cerveja da fam?lia e a sua pr?pria trajet?ria como mestre cervejeiro. A ind?stria de alimentos, na sua fase inicial, teve que superar as consequ?ncias da Segunda Guerra Mundial e da enchente de 1941, em Porto Alegre. A passagem para o pr?ximo ciclo esteve relacionada ?s formas como o fundador tratou as filhas e os genros, tendo em vista o processo de sucess?o. No ciclo de lideran?a do genro sucessor, Fritz Bernhard Beiser, o neg?cio ainda se caracterizava como uma f?brica de antigamente, na qual o trabalho era bastante artesanal. A partir da d?cada de 1960, na administra??o dos tr?s filhos de Fritz, a empresa se tornou mais racional e modernizou todas as linhas de produ??o. No terceiro ciclo da hist?ria da empresa, que teve in?cio com a entrada dos irm?os s?cios, a empresa, mesmo enfrentando crises econ?micas, apresentou crescimento. As iniciativas dos gestores voltadas ? produ??o evidenciam aten??o e abertura ?s mudan?as sociais e culturais ocorridas no per?odo, com foco em alimentos mais saud?veis e pr?ticos, de f?cil preparo e consumo. Finalmente, a quarta gera??o, iniciada em 2008, buscando desenvolver a ?rea de pesquisa, promove um grande salto que inclui desde um programa de gest?o e qualidade at? ? utiliza??o dos recursos tecnol?gicos mais avan?ados, levando a automa??o na produ??o.

La thèse conduit une analyse cinématique des mécanismes spatiaux allant de mécanismes sphériques aux mécanismes spatiaux sur-contraints basés sur la méthode matricielle D-H et l’applique pour explorer le comportement rigide de pliabilité et de mouvement des modèles d’origami. Dans ce processus, la pliabilité rigide du motif origami en torsion triangulaire est d’abord examinée sur la base de la cinématique du réseau de mécanismes 4 R sphériques et de nouveaux mécanismes 6 R sur-contraints dérivés par la technique du kirigami. Ensuite, la cinématique du mécanisme de Bricard 6 R plan-symétrique est analysée et ses variations de bifurcation sont discutées. Après cela, les résultats sont appliqués pour étudier le pliage symétrique de l’origami de la waterbomb à six plis à panneau épais, qui est modélisé sous laforme d’un réseau de mécanismes de Bricard 6 R plan-symétriques. Le comportement de mouvement de sa tessellation correspondante de feuille de zéro-épaisseur est démontré par unréseau de mécanismes 6 R sphériques. Enfin, le comportement de mouvement de la forme cylindrique fermée de l’origami de la waterbomb est analysé à travers une étude paramétrique, en le modélisant comme un réseau fermé de mécanismes 6 R sphériques. Ces études aident à approfondir la compréhension de la cinématique des mécanismes spatiaux et du mouvement rigide de l’origami, et à jeter les bases des applications techniques des mécanismes spatiaux et des motifs d’origami rigides
This dissertation conducts kinematic analysis of spatial linkages ranging from spherical linkages to overconstrained linkages based on the D-H matrix method, and applies it to explore the rigid foldability and motion behaviour of origami patterns. In this process, the rigid foldability of triangle twist origami pattern is firstly examined based on the kinematics of spherical 4 R linkage network and new overconstrained 6 R linkages are derived by kirigami technique. Then the kinematics of the plane-symmetric Bricard 6 R linkage is analyzed and its bifurcation variations are discussed. After that, the results are applied to study the symmetric folding of six-crease thick-panel waterbomb origami, which is modelled as a network of planesymmetric Bricard 6 R linkages. The motion behaviour of its corresponding tessellation of zerothickness sheet is demonstrated by a network of spherical 6 R linkages. Finally, the motion behaviour of the closed cylindrical form of waterbomb origami is investigated through a parametric study, by means of modelling it as a closed network of spherical 6 R linkages. These studies help to deepen the understanding of spatial linkage kinematics and rigid origami motion, and lay the foundation for engineering applications of spatial linkages and rigid origami patterns

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Nesta pesquisa buscamos investigar o processo decis??rio do Supremo Tribunal Federal, tendo como material emp??rico precedentes de controles concentrado e difuso relacionados ?? lei n. 8.863/1979; nesse sentido, analisamos a Argui????o de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) n. 153, que questionou a constitucionalidade da lei de anistia, e os recursos que decidiram os casos dos ex-pra??as da Marinha na Suprema Corte brasileira. Para tanto, buscamos nos dois primeiros cap??tulos apresentar a teoria dos modelos de controle de constitucionalidade, a estrutura e realidade do controle de constitucionalidade brasileiro e as regras pertinentes ?? pesquisa sobre o processamento das a????es de controle de constitucionalidade. Em segundo momento, nos cap??tulos terceiro e quarto, abordamos o funcionamento da Suprema Corte brasileira no intento de conhecer o contexto em que s??o produzidas as decis??es e as rela????es de campo que definem o caminho do processo dentro do Tribunal; especificamente para esta parte, consideramos conceitos de Mary Douglas sobre como as institui????es pensam, de Pierre Bourdieu, quanto ao campo jur??dico, de Nobert Elias, quanto ?? sociedade de corte e de Bruno Latour, quanto a microssociologia dos fatos. Ademais, nos cap??tulos quinto e sexto analisamos as jurisprud??ncias selecionadas sobre a anistia feita pela lei n. 8.863/1979, considerando a rede de rela????es que permitem a compreens??o das decis??es no Tribunal estudada nos cap??tulos precedentes, bem como a linguagem do campo, detectadas nos dois primeiros cap??tulos. Nesse sentido, que com base em Annelise Riles, conclu??mos o trabalho dentro de tr??s eixos: o contraste do funcionamento dos controles de constitucionalidade concreto e abstrato na Corte; o processo decis??rio compreens??vel a partir do contexto em que s??o feitas as decis??es; e, a anistia em controle concentrado ?? feita de forma geral, ampla e irrestrita, abarcando os perpetradores da ditadura, enquanto em controle difuso de constitucionalidade se restringe a concess??o da anistia pol??tica e a repara????o dos danos causados aos perseguidos pela ditadura militar.

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This thesis focuses on the economic relations in the interior of the Portuguese America, more specifically in Pernambuco Captancy in the 17th Century, concerning the discussion about center-periphery relationship and also the context of Brazilian colonial history. In addition, it portrays the exportations of leather to Portugal, their consequences in the Captaincy of Pernambuco and the businessmen involved in the trade and manufacturing of that product. In order to accomplish this work, manuscripts of Arquivo Hist?rico Ultramarino (Ultramarine Historical Archives), colonial narratives and maps of the mercantile loads have been used so that one can visualize that the manufacturing of leather and other products have provided a social and economical connection among Pernambuco, Recife as trade center, Olinda as administrative municipality and Portugal
Neste trabalho, s?o analisadas as rela??es econ?micas no interior da Am?rica Portuguesa, mais especificamente na Capitania Pernambuco do s?culo XVIII, enfocando a discuss?o sobre centro-periferia, inserido no contexto da hist?ria colonial. Com isso, pretende-se estudar as exporta??es de couro para Portugal, suas conseq??ncias na Capitania de Pernambuco e a atua??o dos homens de neg?cio envolvidos no com?rcio e na produ??o dessa manufatura. Para tal empreitada foram utilizados os manuscritos do Arquivo Hist?rico Ultramarino, cronistas da ?poca e, sobretudo, mapas de carga mercantil para visualizar que a fabrica??o da manufatura do couro, bem como de outros produtos, proporcionaram uma conex?o econ?mica e social entre o sert?o de Pernambuco, Recife como pra?a de com?rcio, Olinda como centro administrativo Portugal

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This thesis focuses on the field of Portuguese economic and administrative history of the eighteenth century. It refers essentially to the study of the conduct of Portugal's manufacturing economic policy, in this case, duly delimited through the performance of the Real F?brica das Sedas, which emerged in 1734 through private initiative. In this way, the starting point is the reign of Dom Jo?o V, with a view to reconstituting the history of this factory, as well as the stages of its constitution, its administration through private management and the main events that have impacted in its economic trajectory. This stage, in turn, extends until 1750, when the Portuguese State assumes the financial and administrative control of the establishment. At this point, the reign of Dom Jos? I was inaugurated and, consequently, the entry of Sebasti?o Jos? de Carvalho and Melo, the future Marquis of Pombal, into the ministerial portfolio of the Kingdom Business. From then on, an intrinsic relationship was established between the Josephian reign, the Pombaline government and the manufacturing policy in Portugal. It is therefore within this context that we intend to situate the approach, that is, starting from the study of the promotion of manufacturing, namely through the Royal Silk Factory. This phase contemplates the analysis of the public management of this manufacturing that, through its administrative, political and economic mechanisms, enables us to highlight its role as a "key element" in the configuration of the Portuguese manufacturing system during the regency of Dom Jos? I. The research also aims to portray the scenario that involved the mercantile dynamics between Portugal and Brazil, precisely through trade relations driven by the textile production of the aforementioned factory, which, in turn, provided a commercial interlacement through different outlets.
A presente tese se concentra no campo da hist?ria econ?mica e administrativa portuguesa do s?culo XVIII. Refere-se, essencialmente, ao estudo da condu??o da pol?tica econ?mica manufatureira de Portugal, neste caso, devidamente delimitado atrav?s da atua??o da Real F?brica das Sedas, a qual emerge em 1734 por interm?dio da iniciativa privada. Desse modo, prop?e-se como ponto de partida o reinado de Dom Jo?o V, na perspectiva de reconstituir o percurso hist?rico da referida f?brica, bem como as etapas de sua constitui??o, de sua administra??o por meio da gest?o privada e dos principais eventos que impactaram em sua trajet?ria econ?mica. Esta etapa, por sua vez, estende-se at? 1750, momento em que o Estado din?stico portugu?s assume o controle financeiro e administrativo do estabelecimento. Nesta altura, inaugura-se o reinado de Dom Jos? I e, por conseguinte, o ingresso de Sebasti?o Jos? de Carvalho e Melo, o futuro Marqu?s de Pombal, na pasta ministerial dos Neg?cios do Reino. A partir de ent?o se estabelece uma rela??o intr?nseca entre o reinado josefino, a governa??o pombalina e a pol?tica manufatureira em Portugal. ?, portanto, dentro desse contexto que se pretende situar a abordagem, ou seja, partindo-se do estudo do fomento manufatureiro, nomeadamente atrav?s da Real F?brica das Sedas. Esta fase contempla a an?lise da gest?o p?blica da referida manufatura que, por interm?dio de seus mecanismos administrativos, pol?ticos e econ?micos, possibilitam-nos a evidenciar o seu papel como ?elemento-chave? na configura??o do sistema manufatureiro portugu?s durante a reg?ncia de Dom Jos? I. Outrossim, a pesquisa almeja retratar o cen?rio que envolveu a din?mica mercantil entre Portugal e Brasil, precisamente por meio das rela??es de com?rcio impulsionadas pela produ??o t?xtil da mencionada f?brica que, por sua vez, propiciou um entrela?amento comercial por distintos canais de escoamento.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Augusto Boal (Brasil) e Heine M?ller (Alemanha) s?o teatr?logos do s?culo XX que viveram em pa?ses e contextos evidentemente distintos. Contudo, com a crise do teatro burgu?s e das condi??es de legitimidade do regime de produ??o deste teatro, ambos apresentam pontos de contato em suas linhas e vetores teatrais que, diante da question?vel universalidade da dramatiza??o, levam ? concep??o de um teatro m?ltiplo e perturbador da ordem do sens?vel. Os processos de encena??o contempor?nea exigem uma ultrapassagem do sentido do pol?tico, desviando do jogo de representa??es sociais, para dar lugar ao trabalho desconstrutor de imagens como cis?o entre a palavra e o representado, entre o leg?vel e o vis?vel. Em face do exposto, as escritas c?nicas e, por isso mesmo, liter?rias desses autores, lugares de singulariza??o - n?o sem paradoxos - capazes de mobilizar manifesta??es e impasses quanto ?s imagens que organizam ou desorganizam os textos dram?ticos, trazem para a contemporaneidade tens?es que levam o pr?prio teatro tanto a se interpelar, quanto, em sua for?a plural, a encontrar passagens para o novo. Trazer ? superf?cie aspectos pol?ticos nas imagens dos textos dram?ticos, considerando-os na sua inscri??o liter?ria: ?A miss?o: lembran?as de uma revolu??o?, de Heiner M?ller, e ?O homem que era uma f?brica?, de Augusto Boal, faz-se um desafio, uma vez que as imagens pretendidas s?o aquelas com formas ou materialidades ainda n?o vis?veis na cena, poder?amos dizer, em estado virtual. Como imagens pensantes, elas acontecem no plano de iman?ncia da linguagem (Deleuze e Guattari). Sendo o ?pol?tico? uma perturba??o no sens?vel, contr?rio ? pol?tica (Ranci?re), a dramaturgia se abala em multiplicidades, deslocando e desnaturalizando as fun??es de autor/dramaturgo e leitor/ator, teatro/literatura. Dramaturgia simult?nea, imagem, fragmento e colagem mostram-se como procedimentos art?sticos e liter?rios criativos que se encontram apropriados seja na teoria do teatro do oprimido (Boal), seja no teatro p?s-dram?tico (Hans-ThiesLehmann), embora, ao confront?-las, elas sobressaiam em desentendimentos: a primeira coincide com a l?gica da identidade e a segunda, esta se desarticule, movida pela di?fora, contesta??o, ou desacordo. Tais rela??es - n?o aprior?sticas- sucedem-se enquanto acontecimento da leitura ou da leitura como acontecimento em que o pol?tico nas imagens d?-se, antes, nas lacunas e obscuridades, acenando para o que est? al?m do sentido, da cena do gesto e da palavra. O leitor n?o para para atribuir sentido, interroga-se diante das metamorfoses e formas obliquas de acontecimentos insuspeitos que comp?em o pol?tico estabelecendo o agenciamento coletivo da enuncia??o. Neste caso, o texto de Boal e o texto de M?ller inscrevem-se na produ??o de uma literatura menor, ou de um teatro menor, o que os qualifica como agentes de devires revolucion?rios, agitando, atrav?s da pol?tica nas imagens, e irrompendo contra o problema do poder nas artes.
Augusto Boal (Brasil) y Heiner M?ller (Alemania) son dramaturgos del siglo XX que vivieron en pa?ses y contextos evidentemente distintos. Sin embargo, con la crisis del teatro burgu?s y de las condiciones de legitimidad del r?gimen de producci?n de este teatro, ambos presentan puntos de contacto en sus l?neas y vectores teatrales que, frente a la universalidad cuestionable de la dramatizaci?n, llevan a la concepci?n de un teatro m?ltiple y perturbador del orden de lo sensible. Los procesos de escenificaci?n contempor?nea exige un adelantamiento del sentido pol?tico, desviando del juego de representaciones sociales, para dar lugar al trabajo deconstructor de im?genes como cisi?n entre la palabra y lo representado, entre lo legible y lo visible. Frente al expuesto, las escritas esc?nicas y, por eso, literarias de estos autores, sitios de singularizaci?n ? no con ausencia de paradojas ? capaces de movilizar manifestaciones e impases cuanto a las im?genes que ordenan o desordenan los textos dram?ticos, traen para la contemporaneidad tensiones que llevan al teatro mismo, tanto a interpelarse como, en su fuerza plural, a encontrar pasajes para el nuevo. Llevar a la superficie aspectos pol?ticos en las im?genes de los textos dram?ticos, consider?ndolos en su inscripci?n literaria: ?La misi?n: recuerdos de una revoluci?n?, de Heiner M?ller, y de ?El hombre que era una f?brica?, de Augusto Boal, se hace un desaf?o, una vez que las im?genes pretendidas son aquellas con formas o materialidades todav?a no visibles en la escena, podr?amos decir, en estado virtual. Como im?genes pensantes, ellas suceden en el plan de inmanencia del lenguaje (Deleuze y Guattari). Siendo lo ?pol?tico? una perturbaci?n en lo sensible, contrario a la pol?tica (Ranci?re), la dramaturgia se abala en multiplicidades, desplazando y desnaturalizando las funciones de autor/dramaturgo y lector/actor, teatro/literatura. Dramaturgia simult?nea, imagen, fragmento y colaje se muestran como procedimientos art?sticos y literarios creativos que se encuentran apropiados sea en la teor?a del teatro del oprimido (Boal), sea en el teatro pos-dram?tico (Hans-ThiesLehmann), a pesar de que, al confrontarlas, sobresal?an en desentendimientos: la primera coincide con la l?gica de la identidad y la segunda, esta se desarticula, movida por la di?fora, contestaci?n, o desacuerdo. Tales relaciones ? no aprior?sticas ? se suceden en cuanto acontecimiento de la lectura o de la literatura como acontecimiento en que lo pol?tico en las im?genes se da, antes, en las lagunas y obscuridades, aludiendo a lo que est? m?s all? de lo sentido, de la escena del gesto y de la palabra. El lector no se para para atribuir sentido, se interroga frente a las metamorfosis y formas oblicuas de acontecimientos insospechables que componen lo pol?tico estableciendo la gesti?n colectiva de la enunciaci?n. En este caso, el texto de Boal y el texto de M?ller se inscriben en la producci?n de una literatura menor, o de un teatro menor, o que los califica como agentes de devenires revolucionarios, agitando, a trav?s de la pol?tica en las im?genes, e irrumpiendo contra el problema del poder en las artes.

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Esta pesquisa prop?e uma discuss?o entre as teorias dedicadas ? compreens?o do fen?meno das rela??es de trabalho dentro do polo automotivo Jeep, localizado no munic?pio de Goiana-PE. Buscou-se de tal forma, tentativas de di?logo para a constru??o de uma abordagem a fim de pensar desde as transforma??es do regime de acumula??o e as suas implica??es na vida dos trabalhadores da f?brica. O estudo em um primeiro momento verificou as mudan?as da ind?stria automobil?stica no que concerne ? organiza??o do trabalho na passagem do Fordismo ao Toyotismo. Dentro do regime de acumula??o flex?vel, as empresas passam a demandar novas habilidades de seus oper?rios, o conhecimento, comunica??o e a coopera??o assumem um papel fundamental na linha de produ??o. No prop?sito de compreender como se realiza a organiza??o da produ??o e do trabalho no polo automotivo Jeep, identificou- se as caracter?sticas de um trabalhador dito flex?vel que vive para o trabalho, polivalente e proativo. No intuito de atender os objetivos propostos neste estudo, utilizou-se do m?todo qualitativo de an?lise, mediante entrevistas em profundidade com os trabalhadores da f?brica. A escolha desse m?todo permitiu verificar a realidade cotidiana dos trabalhadores, a fim de que eles pudessem relatar um pouco das suas experi?ncias sociais, da rotina de trabalho e as suas hist?rias de vida. Constatou-se assim, velhas e novas formas de explora??o, em que a subjetividade do trabalhador passa a ser tamb?m incorporada neste processo fabril.
This research proposes a discussion among the theories dedicated to understanding the phenomenon of labor relations within the Jeep automotive hub, located in the city of Goiana-PE. Such attempts have been sought to construct an approach in order to think from the transformations of the accumulation regime and its implications on the lives of factory workers. The study at first verified the changes of the automobile industry with regard to the organization of work in the passage from Fordism to Toyotism. Within the regime of flexible accumulation, companies start to demand new skills from their workers, knowledge, communication and cooperation play a fundamental role in the production line. In order to understand how the organization of production and work in the Jeep automotive pole is carried out, the characteristics of a flexible worker who lives for work, polyvalent and proactive, has been identified. In order to meet the objectives proposed in this study, we used the qualitative method of analysis, through in-depth interviews with factory workers. The choice of this method made it possible to verify the daily reality of the workers, so that they could relate a little of their social experiences, the work routine and their life histories. It was thus verified, old and new forms of exploitation, in which the subjectivity of the worker happens to be also incorporated in this factory process.

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The emergence of new social movements is marking the political scenery in the last decades. The importance of these movements is given to the perspective in which are presented new ways of political participation, with new actors involved in the social dynamics, asking for traditional political theories and distribution of the power in the capitalist society. In order to understand the possible quotidian articulations of these new social movements, it was chosen a research field which presents the coexistence of two distinct movements. The studied context consists of the Flask?, a factory that since eight years went bankruptcy, and it was occupied by workers, and also the Popular and Worker's Village, an urban occupation, constituted by a group of houses that were built in the vicinity of this factory. The factory's occupation proposal, as an alternative production way, is supported through the organization of a social movement for employment, the Occupied Factory Movement. At the Popular and Worker's Village, the discussion about the occupation's proposal of urban area and access to suitable houses may be featured as a social movement which emerges from the organization of this community and articulation with the Flask?'s workers. With this study, it was intended to know the quotidian life of the Popular and Worker's Village and the main actions of that community as a social movement for houses, aiming to understand the established relation with the movement of the Flask?'s workers and to identify approaches and distances between them. The survey was held in accordance with ethnographic focus base. So, participating observations and records were carried out in field diary about the situation of quotidian life in the studied context, as well the observation of other interactions with social movements, such as cultural activities, political formation and public acts. Pictures were also utilized and they helped the contextualization of surveyed field. The survey results indicate that surveyed movements have certain independence in relation to the internal decision processes, however they constitute basically an unit when external questions are dealt, such as negotiations with the government and articulation with other social movements. Therefore it was found that the emergence of a new base social movement was strengthened by means of the articulation with another more comprehensive movement, becoming part of a wider movement network. In this articulation process, the movements get legitimacy in the public sphere and also among their participants, creating references for the quotidian action and mobilization However, conflicts permeate this process because not always the interests converge in order to define priority issues, situations which should be opposed and strategies to be utilized.
O surgimento de novos movimentos sociais tem marcado o cen?rio pol?tico nas ?ltimas d?cadas. A import?ncia desses movimentos se d? na perspectiva em que apresentam novas formas de participa??o pol?tica, com novos atores envolvidos na din?mica social, questionando as teorias pol?ticas tradicionais e a distribui??o de poder na sociedade capitalista. Para compreender as poss?veis articula??es cotidianas desses novos movimentos sociais foi escolhido um campo de pesquisa que apresenta a coexist?ncia de dois movimentos distintos. O contexto estudado ? composto pela Flask?, uma f?brica que, h? oito anos, entrou em processo de fal?ncia e foi ocupada por trabalhadores, e tamb?m pela Vila Oper?ria e Popular, uma ocupa??o urbana, formada por um conjunto de moradias, constru?das no entorno dessa f?brica. A proposta de ocupa??o da f?brica, enquanto forma alternativa de produ??o ? sustentada por meio da organiza??o de um movimento social por trabalho, o Movimento das F?bricas Ocupadas. Na Vila Oper?ria e Popular, o debate sobre a proposta de ocupa??o de espa?o urbano e acesso ? moradia digna pode ser caracterizado enquanto um movimento social que emerge a partir da organiza??o dessa comunidade e da articula??o com os trabalhadores da Flask?. Com este estudo, buscou-se conhecer o cotidiano de Vila Oper?ria e Popular e as principais formas de atua??o dessa comunidade enquanto movimento social por moradia, com o objetivo de compreender as rela??es estabelecidas com o movimento dos trabalhadores Flask? e identificar aproxima??es e distanciamentos entre eles. A pesquisa foi realizada de acordo com os fundamentos do enfoque etnogr?fico. Assim, foram realizadas observa??es participantes e registros em di?rio de campo sobre situa??es da vida cotidiana no contexto estudado, bem como a observa??o de outros momentos de intera??o entre os movimentos sociais, como atividades culturais, de forma??o pol?tica e atos p?blicos. Tamb?m se fez uso de fotografias, que auxiliaram na contextualiza??o do campo pesquisado. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que os movimentos pesquisados possuem certa independ?ncia quanto aos processos de decis?o internos, entretanto constituem basicamente uma unidade quando se trata de quest?es externas, como negocia??es com o poder p?blico e articula??o com outros movimentos sociais. Assim, verificou-se que o surgimento de um novo movimento social de base foi potencializado por meio da articula??o com outro mais abrangente, tornando-se parte de uma rede de movimentos mais ampla. Nesse processo articulat?rio, os movimentos ganham legitimidade na esfera p?blica e tamb?m entre seus participantes, criando refer?ncias para a atua??o e mobiliza??o cotidiana. Entretanto os conflitos permeiam esse processo de articula??o, pois, nem sempre, os interesses convergem no sentido de definir quest?es priorit?rias, as situa??es que devem ser combatidas e as estrat?gias a serem utilizadas.

« Le design : une attitude pas une profession », selon le mot de László Moholy-Nagy, est un champ d’éclosion des objets et environnements, qui, aussi bien sur le plan de sa pratique que sur celui de sa théorie, n'est pas sans poser quelques difficultés quant à sa définition. Ce constat liminaire soulève la question des manières de produire les artefacts qui viennent à prendre place — parmi nous — au sein d'un monde déjà ouvré. Tandis que l'absence d'assignation arrêtée et l'attitude a-disciplinée, à laquelle le mot « design » renvoie historiquement, mettent en crise — de façon problématique mais plutôt heureuse — les attendus de la société marchande, la lecture de L'invention du quotidien (de Certeau) ouvre la possibilité d'une enquête sur les différents modes opératoires de la culture ordinaire, désignés plus largement par l'expression « manières de faire ».Concomitamment, que fait au juste le design ? Où et comment opère-t-il de manière vive, foncièrement utile, plus que simplement efficace et créative ? Il s’agit de faire accueil aux pratiques qui traversent et débordent les cadres spécifiques couramment admis de l’agence, du bureau d’étude, des médias ou encore de l’école; déjouent les stratégies, et œuvrent, incidemment, par « coups tactiques ». Ces innombrables faits anonymes ont déjà été appréhendés, thématisés, récupérés. Une considération critique, une mise en perspective conceptuelle et une étude historique de certains cas et textes doit permettre de faire valoir à la méditation du designer, mais aussi d'authentifier pour un plus large public, la part non-négligeable, non-héroïque, mais toujours fabricante de ces ars
« Designing is not a profession but an attitude », as de László Moholy-Nagy wrote, is an object and environment growth field, which, both in terms of its practice and that of its theory, is not without some difficulties in its definition. This preliminary finding raises the question of the ways in which producing the artifacts that come to take place — among us — at the heart of a world already designed. While the absence of fixed classification and the non-disciplined attitude, from which the word « design » historically refers, put in crisis — problematically yet nevertheless fruitful — the expectations from the consuming society, the reading of The Practice of everyday Life (De Certeau) opens the possibility of investigating the various procedures of ordinary (and every day) culture, known widely as « ways of operating » or « arts of doing ». In keeping with this idea, the question raised is : what does design concretely do? Where and how does it operate vividly, in a more fundamentally useful manner, than just in an effective and creative way? It's about accepting and even embracing the practices that cross and transcend specific frameworks commonly accepted in places such as offices, firms, media or even by academia; thwarting recognized strategies, and working, incidentally, by « tactical tricks ». Those innumerable anonymous facts have already been apprehended, themed, recovered. A critical consideration in setting a conceptual perspective and historical contexts, considering some cases, should allow to assert the meditation of the designer, but also to authenticate to a wider public, the non-negligible and non-heroic, but always productive part of those ars

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Al?m da mais conhecida l?gica de Nelson (?3) e da l?gica paraconsistente de Nelson (?4), David Nelson introduziu no artigo de 1959 "Negation and separation of concepts in constructive systems", com motiva??es de aritm?tica e construtividade, a l?gica que ele chamou de "?". Naquele trabalho, a l?gica ? definida por meio de um c?lculo (que carece crucialmente da regra de contra??o) tendo infinitos esquemas de regras, e nenhuma sem?ntica ? fornecida. Neste trabalho n?s tomamos o fragmento proposicional de ?, mostrando que ele ? algebriz?vel (de fato, implicativo) no sentido de Blok & Pigozzi com respeito a uma classe de reticulados residuados involutivos. Assim, fornecemos a primeira sem?ntica para ? (que chamamos de ?-?lgebras), bem como um c?lculo estilo Hilbert finito equivalente ? apresenta??o de Nelson. Fornecemos um algoritmo para construir ?-?lgebras a partir de ?-?lgebras ou reticulados implicativos e demonstramos alguns resultados sobre a classe de ?lgebras que introduzimos. N?s tamb?m comparamos ? com outras l?gicas da fam?lia de Nelson, a saber, ?3 e ?4.
Besides the better-known Nelson logic (?3) and paraconsistent Nelson logic (?4), in Negation and separation of concepts in constructive systems (1959) David Nelson introduced a logic that he called ?, with motivations of arithmetic and constructibility. The logic was defined by means of a calculus (crucially lacking the contraction rule) having infinitely many rule schemata, and no semantics was provided for it. We look in the present dissertation at the propositional fragment of ?, showing that it is algebraizable (in fact, implicative) in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi with respect to a class of involutive residuated lattices. We thus provide the first known algebraic semantics for ?(we call them of ?-algebras) as well as a finite Hilbert-style calculus equivalent to Nelson?s presentation. We provide an algorithm to make ?-algebras from ?-algebras or implicative lattices and we prove some results about the class of algebras which we have introduced. We also compare ? with other logics of the Nelson family, that is, ?3 and ?4.

In a quest to design novel deployable structures, flexible polyhedra provide interesting insights. This work follows the discovery of flexible polyhedra and aims to make flexible polyhedra more useful. The dissertation describes how flexible polyhedra can be made. The flexible polyhedra first considered in this dissertation have a rotational degree of freedom. The range of this rotational movement is measured and maximised in this work by numerical maximisation. All polyhedra are established computationally: an iterative solution method is used to find vertex coordinates; several clash detecting methods are described to define whether each rotational position of a flexible polyhedron is physically possible; then a range of motion is defined between occurrences of clashes at the two ends; finally, an optimisation tool is used to maximise the range of motion. By using these tools, the range of motion of two types of simplest flexible polyhedra are maximised. The first type is a series of flexible polyhedra generalised from the Steffen flexible polyhedron. The range of motion of this type is improved to double that of Steffen’s original, from 27° to 59°. Another type of flexible polyhedron is expanded from a model provided by Tachi. Based on the understanding of Steffen’s flexible polyhedron, optimisation parameters are carefully given. This new type has achieved a wider range of motion, so now the range of motion of flexible polyhedron is tripled to 80°. After enlarging the range of motion of the degree of freedom in the 1-dof systems, the dissertation found multiple degrees of freedom in one polyhedron. The multiple mechanisms can be even repetitive, so that an n-dof polyhedron is found. A polyhedron of two degrees of freedom is first presented. Then, a unit cell for any number of mechanisms is found. As a repetitive structure, a 3-dof polyhedron is presented. Finally, this work presents the possibility of configuring a flexible polyhedral torus and a closed polyhedral surface that is able to flex without the need to stop.

Rare species with fragmented distributions often exhibit reduced levels of genetic diversity within populations. However, life history traits such as long lived perennial habit and outcrossing mating system, are associated with high levels of within species genetic variation being partitioned within populations. Schisandra glabra (Schisandraceae) is a rare basal angiosperm with a fragmented distribution across the southeastern US and in a disjunct population in cloudforest of Mexico. The species’ clonal reproduction by rhizomes, confounds the delineation of genetically distinct individuals in the field. The patterns of genetic diversity and clonality in 10 populations of S. glabra were investigated using AFLP markers. I found a surprising number of distinct genetic individuals in the two populations sampled on 3m grids, with 31 unique genotypes out of 42 samples at Wolfpen Creek, KY, and unique genotypes in all 48 samples from Panther Creek, GA. AMOVA of 237 individuals from 10 populations revealed that the largest portion of the genetic variation is found within populations (58.0%; P<0.0001), and 27.7% (P<0.0001) of the genetic variation is partitioned between the US and Mexico S. glabra populations. Population structure was also detected between the US and Mexico populations, but no structure was detected between the majority of the US populations. The genetic differentiation of the disjunct population in Mexico, may be the result of a Pliocene or Miocene vicariance hypothesized for many species with similar distributions. The high levels of genetic diversity found within populations are evidence of historical gene flow between the US populations, and the preservation of genetic diversity by the long lived species in its present fragmented distribution.

Introdução: A preparação dentária para uma coroa total é um procedimento traumático para a estrutura dentária e muitas vezes afeta a vitalidade pulpar. Vários são os fatores associados ao trauma pelo preparo dentário como, o aumento de temperatura devido ao calor friccional gerado que, pode ocasionar desde hipersensibilidade dentária a necrose pulpar. Existe um valor crítico estabelecido de temperatura intrapulpar de 42,5˚C, a partir do qual os danos serão irreversíveis. Objetivo: Estudo-piloto, para clarificar a influência da usura na variação da temperatura de fricção detetada à superfície dentária durante o preparo para coroas totais. Materiais e Métodos: Durante a execução de preparos dentários para coroas totais em prótese fixa realizaram-se medições das temperaturas máximas atingidas na superfície dentária com o termómetro PCE-889. Foram selecionados três grupos de brocas com diferentes graus de usura. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente pelo SPSS® (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Usou-se ainda Anova One-Way, a normalidade de distribuição foi analisada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a homogeneidade de variâncias com o teste de Levene. O nível de significância considerado foi p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Existiram diferenças significativas na temperatura de fricção produzida pelos três tipos de brocas quando esta foi determinada ao fim de 2 minutos, p<0,05. As temperaturas máximas atingidas com cada broca foram: nova, 32,35˚C (5min); usura ligeira, 34,25˚C(2min); usura considerável, 32,77˚C(2min). Conclusão: Durante este estudo piloto detetaram-se valores de temperatura de fricção que podem causar dano pulpar. Em função dos resultados obtidos, a amostra adequada para o futuro estudo é de 137 elementos.
Introduction: Crown preparations are destructive to underlying tooth tissue and can affect the pulp vitality. Several factors are associated with the trauma by tooth preparation including the increased of temperature due to frictional heat which can cause dental hypersensitivity to pulpal necrosis. There is a critical value set intrapulpal temperature of 42,5˚C, from which damages will be irreversible. Objectives: By using a pilot study, we expect a clarification as to the influence of usury in the temperature variation of the tooth surface friction detected during preparation for crowns. Materials and Methods: During the execution of dental preparation for full crowns in fixed prosthodontic were performed measures of high level temperatures observed in dental surface by PCE-889 thermometer. Three groups of burs with different degrees of usury were selected. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS® (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Anova One-Way was also used, the normality of distribution was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test and the homogeneity of variances with the Levene test. It was considered a significance level of ≤ 0,05. Results: There were significant differences in the friction temperature of the three types of burs only when it was determined 2 minutes after, p <0.05. The maximum temperatures of which group of burs were: new, 32,35˚C (5min); light wear, 34,25˚C (2min); widely wear, 32,77˚C(2min). Conclusion: During this pilot study was detected values of friction temperatures which can cause pulpal damages. In function of results, the sample size ideal for future study is 137 elements

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
86
This thesis investigates the finite displacements of all Bennett-based 6R overconstrained mechanisms and alternative Bricard 6R mechanisms, and the goal is to discover finite screw systems in these linkages.By using numerical simulation, we first re-examine the the linear properties of the Bennett mechanism and Goldberg 5R and 6R linkages. We then extend the result to all Bennett-based 6R linkages: Goldberg's Primary、 Goldberg's Syncopated、Goldberg's L-shaped, Variant Goldberg's Primary、Variant Goldberg's L-shaped, Waldron's Hybrid、Waldron' s Syncopation and Wohlhart's Hybrid linkages. All of the Bennett-based linkages, except for Wohlhart's Isomerization linkage, possess linear properties.The alternative Bricard linkages, including Altmann, two types of orthogonal Bricard linkage, and Turbula linkage, are also investigated. However, no finite screw system can be found in these linkages.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
O processo de ensino em universidades ao redor do mundo por muitas vezes é considerado maçante no que diz respeito à forma de transmitir conteúdo para os discentes. De outra forma, outros alunos possuem a característica de absorver conteúdo quanto lhe é ensinado na prática, assim como o conceito Learning by Doing. Assim sendo, o conceito de Fábrica de Aprendizagem surge com a proposta de transmitir técnicas e métodos ensinados em salas de aula de forma mais aplicada, simulando o ambiente desejado, como linhas de montagem por exemplo. Este conceito oferece, do ponto de vista académico, a oportunidade dos alunos observarem a técnica da perspetivas aplicada e, no contexto industrial, as Fábricas de Aprendizagem oferece ao operador a conveniência do erro em ambiente controlado. Este trabalho após realizar uma análise comparativa referente ao laboratório de-nominado de Lab-EGI incorporado nas dependências do laboratório de Engenharia e Gestão Industrial presente no Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Universidade de Coimbra e outros laboratório tidos como referencia ao redor do mundo, foi constatado a inferioridade do produto montado no Lab-EGI em relação aos produtos montados nas outras Fábricas de Aprendizagem. Com isso, este trabalho objetivou a proposição de um novo produto que pos-suísse maior complexidade de montagem, e alguma aplicação no ambiente real. Após a esco-lha do produto titulado como Dispensador de Fita, focou-se em determinar qual seria a me-lhor sequencia de montagem para o produto. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, baseado nos tempos médios acumulados de montagem nos três postos de trabalho, assim como nos tempos médio por etapa de trabalho, a proposta mais viável para a realidade da Fabrica de Aprendizagem do Laboratório de Enge-nharia e Gestão Industrial foi a proposta II.
The teaching process at universities around the world is often considered dull in terms of how to transmit content to students. Otherwise, other students have the characteris-tic of absorbing content when it is taught in practice, as well as the Learning by Doing con-cept. Therefore, the concept of the Learning Factory appears with the proposal to transmit techniques and methods taught in classrooms in a more applied way, simulating the desired environment, such as assembly lines for example. This concept offers, from an academic point of view, the opportunity for students to observe the technique of applied perspectives and, in the industrial context, the Learning Factories offers the operator the convenience of error in a controlled environment.This work, after performing a comparative analysis referring to the Lab-EGI de-named laboratory incorporated on the premises of the Engineering and Industrial Manage-ment laboratory present in the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Coimbra and other laboratories considered as references around the world, was found the inferiority of the product assembled at Lab-EGI in relation to the products assembled at other Learning Factories. With this, this work aimed at proposing a new product that would have greater complexity of assembly, and some application in the real environment. After choos-ing the product titled as a Tape Dispenser, he focused on determining which would be the best assembly sequence for the product.The results obtained show that, based on the accumulated average assembly times in the three work stations, as well as the average times per work stage, the most viable proposal for the reality of the Learning Factory of the Engineering and Industrial Manage-ment Laboratory was the proposal II.