Academic literature on the topic 'Brick New England'
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Journal articles on the topic "Brick New England"
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MICHAEL STEINITZ. "The Pomfret “Cluster” and the Old Brick Row: New England Architectural Icons Reconsidered." Massachusetts Historical Review 15 (2013): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5224/masshistrevi.15.1.0157.
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Ameri, Amir H. "Housing Ideologies in the New England and Chesapeake Bay Colonies, c. 1650-1700." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 56, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991213.
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This essay explores the ideological roots of the formal and the material differences between the domestic architecture of the New England and the Chesapeake Bay colonies in the second half of the seventeenth century. The focus is on a preference for wood-frame construction, and double, back-to-back fireplaces at the center of the house in the New England colonies, as distinguished from a preference for brick, and for protruding fireplaces at the opposite ends of the house in the Chesapeake colonies. Scholars traditionally attribute these differences to climatic and ecological differences between the two regions. Pointing out various anomalies that render the climatic and ecological explanations implausible, the article argues that the specific formal and material preferences in the domestic architecture of each colony were not so much pragmatic responses as they were attempts to give tangible physical expression to two very different world views: the Puritan and the Anglican.
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Craig, Robert W. "Traditional Patterned Brickwork in New Jersey." New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v5i2.169.
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<p>This article traces the history of the first architecture of refinement in colonial New Jersey: traditional patterned brickwork, the artful ways in which bricklayers used vitrified bricks to decorate the outer walls of the houses they built. These practices had their roots in 16th-century England, where they were employed in fashionable and prestigious architecture, and where they remained the common knowledge of bricklayers a century later during the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire of 1666. With the slump in the building trades that resulted from the rebuilding, Quaker bricklayers and brickmakers joined the migration to the Delaware Valley, where they found the greatest abundance of brick clay in West New Jersey. In the century that followed, Burlington County experienced the largest number of patterned brickwork buildings, while Salem County became home to the second largest number, the greatest variety of patterns, and most of the best examples. The best and best-preserved of its early buildings, the Abel and Mary Nicholson house, has been designated a National Historic Landmark for its patterned brickwork. The rise of the Georgian style of architecture reduced the popularity of patterned brickwork after 1750. After the Revolutionary War, the ascendancy of the Federal style was incompatible with patterned brickwork, and that sealed its eventual disappearance. This article combines an understanding of these buildings as physical artifacts while collectively placing them within the larger narrative of New Jersey’s development during the colonial period.</p>
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Hudson, John D. "The Oxford Clay: a paleontological laboratory." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006997.
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The Lower Oxford Clay, a marine formation of Middle Jurassic (Callovian) age exposed in central and southern England, merits the attention of paleontologists and geochemists for several reasons. It was the subject of a classic of biostratigraphic and evolutionary paleontology by Brinkmann on the ammonites; sexual dimorphism and bioprovinciality in the same group has since been intensively studied by Callomon and others. Its exploitation by the brick industry has enabled the assembly of one of the most extensive collections of marine vertebrates by the Leeds brothers and later workers; these include the world's largest ever fish, and superbly preserved ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and crocodiles now dispersed to museums throughout Europe and beyond. Dinosaurs, while rare, are also diverse. The benthic fauna is dominated by abundant but not diverse molluscs, believed tolerant of soupy bottom conditions and periodic dysoxia. Coccoliths and dinoflagellates represent the phytoplankton. Aragonite, calcite and phosphate biominerals are excellently preserved. In our main study area burial did not exceed 500m.; organic matter is immature. Early diagenesis resulted in the formation of carbonate concretions that preserve original sediment fabrics elsewhere destroyed by compaction; later diagenesis brought about further mineralogical changes.Work since the 1970's has resulted in much improved understanding of the Lower Oxford Clay biota and its trophic relationships. It is useful to compare it to the more calcareous Middle and Upper Oxford Clay. The biostratigraphy is extremely well-known. The well-preserved fossils invite microstructural and geochemical studies. Economic concerns add impetus to the study of actual or potential hydrocarbon source rocks. Yet the Lower Oxford Clay is full of enigmas and questions still. It looks quiet-water but has many diastems, not all recognizable by classic criteria like shell beds. The fossil preservation might imply a high sediment delivery rate, but the sediment accumulation rate is low. It is organic-rich, but not anoxic. Where did the enigmatic ‘pendent’ bivalves live? Whence the nutrients to support the rich biota? To what extent do organic compounds survive from the primary producers, or does heterotrophic reworking dominate? Can we refine or quantify trophic relationships? We should also be able to use our ‘laboratory’ for experiments of wider significance for paleotemperatures or paleo-CO2 levels.In the Oxford Clay group of papers we attempt to summarize where traditional paleoecological analysis has led us to so far, and to show how the new approaches made possible by advances in isotopic and biomolecular paleontology can revise and refine our ideas, solve old problems and, no doubt, raise new ones. We believe our collaborative approach has much to offer for paleontologists and geochemists, as also exemplified by the other contributions to the symposium.
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Puig, Francis J. "New England Furniture: The Colonial Era. Selections from the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. Brock Jobe , Myrna Kaye , Philip Zea , Richard Cheek." Winterthur Portfolio 21, no. 1 (April 1986): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/496262.
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Iuorio, Ornella, Andrew Wallace, and Kate Simpson. "Prefabs in the North of England: Technological, Environmental and Social Innovations." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143884.
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Advances in digital technology have inaugurated a ‘fourth industrial revolution’, enabling, inter alia, the growth of ‘offsite’ housing construction in advanced economies. This productive transformation seems to be opening up new opportunities for styles of living, ownership, place-making and manufacturing that are more sustainable, democratic and bespoke. However, the full potential of this transformation is not yet clear nor how it will interact with—in the UK context—ongoing crises in housing provision rooted in an increasingly financialised and critically unbalanced national economy, timid state housing policies and a longstanding cultural preoccupation with mortgaged ‘bricks and mortar’ housing. In this paper, we report on an ongoing mixed method project interrogating the technological, environmental and social implications of the emergence of offsite housing construction in the UK. To a degree, we situate this interrogation in the Northern English region of Yorkshire, an emerging focal point of the growing offsite construction industry in the UK but an area afflicted by entrenched, post-industrial economic imbalances. The results show that offsite house engineers, designers and builders are innovatively embracing digital methods, a low carbon agenda and new approaches to place-making but that they have had little role, so far, in resolving the deeper structural problems affecting housing production in the UK, bringing the sustainability of their innovation into question.
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ASTON, JENNIFER, AMANDA CAPERN, and BRIONY MCDONAGH. "More than bricks and mortar: female property ownership as economic strategy in mid-nineteenth-century urban England." Urban History 46, no. 04 (February 28, 2019): 695–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926819000142.
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ABSTRACT:This article uses a quantitative and qualitative methodology to examine the role that women played as property owners in three mid-nineteenth-century English towns. Using data from the previously under-utilized rate books, we argue that women were actively engaged in urban property ownership as part of a complex financial strategy to generate income and invest speculatively. We show that female engagement in the urban land and property markets was widespread, significant and reflective of local economic structures. Crucially, it also was more complex in form than the historiography has previously acknowledged. The article delivers a final piece in the jigsaw puzzle of women's investment activity, demonstrating that women were active investors in the urban land market as well as the managers of landed estates, business owners and shareholders, thereby opening up new questions about how gender intersected with economic change and growth in the rapidly changing world of nineteenth-century England.
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WATT, KATHLEEN. "‘Making drain tiles a “home manufacture”’: Agricultural Consumers and the Social Construction of Clayworking Technology in the 1840s." Rural History 13, no. 1 (April 2002): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793302000237.
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During the nineteenth century newly invented clayworking machinery offered potential solutions to production problems in the British brickmaking industry. Three different mechanical brickmaking processes were available, but a combination of design imperfections and restrictions imposed by the excise duties on bricks discouraged their adoption in ordinary brickyards for many decades. This posed a serious dilemma for machine inventors. Without an opportunity to test machinery in brickmaking situations, they were unable to correct defects and produce implements that were clearly superior to hand brickmaking methods. For as long as brickmakers rejected mechanisation, the technical development of machinery was effectively halted. A breakthrough occurred in the 1840s when a lucrative new market emerged for machines capable of manufacturing large quantities of drainage pipes and tiles in rural locations. The exhibitions and implement trials at meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society of England were a decisive factor in the continuing technical development of clayworking machinery. Agricultural consumers, through debate, evaluation and negotiation with machine makers, ultimately determined the success of one mechanical clayworking process over others, and established the direction of future technological change in the brickmaking industry.
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Azzoli, Christopher G., Alexander Edward Dela Cruz Drilon, Hirofumi Sugita, Camelia S. Sima, Eric Huang, Peter V. Danenberg, Mark G. Kris, and Valerie W. Rusch. "Prospective study of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) methylation as a prognostic biomarker in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 7066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.7066.
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7066 Background: In the New England Journal of Medicine, Brock et al. (2008) published a nested case-control study which tested the association between early recurrence of NSCLC after surgical resection, and TSG promoter methylation in tumor and lymph nodes detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). They reported that promoter methylation of the TSGs p16, CDH13, RASSF1A, and APC was significantly associated with early recurrence in 51 patients with stage I NSCLC compared to matched patients without early recurrence. We attempted to confirm these findings. Methods: In a prospective study, fresh frozen tumor tissue was acquired after surgical resection in 107 patients with stage I-IIIA NSCLC between 2003-2008. The promoter methylation status of the same 4 genes examined by Brock, et al (p16, CDH13, RASSF1A, APC), as well as 6 additional TSGs (MGMT, WIF-1, METH-2, GSTP1, SOCS3, DAPK) were assessed in the tumor tissue using quantitative MSP (MethyLight assay), with any amount of methylation scored as positive. Methylation status was correlated with clinical features, pathologic stage, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: No significant associations were observed between promoter methylation of individual TSGs and DFS. No significant associations were observed between the number of methylated TSGs and DFS, or OS. Increased RASSF1A methylation was observed in poorly-differentiated and undifferentiated tumors compared to tumors that were well- or moderately-differentiated (p=0.031). Increased WIF-1 methylation and GSTP1 methylation were associated with increasing T (p=0.01) and N stage (p=0.028), respectively. Squamous cell carcinomas (SQCCs) were characterized by increased p16 methylation (p=0.0314) and decreased APC methylation (p=0.0146) compared to tumors of non-SQCC histologies. Conclusions: In this prospective study, we did not confirm that the promoter methylation of p16, CDH13, RASSF1A, and APC, or 6 other TSGs, was prognostic for early recurrence in surgically resected NSCLC.
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Cull, Nicholas J. "Overture to an Alliance: British Propaganda at the New York World's Fair, 1939–1940." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 3 (July 1997): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386139.
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On April 30, 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed the New York World's Fair open. Moments later a flood of eager humanity surged onto the one-and-a-quarter thousand acre former municipal dump in Flushing Meadow, Queens, now home to what the New York Herald Tribune termed “the mightiest exposition ever conceived and built by man.” While Europe shivered on the brink of a war, the United States focused its attention on the distinctive silhouette of a seven hundred foot spire and a globe two hundred feet wide: the “Trilon” and the “Perisphere,” centerpieces and emblems of the New York World's Fair. The fair stretched around their base in a teeming sprawl of concrete and electric lights. Its precincts embraced all manner of amusements, including a vast funfair with such thematic attractions as a Cuban village, an African jungle, and a Merrie England area. While most of the visitors seemed intent on enjoying themselves, the fair was intended by its organizers to serve a serious educative purpose. Its theme was “building the world of tomorrow,” with two-thirds of the fair ground given over to exhibitions by corporations, U.S. federal agencies, and foreign governments. The fair's corporate exhibitors vied with each other for the most spectacular vision of what this world might be. General Motors offered the “Futurama” exhibit designed by Norman Bel Geddes, in which 28,000 visitors a day traveled on a conveyor belt ride through a projection of the American landscape forward twenty-five years, to a Utopia liberated by the automobile. In a similar vein, inside the Perisphere visitors could view a diorama of a future metropolis, “Democracity.” But popular acclaim lay elsewhere.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brick New England"
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Hale, John P. "Building on a solid foundation : the use of bricks and mortar in house foundations in colonial New England." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1260628.
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This study is intended to provide the archaeologist with a solid understanding of the use of bricks and mortar in colonial New England and to examine the construction of New England colonial residential structures to determine if attributes exist that would allow the development of a regional diachronic or synchronic typology for aid in dating the structures either relatively or absolutely. This paper examines the technology involved in the produc ion of bricks and lime mortar, the construction of seventeenth and eighteenth century foundations, and the social environment that influenced the use of bricks. From the information presented in the paper, the archaeologist should gain an understanding of bricks as artifacts in the New England colonial landscape in order to improve the manner in which b licks are investigated and change the way in which archaeologists view, and therefore r -,cord information about, bricks, mortar, and foundations in Colonial New England.Department of Anthropology
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Hamilton-MacLaren, Fiona. "Alternative, more sustainable, wall construction techniques than brick and block, for new housing in England and Wales." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12375.
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There is a need to reduce the emissions of the country as a whole, to limit the risk of climate change due to Global warming and to meet targets set by the Kyoto agreement and the Climate Change Act. The large number of houses constructed annually in England and Wales have an important role to play in this. By reducing emissions, resulting from both the manufacture of construction materials and the energy used by house occupants, housing can help achieve the necessary emissions reductions. Alternative construction methods can contribute to this, either by having a lower embodied energy or by demonstrating good thermal properties to limit heat loss and hence operational energy. However, it is essential that both the construction industry and the public accept the alternative construction methods for them to be economically viable. In addition, there should be no loss of performance as a result of using alternative construction methods. Six methods of construction were studied in depth, including generating embodied and operational energy requirements and identifying their performance in terms of airtightness, wall thickness, and fire resistance. Public and industry acceptability were examined by use of questionnaires. A comparison of the data collected showed that identifying the best, or optimal, option visually is a challenging task as no single method of construction is best in all areas. A methodology was created to aid the selection of a wall construction method. The methodology is capable of examining multiple variables, in this work it is demonstrated with construction method and front building dimension. To identify the optimal method, optimisation by genetic algorithms is used. Use of the methodology was demonstrated with a case study based on the most frequently constructed housing type for England and Wales. The importance of weighting was demonstrated with the use of weightings based on concerns held by different parties. It was found that minimising the external wall area gives the optimal solution as less material is needed and there is less opportunity for heat loss. For the situation examined in the case study, Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) were identified as having the potential to reduce the environmental impact of housing construction in England and Wales without impacting saleability or performance.
Books on the topic "Brick New England"
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McGee, Donald J. Towers of brick, walls of stone: A history of the textile industry in New England, with Thompson, Connecticut, as a prism of the factory town. New York: Vantage Press, 1991.
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Ashburn, Kevin, and Kathleen Meil. Portland's Best: Your Brick by Brick Guide to New England's Finest City. Warren Machine Company, 2004.
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Company, Warren Machine. Portland's Best 2007/2008: Your Brick by Brick Guide to New England's Finest City. Warren Machine Company, Inc., 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Brick New England"
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Maher, Ashley. "Introduction." In Reconstructing Modernism, 1–39. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816485.003.0001.
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While the city has been at the center of literary modernist studies through such influential formulations as Raymond Williams’s “metropolitan forms of perception,” the influence of architectural modernism has received comparatively little attention. Far from a lagging branch of the modern movement, architecture and design instigated one of the defining divides in British literary modernism, between Vorticism and Bloomsbury. At a time when Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier were just starting their careers, Wyndham Lewis and Roger Fry formulated rival utopias, to be achieved through an architecture and design-driven mass modernism. These debates culminated in D. H. Lawrence’s end-of-life call to “Pull down my native village to the last brick” and use modernist planning to “[m]ake a new England.” The conflation of creation and violent destruction initially inspired members of the Auden Group but ultimately caused many mid-century authors to become wary of uniting aesthetic revolution with political revolution.
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Keymer, Thomas. "Conclusion: England in 1820." In Poetics of the Pillory, 283–90. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744498.003.0005.
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The startling frankness of Percy Shelley’s poetic response to the Peterloo massacre of 1819, and the relative ease with which it could find its way into print, indicates a major ongoing shift in the boundaries of permissible literary utterance. The shift coincides with a new sense that works written under greater conditions of expressive constraint—Byron’s example is Fielding’s Jonathan Wild—had special kinds of resonance or power not found in present-day political writing. Byron’s comments on Fielding bear witness to the creative stimulus, as much as the constraining power, of literary censorship, and to the rich achievements of the poets, satirists and others who, across the long eighteenth century, danced on the brink of seditious libel.
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Bardgett, Richard. "Soil and the City." In Earth Matters. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668564.003.0009.
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I have spent most of my living and working life in the countryside, surrounded by open fields, woodlands and hills, and in close contact with the soil. I recently changed my job and moved to the University of Manchester, which is in the centre of one of the largest cities in England. Because of this move my contact with soil is much less; in fact, as I walk each morning to my office, there is hardly a handful of soil to be seen. But is this really true of the whole city? Concrete, asphalt, and bricks certainly seal much of the ground in Manchester, as in most cities and towns. But soil is in abundance: it lies beneath the many small gardens, flower beds, road and railway verges, parks, sports grounds, school playing fields, and allotments of the city. In fact, it has been estimated that almost a quarter of the land in English cities is covered by gardens, and in the United States, lawns cover three times as much area as does corn. As I write, I am on a train leaving central London from Waterloo Station, and despite the overwhelming dominance of concrete and bricks, I can see scattered around many small gardens, trees, flowerpots and window boxes, overgrown verges on the railway line, small parks and playing fields for children, football pitches, grassy plots and flower beds alongside roadways and pavements, and small green spaces with growing shrubs outside office blocks and apartments. The city is surprisingly green and beneath this green is soil. Throughout the world, more and more people are moving to cities: in 1800 only 2 per cent of the world’s population was urbanized, whereas now more than half of the global human population live in towns and cities, and this number grows by about 180,000 people every day. This expansion has been especially rapid in recent years.
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Nicholson, James C. "Introduction." In Racing for America, 1–7. University Press of Kentucky, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180649.003.0001.
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On October 20, 1923, at Belmont Park in New York, Kentucky Derby champion Zev toed the starting line alongside Epsom Derby winner Papyrus, England's top three-year-old colt. Few happenings had ever been covered so closely by American newspapers as the spectacle officially dubbed the International Race. The extraordinary hype surrounding the event was even more notable considering that only a few years earlier Thoroughbred racing had been on the brink of Progressive-era extinction in the United States. But following a post-World War I political sea change in the United States, in what would later be remembered as a "golden age" of sport, Americans rallied around the horse that was, in the words of its owner Harry F. Sinclair, "racing for America," while Sinclair was engaged in a scheme to defraud the United States of millions of barrels of publicly owned oil in one of the most notorious instances of political corruption in American history -- the Teapot Dome scandal. America First examines the postwar revival of American horseracing, culminating in the intercontinental showdown between Zev and Papyrus, that captured some of the incongruity and contradiction of 1920s America.