Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Brick waste'

The focus of this thesis is the study of behavior of brick waste in the mixture with high alumina cement. The result of this research should be a draft of a composition and production process for material that could partly or fully substitute forging accessories in the brick production industry. The aim of this work is to verify the use of brick waste for such purpose. Usage of brick waste for refractories can help the current long-term effort for wasteless production processes.

The background to this research program was the need to investigate novel technologies and their application to fired ceramic processes that would facilitate the return to profitability for a small size brick maker. The company, Gasser Brick Company. Ziegel Gasser Mattoni GmbH S.r.l., in Natz-Schabs (Naz-Sciaves) in the north of Italy, is a relatively small manufacturer producing < 20,000 metric tons of brick per year. In this thesis the economic, environmental and social advantages consequent to a complete review of the approach to the company’s manufacture of cored clay bricks are discussed, including energy saving measures and the use of novel fuel and clay body supplements. A number of wide ranging novel technical modifications to the production processes of the Gasser Brick company have been tested, evaluated, reviewed, compared, and critically evaluated. The approach includes the utilization of a substantial percentage of various wastes as part-substitution of, or as an addition to, quarried raw materials and also the use of renewable and alternative fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels. A number of these modifications have resulted in beneficial changes to the product and the efficiency of the production process and considerably reduced the environmental footprint of the operation. Process modifications and the technological improvements to production equipment are explained and discussed along with detailed information about the measures that enabled the Gasser Brick company to return the profitability. The modifications resulted in a substantial increase of income. Revenues from waste gate fees are about 30% of the total turnover of the company. Costs for thermal energy dropped by 2/3: A ton of boiler oil commanded a price of 220 - 245 €/ton versus the around 80 €/ton of rendering fat.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The volume of solid waste produced is increasing disorderly and harmful to nature, since they are not given him proper purposes. As waste that can be used in the manufacture of concrete bricks is the waste tire rubber, which is a major cause of environmental problems, and the cementitious waste generated in concrete plants, called Concrete Sludge Waste (CSW). The overall objective of this study will then be to determine a concrete trait for brick production, containing the highest percentages of concrete sludge waste and tire rubber granulate together. To do so, the applicability of the residues was analyzed separately in Studies 1 and 2, and later jointly in Study 3, that the Central Composite Delineation of Rotational was used as experimental planning and the data evaluated through Response Surface Methodology, and Study 4, being the waste tire rubber granulate replacing the aggregate and the Concrete Sludge Waste in its dry state (CSW-S) to the cement. The physical-chemical characterization of the aggregates and the test of resistance to compression and water absorption of the bricks were performed. The results showed that it is feasible to use CSW-S and waste tire rubber granulate, but the higher the rubber percentage, the lower the compressive strength and the higher the water absorption, the rubber substitution limit is dependent on the aggregate used and the molding conditions, as well as the trace used. However, the CSW-S did not present significant effects when compared to those of the rubber, thus, replacements of higher percentages could be made. There is then an optimal trace with about 4% rubber aggregate substitution and approximately 15% LRC-S, replacing the cement. However, it can be affirmed that the use of concrete bricks with residue for sealing is technically feasible, in order to reduce the volume of discarded waste, obtain a cheaper product and still meet the criteria required by the standards.
O volume de resíduos sólidos produzido vem aumentando de modo desordenado e prejudicial à natureza, uma vez que não são dados a ele fins adequados. Como resíduos passíveis de se utilizar na fabricação de tijolos de concreto se tem a borracha de pneus, que é um grande causador de problemas ambientais, e o resíduo cimentício gerado em usinas de concreto, denominado de Lama Residual do Concreto (LRC). O objetivo geral deste estudo será, então, determinar um traço de concreto para produção de tijolos, que contenha maiores porcentagens de resíduos de usinas de concreto e de borracha de pneu, conjuntamente. Para tanto, foram analisadas a aplicabilidade dos resíduos separadamente, nos Estudos 1 e 2, e posteriormente de forma conjunta no Estudo 3, que foi utilizado o Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional como planejamento experimental e os dados avaliados via Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, e Estudo 4, sendo o granulado de borracha em substituição ao agregado e a Lama Residual do Concreto em seu estado seco (LRC-S) ao cimento. Foram realizadas a caracterização físico-química dos agregados e ensaio de resistência à compressão e absorção de água dos tijolos. Os resultados mostraram que é viável se utilizar a LRC-S e o granulado de borracha de pneu, porém quanto maior a porcentagem de borracha, menor será a resistência à compressão e maior será a absorção de água, sendo que o limite de substituição da borracha é dependente do agregado empregado e das condições de moldagem, bem como do traço utilizado. Já a LRC-S não apresentou efeitos significativos se comparados com aqueles da borracha, podendo ser feitas, assim, substituições de maiores porcentagens. Tem-se, então, um traço ótimo com cerca de 4% de substituição do agregado por borracha e com aproximadamente 15% de LRC-S, em substituição ao cimento. Contudo, pode se afirmar que a utilização de tijolos de concreto com resíduo para vedação é viável tecnicamente, de forma a diminuir o volume de resíduos descartados, obter um produto mais barato e ainda atender aos critérios exigidos pelas normas.

Steel industries consume refractory materials on a large scale. High temperature resistant refractory materials are essential for linings of the steelmaking vessels, to protect them from corrosive environments, high temperatures, molten steels and slags during transportation and steelmaking operations. Furthermore, with the increasing demand in steel production the usage of refractory materials has substantially increased, resulting in an increasing demand for refractory raw materials. However, with the hike in prices and abundancy for raw materials there is a need for recycling and reusing of spent refractory materials, which are otherwise sent to landfill. Nowadays the environmental as well as economic aspect regarding the recycling of spent refractories are of interest for the steel industries for achieving a solution towards zero waste. Several projects have been launched to investigate and generate new ideas with different ways to recycle refractory materials, but there is much more research and planning that needs to be done in order to find a large scale solution towards achieving zero waste. One of the simplest solutions to avoid landfilling of spent refractory is to introduce and manage a good sorting of the breakout scrap refractory, which can later be recycled or reused depending on their condition. The thesis work was carried out in collaboration of KTH – The Royal Institute of Technology/ Stockholm/ Sweden and Jernkontoret – The Swedish Steelmaking Association / Stockholm / Sweden. The work includes a collection of information regarding the current refractory waste management situation within some of the Swedish steel producers as Ovako AB, Uddeholm AB and SSAB. The information were collected on the basis of their refractory usage and practises. The thesis as well provides some suggestions for recycling and reusing of spent refractory waste materials collected from literature. Additionally some experimental work was carried out on whether an MgO-C refractory brick made of recycled materials can perform similarly against slag as a brick made from virgin materials. Experimental corrosion trials with one industrial slag composition were carried out using a hot-finger test apparatus for bricks with different amounts of recycling content in comparison to a brick made of virgin materials. After experiments, the samples were analysed using a Light Optical Microscope (LOM). A similar performance of all bricks against the slag composition was observed. Additional laboratory tests with different slag compositions, holding times and stirring rates are required to reach more profound conclusions. Industrial trials are essential with bricks containing recycled raw materials to reach a final performance status.
Stålindustrin konsumerar eldfasta material i stor skala. Högtemperatur resistenta eldfasta material är nödvändiga för att fodra skänkugnen, för att skydda den från frätande miljöer, höga temperaturer av smält stål och slagg, samt transport och blandning av smält stål under ståltillverkning. Vidare har användningen av eldfasta material ökat avsevärt med den ökande efterfrågan inom stålproduktion, vilket har resulterat i en ökande efterfrågan på eldfasta råvaror. Men i och med prishöjningen och avhållsamheten för råvaror behövs en idé om återvinning och återanvändning av eldfasta material som annars skickas till deponi. Numera är den miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekten av återvinning av förbrukade eldfasta ämnen av intresse för stålindustrin för att kunna nå en lösning mot zero waste. Flera projekt har påbörjats för att undersöka och generera nya idéer med olika sätt att återvinna eldfasta material, men det finns mycket mer forskning och planering som behöver göras för att hitta en storskalig lösning mot netto noll avfall. En av de enklaste lösningarna för att undvika deponering av använt eldfast material är att införa och hantera en bra sortering av använt eldfast avfall, som senare kan återvinnas eller återanvändas beroende på dess tillstånd. Avhandlingsarbetet utfördes i samarbete med KTH – Kungliga tekniska högskolan / Stockholm / Sverige och Jernkontoret – Svenska stålföreningen / Stockholm / Sverige. Informationen samlades in angående användning och praxis av eldfasta material. Avhandlingen innehåller också några förslag för återvinning och återanvändning av använt eldfast avfall som samlats in från litteraturen. Dessutom utfördes experiment för huruvida en eldfast infodring av återvunnen MgO-C kan motstå reaktioner mot slagg som en infodring tillverkad av ny utvunna råvaror. Experimentella korrosionsförsök med en industriell slaggkomposition utfördes av en ugn designad för hot finger test för eldfasta material gjorda av olika mängd återvunnet material samt inget återvunnet material alls. Efter experimenten analyserades proverna med ett ljusoptiskt mikroskop (LOM). En liknande prestanda för alla tegelstenar mot slaggkompositionen observerades. Ytterligare laboratorietester med olika slaggkompositioner, hålltider och omrörningshastigheter krävs för att nå en djupare slutsats. Industriella försök är väsentliga med eldfast tegel som innehåller återvunna råvaror för att kunna nå en slutlig prestandastatus.

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Currently we have been sought new constructive solutions involving environmental sustainability through the reduction / elimination of waste of raw materials and final products. The reduction of waste has been granted by the rational use of materials and various forms of reuse, for both are studied and developed technologies capable of absorbing this waste. Under the basic sanitation is highlighted waste generated in water treatment plants during the process of purifying plants of water intended for human consumption. This residue is commonly called sludge. For environmental issues, frequent studies point to the incorporation of this waste in construction materials such as conventional bricks and soil cement. Laboratory analyzes were: Fluorescence Xray (XRF) , Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) , Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Particle size , Plasticity Index and resistance to simple compression. This the following study aims to evaluate the incorporation of the waste generated in the Water Treatment Plant - Gramame in soil-cement bricks type. The concreteness of research leads to consideration of the incorporation of the waste generated in the Water Treatment Plant - Gramame in low percentages do not affect the strength of soil-cement bricks. This result associated with a considerable concentration of Organic matter.
Atualmente têm-se buscado novas soluções construtivas que envolvam a sustentabilidade ambiental através da diminuição/eliminação de desperdício das matérias-primas e produtos finais. A redução dos desperdícios vem sendo conferida pelo uso racional dos materiais e as diversas formas de reutilização, para tanto são estudadas e desenvolvidas tecnologias capazes de absorver estes resíduos. No âmbito do saneamento básico é destacado o resíduo gerado nas Estações de Tratamento de Água durante o processo de potabilização das águas destinadas para o consumo humano. Comumente este resíduo é chamado de lodo. Para as questões ambientais, estudos frequentes apontam para a incorporação deste resíduo em materiais de construção civil tais como tijolos convencionais e solo-cimento. Desta forma, o seguinte trabalho visa avaliar a incorporação do resíduo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Água – Gramame em tijolos do tipo solo-cimento. Para que os objetivos pudessem ser alcançados foram determinadas as análises laboratoriais de: Fluorescência de Raio-X (FRX), Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), Granulometria, Índice de Plasticidade e Resistência a Compressão Simples. A concretude da pesquisa leva a conclusão de que a incorporação do resíduo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Água – Gramame em baixas porcentagens não prejudica a resistência dos tijolos solo-cimento. Sendo este resultado associado a uma considerável concentração de Matéria Orgânica.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The search for sustainable, economic, social and technological development has intensified the study of the use of recycled materials or wastes in order to minimize environmental impacts and also to reduce production costs. In this sense this work aims to develop a methodology for the production of mortars optimized from the point of view of properties and cost, from particulate clay bricks waste (CBW) of red ceramic, as partial replacement of Portland cement. The first part of the study deals with the characterization of the as-prepared ceramic clay masses (CCM) and CBWs from four industries of the northern region of Santa Catarina: Ceramic A and B (Joinville/SC), Ceramic C (Garuva/SC) and Ceramic D (São Bento do Sul/SC). The characterization of ceramic clay masses included XRD, XRF, FTIR, DSC and SEM analyses. The characterization of CBW also included techniques to determine the pozzolanic activity, particle size, surface area (B.E.T.) and density. The consumption of calcium hydroxide (CH) of the cement paste formed with CBW was also measured. After analyzing the characteristics of the CCMs and CBWs it was possible to determine which of the researched sources has the greatest potential for use as a substitute for Portland cement. The results indicated that the CBW from industry B (CBW-B) has greater potential to react with CH, followed by CBWs from industries A, C, and D. Fractional factorial design techniques for the design and analysis of experiments were used to evaluate the performance of each CBW in properties such as consistency and compressive strength (CS) of mortars and determine the influence of these three factors on properties: CBW content in replacement of cement (10, 25 and 40% by weight), water-cement ratios (W/C of 2.50, 2.85 and 3.2) and fineness of the CBW (125, 75 and 45 μm). It could be concluded that the CBW-B had the best performance to compressive strength (4.28 MPa) starting from a consistency index of about 260 mm. This result was obtained for a 14 replacement of 15% of cement by CBW-B, and a W/C of 2.5 (75 μm fineness). It was also possible to identify mixtures with minimized financial costs through numerical optimization. To give sequence to work, the CBW-A was chosen (since it presents results comparable to those of the CBW-B, because the industry A generates the largest amount of waste, and because it leads to a larger usage of waste, which is also interesting from the environmental point of view) to a series of other tests, to evaluate the effect of CBW-A on properties such as: consistency; setting time; water retention; porosity and water absorption; water absorption by capillarity; compressive strength at 28 and 90 days (CS28 and CS90); resistance to sodium chloride and sulfate; natural carbonation and tensile bonding strength. Unlike the factorial design, in the mixtures in this next research stage only the CBW-A content was varied (0, 10, 25 and 40% by weight).The W/C and CBW fineness factors were kept constant. The use of the CBW-A revealed positive effects on several physical properties such as increased water retention, increased CS28 and CS90, and decreased porosity and water absorption. However, it had a negative effect on the durability of the mortars (attack by sulfates), tensile bonding strength and setting time, but not so far as to make it impossible to use. The microstructures of mortars and pastes were also analyzed by SEM images and EDX. The mortars containing CBW-A showed a denser cement matrix due to CH consumption and additional formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), evidencing the pozzolanic effect of the waste. Thus, the methodology followed in this work, aimed at identifying optimized mortars containing brick waste, in terms of cost and properties, provided the criteria for the selection of waste and its effects on the properties studied, from the origin to the final product.
A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, econômico, social e tecnológico tem intensificado o estudo da utilização de materiais reciclados ou rejeitos na tentativa de minimizar impactos ambientais e também de reduzir custos de produção. Neste sentido este trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver uma metodologia para a produção de argamassas otimizadas, do ponto de vista das propriedades e custo, a partir de rejeitos particulados de tijolos (RPT) de cerâmica vermelha, em substituição parcial ao cimento Portland. A primeira parte do estudo trata da caracterização das massas cerâmicas argilosas in natura (MCA) e dos RPTs de quatro empresas da região norte de Santa Catarina: Cerâmica A e B (Joinville/SC), Cerâmica C (Garuva/SC) e Cerâmica D (São Bento do Sul/SC). A caracterização das massas cerâmicas argilosas in natura foi realizada através das técnicas de DRX, FRX, FTIR, DSC e MEV. Na caracterização dos RPTs utilizaram-se ainda técnicas para determinação da atividade pozolânica, granulometria, área superficial (B.E.T.) e massa específica. O consumo de hidróxido de cálcio (CH) da pasta cimentícia formada com RPTs também foi medido. Após a análise das características das massas cerâmicas argilosas in natura e dos RPTs foi possível determinar qual das fontes pesquisadas de rejeito possui o maior potencial para uso como substituto ao cimento Portland. Os resultados indicaram que o RPT da empresa B (RPT-B) possui maior potencial para reatividade com o CH, seguido pelos RPTs das empresas A, C, e D. Foram utilizadas técnicas de planejamento fatorial fracionado para o projeto e análise dos experimentos para medir o desempenho de cada RPT em propriedades como resistência à compressão (RC) e consistência de argamassas, visando avaliar a influência de três fatores nessas propriedades: teor de RPT em substituição ao cimento (10, 25 e 40 %, em massa), relações água-cimento (W/C, de 2,50, 2,85 e 3,2), e finura do RPT (125, 75 e 45 μm). Pôde-se concluir que o RPT-B obteve o melhor desempenho para resistência à compressão (4,28 MPa) considerando um índice de consistência de cerca de 260 mm. Esse resultado foi encontrado para uma substituição de 15% de 12 cimento por RPT-B, e para um fator W/C de 2,5 (finura de 75 μm). Foi possível também identificar misturas com custo financeiro minimizado a partir de otimização numérica. Para dar sequência ao trabalho, foi escolhido o RPT-A (por apresentar resultados comparáveis com os do RPT-B, porque a empresa A gera a maior quantidade de rejeitos, e porque a sua utilização requer um maior consumo de rejeito, o que também é interessante do ponto de vista ambiental) para uma série de outros ensaios, visando avaliar o efeito do RPT-A em várias propriedades, tais como: consistência; tempo de pega; retenção de água; porosidade aparente e absorção de água; absorção de água por capilaridade; resistência à compressão aos 28 e 90 dias (RC28 e RC90); resistência ao cloreto e ao sulfato de sódio; carbonatação natural e resistência de aderência à tração. Diferentemente das misturas do projeto fatorial, as misturas desta outra fase da pesquisa tiveram apenas o teor de RPT-A variado (0, 10, 25 e 40 %, em massa). Os fatores W/C e finura do RPT permaneceram fixos. O uso do RPT-A revelou efeitos positivos sobre várias propriedades físicas como o aumento da retenção de água, aumento da RC28 e RC90, diminuição da porosidade e da absorção de água. Entretanto, causou um efeito negativo na durabilidade das argamassas (ataque por sulfatos), na aderência e no tempo de pega, mas não ao ponto de inviabilizar o seu uso. As microestruturas das argamassas e pastas também foram analisadas através de imagens MEV e EDS. As argamassas contendo RPT-A apresentaram uma matriz cimentícia mais densa devido ao consumo de CH e a evidenciando o efeito pozolânico do rejeito. Assim, a metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho, visando a obtenção de argamassas contento rejeitos de tijolos, otimizadas em termos de propriedades e custo, forneceu os critérios para a seleção dos rejeitos e seus efeitos nas propriedades estudadas, desde a origem até o produto final.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Portland cement is a material used in large scale in Brazil and worldwide. However, its manufacturing process is attached to impacting environmental problems. Thus, the use of recyclable materials with pozzolanic characteristics has been studied to partially replace cement in applications such as mortars and concretes. Therefore, this work aims to study the effect of partial replacement of Portland cement with clay brick waste (CBW) on properties of lime-cement mortars (cement and hydrated lime) for building applications. A statistical study using a fractional factorial design 33-1 considered three factors and three levels for each factor, which were the residue content for cement mortars (%CBW of 10%, 25% and 40%), his particle size (PS of 125μm, 75μm and 45μm) and water/cement ratio (W/C of 2.50, 2.85 and 3.20). The properties measured were the consistency index for fresh and the compressive strength at various ages for hardened properties. The physical, chemical and microstructural characterizations of mortars with and without RPT were performed in order to correlate their mechanical and microstructural properties. Thus, the CBW has been shown to act as a pozzolanic material, with an addition of up to 40% could be performed without the physical and mechanical properties were impaired. The particle size was found to be important in the pozzolanicity of the waste, being more efficient at lower values than 75μm, inclusive. Through the characterization of the mortars was observed the consumption of calcium hydroxide, caused by the pozzolanic reaction of the CBW, forming the calcium silicate hydrate gel, increasing the density of the cementitious matrix and improving the cohesion between the elements of the mixture.
O cimento Portland é um material consumido em grande escala no Brasil e no mundo. Porém, seu processo de fabricação é ligado a problemas ambientais impactantes. Com isso, a utilização de materiais recicláveis, com características pozolânicas, vem sendo estudado para substituir parcialmente o cimento em aplicações como argamassas e concretos. Portanto, este trabalho tem como finalidade estudar o efeito da substituição parcial do cimento Portland por resíduo particulado de tijolo (RPT) nas propriedades de argamassas mistas (cimento e cal hidratada) para aplicação na construção civil. Um estudo estatístico utilizando um projeto fatorial fracionado 33-1 levou em consideração três fatores e três níveis para cada fator, os quais foram o teor de resíduo em substituição ao cimento (%RPT de 10%, 25% e 40%), o tamanho de partícula do resíduo (TP de 125μm, 75μm e 45μm) e o fator água/cimento (W/C de 2,50, 2,85 e 3,20). As propriedades medidas foram o índice de consistência para o estado fresco e a resistência à compressão em várias idades para o estado endurecido. A caracterização física, química e microestrutural das argamassas com e sem RPT foram realizadas a fim de correlacionar suas propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais. Com isso, o RPT se mostrou capaz de agir como material pozolânico, sendo que uma adição de até 40% pôde ser realizada, sem que as propriedades físicas e mecânicas fossem prejudicadas. A granulometria mostrou-se importante na pozolanicidade do resíduo, sendo mais eficiente em valores menores do que 75μm, incluindo este. Através da caracterização das argamassas foi observado o consumo do hidróxido de cálcio causado pela reação pozolânica do RPT, formando o gel de silicato de cálcio hidratado, densificando a matriz cimentícia e melhorando a coesão entre os elementos da mistura.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study aims to evaluate the effect of incorporation of particles of fired clay brick waste (CBW) in the physical and mechanical properties and their relation to the microstructure of concrete with Portland cement. The mixtures were obtained using the technique of fractional factorial design 33-1 for the design and analysis of experiments. For each factor, three levels were selected: CBW content (10, 20 and 30 wt. % of cement), water-to-cement ratio of 0.37, 0.45 and 0.55, and aggregate-to-cement ratio of 2.36, 3.64 and 4.70. The waste was characterized to evaluate their potential as a pozzolana. Fresh properties (consistency) and hardened (compressive strength at various ages, voids index, water absorption and density) were measured. Characterizations of microstructure and thermal using SEM / EDS and DTA / TG were performed to correlate the effect of waste content on the microstructure and properties of the hardened concrete. The waste presents properties adequate to be used as a pozzolan material. Consistency index decreases with the incorporation of the CBW, but is still possible to obtain concrete with adequate workability. For properties in the hardened concrete, the results show that the compressive strength increases with the increase of CBW content as an addition for concretes of Portland cement. Microstructural characterization reveals that the waste contributes to develop a more homogeneous microstructure with fewer pores and cracks when compared to concretes without waste. There is evidences that metakaolin contained in the waste contributes with the hydration reactions, consuming calcium hydroxide and producing more calcium silicate gel and hydrated phases, which keeps the aggregates more cohesive in the concrete microstructure. These microstructural characteristics improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da incorporação de rejeitos particulados de tijolos (RPT) nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas e sua relação com a microestrutura de concretos de cimento Portland. Os traços foram formulados utilizando a técnica de planejamento fatorial fracionado 33-1 para o projeto e análise de experimentos. Para cada fator, três níveis foram selecionados: teor de RTP incorporado (10, 20 e 30 % em relação ao cimento), relações água-cimento de 0,37, 0,45 e 0,55, e relações agregado-cimento de 2,36, 3,64 e 4,70. O rejeito foi caracterizado para avaliar seu potencial quanto à pozolanicidade. Propriedades no estado fresco (consistência) e endurecido (resistênca à compressão em várias idades, índice de vazios, absorção de água e densidade) foram medidas. Caracterizações de microestrutura e térmica usando MEV/EDS e ADT/TG foram realizadas para correlacionar o efeito do teor de rejeito na microestrutura e propriedades no concreto endurecido. O rejeito apresenta características que possibilitam seu uso como material pozolânico. Para o índice de consistência observa-se que o mesmo diminue com a incorporação do RPT, porém ainda é possíviel obter concretos com adequada trabalhabilidade. Para as propriedades no concreto endurecido, os resultados mostram que a resistência à compressão aumenta com o aumento da porcentagem de RPT em adição ao concreto de cimento Portland. A caracterização microestrutural revela que o rejeito contribui para desenvolver uma microestrutura mais homogênea, com menos trincas e poros, quando comparadas às misturas sem o rejeito. Há indícios de que a metacaulinita contida no rejeito participa das reações de hidratação, consumindo hidróxido de cálcio e produzindo mais silicato de cálcio gel e fases hidratadas, as quais contribuem para manter os agregados mais coesos no corpo cerâmico. Estas características microestruturais melhoram as propriedades mecânicas e durabilidade dos concretos.

Ferrochrome slag is a by-product from the production of ferrochrome, an essential component in stainless steel. World wide it is known that ferrochrome slags are been used mainly in the road and civil construction industries, and in producing refractories. Slag management at ferrochrome producing companies has been influenced by the limited space available and financial cost implications of the siag dumps. In South Africa, according to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry's minimum requirements, (DWAF, 1998), ferrochrome slag due to its quantity or volume on the disposal sites has been classified as hazardous, as it leaches Manganese (Mn) (33%) above the DWAF minimum environmental requirements acceptable levels. This rating of the slag has therefore put limitations on the use of slag commercially. This paper investigates the various slag uses proposed which can impact positively on the management of the slag i.e. that would reduce its dumping loads and consequently its impact on the surrounding environment. The uses proposed for are brick and concrete making and road building. The paper provides results for the proposed slag uses leaching potential, performs a risk assessment to determine its potential effect on the environment and human health as weli as discusses the method used to delist the slag through the South African delisting process. Comments on the process from the DEAT are also provided.
Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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The generation of large quantities of solid waste is a great problem faced by urban areas. Like all building materials, the gypsum plaster is a generator of solid waste. The amount and inadequate waste disposal cause serious environmental, social and economical impacts. This requires the search for quick and effective solutions for its management, through the development of specific programs, which aim to minimize these impacts. This study was developed with the purpose to use waste material of the gypsum industry to built low cost houses with better environmental comfort. Also there were motivations for this study the advantages of gypsum, among them thermal and acoustic insulation, and to help managing municipal waste. Thus, it was studied closing masonry with bricks made by the reuse of gypsum plaster which not have sufficient fluidity to make construction frames anymore. In order to verify which mortar better fit this construction system, two different types of settlement mortars were studied: traditional gypsum paste (GC) and traditional mortar (cement, lime and sand) (AT). The aspects of productivity, cost and strength compression of the constructive system were tested. Coatings were also studied, performed with two types of recycled gypsum: wet recycled gypsum (RU) and dry recycled gypsum (RS), varying their proportions and analyzing the performance of them concerning on workability, cracking, tensile strength and for water absorption and permeability, according to the NIT 140 method proposed by CSTC, from Belgium. In order to verify the thermal and acoustic comfort, a prototype was produced with these new materials. The results showed that the traditional mortar (AT) was the most suitable for the construction of closing masonry made by recycled gypsum, the best internal coating was the 25% paste substituition by wet plaster (RU) and external coating the traditional mortar (AT), 1:1:6 mixture proportion, widely used in constructions. In relation to thermal comfort, there was a better thermal attenuation of recycled gypsum prototype in comparison to a soil cement bricks prototype, also with a good accoustic isolation. The results assured technical and financial viability of using these types of coatings in the construction of low cost housing.
A geração de grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos é um problema crescente nas áreas urbanas. Assim como os demais materiais de construção, o gesso é um gerador de entulho. A quantidade expressiva desse resíduo e o seu descarte inadequado causam graves impactos ambientais, sociais e econômicos. Isto impõe a busca de soluções rápidas e eficazes para sua gestão adequada, através da elaboração de programas específicos, que visem à minimização desses impactos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de reutilizar um resíduo da indústria de gesso para construir habitações de interesse social visando um melhor conforto ambiental. Também foram motivações para este estudo as vantagens do gesso, dentre elas, isolamento térmico e acústico e a busca de uma forma de gerenciamento dos resíduos urbanos. Para tanto, estudou-se alvenarias de fechamento com tijolos produzidos através do reaproveitamento de pastas de gesso que não possuíam mais fluidez para a confecção de molduras e testando dois tipos de argamassa de assentamento, gesso cola (GC) e argamassa tradicional (AT) de forma a verificar a que melhor se adéqua a este sistema construtivo no aspecto produtividade, custo e resistência à compressão. Estudou-se também, revestimentos executados com dois tipos de gesso reciclado, gesso reciclado úmido (RU) e gesso reciclado seco (RS), variando suas proporções e analisando o desempenho destes quanto à trabalhabilidade e fissuração, resistência de aderência à tração e à absorção e permeabilidade à água, segundo o método do cachimbo , proposto pelo CSTC da Bélgica (NIT 140). Ainda realizou-se a análise do conforto térmico e acústico do protótipo produzido com esses novos materiais alternativos. Os resultados apontaram a argamassa tradicional (AT) como mais adequada à construção de alvenarias de gesso reciclado, destacando-se como revestimento interno a pasta com 25% de substituição por gesso reciclado úmido (RU) e revestimento externo o reboco comum (AT), muito utilizado em construções, traço 1:1:6. O protótipo executado de gesso reciclado ainda ofereceu uma melhor atenuação térmica quando comparado com um protótipo de solo cimento e garantiu um bom isolamento acústico. Após realização de todas as análises, verifica-se a viabilidade técnica e financeira de execução de construções de interesse social com esses materiais alternativos constituídos de gesso.

Decades  ago,  1  ton  of  steel  required  80  kg  of  refractory  material.  While  the  scenario  has completely changed over the years. Today, 1 ton of steel needs approximately 11 kg of refractory material   depending   on   the   steelworks.   Refractories   are   accustomed   to   high-temperature processes,  for  example,  producing  steel,  glass,  etc.  The amount of  spent  refractories has  also increased  with the increase in demand for its production. For the manufacturing of refractories, there is a tremendous use of virgin raw materials but with the increase in price and reducing raw material   sources,   it  will   be  difficult  to   continue  in  that   way  in  the  future.  While,  the environmental  concerns  in  steel  industries  are  increasing  on  a  rapid  scale  such  as  global environmental pollution, natural  resource conservation, and the most important increase in cost for  landfilling.  Therefore,  achieving  zero  waste  and  proper  usage  of  material  from  spent refractories is necessary for economic and environmental reasons in future. This project work focuses on collecting information regarding the refractory waste management for  aid  towards   more   sustainable  Swedish  steel  industries.  The  project  is  carried  out  in collaboration  with  KTH  Royal  Institute  of  Technology  and  the  Swedish  steel  producers association  Jernkontoret.  This  work  focuses  on  a   survey   of  well-known  Swedish  steel companies Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) AB and Höganäs AB. The scientific work concentrates on the investigation of MgO-C bricks mixed waste, collected from Mireco AB, up to a grain size of 20 mm. Three samples of varying compositions and different grain sizes were collected  from  the  recycling  site  and  processed  for  carbon  reduction.  On  several  trails,  the maximum  carbon  elimination  was  achieved at a  temperature higher than  800°C with holding time longer than 5h. The fines underwent mechanical pressing of 40 MPa to form pellets of 16 mm and 32 mm in diameter. The main traced elements of MgO, SiO2, CaO, Al2O3  and Fe2O3  can be utilized for applications in the agricultural industry. MgO is present in the maximum quantity (70-80%).  By  possible  extraction  of  MgO  from  the  fines  can  be  employed  in  the  crucible industry,  construction industry  and steel  industry for slag  formation. The MgO  in the form of supplements for magnesium deficient soils or calcium magnesium oxide for neutralizing the pH of  the  soil  by  balancing  the  acidity  can  be  employed.  The  compatibility of the  fines can be helpful  to  resolve  transportation  issues and benefit  convenient addition to processes. Overall, this  work  brings  to  the  fore  a  high  potential  for  using  such  waste  refractory  materials  forapplications besides landfilling with an emphasis on agriculture.
För decennier sedan krävde 1 ton stål 80 kg eldfast material. Medan scenariot har förändrats helt genom åren. Idag behöver 1 ton stål cirka 11 kg eldfast material beroende på stålverk. Eldfasta produkter är vana vid högtemperaturprocesser, till exempel produktion av stål, glas etc. Mängden förbrukade  eldfasta  produkter  har  också  ökat  med  ökad  efterfrågan  på  dess  produktion.  För tillverkning av eldfasta produkter finns det en enorm användning av jungfruliga råvaror men med prisökningen  och  minskade  råvarukällor  blir  det  svårt  att  fortsätta  på  det  sättet  i  framtiden. Medan  miljöproblemen  inom  stålindustrin  ökar  i  snabb  skala,  såsom  global  miljöförorening, bevarande av naturresurser och den viktigaste ökningen av kostnaderna för deponering. Därför är det  nödvändigt  att  i  framtiden  uppnå  noll  slöseri  och  korrekt  användning  av  material  från förbrukade eldfasta anläggningar av ekonomiska och miljömässiga skäl. Detta projektarbete fokuserar på att samla in information om eldfast avfallshantering för stöd till mer  hållbar  svensk  stålindustri.  Projektet  genomförs i samarbete  med KTH Royal  Institute of Technology och den svenska stålproducentföreningen Jernkontoret. Detta arbete fokuserar på en undersökning  av  välkända  svenska  stålföretag  Sandvik  Materials  Technology (SMT) AB  och Höganäs AB. Det vetenskapliga arbetet koncentrerar sig på undersökningen av blandat avfall av MgO-C-tegel,  samlat  från Mireco  AB, upp till en kornstorlek på 20 mm. Tre prover med olika kompositioner  och  olika  kornstorlekar  samlades  från  återvinningsstället  och  bearbetades  för kolreduktion. På flera stigar uppnåddes den maximala kolelimineringen vid en temperatur högre än 800 ° C  med en hålltid  längre än 5 timmar.  Böterna  genomgick mekanisk  pressning av 40 MPa  för att bilda pellets med 16 mm och 32 mm i diameter. De viktigaste spårade elementen i MgO,  SiO2,  CaO,  Al2O3 och Fe2O3  kan användas för applikationer inom jordbruksindustrin. MgO finns i den maximala kvantiteten (70-80%). Genom möjlig utvinning av MgO från böterna kan användas i degelindustrin, byggindustrin och stålindustrin för slaggbildning. MgO i form av tillskott  för  magnesiumbristjord  eller kalciummagnesiumoxid för neutralisering av jordens pH genom balansering  av surheten  kan användas. Böternas kompatibilitet kan vara till hjälp för att lösa transportproblem och gynna praktiska tillägg till processer. Sammantaget ger detta arbete en hög   potential   för   att   använda   sådana   eldfasta   avfallsmaterial   för   applikationer   förutomdeponering med tonvikt på jordbruk

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A Paraíba se destaca no mercado nacional de calçados ocupando o quinto lugar em exportação. Algumas dessas indústrias utilizam um tipo de polímero o EVA (etilene vinil acetate), para fabricação de palmilhas e solados de calçados. O destino final dos resíduos gerados parece ser os lixões e aterros clandestinos. Esses resíduos consistem de restos de placas provenientes do processo de corte para fabricação do calçado e de um pó resultante da fase de acabamento. Uma maneira de livrar o meio ambiente dos inconvenientes causados pela geração desses resíduos é a sua incorporação em tijolos de terra crua, tema desta dissertação. Foram inicialmente feitos ensaios de caracterização dos materiais empregados. Foram testadas várias combinações do teor de solo-EVA, tendo o teor desses resíduos variado de 0 a 50% em relação ao volume de solo. Para o emprego do resíduo que se apresenta em forma de placas adotou-se a trituração em moinho rotativo para produzir partículas menores que 2,4 mm. No caso do resíduo em pó não houve nenhum processo de transformação. Como estabilizante foi usado o cimento em taxas de 6, 8 e 10% em relação ao peso do solo. Foram obtidas as resistências à compressão de tijolos prensados em uma pequena prensa manual, com diversas misturas. Com algumas destas misturas fabricaram-se tijolos com os quais foram moldados quatro painéis com cerca de lm2 . Eles foram instrumentados com 5 extensômetros para acompanhamento das deformações e procedeu-se o ensaio de compressão simples. Também foram construídas duas paredes, uma com incorporação de EVA e outra sem, para comparação do desempenho térmico. Os resultados mostraram que à medida que se aumentou o teor de EVA a resistência dos tijolos caiu sensivelmente. Mais de 10% de incorporação é inconveniente. O comportamento das paredes foi satisfatório, porém com o equipamento utilizado não se consegue compactar o solo adequadamente e por conseguinte as resistências não foram elevadas, porém satisfatórias para muros divisórios não estruturais. Do ponto de vista térmico, mostrou-se que a incorporação de apenas 10% de borracha conduziu a uma diminuição de aproximadamente 5 °C em relação a parede de tijolos sem EVA, expostos às mesmas condições de contorno.
Concerning shoes export, Paraíba state is in the fifth place in Brazil. Some of these industries use a type of polymeric EVA (Etilene vinyl acetate) that generate many waste that causes problems to environment. Two types of residues are present: in form of plates and as a powder. A way to liberate the environment of that inconvenient material is its incorporation in compressed earth blocks as shown in this work. The characterization of the materiais was made. Several mixtures soil-EVA were tested, with the percentage of residues varying from 0 to 50% in relation to the soil volume. To employ of the residue, that comes in form of plates a mill was used to produce particles smaller than 2,4 mm. In the case of the powdered residue, none transformation process was needed. As stabilizer, cement was used in rates of 6, 8 and ^ 10% by weight of soil. Compression strength of the mixtures was obtained in the bricks, ^ fabricated in a small manual press. With some of these mixtures bricks were manufactured £o and four paneis with about lm2 were built. They were instrumented with 5 strain gages and a ™ compression test was made. Two others walls, one with incorporation of EVA and another £j without, were prepared for thermal performance. Results show that increasing the amount of ^ EVA strength of the bricks drops sensibly. More than 10% of EVA incorporation are not adequate. The walls performed well, even if the press with doesn't get great compactation on the soil and consequently the resistances were not high. They can be used for non-structural walls. In the thermal point of view, it is shown that the incorporation of 10% of rubber drove to a decrease of approximately 5 °C in relation to a wall made with bricks without EVA, exposed to the same boundary conditions.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work describes the results of an investigation on the possible applications of ground waste calcined clay bricks (WCB) for use as an active partial replacement for Portland cement in mortars. The investigation has been carried out using a full factorial design for experimental design. For the study, the physical and mechanical properties along their durability of mortar produced with WCB were investigated and the results presented. Mortar mixtures were prepared using WCB as the partial replacement of Portland cement at the level 10%, 20% and 30 wt.% with water/cement ratios of 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65. The necessary data for establishing a mix proportion design and a quality control method are obtained. Properties of fresh (consistency index and specific gravity) and hardened (7-day, 28-day and 120-day compressive strength, 28-day water absorption and 28-day alkali content) mortars were evaluated on specimens. Such statistical modeling is discussed against qualitative X-ray diffraction and microstructures of some selected samples were studied using SEM. Several empirical equations, surface and contour plots for the physicalmechanical properties of fresh and hardened recycled mortar with WCB as replacement content were obtained via regression analysis. The influence of level of WCB on the properties has been established, and its suitability for use in a mortar application has been assessed. The consistency decreased in parallel to an increase in the proportion of WCB. Specific gravity of mortars was far lower than that of normal no replacement mortars. A given 28-day compressive strength (21 MPa to 37 MPa) can be achieved at several water/cement ratio and the replacement contents up to 30 wt. %, thus producing na economical mixture mortar with WCB and lower cement Portland content. XRD and SEM analyses results indicated the presence of quartz, calcite, ettringite, portlandite, and silicates in recycled mortars.
Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da investigação do uso de rejeitos particulados de tijolos (RPT) na forma de pó, proveniente de tijolos de cerâmica vermelha, como substituinte parcial do cimento Portland, na produção de argamassas para construção civil. O estudo foi realizado adotando-se o projeto fatorial completo 32 acoplado com técnicas de metodologia de superfícies de resposta. Foram preparadas argamassas usando RPT em níveis de 10%, 20% e 30% (em massa), em substituição ao cimento Portland, com os níveis de relação água/cimento de 0,45, de 0,55 e 0,65. As misturas foram curadas por períodos de 7, 28 e 120 dias. As propriedades das argamassas contendo RPT no estado fresco foram avaliadas: massa específica e índice de consistência. As propriedades avaliadas das argamassas com RPT no estado endurecido foram: resistência à compressão (7, 28 e 120 dias), absorção de água aos 28 dias e teor de álcalis (CaCO3) aos 28 dias. Os resultados obtidos através da metodologia estatística foram confrontados com as análises de difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) de amostras selecionadas. Foram obtidas equações empíricas, gráficos de superfície de resposta e de contorno para as propriedades físico-mecânicas das argamassas com RPT no estado fresco e endurecido, por meio de análise de regressão. A consistência diminuiu linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de RPT incorporado em substituição ao cimento Portland. A massa específica das argamassas contendo RPT foi menor do que na argamassa sem RPT. Foi possível obter argamassas com resistências à compressão aos 28 dias de 21 MPa a 37 MPa para vários níveis de relação água/cimento em até 30 % de substituição de cimento Portland por RPT. Dessa forma, é possível produzir argamassas econômica e ambientalmente viáveis, a partir da substituição parcial de cimento Portland por RPT, nas dosagens estudadas. As análises de DRX e de MEV indicaram a presença do quartzo, da calcita, da etringita, da portlandita, silicatos e porosidade em amostras de argamassas selecionadas, de modo que foi possível relacionar as mesmas com a resistência à compressão das argamassas.

Devant le besoin de renforcer les actions de réduction des consommations énergétiques pour respecter la réglementation thermique RT2012 qui implique d’avoir des bâtiments économes en énergie, l’amélioration de l’isolation thermique des matériaux de construction s’impose. Le projet BRITER financé par la région Nouvelle-Aquitaine et le Tremplin Carnot MECD, s’inscrit dans ce contexte et vise à développer des briques de terre cuite incorporant des déchets de bois d’ameublement pour en faire des produits de terre cuite poreux utilisables dans la maçonnerie porteuse et dont les propriétés d’isolation thermique sont optimisées. Pour réaliser ces matériaux, les déchets d’éléments d’ameublements (DEA) ont été sélectionnés et préparés pour être incorporés en tant qu’agent porogène dans un mélange argileux (MA). L’effet de la granulométrie et du taux d’incorporation des DEA sur les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques des produits MA/DEA cuits a été évalué. L’ajout des DEA dans le MA a permis d’augmenter le taux de porosité et par conséquent d’améliorer l’isolation thermique du produit. Les résultats ont démontré que l’ajout de 10 %m de DEA a conduit à une diminution de la conductivité thermique de 45 % par rapport au produit brut. L’incorporation des DEA dans le MA a conduit à une diminution des propriétés mécaniques. Cette diminution est directement proportionnelle au taux d’incorporation et à la granulométrie des DEA. Plus le taux d’incorporation et/ou la granulométrie sont élevés, plus la résistance mécanique est réduite. Toutefois, les valeurs des résistances mécaniques restent dans les normes des matériaux de construction en brique de terre cuite. Ce travail s’est également intéressé au bilan énergétique et l’impact environnemental liés au processus de cuisson des produits MA/DEA. Une dernière étude a porté sur le développement de matériaux poreux en terre cuite, incorporant des agents porogènes lamellaires, mis en forme par pressage, ce qui a permis d’orienter 80 % des pores créés perpendiculairement à la direction de pressage et de réduire ainsi la conductivité thermique jusqu’à 54 % par rapport au produit brut
New regulations for the thermal requirements of buildings implies greater energy efficiency in order to decrease primary energy consumption. In this context, improving thermal insulation of building materials is necessary. The BRITER project, financed by the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and the Carnot MECD institute, aims at developing innovative fired clay bricks, through addition of wooden furniture wastes, with low thermal conductivity and mechanical properties compatible with current norms on building materials. Wood wastes were selected and mixed as pore formers with raw clay materials MA. The effect of the size and the amount of wooden furniture wastes on the thermal and mechanical properties of the fired products was investigated. The addition of wooden furniture wastes into the clay mixture enabled a significant improvement of the thermal insulation. Results showed that addition of 10 wt.% wood wastes led to decrease by 45 % in the thermal conductivity of the material based on the clay matrix MA. The addition of wooden furniture waste also yielded decrease of the mechanical properties which can be directly related to the amount and the size. However, mechanical properties remain within the standard values of clay building materials. This project also examined for energy saving and environmental impact linked to the firing process of clay/wood wastes mixtures. The final study examined the use of lamellar pore-forming agent to develop fired clay porous materials shaped by pressing. Results showed that 80 % of pores were perpendiculary oriented to the pressing direction and thus the thermal conductivity was reduced by 54 %

Pesquisa realizada para analisar o compósito de solo de decapagem (SD) considerado resíduos nas jazidas de minérios, em especial de calcário do município de Almirante Tamandaré, da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba neste trabalho, juntamente com o lodo e sedimentos de dragagem marinha do Porto de Antonina, no Estado do Paraná, e o uso cal virgem comum, como aglomerante pertencente à região de Almirante Tamandaré. Foram utilizados vários teores dos materiais para a determinação de 12 (doze) compósitos. Para o solo de decapagem os teores variaram entre 30% a 60%, para o material de dragagem os teores variaram entre 20% a 50% e o teor de aglomerante de cal virgem comum variou entre 15% a 30%. Foram moldadas idades de cura de 3 dias, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, 180 e 365 dias. O aumento da resistência à compressão durante a cura foi proveniente das reações químicas das partículas sólidas das matérias-primas em ambiente alcalino gerando novas formações amorfas. Também foram analisados os materiais nos métodos de MEV com EDS, DRX e FRX, para a obtenção da composição química e formação estrutural dos novos compósitos. Todos os resultados da resistência à compressão uniaxial, com 28 dias de cura ao meio ambiente das 12 (doze) composições, obtiveram resultados médios de 7,7 MPa, atendendo satisfatoriamente a norma NBR 7170:1983 que determina a resistência à compressão igual ou acima de 4,0 MPa, destinada à produção de materiais de construção para alvenaria de vedação, sem fins estruturais. Comprovando o uso desses compósitos em materiais de construção civil, principalmente para os segmentos de blocos ou tijolos de vedações, sem fins estruturais, sem a necessidade de cozimento ou empreendimento de energia calorífica para a cura das peças, contribuindo para o meio ambiente e a sustentabilidade ambiental.
Research conducted to analyze the composite with pickling soil (SD), considered waste in mineral deposits, especially of limestone in the city of Almirante Tamandaré, the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba in this work, along with the sludge and marine dredging sediment from the Port of Antonina, State of Paraná, and use the common quicklime as binder belonging to the same region of Almirante Tamandaré. Various amounts of materials were used for the determination of twelve (12) composites. For the stripping soil content ranged from 30% and 60%, for the dredging material contents ranged from 20% and 50% and binder common quicklime content ranged from 15% to 30%. Were molded curing ages of 3 days, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, 180 and 365 days. The increase in compressive strength during curing was derived from the chemical reactions of solid particles of raw materials in alkaline environment generating the new amorphous formations. Also the raw materials were analyzed in the SEM with EDS method, DRX and FRX, to obtain the chemical composition and formation structures of the new composite. All results of the uniaxial compressive strength, with 28 days of curing the environment of the twelve (12) compositions, obtained average results of 7.7 MPa, satisfactorily meeting the NBR 7170:1983 standard that determines the resistance to compression equal or above 4.0 MPa, for the production of building materials for sealing masonry without structural purposes. Proving the use of these composites in construction materials, especially for thread block or brick fences without structural purposes, without the need for cooking or heating energy project for the healing of parts, contributing to the environment and sustainability Environmental.

碩士
正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
106
In this study main used of alkali activation technology, excited slag powder cementation capacity, first production of slag powder geopolymer,slag powder geopolymer trial mix ratios(1)alkali equivalent(AE) was set to 6%, 8% and 10% ,(2)alkali modulus ratio (MS) was set to1.0,1.5 and 2.0,(3) liquid binder ratio, such as the deployment of 1.67,1.25and 1, mixing production 5cm * 5cm * 5cm test samples,(4) cured 3 days, 7 days and 28 days, after executed the compression test, taked the best ratio used as cementation material of tea dregs brick. Secondly production of tea dregs brick geopolymer trial mix ratios(1)alkali equivalent(AE) was set to 6%, 8% and 10% ,(2)alkali modulus ratio (MS) was set to1.0,1.5 and 2.0,(3) liquid binder ratio, such as the deployment of 1.67,1.25and 1,(4)binder aggregate ratio was set to3,4 and 5,and pouring set to 5cm*5cm*5cm test specimens, and then moved to 60 ℃oven for 48 hours after, then form removal, cured 3 days, 7 days and 28 days after, executed a series of tests, base mechanics features of the brick through tests of setting time, compressive strength, water absorption and thermal conductivity, target for the production could meet the CNS 382 common brick specifications requirements. From the experimental results show (1) compressive strength of slag powder geopolymer cementitious material increases with equivalent alkali and alkali modulus ratio increase, it decreases with liquid binder ratio increase, it increases with liquid binder ratio decrease. (2) setting time of slag powder geopolymer cementitious material decrases with equivalent alkali increase, it decreases with liquid binder ratio shorten. among them, the AE = 6%, Ms = 2.0, L/S = 1.0, the setting time was shortest.(3)compressive strength of tea dregs brick geopolymer increases with equivalent alkali increase, compressive strength increases with binder aggregate ratio increase. (4)water absorption of tea dregs brick geopolymer brick decreases with equivalent alkali and binder aggregate ratio increase, increases with liquid binder ratio increase, among them, the AE = 6%, L/S = 1.0, B/A = 5the water absorption was lowest.(5) The best ratio of tea dregs brick geopolymer were alkali equivalent(AE) was 6%, 8% and 10%, alkali modulus ratio (MS) was 2.0, liquid binder ratio was1.0, binder aggregate ratio was 5, it can meet the compressive strength and water absorption requirement of CNS-382 common brick.(6)thermal conductivity of tea dregs brick geopolymer brick in all ratios are between 0.466 ~ 0.762W / m × k, its thermal conductivity is lower than normal concrete, its representation, tea dregs brick geopolymer is good insulation green building materials.

碩士
正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
105
In this paper, the first use of slag powder used alkali activation treatment technology, to make inorganic geopolymer, its mixing ratios: (1) alkali equivalent(AE) was set to 6%, 8% and 10% ,(2) alkali modulus ratio (MS) was set to 1.0,1.5 and 2.0,(3)liquid binder ratio, such as the deployment of 1.67,1.25and 1, mixing production 5cm * 5cm * 5cm test samples,(4) to curing 3 days, 7 days and 28 days after executed the compression test, taked the best ratio used as cementation material of waste rubber brick. Secondly waste rubber brick production, alkali equivalent(AE) was set to 6%, 8% and 10% , alkali modulus ratio (MS) was set to 2.0, liquid binder ratio was set to 1.25,1.00 and 0.8,binder and waste rubber particles weight ratio (binder aggregate ratio) used 3,4 and 5, and poured set to 5cm*5cm*5cm test specimens, and then moved to 60 ℃ oven for 48 hours after, then form removal, to curing 3 days, 7 days and 28 days after executed a series of tests, base mechanics features of the brick through tests of setting time compressive strength, water absorption and thermal conductivity, target for the production could meet the CNS 382 common brick specifications requirements. From the experimental results show (1) setting time of slag powder geopolymer cementitious material decrases with equivalent alkali increase, it decreases with liquid binder ratio shorten. (2) compressive strength of slag powder geopolymer cementitious material increases with equivalent alkali increase, it decreases with liquid binder ratio increase. (3) compressive strength of waste rubber brick increases with equivalent alkali and binder aggregate ratio increase; water absorption of waste rubber brick decreases with equivalent alkali and binder aggregate ratio increase, increases with liquid binder ratio increase; (4) thermal conductivity of waste rubber brick in all ratios are between 0.358 and 0.610W / m * k, (5) The best ratio of waste rubber brick were alkali equivalent(AE) was 8%, alkali modulus ratio (MS) was 2.0, liquid binder ratio was 0.8, binder aggregate ratio was 5, it can meet the compressive strength and water absorption requirement of CNS-382 No.3 kind common brick.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
101
CRT monitor is one of the major appliances globally. With the development of digital technology in playing, more display technologies continue to evolve. The increasing number of waste CRT monitors results from manufacturers actively promoting large-size LCD TVs at low price and large-size LCD TVs gradually gaining widespread acceptance of consumers. Most of the relevant used products are at the end of life cycle. After the final treatment of separation, the waste CRT monitor is divided into panel glass and funnel glass, and sealant which connects the two glass is separated to the two glass. The nature of panel glass makes it recycled and reused after treated, while the nature of funnel glass which contains high level of lead makes it reused to the original process. However, CRT monitors have just gone out of production in recent years, and this reused method of funnel glass will not be taken into consideration. By experimental method , this study used nano silica (SiO2), which had high homogeneity with the waste funnel glass, to conduct experiments by the method which was similar to cover nano silica itself to explore the stability of final glass products which was treated by covering and the feasibility of being used in permeable bricks. Through the surface observation and TCLP test, we tested the risk of lead leaching from its internal composition and continued testing the permeability coefficient and compressive strength of permeable bricks. By experimental results and conclusions, we made some suggestions to provide related industries with the direction of recycling. By experimental results, first, we can observed that the surface of the funnel glass was covered with silica nanoparticles in the form of particles and film by the analysis of macro observation. The highest TCLP lead leaching value of the waste funnel glass without silica nanoparticles was 4352.5 mg / L, while the lead leaching value of the waste funnel glass with silica nanoparticles was 0.62 mg / L. Second, using the final product of the waste funnel glass with silica nanoparticles within permeable bricks, and adopting hybrid modulation, high-pressure formation and sintering process, we could successfully manufacture permeable bricks whose permeability and resilience in compliance with safety regulations, and the lowest TCLP lead leaching value of permeable bricks was 0.62 mg/L. The experiment proved that the covering technology of silica nanoparticles made harmful substances such as lead oxide within the waste funnel glass stable and insoluble, and was good for reusing and avoided environmental harm.

碩士
正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
102
This study investigated to the sintering manufacture technique of brick made from Waste Metal Slag(WMS) mixture, after treated waste liquid crystal display, dried mudstone all crushed into a powder, again combined with blowing agent and flux agent. after dry naturally compacts made of brick, then heating segmented sintered red brick, base mechanics features of the brick through tests of compressive strength, water absorption, after a series of test, and obtained the following conclusions: When the sintering temperature was set at 900℃,950℃and 1000℃,used 20% mudstone, adopt 30%,40% and 50% Waste Metal Slag, used 1%～3% flux dosage, adopt 1%～3% blowing agent dosage： 1. when the sintering temperature reaches 900 ℃： (1)TFT46-M20-MS30-B1-NaH3,TFT47-M20-MS30-B2-Fe1,TFT47-M20-MS30-B2-NaH1, TFT46-M20-MS30-B3-Fe1,TFT36-M20-MS40-B3-Fe1 etc. ratios, they met the CNS-382 requirements of three kinds of bricks, on the compressive strength and water absorption. 2. when the sintering temperature reaches 950 ℃： (1)TFT26-M20-MS50-B3-Fe1, TFT37-M20-MS40-B2-NaH1 etc. ratios, they met the CNS-382 requirements of three kinds of bricks. 3. when the sintering temperature reaches1000 ℃： (1)TFT38-M20-MS40-B1-Fe1,TFT37-M20-MS40-B1-Fe2,TFT37-M20-MS40-B1-NaH2, TFT36-M20-MS40-B1-Fe3,TFT36-M20-MS40-B1-NaH3,TFT27-M20-MS50-B2-Fe1 they met the CNS-382 requirements of three kinds of bricks, on the compressive strength and water absorption.

碩士
正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
105
In this study used of alkali activation technology to enhance cementing capacity of slag powder, and mixed with waste zeolite and coffee dross made into geopolymer waste zeolite coffee brick, its mixing ratios: (1)alkali equivalent(AE) was set to 6%, 8% and 10% ,(2)alkali modulus ratio (MS) was set to1.0,1.5 and 2.0,(3) liquid binder ratio, such as the deployment of 1.67,1.25and 1, mixing production 5cm * 5cm * 5cm test samples,(4) to curing3 days, 7 days and 28 days after executed the compression test, taked the best ratio used as cementation material of waste zeolite coffee brick. Secondly waste zeolite coffee brick production, binder and waste zeolite coffee dross weight ratio (binder aggregate ratio) used 3,4and 5, and poured set to 5cm*5cm*5cm test specimens, and then moved to 60 ℃oven for 48 hours after, then form removal, to curing 3 days, 7 days and 28 days after executed a series of tests, base mechanics features of the brick through tests of setting time compressive strength, water absorption and thermal conductivity, target for the production could meet the CNS 382 common brick specifications requirements. From the experimental results show (1)Setting time of slag powder geopolymer cementitious material decrases with equivalent alkali increase, it decreases with liquid binder ratio shorten. (2) compressive strength of slag powder geopolymer cementitious material increases with equivalent alkali increase, it decreases with liquid binder ratio increase. (3)When the alkali equivalent AE = 6% to 10%, alkali modulus ratio Ms = 1.0 liquid binder ratio L / B = 1.0, from the crystal phase can be found the C-S-H colloid adheres to on the melt polymerization reaction products structure.(4)compressive strength of waste zeolite coffee brick increases with equivalent alkali and binder aggregate ratio increase; water absorption of waste zeolite coffee brick decreases with equivalent alkali and binder aggregate ratio increase, increases with liquid binder ratio increase;(5)thermal conductivity of waste zeolite coffee brick in all ratios are between 0.466 and 0.762W / m * k,(6) The best ratio of waste zeolite coffee brick were alkali equivalent(AE) was 6%, 8% and 10%, alkali modulus ratio (MS) was 2.0, liquid binder ratio was1.0, binder aggregate ratio was 5, it can meet the compressive strength and water absorption requirement of CNS-382 common first kind brick.

碩士
國立聯合大學
環境與安全衛生工程學系碩士班
101
Almost of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in Taiwan was treated by cement solidification/stabilization and final disposed in isolated landfill sites; however, which does not match the principles of waste treatment and resource reuse. In this research, two domestic A and B large incineration plants fly ashes were studied to explore the feasibility of detoxification and reutilization. Water extraction experiments were carried out first and the results show that the higher L/S, the lower ion concentration release in low-speed water extraction processes was found; in addition, with the increases in the L/S ratio and the water extraction time, some of the ions release had slowed down. Also, all of TCLP-Cd and -Pb passed the regulatory standard. In medium-speed water extraction processes, ions were rapidly released from fly ash and significant removals of much Pb and parts of Cd ions were detected; moreover, TCLP-Cd and -Pb also passed the regulatory standard. Thereafter, an optimal water extraction process was summarized and achieved that the water soluble chloride ion contents were at the range of 6.6–11.3% and the A and B fly ashes passed the TCLP test and became non-hazardous fly ashes (NHFA). Some advanced experiments for reducing water soluble chlorides was conducted after the previous water extraction experiments. The results show that the thermal treatment of fly ash does not benefit the stabilization of heavy metals and the reduction of water soluble chlorides; however, adding phosphates might slightly reduce the water soluble chlorides of fly ash. Twice water extraction for fly ash could significantly reduced the water soluble chlorides to 1.08%, verifying that more water extraction and increasing the L/S ratio could decrease the water soluble chlorides. Furthermore, an optimal water extraction at 50 °C could notably reduce the dioxin content of fly ash. Finally, the NHFA was reused for producing cement mortar and brick. The results of cement mortar show that the addition of 10% NHFA as pozzolanic fine aggregate filling the micro-pores of cement mortar not only dramatically reduce the dissolutions of heavy metal and water soluble chlorides but also enhance the compressive strength about 20–150 kgf/cm2. In the reuse for producing brick, increase of NHFA ratio would increase the water absorption and decrease the bulk density and volume shrinkage. The produced brick fired at 1,100 °C could meet the CNS first brick standard, and the compressive strengths of all of 10% NHFA bricks could also meet the CNS first brick standard. Moreover, the heavy metal concentrations in TCLP test for all bricks were far below the regulatory limits. In summary, the feasibility of detoxification of MSWI fly ash and reusing NHFA for producing concrete and brick was verified.

The report concerns about the purpose of better understanding of the circular economy in brick manufacturing industries in Portugal. Recycling of waste generated from industrial or agricultural activities into building materials appears to be a solution for the circular economy. The main part of the work was to study the technical viability of using different types of wastes in a brick manufacturing company. The source and economic interest of the waste material available were evaluated, because it was important in selecting the waste material. Industrial waste like cork sludge, aluminium sludge, cork waste, ash, and stone sludge have been investigated and incorporated in to test specimens. The work deals on the activities carried out and student's experience in the development of their duties as a trainee in the company Prélis. The report includes a literature review on the area and activities under study, complemented with the presentation and explanation of the work in the company, with many examples of circular economy practiced in brick industry. From the results, specimens which have results near to the reference specimens were those which incorporate stone sludge and cork sludge. The worst results were obtained using cork waste and aluminium sludge. Stone sludge seems to be the most interesting waste studied for incorporation in brick manufacturing.

abstract: The presence of huge amounts of waste heat and the constant demand for electric energy makes this an appreciable research topic, yet at present there is no commercially viable technology to harness the inherent energy resource provided by the temperature differential between the inside and outside of buildings. In a newly developed technology, electricity is generated from the temperature gradient between building walls through a Seebeck effect. A 3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure is sandwiched in copper electrodes with copper (I) sulphate (Cu2SO4) electrolyte to mimic a thermogalvanic cell. Previous studies mainly concentrated on mechanical properties and the electric power generation ability of these structures; however, the goal of this study is to estimate the thermal resistance of the 3D-printed TPMS experimentally. This investigation elucidates their thermal resistances which in turn helps to appreciate the power output associated in the thermogalvanic structure. Schwarz P, Gyroid, IWP, and Split P geometries were considered for the experiment with electrolyte in the thermogalvanic brick. Among these TPMS structures, Split P was found more thermally resistive than the others with a thermal resistance of 0.012 m2 K W-1. The thermal resistances of Schwarz D and Gyroid structures were also assessed experimentally without electrolyte and the results are compared to numerical predictions in a previous Mater's thesis.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2020

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
98
Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ashes have been regarded as a resource to be recycled; however, MSWI fly ash (FA) usually has the high probability of heavy metals and salts releasing, therefore, stabilizing the heavy metal is the necessary pretreatment on the recovery process of FA. One of the feasible processes to recovery the FA is applying it as a part of the feedstock during the brick manufacturing. In this study, the pretreatment process includes water-washing, ball-milling, phosphoric acid stabilizing, and component adjusting following the sintering operation. Most of soluble materials of FA were eliminated during the water-washing, which will increase the stability in the following processes. Wet-ball-milling with phosphoric acid solution will increase the effectiveness of heavy metals stabilizing, while adjusting the component with cullet during the milling operation will enhance the property of sintering product. The results showed that, washed FA (WFA) milling with phosphoric acid, sintered with clay by 4% substitution, the compression strength of sintered specimen could met thestandards of CNS ordinary brick 1, and percentage of heavy metal volatilization during brick sintering were less than that the phosphoric acid dosage without milling with the WFA. In the composition adjusting with cullet experiment, with WFA 60% cullet 40%, the sintered specimen presented the best compressing strength. When substituted the clay with 20% of pretreated and adjusted matrix during the brick sintering, the compression strength of sintered specimen reached 408 kg/cm2 which was higher than the standards of CNS ordinary brick 1. Through the conversion to the actual weight, the WFA occupied 12% of the total feedstock, it reveals that wet-ball-milling of cullet with WFA and phosphoric acid greatly increasing the amount of WFA substitution during the sintering process.

碩士
大葉大學
環境工程學系碩士班
105
In recent years, the natural extraction of clay has not been easy. Due to this dilemma, the cost of clay has been greatly increased. In order to reduce the purchase cost of natural clay, the final waste disposal problem can be exploited for the development of waste material that can replace natural clay. The main purpose of this study is to develop four kinds of waste, such as "sapphire substrate cutting sludge", "oyster shell", "quartz brick polished powder" and "silicon mud"as alternative natural clay raw material. These materials were tested as production material for their feasibility as red brick raw materials. In this study, the above four wastes were added to the red brick in different proportions to carry out red brick production tests in terms of water absorption and compressive strength. Subsequently, these parameters were used to assess whether the red brick products were in line with Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs level 3 brick specifications. According to the results of this study, it is shown that the best brick-making conditions can be achieved by mixing the quartz brick polishing powder with the sapphire substrate cutting sludge and then adding it to the natural clay. Natural clay (70%) mixed with utting sludge (15%) and polishing powder (15%) is the best blending condition. This red brick material exhibited a compressive strength of 258.9kgf/cm2 and water content of 14.6%. That is, the production of the red brick was in line with Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs level 3 brick specifications(CNS382). Additionally, after the TCLP test, it was confirmed that this product does not have hazardous characteristics.

碩士
正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
99
This study was against for the recycling of waste container glass, after their crushing grinding below of # 100.According to different water-cement ratio (0.45,0.55,0.65) in lieu of part of the amount of cement (0% to 30%), Exert further pre-pressure, According to the compressive strength test get of the best ratio. Using Hwang-Fuller's Densified Mixture Design Algorithm production of concrete specimens and execute the compressive strength test, flexural strength test and abrasion resistance test. According to the results, when the waste glass powder replaced of the cement more and more,the compressive strength will be decrease,and after exert pre-pressure of the specimens,the 28-day compressive strength will increased about 15% than not exert pre-pressure of the specimens.Flexural strength test results the applied load between 472.77 kg (stress of 67.53 kg/cm2) ~ 289.61 kg (stress of 41.38 kg/cm2).The abrasion Resistance test results W/C:0.45 wear volume is 5.58 cm3/50 cm2,W/C:0.55 wear volume is 5.84 cm3/50 cm2,W/C:0.65 wear volume is 7.05 cm3/50 cm2,maximum thickness of wear is 1.5 mm. The waste glass powder used in concrete brick, when higher W/C, will get the lower compressive strength and flexural strength. The abrasion resistance test results,when higher W/C, will get the higher wear volume.

碩士
大葉大學
環境工程學系碩士班
103
The main objective of this study is to investigate the recovery of various solid wastes for the production of red brick for construction material. A series of red brick production tests were conducted in this study. There are three major feed material used for each red brick production test. They are natural clay, water purification mud and solid waste. Different compositions of a mixture of these three materials were investigated during the test. Totally, three solid wastes such as marble cutting sludge, granite cutting sludge, polish tile powder were adopted in these tests. The compressive strength and water absorption of the produced red brick are examined to evaluate the performance of red brick product. The results of this study reveal that the red bricks with the addition of polish tile powder can have compressive strength of 308.19kgf/cm2~410.9kgf/cm2 and water absorption of 12.18%~13.63%. It can be concluded that the red bricks with the addition of polish tile powder can meet the red brick performance requirement. Whereas other produced red bricks with the addition of marble cutting sludge, and granite cutting sludge can’t meet the performance requirement of compressive strength and water absorption tests.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
資源工程研究所
100
In the oil and gas drilling process, the rock or formation cuttings from the drilling bit are carried by the circulating drilling mud to the surface and separated by mechanical devices into usable mud, waste mud, waste cutting, and waste water. The drilling wastes, mixtures of drilling cutting and drilling mud, are basically geological material that is generally disposed of. However most of the drilling wastes are mostly rock debris, belongs to no toxic wastes ; CPC used to be buried after drying of dealing. This method not only time consuming, laborious and spend money, and has no reuse value with bury, so drilling waste reuse is indeed the current urgency of issues. Geopolymer as an alkaline gelled material development in recent years, has a good early strength properties, heat insulation, good resistance to acids and bases and durability advantages. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of drilling wastes using geopolymeric technology. It will be produced lower temperature sintering building brick consistent with Taiwan national standards. The experimental results showed that building brick mixed drilling wastes with alkaline solution (SiO2/Na2O=2) in weight ratio of 4.Then put it into a temperature (500℃) oven for 2 hours of sintering ,and it has the best mechanical and Physical properties. Density is 2.3 g/cm3 , the water-absorbing rate is 6%, and compressive strength is 72.4 MPa of sintering sample, it is consistent with Taiwan national standards. Production low temperature sintering building brick from drilling wastes using geopolymeric technology not only save costs, reduce energy consumption, are also able to provide the existing industry the new technology.

碩士
逢甲大學
工業工程與系統管理學系
102
The purpose of this research is to use recycled glass sand of waste container glass and waste substrate glass of Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) as raw material of lightweight aggregate. The bulk density is an important quality characteristic. Five control factors including agent A, agent B, agent C, foam agent and mix time are studied by using one factor at a time method. After finding out the optimal factor level combination, confirmation runs are executed again. The results shows that it is feasible to use recycled glass sand as green building materials of light weight formed glass energy-saving bricks. The new materials will have the following properties including light weight, resistant to earthquakes, heat insulation, energy saving and fire prevention. It can replace the conventional building materials such as concrete and brick wall. Furthermore, a solution is provided for waste glass disposal and recycling. Finally, the goal of sustainable environment resource policy is achievable.

碩士
中原大學
土木工程研究所
97
Economy of Taiwan grows dramatically since the Ten Major Construction Projects during the 1970’s. The natural resources used in construction industry are mainly sand and gravel. In recent years, Taiwan government has prohibited the excavation of sand and gravels among the main river basins. This dramatically increases the price of sand and gravel resource. Each year, Taiwan produces an incredible amount of construction wastes. These wastes are not only difficult to disposed, but also pose severely threats to the ecology. Recently, the ideas of recycling and sustainable development start to shine; many advanced countries have started research of recycling waste, in order to reach the goal of continuous sustainability. As the results, the recycling of construction wastes was a key element. This paper is dedicated to the study on effects of mortar using fine aggregates and powder recycled from waste bricks. According to results of the experiments carried out in this research, we can see the various proportions of recycling bricks as fine aggregates, containing Si and Al, which would enhance Pozzolan reactions to different degree. In addition, the test of lost of ignition and XRD has proven the existence of Pozzolan reactions. As a result, the compressive strength of mortar increases at a later period. Although using powder made from waste bricks to substitute cement would enhance Pozzolan reactions, it could not enhance the cement hydrating reactions. It is the reason that at normal temperature, the compressive strength of samples with substituted powder is lower than that of the control samples.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
材料科技研究所
104
According to the Council of Agriculture in 2014, the total amount of waste straw was 1,732,210 metric ton, if these waste can be properly handled, that will avoid environment pollution, and contribute to the re-use of renewable agricultural resources. Cement is one of the world's most important building materials, it has high mechanical strength, but poor thermal performance, if we can retain the advantages of strong mechanical strength, while improving the disadvantage of poor thermal properties, can meet the current promotion of energy saving and carbon reduction trends. 　　In this study, we using alkali treatment method modify the waste straw, in the range of yield and modified condition license, depending on the length (6cm, 2cm) and total (60g, 40g, 20g) mixing with cement to produce a cement-straw-bricks. In accordance CNS382, explore its water absorption, compressive strength and thermal performance. We are hoping to improve the poor thermal performance of cement, in line with the modern of sustainable resources, save energy and carbon reducing. 　　The water absorption of cement-straw-bricks showed that more straw, higher water absorption, the water absorption of modified straw (length) higher then modified straw (short). The compressive strength showed that more straw, lower compressive strength, the compressive strength of the modified straw (length) higher then modified straw (short).The thermal performance showed that adding modified straw can reduce the rate of temperature rise and increase the cooling speed. In summary, although the application can not be used for construction, but can be used for non-load-bearing walls, landscaping, people's Bank of tiles and so on.

Στην παρούσα Διατριβή παρουσιάζεται η μελέτη της δυνατότητας αξιοποίησης της ερυθράς ιλύος, ΕΙ, η οποία παράγεται κατά τη διαδικασία παραγωγής της αλουμίνας με τη διεργασία Bayer, για την παραγωγή δομικών παραδοσιακών κεραμικών, κύρια τούβλων και κεραμιδιών. Μελετήθηκαν αργιλούχα μίγματα με ΕΙ για ποσοστά ΕΙ από 10%κβ έως και 100%κβ.Επιγραμματικά, για την ΕΙ, πραγματοποιήθηκε χαρακτηρισμός και μελέτη της θερμικής συμπεριφοράς της. Για τα μίγματα της ΕΙ με αργιλούχες Α' ύλες, πραγματοποιήθηκε θεωρητικός σχεδιασμός τους, ενώ μελετήθηκε η επίδραση των σταδίων ανάμιξης και λειοτρίβησης, η επίδραση της ΕΙ στην πλαστικότητα, η θερμική συμπεριφορά, οι φυσικομηχανικές ιδιότητες των τελικών κεραμικών, η επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας και ατμόσφαιρας όπτησης καθώς και η περιβαλλοντική τους συμπεριφορά. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν επιπρόσθετα πιλοτικές δοκιμές παραγωγής τούβλων και κεραμιδιών. Τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής, οδήγησαν στην ανάπτυξη μιας βέλτιστης διεργασίας παραγωγής κεραμικών με ΕΙ, η οποία αφορά στο σχεδιασμό του μίγματος με ΕΙ και την όπτησή του σε αναγωγικές συνθήκες.
In the present thesis, Bayer's process red mud, RM, is being studied as an additive and raw material for the production of heavy clay ceramics, mainly bricks and roofing tiles. A number of clay mixtures with RM were studied, for a RM content ranging from 10wt% to 100wt%. In summary, RM was characterised and studied for its thermal behaviour whereas, for the clay mixtures with RM, their design is provided, and the effect of comminution steps, the effect of RM on plasticity, their thermal behaviour, the influence of firing temperature and atmosphere, the physicomechanical properties of the end bodies, as well as their environmental behaviour are studied. In addition, pilot plan scale experiments were performed for the production of bricks and roofing tiles. The results of this thesis, led to the development of an optimised process for the production of ceramics with RM, which emphasises on the design of the body mixture as well as on the firing in reducing conditions.