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1
Muyen, Z., TN Barna, and MN Hoque. "Strength properties of plastic bottle bricks and their suitability as construction materials in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i3.30833.
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Among several waste reduction strategies, one that is gaining momentum is the development of construction materials that reuses a number of solid wastes. The bottle brick is one such invention. Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles packed with other dry solid wastes or sand and earth has been successfully used in a number of countries around the world. This study looked into the strength properties of waste PET bottles filled with fine sand. Five different sizes (250, 500, 1250, 1500 and 2000ml) of waste PET bottle bricks were tested for compressive strength and the largest bricks gave a compressive strength of 17.44MPa. The 1000ml bottle brick filled cubes with 9 and 12 bottles were prepared and tested. The 9 bottle brick filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 35MPa and the 12 bottle bricks filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 33.7MPa. These bottle brick filled cylinders exhibited double the compressive strength of conventional concrete cylinders.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 362-368, 2016
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Syed Hasan, Sharifah Nur Munirah, Faradiella Mohd Kusin, Nik Norsyahariati Nik Daud, Muhammad Anwar Saadon, Ferdaus Mohamat-Yusuff, and Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari. "Characterization of Gold Mining Waste for Carbon Sequestration and Utilization as Supplementary Cementitious Material." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081384.
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This study aims to identify the potential of gold mining waste for CO2 sequestration and its utilization for carbon storage in cementitious material. Samples of mine waste were identified from a gold mine for mineralogical and chemical composition analysis using X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray. Mine waste was utilized in a brick-making process as supplementary cementitious material and as an agent for CO2 capture and storage in bricks. Carbonation curing was incorporated in brick fabrication to estimate CO2 uptake of the brick product. Results indicated that the mine wastes were composed of silicate minerals essential for mineral carbonation such as muscovite and illite (major) and chlorite-serpentine, aerinite, albite and stilpnomelane (moderate/minor phases). The mine wastes were identified as belonging to the highly pozzolanic category, which has a great role in improving the strength properties of brick products. Carbonated minerals served as an additional binder that increased the strength of the product. CO2 uptake of the product was between 0.24% and 0.57% for bricks containing 40–60% of gold mine waste, corresponding to 7.2–17.1 g CO2/brick. Greater performance in terms of compressive strength and water adsorption was observed for bricks with 3 h carbonation curing. The carbonation product was evidenced by strong peaks of calcite and reduced peaks for calcium hydroxide from XRD analysis and was supported by a densified and crystalline microstructure of materials. It has been demonstrated that gold mine waste is a potential feedstock for mineral carbonation, and its utilization for permanent carbon storage in brick making is in line with the concept of CCUS for environmental sustainability.
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Sorna, Sadia Momtaz, Seefat E. Anjum, Sabrina Binte Ashraf, and Rezaul Haque. "Effects of Rice Husk Ash and Brick Waste on the Properties of Construction Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 860 (December 2016): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.860.81.
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This research reports the effects of rice husk ash and brick waste on the properties of construction brick. Clay is the raw material for producing brick. Both rice husk ash and brick waste are waste materials which can be added to clay to produce better quality brick with lower cost. Bricks of size 77mm x 38mm x 26mm were produced by stiff mud process. Three different sized rice husk ash and brick waste were used in different amounts (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume) as a partial replacement of clay while preparing the bricks. Some properties like drying and firing shrinkage, bulk density, and cold crushing strength were measured. There was decrease in drying and firing shrinkage, slight reduction in bulk density and decrease in cold crushing strength with increasing the rice husk ash and brick waste particle percentages.
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Sabah Abed, Musaab, Sa'ad Fahad Resan, and Sajid Kamil Zemam. "Developing Lightweight Clay Brick Units Using Waste Materials." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25939.
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The study aims to develop specific lightweight brick units using locally available clay of traditional burned brick units publically used in the south of Iraq using solid wastes. Throughout the study, chemically inaction and difficult to recycling wastes was considered, they were classified into Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and hardwood solid waste which is used to upgrade lightweight characteristic and maintenance required bricks' characteristics and to be introduced as a smart technical way to recycling solid waste. Solid waste is introduced as additive materials and firing fuel enhanced coefficient in the concept of its energy recovery useful in the production process. An experimental program was considered including five main series of samples, tested and analyzed in the scope of clay bricks units and in the scope of lightweight constructional related to aerated wall construction units. The verified compressive strengths and other properties of tested specimens were found to confirm bricks class C except for specimens of hardwood of 10% although it assigns less dry density (1.18 g/cm3). In general, as light weight bricks, the characteristics of developed units was found to be within the permitted limits of ASTM C 1389.
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Vamsi Krishna, B., and E. Rakesh Reddy. "Applications of green materials for the preparation of eco-friendly bricks and pavers." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.29 (August 24, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18465.
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The most basic and primary building material for construction of houses is the conventional brick. The rapid growth in today’s construction industry has obliged the civil engineers in searching for more efficient and durable alternatives far beyond the limitations of the conventional brick production [1-2]. A number of studies have been made and serious steps have been taken in manufacturing of bricks from several waste materials. However, the traditional mean of bricks production which has brought hazardous impacts to the context has not yet been changed or replaced by more efficient and sustainable one [3], [4]. Most of the researches went through enhancing the clay brick quality and properties by mixing the clay with various recycled wastes as foundry sand, granite sawing waste, harbour sediments, perlite, sugarcane, baggase ash, clay waste and fine waste of boron, sewage sludge, waste glass from structural wall and other different wastes. Compile this state of the art work of manufacturing bricks in the past and the current trend in the bricks industry with respect to the raw materials, ways of manufacturing and the out- comings.This project presents an experimental study on the utilization of waste materials which replaces clay with (Plastic covers, Ceramic Powder, Egg Shell Powder, GGBS, Silica Fume, Rice Husk Ash and Lime Powder) and Fine Aggregate with (Recycled glass, Dry Grass, Dead Leaves, Tree barks powder, Sugar cane powder, crumbed rubber) to produce eco-friendly Bricks. This project is an attempt to fill the gap of the past studies and suggest more sustainable and sophisticated methods of brick manufacturing in the future. 40 percent replacement of fine aggregate with crumbled rubber and dry grass in mortar bricks have given encouraging results, also the replacement of cement by egg shell powder at 20% has given a considerable result
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Meghna, P., K. P. Dilraj, S. V. Aswin, K. R. Sreejith, and N. Thrishna. "Styrofoam bricks." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v10n1-art2518.
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Pollution and accumulation of waste is one of the major problems that the present world faces. Of the waste materials the non-degradable plastic waste is the major issue. Among the plastic wastes, Styrofoam wastes share the lion's share. Styrofoam wastes are non-degradable also possess the threat of poisonous gas emission when burnt the main challenge is to recycle without the emission of poisonous gases. In this thought we come to the idea of Styrofoam bricks. The Styrofoam brick mainly consists of Styrofoam, acetone and sand. Styrofoam bricks can be manufactured through 4 kinds of process, dissolution of Styrofoam in acetone, mixing with sand, moulding and drying. Why we are preparing this brick is to get high strength and reduced weight also it is not brittle like the ordinary bricks. This will have good load bearing capacity. It can be used to construct partition wall, pavement, roofing etc.
Key Words: Polystyrene Foam; Lightweight Bricks; Thermal Insulation; Pore-Forming.
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Nwankwo, Ebuka, and A. T. John. "Strength and Workability Assessment of Concrete Produced by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Clay Bricks." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 2019): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0137.
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The use of waste clay bricks—which are abundant in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria – as supplementary cementitious material, would enable the construction industry utilize thousands of tons of brick blocks that would have ended up as waste or landfill materials. This paper establishes the pozzolanic properties of these waste clay bricks in terms of strength and workability. Waste clay brick powders are introduced as partial replacement for cement in this research. All tests were done in accordance with relevant British Standards. It was observed that waste clay brick, as an admixture, increases the workability and consistency of fresh concrete. Also, an 11 percent increase in compressive strength was observed with a 10 percent partial replacement of cement with waste clay brick powders. An equation is developed to capture the marginal increase in compressive strength of concrete produced with waste clay bricks, even after 28 days, for a 10% partial replacement of cement.
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Mohammad, Nur Zulzika, Yap Zhen Shyong, Zaiton Haron, Mohammad Ismail, Azman Mohamed, and Nur Hafizah A. Khalid. "The Feasibility of Rock Wool Waste Utilisation in a Double-Layer Concrete Brick for Acoustic: A Conceptual Review." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8763.
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Denser population in a city leads to a serious noise pollution problem. In order to control the ambient noise effectively, a sound insulation brick is desired. However, conventional bricks have poor sound barrier system and is made from unsustainable materials that consume high energy. Hence, this paper introduces a feasibility study on rock wool waste utilisation in a double-layer concrete brick (a combination of aerated concrete and solid concrete) as a potential technique to improve the sound barrier system in brick walls. Currently, rock wool waste is one of the synthetic wastes, which are massively dumped into the landfill by the industry or building demolition castoffs every year. However, rock wool waste has the potential to be recycled and reused as a sound insulation material because it still has the fibrous structural characteristic. Aerated concrete is generally known as an acoustic material; hence, this paper reviews on the implementation of rock wool waste in the aerated concrete layer to improve noise absorption performance. The optimum sound absorption and the thickness of aerated concrete were subsequently integrated with the solid media to transmit sound and indirectly improve the overall brick strength to form a double-layer concrete brick and facilitate the invention of sustainable bricks.
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Si-Ahmed, Mohammed, and Said Kenai. "Behavior of Self-compacting Mortars Based on Waste Brick Powder." Current Materials Science 13, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666145413666200219091459.
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Aims: Study the performance of self-compacting mortar (SCM) using waste ground brick as cement replacement material. Background: Large amounts of brick waste are produced in brick manufacturing plants and construction and demolition sites. The use of these bricks as partial substitution to natural aggregates or after crushing as fines for partial cement substitution could contribute to reduce the problem of waste storage and environmental pollution as well as in the conservation of natural resources. Objective: The objective of this paper is to study the effect of adding waste ground brick on the performance of SCM at the fresh and hardened state. Methods: It is an experimental investigation where mortar specimens where cement was partially substituted by crushed recycled bricks fines recovered from a brick plant. The level of substitution was either 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20% and 25% by weight of cement. Workability was measured by slump flow and flow time by V-funnel test. Compressive strength and water absorption by capillary were measured on 40x40x160 mm3 prismatic specimens. Results: The experimental results show that self-compacting mortar can be obtained up to 25% of cement substitution by brick powders. The compressive strength was improved at long term for up to 15% cement substitution by brick powder. The sorptivity coefficient is increased by incorporation of brick waste powder. Conclusion: The substitution of cement by waste ground brick powder up to 15% of waste brick powder has little influence on the rheological parameters of self-compacting mortar and the compressive strength is increased at the long term. Further investigations are underway to study the shrinkage, the long term durability and the pore size distribution by mercury porosimetry.
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Chidiac, S. E., and L. M. Federico. "Effects of waste glass additions on the properties and durability of fired clay brickThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 2007): 1458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-120.
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The optimization of the production of fired clay brick is essential for the sustainability of the clay brick industry. While there exist areas for improvement of these bricks’ properties when they are used in severe climates, concerns — including nonrenewable resource depletion, increasing energy costs, and waste management — have become increasingly important in Canadian and global industries. One strategy to address these concerns is to use waste additives as fluxing agents in bricks. Use of these additives can decrease the dependency of the industry on nonrenewable resources and can improve brick strength and durability. The effect nonrecycled waste glass additives have on fired brick durability and mechanical and transport properties was investigated in this study. The variables studied were waste glass particle size and percentage added by mass. Microstructure was investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry to determine the effect on pore structure. The results yielded an optimal percentage addition of waste glass.
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Khitab, Anwar, Muhammad Saqib Riaz, Affan Jalil, Raja Bilal Nasar Khan, Waqas Anwar, Riaz Akhtar Khan, Muhammad Tausif Arshad, Mehmet Serkan Kirgiz, Zeesshan Tariq, and Seemab Tayyab. "Manufacturing of Clayey Bricks by Synergistic Use of Waste Brick and Ceramic Powders as Partial Replacement of Clay." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810214.
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Clay bricks are extensively used as building material worldwide. Natural soil deposits are in constant reduction due to the frequent use of clay to manufacture bricks. About 1600 billion bricks are produced annually by the consumption of millions of tons of natural resources. The prime focus of this study is to assess the feasibility of using a composite mixture of waste brick powder (WBP) and waste ceramic powder (WCP) as a replacement for depleting natural resource “clay” in brick manufacturing. Based upon the previous studies, the replacement levels were kept as (4 + 5)%, (8 + 10)%, and (12 + 15)% of WCP and WBP, respectively. The brick specimens were evaluated in terms of compressive strength, modulus of rupture, density, water absorption, efflorescence, apparent porosity, resistance to chemical attack and sulfate attack, and freeze-thaw resistance. The study reveals that about 27% of clay can be replaced with ceramic waste powder and waste brick powder, which can preserve a massive amount of natural clay without compromising the quality of the bricks.
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Liu, Zi Zhen, Bin Xiao, Yan Liu, and Xiao Long Li. "Impact Study on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete Based on Waste Brick Aggregates." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.24.
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Through the experiments of recycling bricks from building waste, the paper studies the mechanical properties and the influence factors of recycled concrete which is based on waste brick aggregates. Using the method of gravels substituted by brick aggregates with the same volume, the optimal mechanical properties can be obtained through adjusting the aggregate contents of different recycled brick sizes, the mix proportion and water consumption of recycled materials. The results of experiments show that there are some key indexes including the bibulous rate of brick aggregates, particle gradations and water consumption, and the optimal size of the brick aggregates ranges from 9.5 mm to 19 mm, and the mechanical properties of recycled concrete are slightly below the referenced concrete by lots of experiments. Therefore, building waste bricks recycled concrete are a kind of very good, sustainable and energy-saving building materials.
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Abdul Rahim, A. S., and Aeslina binti Abdul Kadir. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fired Clay Brick Incorporating with Mosaic Sludge Waste." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.203.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. Many types of sludge have been incorporated in fired clay brick for example marble sludge, stone sludge, water sludge, sewage sludge, and ceramic sludge. The utilisation of these waste materials in fired clay bricks usually has positive effects on the properties such as lightweight bricks with improved shrinkage, porosity, and strength. Therefore, this study focus on the incorporation of mosaic sludge into fired clay brick. Physical and mechanical properties were conducted such as compressive strength, shrinkage, density and initial rate of suction test. From the results, it shows that brick with 5% of mosaic sludge obtained the best result with highest compressive strength and low initial rate of suction (18.76N/mm2 and 10.08 g/mm2) respectively. Nevertheless, all the other properties for all bricks incorporated with different percentages of mosaic sludge were complied with the standard. In conclusion, mosaic sludge could be an alternative low cost material for brick and at the same time provide a disposal method for mosaic sludge waste.
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Çağlar, Hakan, and Arzu Çağlar. "RESEARCH OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BLENDED BRICKS WİTH FLY ASH BASED, BLAST FURNACE SLAG ADDITION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i1.2019.1041.
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In this study, it is aimed to make improvements on blended brick (1) which is the first building material has a history of at least 10,000 years. To the blended brick which is a traditional material was kept constant at 5% the addition of fly ash which is industrial waste. It was aim of determine of the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the blended brick using different ratios (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) blast furnace slag. In the first stage, the production of fly ash-based blast furnace slag doped sample of blended brick was performed. In the second stage, a variety of experiments were applied to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the blended brick sample. As a result; It has been determined that unit volume weight and compressive strength decreases with the use of industrial wastes in blended brick production. They have occured an increase in porosity and capillary water absorption values. The use of industrial wastes in the production of blended bricks will contribute both improve the properties of the bricks and the reduction of wastes left to the environment.
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Sonata, Herix, Dewi Yudiana Shinta, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "PEMANFAATAN ABU LIMBAH KERTAS PADA PEMBUATAN BATU BATA." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.1.p.109-120.
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The increasing number of population each year makes the number of building needs for houses, buildings, schools, offices and other infrastructure will increase. In general, building consumption cannot be separated from the use of bricks as a form of wall construction in building construction. The size and compressive strength of bricks circulating in the market are of poor quality which comes from fabrication, local work or home industries. In the brick-making process, bricklayers only use certain types of soil to maintain the quality of brick production. As a result, the availability of soil as the main material in brick making will decrease. Another alternative to meet the shortcomings of the brick-forming material and make it stronger and more durable, can be used as a substitute for other materials such as waste paper. The use of paper waste is an effort to find new types of building materials and to reduce environmental pollution problems due to paper waste. This study aims to analyze the concentration of the addition of paper waste ash on the strength of the bricks. The benefit of this research is as an alternative study of meeting the needs of brick raw materials for environmentally friendly buildings by utilizing paper waste ash. The results showed the effect of a mixture of paper waste ash as a clay additive on the compressive strength of normal bricks (fc '2.9 MPa). The percentage value of compressive strength with a mixture of paper waste ash 3% obtained an average compressive strength of 40.10 kg / cm2, 5% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength of 61.48 kg / cm2 and 7% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength average 64.12 kg / cm2 against the compressive strength of normal bricks 37.28 kg / cm2. The conclusion of this research is that the variation of the mixture of paper waste ash with a variation of 7% paper waste ash mixture exceeding 60 kg / cm² (compressive strength class III) SNI 15-2094-2000a. This shows that paper waste ash can increase the compressive strength of bricks.
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Maximino C. Ongpeng, Jason, Edward Inciong, Vince Sendo, Crizia Soliman, and Adrian Siggaoat. "Using Waste in Producing Bio-Composite Mycelium Bricks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155303.
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One of the major causes of an increase in the consumption of resources is the progress of the construction industry. Although it leads to new technologies, it heavily contributes to global warming. In this study, the use of sustainable construction materials from waste in brick production with mycelium as a binder is investigated. The ability of mycelium, the root fibers of fungi, obtained from microorganisms is used as stabilizing and binding material on bricks. Forty-eight brick specimens from six design mixes were produced with a size of 200 mm length × 90 mm width × 60 mm height. The mechanical tests conducted were compressive and flexural strength. The changes in weight were recorded against its age to monitor the progress of mycelium growth inside the brick specimens. From the test, bricks made from sawdust and rice bran with mycelium had an increase of 31.0% to 38.5% in average compressive strength compared to the non-mycelium bricks, respectively. Furthermore, the bricks with mycelium experienced an increase in both flexural strength and midpoint displacement for all types of bricks (rice bran, sawdust, and clay). These mycelium-induced bricks can reduce the use and consumption of traditional construction materials with enhanced mechanical properties.
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binti Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Ahmad Shayuti Bin Abdul Rahim, and Hidra Hasbee Bin Jamil. "Utilization of Mosaic Sludge Waste into Fired Clay Brick: Properties and Leachability." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.117.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. Many types of sludge have been incorporated in fired clay brick for an example marble sludge, stone sludge, water sludge, sewage sludge and ceramic sludge. The utilization of these waste materials in fired clay bricks usually has positive effects on the properties such as lightweight bricks with improved shrinkage, porosity, and strength. Therefore, the objective of this study is to incorporate different percentages of mosaic sludge and investigate heavy metals leachability from the mosaic sludge brick. Heavy metals leachability was conducted by using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Physical and mechanical properties were also determined which are compressive strength, shrinkage, density and initial rate of suction. From the results obtained, it shows that fired clay brick with 5% of mosaic sludge obtained the best result with highest compressive strength and low initial rate of suction (18.76N/mm2 and 10.08 g/mm2) respectively. Nevertheless, all the other properties for all bricks incorporated with different percentages of mosaic sludge were also complied with the BS 3921:1985 standard. The results also demonstrated that the leachability of potential heavy metals in mosaic brick were complied with USEPA (1996) and EPAV (2005a) regulatory limit. In conclusion, mosaic sludge could be an alternative low cost material for fired clay brick as well as providing a disposal method for mosaic sludge waste.
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Majid, Masni A., and Mohd Fazdli Abdul Manaf. "Utilization of Palm Oil and Electric Power Plant Fly Ash Waste Material as a Clay Replacement in Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1042–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1042.
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In this study several types of bricks were produced containing substituent from industrial wastes. The industrial wastes used are palm oil and electric power plant fly ash. These waste products are used to replace the natural ingredient in the manufacturing of brick clay namely as clay. Conventional bricks are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing or from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. At the present, the world's natural resources are decreasing so many alternative actively pursued to ensure that the natural ingredients will remain unchanged for the use of the more significant and worthwhile. In this study, some suggestions have been proposed where the using of fly ash as a clay replacement materials in the percentage of 20%, 40% and 60%. The several laboratory experiments was carried out, where the high compressive strength with 20% of fly ash replacement is 15.5 N/mm2 while for the 20% of power plant fly ash replacement provide a compressive strength of 103 N/mm2. For optimum water absorption, the rate is 17.05% which is from 20% of palm oil fly ash replacement while for brick from 60% power plant fly ash, the rate of water absorption is 4.96%. Therefore, this study can contribute to recycling the industrial waste material as a replacement material in brick in Malaysia. Recycling waste is one way to ensure that waste management can be controlled.
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Isa, Nur Fitriah, Khairunnisa Muhammad, Norhaizura Yahya, Muhammad Munsif Ahmad, Mohd Badrul Hisyam Ab Manaf, Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim, Mokhzani Khair Ishak, Nurul Huda Hashim, Ahmad Faizal Mansor, and Siti Najwa Ahmad Naspu. "Dolomite Quarry Waste as Sand Replacement in Sand Brick." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.319.
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Dolomite is a sedimentary rock resulting from the deposition of river or sea takes millions of years. The quarry waste from dolomite production had been used to replace sand in order to study the performance of modified brick sand. The objectives of this research are to determine the density, water absorption rate, and compressive strength of the new dolomite brick (d-brick) and to find out the optimum percentage of sand replacement with the dolomite waste. The bricks sample are then be tested using physical and mechanical approach. The percent of sand replacement is 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight.The optimum percentage mix of the modified sand brick using dolomite is D50 based on the density, water absorption, and compressive strength test of the sand brick. The result of the density of the D50 sand brick using dolomite is 1701 kg/m3, the water absorption of the sand brick 12%, and 14% at 7 days, and 28 days respectively. Meanwhile, the compressive strength of the D50 sand brick is 7.99 MPa, and 12.28 MPa at 7 days, and 28 days.
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Sahu, Vaishali, Rounak Attri, Prashast Gupta, and Rakesh Yadav. "Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2019-0168.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Design/methodology/approach Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. Findings The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. Research limitations/implications The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Practical implications Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Social implications Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Originality/value Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.
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Nigri, Ghania, Yacine Cherait, and Soraya Nigri. "Characterization of eco-substituted cement containing waste ground calcined clay brick." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 11 (November 2017): 956–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0537.
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This paper discusses the potentialities of using waste bricks as a partial replacement of clinker in blended cement. The blended cements are produced by grinding and mixing clinker, waste brick and gypsum. Eight mixtures containing 0 to 35% of bricks as a clinker replacement are prepared and characterized. Partially replacing clinker by brick results in early strength, but are lower than that of the reference. However, at 90 days, the strengths are greater than that reference. The setting times and the shrinkages were reduced. Blended cement has been formulated with optimal composition of 10% of waste brick. The microstructure of the paste was studied using scanning electron microscopy and the evolution of cement hydration was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was concluded that the binder with 10% of brick shows a dense and homogeneous particles distribution. The pozzolanic reaction occurs through the decreases of the amorphous silica during hydration.
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Zhu, Lihua, and Zengmei Zhu. "Reuse of Clay Brick Waste in Mortar and Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (July 3, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6326178.
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The application of recycled clay brick can not only solve the disposal problem of demolished solid waste but also reduce ecological environment damage caused by the excessive development of resources. Clay brick powder (CBP) exhibits pozzolanic activity and can be used as cement replacement. Recycled clay brick aggregate (RBA) can be used to substitute natural coarse aggregate. Recycled clay brick aggregate concrete (RBAC) can attain suitable strength and be used in the production of medium- and low-strength concrete. Clay brick waste as potential partial cement and aggregate replacement material is reviewed herein. Performances in terms of mechanical and durability-related properties of mortar and concrete are discussed. Understanding the properties of clay bricks is crucial to further research and applications.
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Khalil, Wasan I., Qias J. Frayyeh, and Mahmood F. Ahmed. "Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Pavement Bricks." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 11A (November 25, 2020): 1706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i11a.1699.
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The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility to recycled and reused of waste clay brick and waste plastic as constituents in the production of green Geopolymer concrete paving bricks. Powder of clay brick waste (WBP) was used as a partial replacement of Metakaolin (MK) in Geopolymer binder. Moreover, recycled clay brick waste aggregate (BA) and plastic waste aggregate (PL) were incorporated as coarse aggregate in mixtures of Metakaolin based Geopolymer concrete (MK-GPC) pavement bricks. Six types of mixtures were prepared and cast as pavement bricks with dimensions of 150×150×100 mm. All samples have been tested for compressive strength, water absorption and abrasion resistance at age of 28 days; and compared the results with the requirements of Iraqi specification No.1606-2006. The MK-GPC pavement bricks present a compressive strength of 31-47MPa, water absorption of 3.66% to5.32% and abrasion resistance with groove length between 21.78mm to 18.91 mm. These types of pavement bricks are classified as a medium to light capacity for weight loading, and it is possible to be used in wide range of paving applications, especially in aggressive wearing environment.
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Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Siti Noorhajar Mohd Zulkifly, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Noor Amira Sarani. "The Utilization of Coconut Fibre into Fired Clay Brick." Key Engineering Materials 673 (January 2016): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.673.213.
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Over the year, agricultural establishment produced many types of waste in its daily operation. Coconut fibre for example is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes produced in Malaysia. Despite the massive amount of the waste produced, the standards of waste management in Malaysia are still poor. The main purpose of this study is to focus on the potential of coconut fibre utilization into fired clay bricks. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of coconut fibre, to identify the gas emissions during firing process from coconut fibre brick and to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of from coconut fibre (1%, 3% and 5%) incorporation into fired clay brick. All the bricks were fired in a furnace up to 1050°C at 1°C/min. The gas emissions that were measured are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Based on the three gases, the results showed that CO2 is the highest gas emission produced during the firing process. Physical and mechanical properties tested are total shrinkage, dry density and compressive strength. Results found that by adding different percentages of coconut fibre, most of the properties were complied with the standards except for the compressive strength of 5% of coconut fibre in clay brick. Therefore, the utilization of coconut fibre could be one of the alternative disposal methods for agriculture waste and it will also provide low-cost material for brick that produce adequate physical and mechanical properties.
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Crista, Ngudi Hari, and Agus Muldiyanto. "ANALISIS KUAT TEKAN BATU BATA DENGAN ONGGOK SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGGANTI SEKAM PADI." Teknika 13, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/teknika.v13i1.1304.
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<em>The most widely used material as a house wall is red brick, which is relatively cheap and safe to weather compared to other materials. Red bricks are usually in the manufacturing process by traditional means and fabrication. In general red bricks require additional materials of rice husk in the process of making. Much of the "starchy" waste material widely found in Klaten that is not currently utilized, is expected to be used instead of rice husk which is one of the red brick material mixtures.This research will be conducted brick test with mechanical behavior test which includes density test, water absorption test and compressive strength test with red brick made from rice husk mixture as comparison with analysis result of mixture of starch onggok waste. The result of this research is compressive strength of brick with mixture of rice husk larger and has a small water absorption compared with compressive strength of brick with mixture of onggok.</em>
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Kioupis, Dimitris, AggelikiSkaropoulou, Sotiris Tsivilis, and GlikeriaKakali. "Alkali leaching control of construction and demolition waste based geopolymers." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901064.
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This study regards the synthesis of waste brick geopolymers and the evaluation of their alkali leaching potential. Geopolymers with varied alkali to Al molar ratios were prepared and their alkali leaching potential was measured. In order to improve the efflorescence of the waste brick geopolymers, KOH was used instead of NaOH in the activation solution, Ca cations were incorporated through the partial substitution of the brick powder by ground granulated blast furnace slag or extra Al was introduced in the activation solution. The results showed that the leachability of the products is close related to the alkali content of the activation solution while the use of K ions in the starting mixtures reduced the leachability potential. The same effect was observed in the case of the extra Al ions incorporation. The partial substitution of the wastes bricks by slag showeda slight increase of leachability even though denser materials with enhanced strengths were prepared.
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Teklehaimanot, Mebrahtom, Haregeweyni Hailay, and Tamrat Tesfaye. "Manufacturing of Ecofriendly Bricks Using Microdust Cotton Waste." Journal of Engineering 2021 (May 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8815965.
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Large amounts of cotton microwastes are accumulated in textile industries. The cotton microdust is less to ignite and causes serious environmental problems and health hazards. This paper presents an experimental study, which investigates the potential use of cotton microdust to produce new and lightweight brick for construction industries. The physical and mechanical properties of brick mixes having different levels of cotton microdust ratio were investigated. The test results recorded for compressive strength, unit weight, and water absorption values satisfy the relevant required standards for normal construction bricks. The results show that the replacement of clay soil and cement by cotton microdust does not exhibit a sudden brittle fracture even beyond the failure loads, indicates high energy absorption capacity, reduces the unit weight dramatically, and introduces smother surface compared to the current concrete bricks in the market. The results also show that usage of cotton microdust with different mixing ratios for bricks will give light-weight composite, and brick could be an economical alternative to be used for partition of board concrete blocks and sound barrier panels.
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Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Mohd Ruzaini Abd Jalil, and Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah. "Properties of Steel Mill Sludge Waste Incorporated in Fired Clay Brick." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.358.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units as a building material due to its properties. Many attempts have been made to incorporate different types of sludge waste into brick such as marble sludge, stone sludge, water treatment sludge, sewage sludge, desalination sludge, textile laundry sludge, ceramic sludge and steel mill sludge. SMS is waste that produced from steel manufacturing industry. This sludge is normally disposed at a hazardous waste landfill site. The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of sludge waste incorporated in fired clay brick. The characteristic of heavy metals in steel mill sludge were determined by using XRF. Characteristic of steel mill sludge shows that some of the heavy metals in steel mill sludge shows higher concentration by following this descending order Zn>Cu>Pb>Sn>Cr>Ba. Four different mixing ratios of steel mill sludge at (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) were incorporated into fired clay brick to obtain the properties and compared with control brick and standards. In this study, physical and mechanical properties such as shrinkage, density, initial rate of suction and compressive strength test were conducted in the laboratory. Through this study, the results indicate that addition of 5% steel mill sludge into bricks shows the best quality of brick with high compressive strength (16.78N/mm2) and low initial rate of suction (3.80 g/mm2). Nevertheless, the density and shrinkage for all bricks still comply with the requirement and suitable for different work applications. Furthermore, by incorporating sludge waste into fired clay brick could provide an environmental friendly way of disposal method.
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Vijayaragavan, R., and S. Mullainathan. "Production of Brick Materials from Municipal Solid Waste Ash." Material Science Research India 8, no. 1 (June 25, 2011): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/080121.
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A lot of research is currently being done recycling, into how to reuse the waste we produce in our daily lives. This paper presents some of the results from a continuous study of recycling municipal solid waste ash (MSW-ash) into brick materials. In present study, the mixture of municipal solid waste ash and clay are used to make standard bricks fired at 900?C & 950?C. Physical characteristics including density, firing shrinkage, compressive strength and water absorption test of brick materials are reported and discussed. The results of test indicated that the municipal solid waste ash proportion and firing temperature were the two key factors determining the quality of bricks.
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Muhammad Faheem, Md Tahir, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Hussin Kamarudin, Ahmad Mohd Izzat, and Alida Abdullah. "New Processing Method of Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Brick by Using Geopolymer Brick Machine." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.406.
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With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
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Lee, Woo Keun, Tae Eun Kim, and Yeong Seok Yoo. "Compressive Strength of Brick Made from Waste Materials." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.639.
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The objective of this research was to make brick from waste materials, such as MSWI fly ash, water sludge and coffee sludge. It was made by mixing raw materials, drying at room temperature for 24 hrs, and at 60°C ~ 100°C for 1hrs. The dried bricks sintered to 1100 ~ 1150°C by 5°C/min and then kept at that temperature for 2hrs. Compressive strength, water absorption were measured to discuss the characteristics of brick prepared. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP) test is also used to evaluate the environmental safety. The optimum condition was obtained at the mixing ratio as followed; 20:19.5:0.5:60 of MSWI fly ash, water sludge, coffee sludge and clay. Considering the value of compressive strength and water adsorption for prepared brick, it can be used as an alternative brick.
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Prasetya, Dwi Sabda Budi, Seto Priyambodo, and Sukainil Ahzan. "PEMBUATAN BATA RINGAN BERBAHAN DASAR LIMBAH PENGOLAHAN EMAS TRADISIONAL DI PROPINSI NTB." Lensa : Jurnal Kependidikan Fisika 4, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-lkf.v4i2.98.
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Research on the manufacture of lightweight brick with basic material waste processing of goldin the province of West Nusa Tenggara has been done. This research is very important because most of the people in NTB separate gold by amalgamation and cyanidation methods. Processes that do this will result in hazardous waste on the environment so that the need for countermeasures. The purpose of this research is to create a lightweight bricks made of waste processing of gold which has a strong press that meets national standards. This research was conducted through two stages, namely 1) Stage of light brick making, 2) Phase compressive strength test light brick production. The results showed that lightweight bricks made with waste raw gold processing and cement with a ratio of 3: 1 has a compressive strength of 7.80 kg / cm2. These results demonstrate compliance with national standards, namely 7.83 kg / cm2 so that the product of this research can be said to be feasible.
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Xue, Cuizhen, Hongxia Qiao, Hui Cao, Qiong Feng, and Qiong Li. "Analysis on the Strength of Cement Mortar Mixed with Construction Waste Brick Powder." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871280.
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The pile-up of massive construction waste causes serious challenges to environment and engineering practice. In order to promote the reuse rate of construction waste bricks, the effects of the content and fineness of construction waste brick powder and of brick powder-silica flour mixture on the strengths of cement mortar were experimentally investigated. Based on the test results, the significance of the particle characteristics of brick powder on mortar strength was analyzed by grey entropy method. The experimental results show that the early strength of cement mortar decreases due to the addition of brick powder; the reduction is, however, not significant when the content of brick powder is less than 10%; the 28 d strength of cement mortar increases with a proper content of brick powder. The grey entropy analysis indicates that the particle characteristics have strong influence on the activity of brick powder and mortar strength; the strength is significantly dependent on specific surface area and the fraction of particles smaller than 20 μm. Fine brick powder and silica flour can improve the macroscopic strengths of cement mortar by affecting the type and quantity of hydration products and the structure of interfacial transition zone between cement paste and sand.
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Xue, Cuizhen, Hongxia Qiao, Hui Cao, Qiong Feng, and Qiong Li. "Analysis on the Strength of Cement Mortar Mixed with Construction Waste Brick Powder." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871280.
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The pile-up of massive construction waste causes serious challenges to environment and engineering practice. In order to promote the reuse rate of construction waste bricks, the effects of the content and fineness of construction waste brick powder and of brick powder-silica flour mixture on the strengths of cement mortar were experimentally investigated. Based on the test results, the significance of the particle characteristics of brick powder on mortar strength was analyzed by grey entropy method. The experimental results show that the early strength of cement mortar decreases due to the addition of brick powder; the reduction is, however, not significant when the content of brick powder is less than 10%; the 28 d strength of cement mortar increases with a proper content of brick powder. The grey entropy analysis indicates that the particle characteristics have strong influence on the activity of brick powder and mortar strength; the strength is significantly dependent on specific surface area and the fraction of particles smaller than 20 μm. Fine brick powder and silica flour can improve the macroscopic strengths of cement mortar by affecting the type and quantity of hydration products and the structure of interfacial transition zone between cement paste and sand.
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Kirgiz, Mehmet Serkan. "Characteristic Properties of Marble and Brick Powders." Advanced Materials Research 749 (August 2013): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.483.
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The paper was incisive about marble and brick wastes problem. In Turkey, annual approximately 2 592 000 t marble waste and 3 800 000 t brick waste are turn out while marble and brick manufactures. These wastes are stored agrarian land so they are contaminated environment and terrain. Chemical, physical, and pozzolanic properties of the marble and brick powders described characteristic properties were helped whether to use them as mineralogical substitute or blend in cement or not. The aim of this study is to establish characteristic properties of marble and brick powders. Tekmar Marble Factory's marble powder and Kaman Brick Factory's brick powder were used as materials. Characteristic properties of the marble and brick powders were lie down via standard experiment methods known literature. Results show that the powders are compatible to add cement clinker or to substitute for cement to improve their properties.
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Lubis, Fazrina Andriani Sakinah, and Erizal. "Ecobrick Sebagai Solusi Dinding Nonstruktural Ramah Lingkungan." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan 6, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsil.6.2.97-106.
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Population growth increased in the need for dwelling which impacted to high demand for bricks. However, bricks have a negative impact on the environment due to the materials and the production prosses. Population growth also effected an increase amount of plastic waste that has a risk to the health and environment. This research aimed to analyze the compressive and flexural strength of brick and ecobrick (PET bottle filled with plastic waste) wall, to know degree of difference in strength between both wall, and to compare the cost of making the wall. This research was started from preparation, manufactured, cured, and tested the specimens. The cost analysis refers to the Bogor district in 2019. The result was obtained compressive strength of brick is higher than ecobrick, which is brick 2,38 MPa and ecobrick 1,31 MPa. Flexural strength of ecobrick is higher than brick, which is ecobrick 1,23 MPa and brick 1,18 MPa. T-test show that compressive strength both wall is significantly different, while the flexural strength both wall is not significantly different. The cost of making ecobrick walls is 20% cheaper than brick walls.
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Liang, Wang, Song, Tan, Li, and Guo. "Potential Activity of Recycled Clay Brick in Cement Stabilized Subbase." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 5208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235208.
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Construction waste is one of the products in the process of urbanization. From the perspective of economy and environmental protection, this study used crushed construction waste clay brick to replace the fine aggregate of cement stabilized macadam subbase in certain proportions, and the optimum proportion was obtained according to the unconfined compressive strength of 7 days (d), 28 d, and 90 d. The “modified EDTA titration experiment" was also used to explain how the potential activity of construction waste clay brick works in cement stabilized macadam. The result obtained is that an optimal replacement ratio of 50% exists when using construction waste clay brick to replace the fine aggregate of cement stabilized macadam, and its unconfined compressive strength is higher than that of the 0% replacement ratio specimens; that is, the potential activity of the construction waste clay brick contributes the most to the unconfined compressive strength of the specimens at this proportion. According to the blending method and proportion obtained in this study, the application of construction waste clay bricks in a practical project can maximize environmental protection in road engineering and economic benefits simultaneously.
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Sousa, Rebeka Manuela Lobo, Francisca das Chagas Oliveira, Paulysendra Felipe Silva, Phillype Dowglas Lopes, Sávio Torres Melo, and Roberto Arruda Lima Soares. "REUSE STUDY OF WASTE IN ECOLOGICAL BRICK." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss6.3166.
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With technological advances, the creation and use of sustainable materials is increasingly sought. One of the most widely used sustainable materials in civil construction corresponds to ecological bricks, thus, the present work aims to carry out a brief bibliographical survey on the reuse of waste in the manufacture of ecological bricks, aiming at sustainability. In this research, the studies presented show exactly different recyclable components, such as: PET bottles, Styrofoam, rubber, etc., precisely to add ecological diversity and impose an appropriate purpose to these resources in a way that motivates sustainable development. This investigation in several materials in the verification of the applicability of ecological brick, in order to submit and understand the behavior of these new materials.
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Ingole, Aniket Ravindra, Abdul Siddique Abdul Khalik Shaikh, and Rahul Ashokrao Tapke. "Environmental - Friendly Brick Blocks using E-Waste." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-2 (February 28, 2018): 1297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd9687.
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Ismail, Muhammad Nur. "PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PEMBAKARAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT DALAM PEMBUATAN BATAKO." Jurnal PenSil 10, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v10i1.18504.
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The sand aggregates in Sukamara Regency in Central Kalimantan have fine and uniform grain sizes. To improve the quality of these materials, it’s necessary try to provide additional materials from the waste burning oil palm shells formaking brick blocks.The research was by making bricks with certain treatments in several experimental groups 1SP:5Sand, 1SP:5Waste, 1SP:2.5Sand:2.5Waste, 1SP:2Sand:3Waste, 1SP:2Waste:3Sand, and control group1SP:5Sand for ratio. Testing the average unit weight of 1SP:5waste is 0.71kg and 1SP:5sand is 1.38kg. Batako with oil palm shell burning waste is 0.67kg lighter. The average compressive strength of mixed concrete blocks 1SP:2Sand:3Waste is 52.96kg/cm², 1SP:5Waste is 8.40kg/cm², and 1SP:5Sand is 16.67kg/cm². All bricks usea mixture of SP+Sand+Waste composition have greater strength than only use a mixture of SP+Sand and SP+Waste. Batako with mixture composition of 1SP:2Sand:3Waste is classified B1 quality. Batako with mixture composition of 1SP:2.5Sand:2.5Waste and 1SP:2Waste:3Sand is A1 quality, while for the mixture composition 1SP:5Sand and 1SP:5Waste doesn’t enter the quality the brick because average strength below 20kg/cm². The test for greatest compressive strength produced from bricks with a mixture of SP+Sand+Wastecomposition shows the conglomeration oil palm shell burning waste is good to be used as an added material in brick making.
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Phutthimethakul, Lalitsuda, Park Kumpueng, and Nuta Supakata. "Use of Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum, Construction and Demolition Waste, and Oil Palm Waste Trunks to Produce Concrete Bricks." Crystals 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080709.
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This research aims to study the utilization of waste from power plants, construction and demolition, and agriculture by varying the ratios of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, construction and demolition waste (CDW), and oil palm trunks (OPT) in concrete production. This research used these as the raw materials for the production of concrete bricks of 15 × 15 × 15 cm. There were 12 ratios of concrete brick, fixing 5.5 wt% of FGD gypsum to replace Portland cement and substituting coarse sand with 0 wt%, 25 wt%, 50 wt%, or 75 wt% of CDW, and gravel with 0 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt% of OPT. The initial binder:fine aggregate:coarse aggregate ratio was 1:2:4 and the water to cement ratio was 0.5, curing in water at room temperature for 28 days. Then, all concrete brick specimens were tested for compressive strength and water absorption. From the experiment, it was found that the highest compressive strength of concrete brick specimens was 45.18 MPa, which was produced from 5.5% gypsum without CDW and OPT, while 26.84 MPa was the lowest compressive strength obtained from concrete bricks produced from 5.5% FGD gypsum, 75% CDW, and 1% OPT. In terms of usage, all proportions can be applied in construction and building work because the compressive strength and water absorption were compliant with the Thai Industrial Standard TIS 57-2530 and TIS 60-2516.
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Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj, and Christophe Chapiseau. "Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Nurul Salhana Abdul Salim, Ahmad Shayuti Abdul Rahim, and Norazian Mohamed Noor. "Indoor Air Quality of Fired Clay Brick Incorporated with Mosaic Sludge." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.342.
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Disposal of industrial mosaic sludge waste into landfills has become serious threat to the global environment due to the huge generation of waste every year. Nevertheless, a relevant alternative solution could be develop as recently rapid growing interest are focusing on the usage of wastes material into the manufacturing of fired clay. Furthermore, previous research has successfully incorporated different types of sludge into the fired clay brick. Therefore, this study is focusing on the potential of incorporating two types of mosaic sludge in terms of properties and indoor air quality (IAQ) performance. Different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%) of mosaic sludge waste were incorporated into fired clay brick. In terms of strength, 30% of sludge waste show higher strength of brick. In terms of IAQ, all the results of both sludge waste were compiled with the standard requirement. From this study, it shows that mosaic sludge that incorporated with fired clay brick is safe to be used towards the environment since it is complied with ICOP-IAQ. In addition, this study may help to create an alternative method to dispose the sludge waste as well as to provide another low cost material for the clay brick.
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Widyawati, Fauzi. "PEMANFAATAN SERAT SISAL (agave sisalana L.) DAN LIMBAH PLASTIK PET UNTUK PEMBUATAN BATA RINGAN CLC (CELLULAR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE)." Jurnal TAMBORA 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36761/jt.v4i1.566.
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Some time ago in the region of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) experienced earthquake shocks which shocked the community so that many buildings were destroyed and razed to the ground. While the current use of plastic waste is a concern of the community and government, especially in the NTB region. So this background is the basis of research to make earthquake-resistant lightweight bricks by utilizing PET plastic waste to replace coarse aggregate as a mixture and use sisal fiber as a reinforcement to strengthen the strength of lightweight bricks. The purpose of this research is to find out how to make light brick type CLC (Cellular Lightweight Concrete) by utilizing PET plastic waste and sisal fiber, to determine the effect of the addition of PET plastic and sisal fiber to the mechanical properties of light bricks, and to determine the optimum composition of the addition of plastic PET and sisal fiber in the manufacture of lightweight brick CLC. The use of PET plastic and sisal fiber produces brick with an average density of 1,830,419 kg / m3 for 1: 1 variation samples, 1,880 kg / m3 for 4: 1 variation samples, and 1,887,654 kg / m3 for 1: variation samples 4. Maximum compressive strength is achieved in 1: 4 variation samples ie samples with the addition of sisal fiber 4 times more than PET plastic. Based on the results of the measurement of the density of bricks, only the sample variation 1: 1 that meets the standards of SNI 2847-2013 light brick (1,140-1,840 kg / m3). The addition of sisal fiber which is 4 times more than PET plastic (sample variation 1: 4) has the highest compressive strength value of 8.5 MPa and is included in the category of lightweight brick quality I.
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Hamid, Nur Jannah Abdul, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Nurul Nabila Huda Hashar, Paweł Pietrusiewicz, Marcin Nabiałek, Izabela Wnuk, Marcek Gucwa, et al. "Influence of Gypsum Waste Utilization on Properties and Leachability of Fired Clay Brick." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112800.
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Wastewater treatment activities in the chemical industry have generated abundant gypsum waste, classified as scheduled waste (SW205) under the Environmental Quality Regulations 2005. The waste needs to be disposed into a secure landfill due to the high heavy metals content which is becoming a threat to the environment. Hence, an alternative disposal method was evaluated by recycling the waste into fired clay brick. The brick samples were incorporated with different percentages of gypsum waste (0% as control, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) and were fired at 1050 °C using 1 °C per minute heating rate. Shrinkage, dry density, initial rate of suction (IRS) and compressive strength tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the brick, while the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) was performed to scrutinize the leachability of heavy metals from the crushed brick samples. The results showed that the properties would decrease through the incorporation of gypsum waste and indicated the best result at 10% of waste utilization with 47.5% of shrinkage, 1.37% of dry density, 22.87% of IRS and 28.3% of compressive strength. In addition, the leachability test highlighted that the concentrations of Fe and Al was significantly reduced up to 100% from 4884 to 3.13 ppm (Fe) and from 16,134 to 0.81 ppm (Al), respectively. The heavy metals content in the bricks were oxidized during the firing process, which signified the successful remediation of heavy metals in the samples. Based on the permissible incorporation of gypsum waste into fired clay brick, this study promised a more green disposing method for gypsum waste, and insight as a potential towards achieving a sustainable end product.
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Kilicarslan, Ayfer, Yigit Kurttepeli, and Muhlis Nezihi Saridede. "Using of Boron Wastes in Red Brick Production." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.223.
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Large amounts of boron containing wastes are come into being during its extraction processes. The wastes consist of high amount of boron do not only cause economic loss but also serious environmental problems. Boron wastes contain boron oxide and clay can be used in the production of building materials, glass and ceramic. Utilization of boron pond waste from Eti Kırka Boron Works, Turkey in red brick manufacture was investigated. Adding different ratio of boron waste into the brick clay mixture, samples were formed. The pressed samples were fired at temperatures of 800°C and 900°C. The effects of boron waste addition on physical, mechanical and firing properties of red brick were examined by DTA-TG survey, three-point bending test, water absorption, porosity and bulk density tests. Microstructures of selected fired samples were also examined using SEM. Results shown that physical and mechanical properties of all samples were improved with boron waste addition. The best result was obtained when 20% of boron waste was used in the production.
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KARSLIOĞLU, Asena. "Insulation Properties of Bricks with Waste Rubber and Plastic: A Review." JANSET Vol 1 Issue 1 January 2021 1, no. 1 (February 7, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/janset.2021.001.004.
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Traditional bricks are made of clay or cement. However, it has environmental deficiencies as causing high energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission. In addition, excessive and senseless use of non-renewable natural resources around the world causes social, economic and environmental damages. For these reasons, researchers have used several waste materials in brick production to contribute to sustainable development by optimizing environment-material-economy. In this study, the latest papers in the literature on the use of waste rubber (WR) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in brick production are presented. In particular, its thermal and sound insulation properties are examined. The literature review reveals the potential of the raw materials to be replaced by WR and PET when the manufactured bricks meet the standards.
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Kauchur, A. S., V. K. Sheleh, V. I. Zhornik, and S. A. Kovaliova. "Modification of a Ceramic Brick Additives of Inorganic Technogenic Products of Water Treatment of Combined Heat and Power Plant." Science & Technique 19, no. 3 (June 5, 2020): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-3-204-214.
Full textAbstract:
Waste of combined heat and power plants represents a certain danger to the environment, and hence the economic problems. However such waste contains substances that are advisable to use for production of construction and finishing materials. Technogenic products of water treatment from the Yuzhnaya combined heat and power plant (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) are a calcite mixture containing more than 64 wt. % calcite. The mineralogical composition of inorganic waste has been determined while using X-ray and IR-spectral researches. Mechanical activation of calcite inorganic wastes leads to grinding of calcite and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed water, which affects the increase in the content of silica frame structures, the reactivity of which directly depends on their quantity. Changes in the structure of silicon dioxide during mechanical activation are established according to IR studies. The results of X-ray and IR studies of the Zapolie deposit clay used in ceramic brick production technology make it possible to attribute it to raw materials with high reactivity. An experimental batch of ceramic bricks has been produced at JSC “Obolsky Ceramic Plant” with addition of calcite inorganic waste from combined heat and power plants. An X-ray diffraction analysis of samples of the obtained bricks having standard composition and with addition of waste has been carried out. The influence of calcite inorganic waste content in the feedstock on the process of ceramic brick structure formation has been stu-died in the paper. Addition of chemical water treatment waste containing calcium carbonate up to 15 wt. % to the Zapolye clay mixture helps to reduce a firing temperature and an appearance of the melt. This leads to crystallization processes of solid minerals from the melt and an increase in the amount of glass phase which contributes to improvement of strength properties in ceramic bricks. The possibility of using inorganic waste (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) of combined heat and power plants as a component of emaciated additives in clay raw materials in the process of ceramic brick production has been established in the paper.
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Agung Priyono, Sigit, and Hammam Rofiqi Agustapraja. "Limbah Bata Ringan untuk Bahan Campuran Agregat Halus Terhadap Kuat Tekan Pada Beton K-250." Jurnal Teknik 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37031/jt.v19i1.159.
Full textAbstract:
Light brick waste is fragments or pieces of scrap leftover during the installation of lightweight bricks which are often allowed to pile up and becoming garbage in the surrounding area. The waste is difficult to recycle and has a very low selling value. This study aims to assess the compressive strength of mixed composition concrete specimens using lightweight brick waste on the quality of K-250 concrete aged 7 days as a mixture of fine aggregate concrete so that it becomes a product that has better-added value for the community. The research method used in this research is SNI for concrete based on data from literature and the test was carried out in the UNISLA laboratory. The results showed that the use of a 0% mixture of lightweight brick waste resulted in compressive strength of 21.78 Mpa, 3% mixture yielded compressive strength of 18.87 Mpa, 5% mixture yielded compressive strength of 24.39 Mpa, and 7% mixture yielded compressive strength of 26.00 Mpa.
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Amsayazhi, P., and K. Saravana Raja Mohan. "Use of Sludge Waste as Ingredient in Making of Brick." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.12 (July 20, 2018): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16120.
Full textAbstract:
Waste may be defined as an unwanted material generated after the manufacturing process from industry, agriculture, or from house hold activity. Waste causes many nuisances in the environment. It produces many types of infection, for human and animal. The sludge from tannery effluent plants has problem of disposal. Dewatered sludge is disposed off by land filling. However, it is not an appropriate solution, due to the land limitation. The production of sludge in tannery effluent plant is about to increase every year. In addition, the constraint to treat sludge is very high in cost and time-consuming, which is the disadvantage to the responsible parties. Therefore, this study was carried out to utilize those sludge waste (SW) produced from the tannery effluent plant as a brick. The sludge brick (SB) mixtures were incorporated with many ratios of SW. Tests were conducted such as fineness test, specific gravity, water absorption and compressive strength. As the conclusion, brick with 20% utilization of SW is acceptable to produce good quality of brick. This study shows that the disposal of tannery sludge TSW would act as a suitable material for manufacturing of bricks with proportionate mix and design.