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1
Vettraino, Jean. "Blandine Bricka, DES VIES SUR UN FIL." Projet 363, no. 2 (2018): 92b. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pro.363.0093.
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Mulinta, Soravich. "Influence of Grog and Cement on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Unfired Clay Bricks." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.41.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of red clay, grog and cement content (5,10,15,20%) on unfired clay brick’s properties. The comparative properties of construction bricks produced by the community fulfilled the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545) for brick processing in Small and Micro Community Enterprise of Clay Brick Making Group in Son Bun Reung village. The physical and mechanical properties were tested consisting of the volume shrinkage, bulk density, appearance porosity, moisture expansion, slaking, compressive and fractural strength. The result showed that physical-mechanical properties were improved by the addition of cement. The unfired clay brick consisting of 100% grog and 20% cement had 4.5% shrinkage value. The bulk density and appearance porosity were 1.77 g/cm2 and 3.5%, respectively. The fractural strength of unfired clay bricks was 41.2 kg/cm2. The compressive strength of unfired clay bricks was 282.4 kg/cm2. The clay bricks were not slaking.
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Af'idah, Noer, Oktaffi Arinna Manasikana, and Andhika Mayasari. "THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL CORN HUSK TOWARD THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIGHT BRICK." Jurnal Pena Sains 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/jps.v7i2.8466.
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The Light brick is an engineered product developed from the usual brick with the addition of mixed materials. Brick is one type of composite material. Many people choose to use natural fiber-reinforced composites to replace synthetic ones and composite materials engineering development. So in the technology of brick-making, natural fibers are currently used as a choice as additional material mixed to produce light bricks. Additional materials often used in light bricks include fly ash, sawdust, coconut husks, rice husks, etc. This study used corn husk waste as additional material in the light bricks making. The addition of corn husk powder can affect the mechanical properties of brick. It is shown by the more significant the percentage of corn husk powder added, the smaller the density and compressive test value of the brick produced. Meanwhile, the greater the porosity value is. The decrease in density level and compressive test value will undoubtedly affect the brick's mechanical and physical properties. The reduction in density level and mechanical properties of the brickwork can be minimized by applying an outer layer in the form of cement mortar of the products.
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Dhoska, Klodian, Saimir Tola, Agus Pramono, and Indrit Vozga. "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the mechanical resistance of the brick samples by using uniaxial compressive strength test." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018012.
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Clay bricks are the most important engineering materials that can influence the quality of the construction. The quality control of the clay bricks is of prime importance to improve the quality of engineering construction. The qualities of bricks for construction applications should be checked for various types of inspection services. In this article, our inspection service was focused on compression strength test on bricks to determine their mechanical resistance and suitability for construction work. The accurate method for clay brick's production measurements has been elaborated using uniaxial compressive strength testing machine. The method was tested for a rectangular clay brick manufactured with size approximately 250 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm. The measurement method and standard uncertainty estimation of uniaxial compressive strength are briefly described in this article.
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PANCHENKO, Yu F., D. A. PANCHENKO, A. P. NIZOVSKIKH, and E. N. KHAFIZOVA. "Effect of Long-Term Storage of Silicate Brick in Water on its Strength." Stroitel'nye Materialy 786, no. 11 (2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-786-11-24-29.
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The article is devoted to the study of long-term storage of silicate brick in stationary water conditions on its strength and phase composition. The relevance of these studies is due to the fact that there are a lot of opinions that silicate materials have low water resistance which significantly limits their application range and reduces their popularity among builders. It has been found that after nine years storage in water and followed drying the silicate brick’s strength is practically equal to the initial strength. The data on the phase composition of newgrowths in silicate brick newly made in different production periods and the phase composition of silicate hydrates of bricks water conditioned are presented in the article. Comparison of the X-ray and differential thermal analyzes results of silicate bricks samples after 9 years of water conditioning and samples of newly made silicate bricks showed that highly basic calcium silicate hydrates predominate in a newly made sample, and in a 9-year-old sample silicate hydrates are mainly represented by tobermorite, while the total content of the СSH phase is the same. The content of calcium hydroxide in a newly made sample is higher but this may be due to the completeness of Ca(OH)2 binding in a particular sample but not to its leaching. The fact that leaching of Ca(OH)2 from silicate brick in still water does not occur also can be proved because the water of brick samples storage does not turn pink when phenolphthalein is added. These results allow us to conclude that long-term storage of silicate products in still water does not have any effect on the deterioration of silicate bricks.
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Ahmad, Aftab, and Luai Al-Hadhrami. "Thermal performance and economic assessment of masonry bricks." Thermal Science 13, no. 4 (2009): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0904221a.
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The objective of this study was to assess the thermal performance and economic assessment of different types of clay and concrete masonry brick wall samples used in building construction. In this study, eighteen types of clay bricks and two types of concrete bricks were analyzed for thermal performance. The bricks were classified and grouped based on the brick configuration, material, and size. The analysis of the results shows that the equivalent thermal conductivity does not depend only on the brick material and configuration but also on the brick thickness. The bricks having same configuration and size, the equivalent thermal conductivity variation is large depending on the type of material used, especially for concrete brick. In general, the brick with lesser thickness has lower conductivity as compared to those having higher thickness. However, the effect of brick length on equivalent thermal conductivity is insignificant. The economic analysis showed that the insulated clay brick type 16 is the most economical brick among the types of brick studied. Moreover, it is worthwhile to note that the net present value of normal concrete brick (type 19) is reduced by about 45% by making the concrete brick lightweight (type 20).
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Singh, Vishwanath P., and N. M. Badiger. "A Comprehensive Study on Gamma-Ray Exposure Build-Up Factors and Fast Neutron Removal Cross Sections of Fly-Ash Bricks." Journal of Ceramics 2013 (August 21, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/967264.
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Geometric progression (GP) method was utilized to investigate gamma-ray exposure build-up factors of fly-ash bricks for energies from 0.015 to 15 MeV up to 40 mfp penetration depth. The EBFs of the fly-ash bricks are dependent upon the photon energy, penetration depths, and the chemical compositions of the elements. Appreciable variations in exposure build-up factor (EBF) are noted for the fly-ash bricks. The EBFs were found to be small in low and high photon energy regions whereas very large in medium energy region. EBF of the bricks is inversely proportional to equivalent atomic number below 10 mfp for entire energy region of interest 0.015 to 15 MeV. The EBFs of fly-ash, brick of mud, and common brick were similar at 1.5 MeV photon energy. The EBF of the fly-ash bricks was found to be higher than that of the brick of mud, and common brick. The fast neutron removal cross sections of the fly-ash bricks, brick of mud, and common bricks were also calculated which were found to be in the same order. It is expected that this study should be very directly useful for shielding effectiveness of fly-ash brick materials and dose estimation.
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Medika, Yovanda Putra, Elhusna Elhusna, and Ade Sri Wahyuni. "PENGARUH PROSES PENGADUKAN TANAH LIAT TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BATA MERAH." Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.10.2.29-34.
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One of the conventional brick production processes is the clay stirring process, which the red brick clay mortar mix is, done by stepping on it. This research is aimed to know the duration of stepping on the process of the clay mortar mixing to the red brick properties. The method of this research is experimental. The brick making process is done in the way that the factory does. The variation of stepping on brick dough is about 20, 25, 30, 32, 35 and 40 minutes where 32minutes is factory time. The objects of the test created on this research is 15 for normal bricks and 90 for variation bricks. The testing of the compressive strength of the brick refers to SNI 03-416-1996 and uses the Compression Machine Hand Operated with capacity 250 kN. The biggest of of the compressive strength of the brick is on stepping on brick dough in 40 minutes with 1,09 MPa. This research shows that the length of the stirring process determines the strength of the produced bricks; simply put, the longer the stirring process gets, the stronger bricks become.
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Shen, Yueqian, Roderik Lindenbergh, Jinguo Wang, and Vagner G. Ferreira. "Extracting Individual Bricks from a Laser Scan Point Cloud of an Unorganized Pile of Bricks." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111709.
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Bricks are the vital component of most masonry structures. Their maintenance is critical to the protection of masonry buildings. Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (TLidar) systems provide massive point cloud data in an accurate and fast way. TLidar enables us to sample and store the state of a brick surface in a practical way. This article aims to extract individual bricks from an unorganized pile of bricks sampled by a dense point cloud. The method automatically segments and models the individual bricks. The methodology is divided into five main steps: Filter needless points, brick boundary points removal, coarse segmentation using 3D component analysis, planar segmentation and grouping, and brick reconstruction. A novel voting scheme is used to segment the planar patches in an effective way. Brick reconstruction is based on the geometry of single brick and its corresponding nominal size (length, width and height). The number of bricks reconstructed is around 75%. An accuracy assessment is performed by comparing 3D coordinates of the reconstructed vertices to the manually picked vertices. The standard deviations of differences along x, y and z axes are 4.55 mm, 4.53 mm and 4.60 mm, respectively. The comparison results indicate that the accuracy of reconstruction based on the introduced methodology is high and reliable. The work presented in this paper provides a theoretical basis and reference for large scene applications in brick-like structures. Meanwhile, the high-accuracy brick reconstruction lays the foundation for further brick displacement estimation.
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Muhammad, Abdul Kadir, Muhammad Arsyad, and A. M. Anzarih. "Peningkatan Produksi Pengrajin Batu Bata Melalui Perbaikan Proses Pencetakan." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 4, no. 2 (November 4, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v4i2.152.
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The purpose of this study is to improve theproduction process of brick craftsmen. Brick production processconsists of four stages: printing, drying, burning, and cooling. Ofthe four stages, which will be completed in this research is theprocess of printing bricks. The printing process still uses simpleequipment that is a rectangular wooden beam with a size of 20cm x 10 cm x 5 cm. The printing process includes: preparation ofraw materials by hoeing the soil, making the dough by tramplingto the shape of a paste, printing using a printing tool. For thismethod, for 4 people craftsmen can print bricks as much as 2,000pieces / day (8 hours work / day). The number of bricks is idealfor once combustion of 40,000 pieces. For reach that amount ittakes 20 days. The method applied in improving the productionprocess of brick craftsmen is the application of brick machine.The operation of the brick printing machine requires 4 personswith their respective functions: 1 person to insert the soil into theprinting machine, 1 person to cut the brick bar, 1 person to movethe bricks from the printing machine, 1 person to bring thebricks to the drying place. Based on the result of the test, it isconcluded that by using the brick machine, the dough making iseasier and shorter, the production capacity increased to 6,780bricks / day, the time required for the production of 40,000 piecesof bricks is 6 days.
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Muhammad Faheem, Md Tahir, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Hussin Kamarudin, Ahmad Mohd Izzat, and Alida Abdullah. "New Processing Method of Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Brick by Using Geopolymer Brick Machine." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.406.
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With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
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Mazzotti, Claudio, Enrico Sassoni, Alessandro Bellini, Barbara Ferracuti, and Elisa Franzoni. "Strengthening of Masonry Elements by FRP: Influence of Brick Mechanical and Microstructural Properties." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.330.
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In this paper, the effect of several brick and mortar mechanical and microstructural parameters on the maximum debonding force of the same glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), applied on different bricks and on corresponding masonry panels, was investigated. GFRP sheets were bonded by epoxy resin to four different types of solid fired-clay brick and four types of masonry panels, manufactured using the same bricks and a natural hydraulic lime mortar. The reinforced specimens were subjected to bond tests to evaluate the maximum debonding force. Bricks and mortar were characterized in terms of compressive strength (in the case of bricks, along two different orthogonal directions), surface roughness and pore size distribution. Based on the results of the study, alongside brick mechanical properties in different directions, also brick microstructural parameters seem to play a very important role, which should be taken into account for fully explaining the experimental results.
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Trzciński, Jerzy, Małgorzata Zaremba, Sławomir Rzepka, Fabian Welc, and Tomasz Szczepański. "Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta." Studia Quaternaria 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0005.
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Abstract The archaeological site Tell el-Retaba in north-eastern Egypt, about 35 km to the west of Ismailia city, is located in the middle of Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes, along which flows the Suez Canal. In ancient times the valley was a route between Egypt and Syro-Palestine, strongly fortified in the New Kingdom times (16th–11th century BC). Mud bricks were analyzed from two parts of the Wall 1 (core of grey-brown bricks and inner extension of green bricks) in a fortress which existed during the Ramesses II times. Grain-size composition of the studied bricks was almost identical in both parts of the wall, suggesting the same source material for a production of brick. However, significant differences were observed in physical and mechanical properties (uni-axial compressive strength) in both types of bricks. Bricks from the core had lower bulk density, higher porosity and soak faster, whereas their resistance parameters were much lower than those of the bricks from the inner extension. The reason for such large differences in brick properties was a technology of their production, particularly proportion of components, water volume added during brick formation or density degree. Brick preparation and in consequence, physical-mechanical properties had direct influence on preservation of defensive structures during environmental changes related to changes of groundwater and surface water levels or of precipitation. Ancient Egyptians responsible for construction works in mud brick structures of the fortress must have had good knowledge and experience. This could be observed particularly for the heaviest and most important construction element that is the defensive wall, founded on well-densified deposits. It was also testified by higher resistance of green bricks from the inner extensions, which probably originated slightly later and were intended to reinforce a weaker core built of grey-brown bricks.
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Xing, Guoqi, Jing-jie Yu, Chun-gang Zhang, and Jun-xi Wu. "A New Energy-Efficient Building System Based on Insulated Concrete Perforated Brick with a Sandwich." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 7 (July 10, 2018): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309187.
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The purpose of this research is to put forward a new energy-efficient building system that can meet the energy saving requirement of 65% for public buildings in cold areas based on modified insulated concrete perforated brick with a sandwich. Modified brick was composed of three parts and three parts can be made a whole in brick manufacturing and it was called self-thermal insulation concrete perforated brick and could avoid appearance of cracks. The tesst was done to obtain thickness of EPS for modified insulated concrete perforated brick with a sandwich in order to meet the requirement of insulation. Thickness of EPS was set to to 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 75 mm respectively and comparative experiments were also carried out to verify the effect of insulation for modified bricks and unmodified bricks. Field tests were carried out to obtain appropriate masonry methods for modified bricks. Based on the results of analysis and discussion, then obtained: (1) Heat transfer coefficient of wall made by modified bricks was less than heat transfer coefficient of wall made by unmodified bricks when the same for thickness of EPS, it could be reduce by up to 45%; (2) When thickness of insulating layer was 65 mm, heat transfer coefficient of wall made by modified bricks could reached minimum limit 0.45 and it could meet energy saving requirement of 65% for buildings in cold area. (3) Insulating layer, located inside of the wall, could avoid appearance of cracks on surface of wall for modified bricks.
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Adnan, Suraya Hani, Nurain Izzati Mohd Yassin, Shahiron Shahidan, Mohamad Hairi Osman, Mohamad Luthfi Ahmad Jeni, Wan Amizah Wan Jusoh, Zalipah Jamellodin, Noor Azlina Abdul Hamid, and Faridahanim Ahmad. "Concrete Brick Properties Incorporating EPS and POFA as Replacement Materials." Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science 77, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arms.77.1.1425.
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The implementation of sustainable construction and green building becomes the main attention of construction industries in Malaysia as it has been introduced by the government in the Construction Industry Transformation Programme (2016-2020). Therefore, this study focuses on the development of sustainable concrete bricks containing Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as sand and cement substitute materials. The percentage of replacement is 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for EPS and 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% for POFA. There are 30 different mix designs of brick have been produced and their properties have been identified. Hardened brick density, compressive strength, water absorption and initial rate of absorption are the brick properties identified in this study. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the hardened brick density and compressive strength of the brick decreased as the replacement percentage increased. On the other hand, the water absorption and initial rate of absorption of the brick decreased as the percentage of EPS increased and increased as the percentage of POFA increased. Based on the findings, it shows that EPS and POFA has significantly contributes to the reduction of brick density. Next, for the compressive strength all the bricks have satisfied the minimum strength requirement of non-load bearing brick. Finally, for water absorption and initial rate of absorption, it has been found that majority of the bricks have an acceptable value based on standard requirements for brick. This can be concluded that EPS and POFA could be potential substitute materials for the manufacture of sustainable bricks.
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Zhao, Wen Ju, Li Rong Wang, Hong Ji, Jian Shu Song, and Yan Wei Fan. "Impacts of Plant Additive on the Seedling Bricks’ Physical Properties." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5401.
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Homemade seedling bricks, which mixed and suppressed with the plant additive, clay, compost, slow-release fertilizer, can create a good living environment for plant growth, guide the development and growth of plant roots, achieve integration of bricks and seedlings to plant, and the seedlings transplant without time limit. We tested the molding density, shatter resistance, seepage rate and other physical properties of seedling bricks without plant additive, adding 5% and 10% of wheat straw, wheat shells and corn leaves, and the results show that adding plant additive can improve the physical properties of the seedling bricks effectively. The minimum density of the seedling brick contains 10% corn leaves, the minimum shatter resistance of the seedling brick contains 10% wheat straw, and the maximum seepage rate of the seedling brick contains 10% wheat straw.
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Sun, Zhong Jian, Mei Ling Tian, and Yan Feng Fang. "Experimental Research on Mixture Ratio and Mechanical Properties of Unburned Brick with Shell Ash and Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3299.
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The unfired bricks which regarded as a new green wall material are produced by fly ash, shell ash (renewable resources), cement and lime as the main raw materials, and together with the chemical activator. The essential mixture ratio is designed on the experimental result of its mechanical properties and durability. The bricks are water conserved in the condition of normal temperature and pressure. We respectively research the compressive and flexural strength and frost resistance of the unburned brick. The results show that the optimum mixture ratio for unburned bricks are: fly ash 41%, cement 25%, lime 15%, shell ash 15%, gypsum 4%, SBR 3%, fiber 0.10%, water-reducing admixture 0.5%, sand cement ratio 0.5 and water cement ratio 0.3. We obtain the properties of unburned bricks that produced by vibration with the optimum mixture ratio. The minimum compressive strength of one brick more than 30MPa, the mass loss of one brick after 15 times freezing and thawing cycles is only 1%, and the compressive strength after frost reaches 26MPa, the overall performance of bricks can satisfy the requirement of " China Fly Ash Brick " standard.
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Abdul Rahim, A. S., and Aeslina binti Abdul Kadir. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fired Clay Brick Incorporating with Mosaic Sludge Waste." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.203.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. Many types of sludge have been incorporated in fired clay brick for example marble sludge, stone sludge, water sludge, sewage sludge, and ceramic sludge. The utilisation of these waste materials in fired clay bricks usually has positive effects on the properties such as lightweight bricks with improved shrinkage, porosity, and strength. Therefore, this study focus on the incorporation of mosaic sludge into fired clay brick. Physical and mechanical properties were conducted such as compressive strength, shrinkage, density and initial rate of suction test. From the results, it shows that brick with 5% of mosaic sludge obtained the best result with highest compressive strength and low initial rate of suction (18.76N/mm2 and 10.08 g/mm2) respectively. Nevertheless, all the other properties for all bricks incorporated with different percentages of mosaic sludge were complied with the standard. In conclusion, mosaic sludge could be an alternative low cost material for brick and at the same time provide a disposal method for mosaic sludge waste.
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Sahu, Vaishali, Rounak Attri, Prashast Gupta, and Rakesh Yadav. "Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2019-0168.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Design/methodology/approach Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. Findings The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. Research limitations/implications The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Practical implications Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Social implications Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Originality/value Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.
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Phaiju, Saroj, and Prachand Man Pradhan. "Experimental work for mechanical properties of brick and masonry panel." Journal of Science and Engineering 5 (August 31, 2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v5i0.22372.
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The use of Masonry panels in building construction has been popular in most of the parts of the world. However, the use of bricks and brick masonry in different parts of the world being of different nature in terms of quality, size, workmanship of construction, etc. It is yet a topic of interest to researchers to identify the mechanical properties, like Young’s modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry panels. It is essential to know the characteristic of brick masonry panels in order to evaluate the responses of masonry walls for any kind of loading. Individual bricks do possess better compressive capacity as compared to masonry walls. Masonry walls are bound together with either mud mortar or by cement sand mortars of various mixes as per the strength requirements. The essential strength properties in engineering are basically the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard is the most popular for testing bricks and brick masonry for these properties so far. Here, the study has been concentrated in finding the compressive strength of brick, mortar and brick masonry. The study is also done for Young’s modulus of elasticity of brick as well as that of masonry wall. Similarly, the study is extended to find the modulus of rigidity of brick masonry panel. The study is done experimentally for the samples that are generally used in Kathmandu, Nepal. The samples include bricks, cement and sand particularly available in Kathmandu region.
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Trakoolngam, Kritika, and Sarunya Promkotra. "Mechanical Behavior of Fired-Clay Bricks from Stream Sediments under Uniaxial Compressive Loading." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.252.
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In the northeast of Thailand, raw material for fired-clay brick is obtained from fine stream sediments in the lower Nam Phong and upper Chi River sub-watersheds. Hundreds of brickyards exist along the waterway producing rice husk ash (RHA) bricks for construction. Technical study on the production of these bricks is limited, therefore, detailed studies on mechanical and chemical properties will enhance the understanding of the production process in order for further improvement. In this study, a preliminary investigation of the brickyards and production process was conducted. Brick samples as well as raw sediment materials were collected from 6 randomly selected locations for laboratory testing on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. A total of 300 brick specimens were collected being 50 specimens from each location. The brick dimensions are roughly 5×5×15 cm with an average weight of about 680 g. X-Ray Diffractometry show that the fired brick composition is approximately 90-98% quartz, 5-7% clay minerals, and less than 1% minor minerals. Mechanical behavior of the fired-clay bricks was evaluated by compressive loading of single brick units conducted under dry and submerged (with reverse osmosis water) conditions. The compressive strength of the brick unit is found to be proportional to its density with values in the range of about 0.4-1.2 MPa. Bricks with RHA to sediment ratio of 1:3 exhibit a higher average strength that that of other ratios.
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Khitab, Anwar, Muhammad Saqib Riaz, Affan Jalil, Raja Bilal Nasar Khan, Waqas Anwar, Riaz Akhtar Khan, Muhammad Tausif Arshad, Mehmet Serkan Kirgiz, Zeesshan Tariq, and Seemab Tayyab. "Manufacturing of Clayey Bricks by Synergistic Use of Waste Brick and Ceramic Powders as Partial Replacement of Clay." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810214.
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Clay bricks are extensively used as building material worldwide. Natural soil deposits are in constant reduction due to the frequent use of clay to manufacture bricks. About 1600 billion bricks are produced annually by the consumption of millions of tons of natural resources. The prime focus of this study is to assess the feasibility of using a composite mixture of waste brick powder (WBP) and waste ceramic powder (WCP) as a replacement for depleting natural resource “clay” in brick manufacturing. Based upon the previous studies, the replacement levels were kept as (4 + 5)%, (8 + 10)%, and (12 + 15)% of WCP and WBP, respectively. The brick specimens were evaluated in terms of compressive strength, modulus of rupture, density, water absorption, efflorescence, apparent porosity, resistance to chemical attack and sulfate attack, and freeze-thaw resistance. The study reveals that about 27% of clay can be replaced with ceramic waste powder and waste brick powder, which can preserve a massive amount of natural clay without compromising the quality of the bricks.
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Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj, and Christophe Chapiseau. "Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Mohajerani, Abbas, Aruna Ukwatta, Tristan Jeffrey-Bailey, Michael Swaney, Mohtashim Ahmed, Glen Rodwell, Simon Bartolo, Nicky Eshtiaghi, and Sujeeva Setunge. "A Proposal for Recycling the World’s Unused Stockpiles of Treated Wastewater Sludge (Biosolids) in Fired-Clay Bricks." Buildings 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010014.
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Millions of tonnes of leftover biosolids are increasingly stockpiled every year around the globe. Biosolids are a product of the wastewater sludge treatment process. Stockpiles necessitate the use of large areas of increasingly valuable land. Biosolids have many beneficial uses and are currently utilised in agricultural and land rehabilitation applications. However, it is estimated that 30% of biosolids are unused and stockpiled. A second and seemingly unrelated environmental issue is the massive excavation of virgin soil for brick production. The annual production of 1500 billion bricks globally requires over 3.13 billion cubic metres of clay soil—equivalent to over 1000 soccer fields dug 440 m deep or to a depth greater than three times the height of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This paper investigates and proposes a practical solution for the utilisation of the world’s excess biosolids in fired–clay bricks. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of fired–clay bricks incorporating 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% biosolids have been tested. Bricks were produced from three different biosolids samples collected at Melbourne’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP 22) and the Western Treatment Plant (WTP 10 & WTP 17–29). Compressive strength testing indicated results ranging between 35.5 MPa and 12.04 MPa for the biosolids-amended bricks. Leachate analysis was conducted on the bricks before and after firing, and the results demonstrate that between 43 and 99% of the heavy metals tested were immobilised inside the fired bricks compared to the heavy metals tested in the raw mixture. All leachate concentrations were found to be insignificant for the biosolids-incorporated bricks tested in this study. Biosolids can have significantly different chemical characteristics depending on the origin of the wastewater and the treatment procedure. Suitable leachate analysis should be undertaken on biosolids and test bricks before large-scale production is approved. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images illustrate that biosolids-amended bricks have a higher porosity than the control bricks, which corresponds to the lower thermal conductivity values recorded for biosolids-amended bricks. In addition, brick firing energy demands are estimated to decrease by up to 48.6% for bricks incorporating 25% WTP 17–29 biosolids due to the higher organic content of the mixture containing biosolids. The emissions study and comparative Life Cycle Assessment results show that the incorporation of biosolids into bricks is a positive and sustainable alternative approach with respect to all environmental impacts arising from the stockpiling of biosolids and brick manufacturing. Based on the results found in this comprehensive study, this paper proposes the inclusion of a minimum of 15% biosolids content into 15% of brick production in order to completely recycle all the approximately 5 million tonnes of annual leftover biosolids production in Australia, New Zealand, the EU, the USA and Canada. This is a practical and sustainable proposal for recycling all the leftover biosolids worldwide. Utilisation of only 15% of biosolids in brick production would reduce the carbon footprint of brick manufacturing whilst satisfying all the environmental and engineering requirements for bricks.
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Maximino C. Ongpeng, Jason, Edward Inciong, Vince Sendo, Crizia Soliman, and Adrian Siggaoat. "Using Waste in Producing Bio-Composite Mycelium Bricks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155303.
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One of the major causes of an increase in the consumption of resources is the progress of the construction industry. Although it leads to new technologies, it heavily contributes to global warming. In this study, the use of sustainable construction materials from waste in brick production with mycelium as a binder is investigated. The ability of mycelium, the root fibers of fungi, obtained from microorganisms is used as stabilizing and binding material on bricks. Forty-eight brick specimens from six design mixes were produced with a size of 200 mm length × 90 mm width × 60 mm height. The mechanical tests conducted were compressive and flexural strength. The changes in weight were recorded against its age to monitor the progress of mycelium growth inside the brick specimens. From the test, bricks made from sawdust and rice bran with mycelium had an increase of 31.0% to 38.5% in average compressive strength compared to the non-mycelium bricks, respectively. Furthermore, the bricks with mycelium experienced an increase in both flexural strength and midpoint displacement for all types of bricks (rice bran, sawdust, and clay). These mycelium-induced bricks can reduce the use and consumption of traditional construction materials with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Phonphuak, Nonthaphong. "Application of Dry Grass for Clay Brick Manufacturing." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.35.
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In this paper, effects of incorporation of dry grass on the properties of clay bricks were investigated. Clay bricks fabricated with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (w/w) of dry grass were tested. The clay brick specimens were fired at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C to study for bulk density, apparent porosity water absorption and compressive strength of brick samples were investigated. Results revealed that the bulk density of clay bricks were reduced when dry grass dosages increased. Results also shown that the increasing in bulk density were obtained when the firing temperature increased. The compressive strength of clay bricks was decreased when dry grass dosages increased. The addition of 2.5 % (w/w) dry grass fired at 1100 °C showed the optimal condition which indicated 11.6 MPa of compressive strength and 1.78 g/cm3 of bulk density. However, results indicated that a decrease in water absorption and apparent porosity were found when the firing temperature increased. Test results also revealed that the addition of dry grass for clay brick production lead to utilize a potential material as the additive to raw clay-bricks in the manufacturing of lightweight clay bricks.
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Sorna, Sadia Momtaz, Seefat E. Anjum, Sabrina Binte Ashraf, and Rezaul Haque. "Effects of Rice Husk Ash and Brick Waste on the Properties of Construction Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 860 (December 2016): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.860.81.
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This research reports the effects of rice husk ash and brick waste on the properties of construction brick. Clay is the raw material for producing brick. Both rice husk ash and brick waste are waste materials which can be added to clay to produce better quality brick with lower cost. Bricks of size 77mm x 38mm x 26mm were produced by stiff mud process. Three different sized rice husk ash and brick waste were used in different amounts (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume) as a partial replacement of clay while preparing the bricks. Some properties like drying and firing shrinkage, bulk density, and cold crushing strength were measured. There was decrease in drying and firing shrinkage, slight reduction in bulk density and decrease in cold crushing strength with increasing the rice husk ash and brick waste particle percentages.
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Shin, Dae Yong, and Kyung Nam Kim. "Manufacturing of Construction Materials from Municipal Incinerator Residue." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.209.
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Municipal incinerator residue (MIR) was used as raw material to replace clay to manufacture bricks. Brick specimens were substituted from 0 to 50 wt% MIR by 10 wt% increment for clay. Clay-MIR brick specimens were fired at 800~1050°C for 2 h. Firing shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption rate and compressive strength were investigated. Leaching procedure tests were also conducted to characterize toxicity. Increasing MIR contents resulted in a decrease in water absorption rate, firing shrinkage and increase in compressive strength of bricks. It was found that when brick specimen with 50 wt% of MIR content was heat-treated at 1000°C for 2 h, a brick specimen could be generated, which was compressive strength of 1256 kg/cm2, water absorption ratio of 6.8% and firing shrinkage of 3.5%. This indicates that MIR is indeed suitable for the partial replacement of clay in bricks
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Yuan, Jian Li, Yun Yang, and Sheng Nan Peng. "Experimental Study on the Material and Environmental Property of Ancient Adobe Brick." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1485.
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Aiming at the environmental property and damage mechanism of ancient adobe buildings, the material components, compressive strength and freezing-thawing resisting performance of ancient adobe bricks were tested and analyzed. Based on test data, the power function relation between nondestructive rebound value and compressive strength of adobe bricks was established, and the nonlinear correlation curve between mass loss rate and freezing–thawing cycles of adobe bricks was also determined. The study shows that the compressive strength of ancient adobe brick is greater than that of adobe in traditional rammed earth wall, and ancient adobe brick is inferior to fired brick at the waterproofing quality and freezing resisting performance, it needs to adopt surface waterproofing measures for ancient adobe buildings to improve the resisting capacity to environmental erosion.
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Maurenbrecher, A. H. P., and G. T. Suter. "Frost damage to clay brick in a loadbearing masonry building." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-030.
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Frost damage in the exterior, loadbearing, clay brick walls of two 5-storey apartment buildings could have seriously affected their loadbearing capacity if left unchecked. A coating applied to the exterior had not stopped further damage from occurring. This paper describes the work to determine the cause of the damage. The work included a condition survey, tests on the brick, and monitoring temperature and moisture levels in a section of the wall. Bricks on an easterly exposure suffered the most damage. The cause was traced to poor quality bricks combined with water infiltration mainly from rain. Remedial measures included cladding the exterior of the brickwork with an insulated siding and replacing severely damaged bricks. Key words: building, masonry, loadbearing, frost resistance, clay brick, moisture, exterior insulation.
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binti Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Ahmad Shayuti Bin Abdul Rahim, and Hidra Hasbee Bin Jamil. "Utilization of Mosaic Sludge Waste into Fired Clay Brick: Properties and Leachability." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.117.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. Many types of sludge have been incorporated in fired clay brick for an example marble sludge, stone sludge, water sludge, sewage sludge and ceramic sludge. The utilization of these waste materials in fired clay bricks usually has positive effects on the properties such as lightweight bricks with improved shrinkage, porosity, and strength. Therefore, the objective of this study is to incorporate different percentages of mosaic sludge and investigate heavy metals leachability from the mosaic sludge brick. Heavy metals leachability was conducted by using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Physical and mechanical properties were also determined which are compressive strength, shrinkage, density and initial rate of suction. From the results obtained, it shows that fired clay brick with 5% of mosaic sludge obtained the best result with highest compressive strength and low initial rate of suction (18.76N/mm2 and 10.08 g/mm2) respectively. Nevertheless, all the other properties for all bricks incorporated with different percentages of mosaic sludge were also complied with the BS 3921:1985 standard. The results also demonstrated that the leachability of potential heavy metals in mosaic brick were complied with USEPA (1996) and EPAV (2005a) regulatory limit. In conclusion, mosaic sludge could be an alternative low cost material for fired clay brick as well as providing a disposal method for mosaic sludge waste.
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Ridwan, Muhammad, Ruddy Kurniawan, and Agus. "An evaluation of mechanical properties of clay brick for masonry wall in Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 215 (2018): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821501034.
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In principle, the main construction of the non-engineered building in Indonesia is the wooden structure. It can be seen from traditional houses in Indonesia. However, In the last two centuries, the use of brick masonry as wall component has been becoming the primary material. Another side, some places in Indonesia are the seismic areas and earthquake-prone areas. Learning from the earthquake that has happened in the last ten years, the building that used clay brick for masonry wall mostly suffered damage and destruction when subjected to a relatively high intensity of the earthquake. This paper used data from several places and some references. There have significant differences in the mechanical properties of the bricks. Generally, Indonesian bricks masonry have limited capability and substantial differences in the mechanical properties when compared to another country bricks. By the considering, the Indonesian bricks masonry that has low mechanical properties, so that it is proposed to use brick masonry to non-seismic only. It should be considered to use clay brick as the main component of the wall for a particular region in Indonesia. Next, the zoning of allowed masonry structure in Indonesia is proposed.
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Song, Jie Guang, Fang Wang, Da Ming Du, Yang Liang Li, and Gang Chang Ji. "Fabrication of Unfired Porous Quartz Brick Used the River Sands from the Yangtze River in China." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.465.
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The insulating brick is prepared used low grade quartz sand along the Yangtze River, and the mechanism of porous structure contolment is researched, which lay technological foundation for increasing the performance of insulating brick. The results show the porosity of unfired porous quartz bricks is decreased with increasing the content of quartz sands. When the content of foaming agent is beyond 0.5%, the porosity of unfired porous bricks is increased with increasing the content of foaming agent. When the ratio of materials and water is above 1:1.1, the porosity of unfired porous bricks is decreased with increasing the content of adding water. Through optimizing the technology that using 60% quartz sands, 39% cement, 1% foaming agent and the ratio of materials and water for 1:1.1 are mixed, the unfired porous quartz bricks is produced, the density is 0.628 g/cm3, the porosity is 74.586% and the compression strength is 1.9 MPa, the porous structure of brick is homogeneous distribution, the pore is closed pore.
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Nwankwo, Ebuka, and A. T. John. "Strength and Workability Assessment of Concrete Produced by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Clay Bricks." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 2019): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0137.
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The use of waste clay bricks—which are abundant in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria – as supplementary cementitious material, would enable the construction industry utilize thousands of tons of brick blocks that would have ended up as waste or landfill materials. This paper establishes the pozzolanic properties of these waste clay bricks in terms of strength and workability. Waste clay brick powders are introduced as partial replacement for cement in this research. All tests were done in accordance with relevant British Standards. It was observed that waste clay brick, as an admixture, increases the workability and consistency of fresh concrete. Also, an 11 percent increase in compressive strength was observed with a 10 percent partial replacement of cement with waste clay brick powders. An equation is developed to capture the marginal increase in compressive strength of concrete produced with waste clay bricks, even after 28 days, for a 10% partial replacement of cement.
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Muyen, Z., TN Barna, and MN Hoque. "Strength properties of plastic bottle bricks and their suitability as construction materials in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i3.30833.
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Among several waste reduction strategies, one that is gaining momentum is the development of construction materials that reuses a number of solid wastes. The bottle brick is one such invention. Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles packed with other dry solid wastes or sand and earth has been successfully used in a number of countries around the world. This study looked into the strength properties of waste PET bottles filled with fine sand. Five different sizes (250, 500, 1250, 1500 and 2000ml) of waste PET bottle bricks were tested for compressive strength and the largest bricks gave a compressive strength of 17.44MPa. The 1000ml bottle brick filled cubes with 9 and 12 bottles were prepared and tested. The 9 bottle brick filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 35MPa and the 12 bottle bricks filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 33.7MPa. These bottle brick filled cylinders exhibited double the compressive strength of conventional concrete cylinders.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 362-368, 2016
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Kotlyar, V. D., Yurii V. Popov, Anton V. Kotlyar, Yulia V. Terekhina, and Roman A. Yashchenko. "Reasons of Blooming on Light Clinker Paving Bricks." Materials Science Forum 974 (December 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.75.
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The paper presents the results of the research for the reasons of the formation of a brownish bloom on a light clinker brick during its operation. In the work course, the clinker bricks, their mineralogical composition, the nature of the secondary brick coloring and the base materials were tested during bricklaying. It was established that 2 factors caused incrustation. Firstly, the site on which the clinker brick was laid was characterized by a level of alkali soil water close to the surface, and the surface evaporation prevailed over the soil absorption in the warm period of the year. That is all soil water-dissolved salts migrated to the surface of the brick along well-permeable sand joints between the bricks. Secondly, ferrous minerals, including hematite, which was subjected to hydration with the formation of iron hydroxides, and also reacted with sulphates of groundwater with the formation of iron sulphates, were found in the foundation under the brick. This confirms the higher sulfur content in incrustation areas and the presence of a film similar to crystalline hydrates. The analysis of the research allowed us to develop the recommendations for the performance of paving various types of sites with clinker bricks, to develop measures to eliminate an existing bloom, and also to defend the “honor and dignity” of light bricks.
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Netinger Grubeša, Ivanka, Martina Vračević, Vilma Ducman, Berislav Marković, Imre Szenti, and Ákos Kukovecz. "Influence of the Size and Type of Pores on Brick Resistance to Freeze-Thaw Cycles." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 22, 2020): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173717.
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This paper estimates the frost resistance of bricks using the ratio of compressive strength before freezing to compressive strength after freezing to describe the damage degree of bricks being exposed to freeze-thaw cycles. In an effort to find the ratio that clearly distinguishes resistant bricks from non-resistant bricks, the authors attempted to establish the correlation between the ratio and Maage factor as a recognized model for assessing brick resistance. To clarify the degree of damage of individual bricks, the pore size distribution has been investigated by means of mercury porosimetry. Additionally, micro computed X-ray tomography (micro-CT) has been employed to define the influence of the type of pores (open or closed) and their connectivity on the frost resistance of bricks. According to the results, it can be concluded that there is a good correlation between the Maage factor and the ratio of pre- to post-freeze-thaw cycle compressive strengths, and that the latter ratio strongly correlates with the percentage of large pores (≥3 mm) in the brick. If such a correlation could be confirmed in a larger sample, then the ratio of pre- to post-freeze-thaw cycle compressive strengths could be used as a new method for assessing brick resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and it would be possible to determine the minimum percentage of large pores required to ensure the overall resistance of brick to freeze-thaw conditions. The complexity of the problem is, however, evidenced by the fact that no clear connection between the type (open versus closed) or connectivity of pores and the frost resistance of bricks could be revealed by micro-CT.
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Srinavin, Korb, and Patipat Tunming. "Physical and Thermal Properties of Fired Clay Bricks Mixed with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash." Key Engineering Materials 718 (November 2016): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.718.169.
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Thailand is located in a tropical region, with high intensity of sunlight, high temperature and humidity. Thus, preventing heat transfer into the building is required in order to save electrical energy for air-conditioning systems. This study aims to investigate the physical and thermal properties of construction bricks in order to increase their effectiveness of heat prevention. An attempt is made to increase discontinuous voids in fired clay bricks. Rice Husk Ash (RHA; 0-30 % by weight) and Fly Ash (FA; 0-30 % by weight) were added in brick mixture to increase those voids. Compressive strength and water absorption of bricks were tested. The testing results showed that compressive strength decreased and water absorption increased when RHA and FA were added. The thermal conductivity coefficient of bricks were also investigated. The results confirmed that the higher amount of RHA added, the higher thermal resistance of bricks. Similar results were found for FA. Increasing an amount of FA also increased thermal resistance of bricks. Thermal time-lag behavior was also tested. The results showed that RHA hollow bricks took the longest time in heating and took the shortest time in cooling. These properties are good for heat prevention. These bricks which were developed and tested in this research are conformed to the Thai Industrial Standard. Finally, it can be concluded that because of its thermal behavior, RHA hollow brick is a suitable energy-saving brick for hot and humid climates.
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Khalil, Wasan I., Qias J. Frayyeh, and Mahmood F. Ahmed. "Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Pavement Bricks." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 11A (November 25, 2020): 1706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i11a.1699.
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The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility to recycled and reused of waste clay brick and waste plastic as constituents in the production of green Geopolymer concrete paving bricks. Powder of clay brick waste (WBP) was used as a partial replacement of Metakaolin (MK) in Geopolymer binder. Moreover, recycled clay brick waste aggregate (BA) and plastic waste aggregate (PL) were incorporated as coarse aggregate in mixtures of Metakaolin based Geopolymer concrete (MK-GPC) pavement bricks. Six types of mixtures were prepared and cast as pavement bricks with dimensions of 150×150×100 mm. All samples have been tested for compressive strength, water absorption and abrasion resistance at age of 28 days; and compared the results with the requirements of Iraqi specification No.1606-2006. The MK-GPC pavement bricks present a compressive strength of 31-47MPa, water absorption of 3.66% to5.32% and abrasion resistance with groove length between 21.78mm to 18.91 mm. These types of pavement bricks are classified as a medium to light capacity for weight loading, and it is possible to be used in wide range of paving applications, especially in aggressive wearing environment.
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Hao, Ya Han, and Li Jie He. "Experimental Study on Seismic Stability of Shear Wall by Laying Insulated Shale Hollow Brick outside." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.269.
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Based on the low cyclic reversed lateral loading tests of shear wall thermal insulation brick wall on build by laying bricks, shale brick masonry wall thermal insulation of the failure pattern, deformation and stability and seismic performance ability and shear wall deformation, the seismic performance were analyzed. The results of the study show that the shale hollow brick wall insulation bricks with a good seismic performance stability. If vertical slits were set properly, the transformative property of the shear wall was improved greatly and the seismic behavior was excellent under the condition that the bearing capacity decreased slightly.
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Purnomo, Heru, Rahmat N. D. Syah, Mochammad R. Syaifulloh, Srikandi W. Arini, Essy Arijoeni Basoenondo, and Madsuri Satim. "Influence of Water Content of Soil to Strength of Unfired Soil Lime Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.187.
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The paper discusses strength-time relation of unfired soil-lime bricks in presence of different water content of soil as one of principal materials for the brick making. Two batches of soil-lime bricks were made with a mixture of lime, soil and water with a mass proportion of 1: 5.7: 1. Water contents of the first and second batch of soil are 30% and 40.581% respectively. Both batches of brick underwent compression and three point bending test. Absorption and physical change of bricks were also evaluated. Experimental investigation reveals that for both batches of bricks, up to 90 days compressive strength decreases a little but modulus of rupture rapidly decreases with time. The study shows that unfired soil-lime bricks with lower soil water content resulted in better strength performances compared to those with higher soil water content.
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Salleh, Salmaliza, Shaaban Md Ghazaly, Mahmud Hilmi, and Suresh Rao. "The Compressive Strength of Flemish Bond Wall by Exploiting Spent Copper Slag from Shipyard Waste." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.407.
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This research has been conducted to investigate the compressive strength of Flemish bond spent copper slag masonry wall. The spent copper slag was taken from a shipyard and repair company in Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. In total three (3) sets of brick wall were built based on different percentage of spent copper slag replacement in bricks. The first set was arranged with 0% spent copper slag replacement bricks. It is used as the control set. The rest 2 sets were prepared by replacing 20% and 30% of sand in the bricks with spent copper slag. These bricks and walls were undergone physical tests such as compressive test, moisture content, density and leaching tests to satisfy the minimum requirement of a standard brick.
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binti Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, and Abbas Mohajerani. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fired Clay Bricks Incorporated with Cigarette Butts: Comparison between Slow and Fast Heating Rates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.201.
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In general, firing process in brick manufacturing could affect the properties, colours and appearance of the brick. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different heating rates on physical and mechanical properties during the firing of standard bricks and bricks incorporated with cigarette butt (CB). In this investigation, two different heating rates were used: slow heating rate (2oC min-1) and fast heating rate (5oC min-1). Samples were fired in solid forms from room temperature to 1050oC. All bricks were tested for their physical and mechanical properties including compressive strength, initial rate of absorption and density. Higher heating rates decrease compressive strength value but slightly increase the initial rate of absorption and density properties respectively. In conclusion, higher heating rates are able to produce adequate physical and mechanical properties especially for CB Brick.
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He, Xi Xi, and Tao Zhang. "Experimental Study on Drying Shrinkage Performance of Solid Concrete Bricks Made from Recycled Coarse Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.762.
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Solid recycled coarse aggregate concrete bricks were produced by QTY4-40 brick machine with strength grades of MU15-MU30. Recycled aggregate replacement rate was up to 100%. Water absorption and moisture content were tested. Two methods were taken to test the drying shrinkage. The impact of recycled aggregate replacement rate and curing period on the drying shrinkage rate, water absorption, moisture content, density was analyzed, and the relationship between them was presented. The results indicate that recycled aggregate can increase the shrinkage of solid concrete brick. The shrinkage of recycled solid concrete bricks' (fully substitute) is larger than ordinary concrete bricks' by 1.6-2 times. Water reducer is helpful to improve the water retention and decrease the shrinkage of brick. One of the test results of shrinkage got by the methods recommended in relevant specification is smaller.
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Maroušková, Aneta, and Jan Kubát. "SOLID BURNT BRICKS’ TENSILE STRENGTH." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0075.
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This paper deals with experimental testing of solid burnt bricks and mortar in pure (axial) tension. The obtained working diagrams will be further use for a detailed numerical analysis of whole brick masonry column under concentric compressive load. Failure mechanism of compressed brick masonry column is characterized by the appearance and development of vertical tensile cracks in masonry units (bricks) passing in the direction of principal stresses and is accompanied by progressive growth of horizontal deformations. These cracks are caused by contraction and interaction between two materials with different mechanical characteristics (brick and mortar). The aim of this paper is more precisely describe the response of quasi-brittle materials to uniaxial loading in tension (for now only the results from three point bending test are available). For these reasons, bricks and mortar tensile behavior is experimentally tested and the obtained results are discussed.
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Koronthalyova, Olga. "Effect of Salt Contamination on Water Vapour Sorption Hysteresis of Ceramic Bricks." Advanced Materials Research 1126 (October 2015): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1126.87.
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An effect of the presence of sodium chloride on water vapour adsorption/desorption loop was quantified for two types of commonly used ceramic bricks with different hygroscopic ability. The measurements were carried out for salt free materials and saline materials contaminated with sodium chloride solutions of two different concentrations. It was found out that at relative humidity higher than deliquescence point, the hysteretic effects of the saline bricks were similar or less significant as the ones of the salt free bricks. In this range of relative humidity the desorption moisture contents did not exceed the values predicted using the simply additive model. However, for the relative humidity lower than deliquescence point the hysteretic effects of the saline bricks were more significant than the ones of the salt free bricks. The effect was of importance in the case of hygroscopic ceramic brick where obtained desorption moisture contents of the saline bricks were noticeably higher than for the salt free brick.
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Diah Willis L, Thomas Priyasmanu, Wahyu Panji A, D. H. Praswanto, and E. Y. Setyawan. "The Development Of Society Businesses In Concrete Blocks Production With A Single Vibration System In The Pare Sub-District Kediri Regency." JASTEN (Jurnal Aplikasi Sains Teknologi Nasional) 1, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/jasten.v1i1.3088.
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Development in the current development sector has grown rapidly, in this development we can see a good potential to be developed, namely the development of bricks with good quality compared to using red bricks which production takes a long time. Batako is an alternative that can be used in the construction of a building, because currently the price of red brick is quite high because the production cost is quite expensive. Besides, the price of firewood used for cooking red brick is getting difficult. Meanwhile, the demand for brick gradually increased because brick was one of the main components in building construction. So it needs to be developed in making brick blocks because the time is relatively short in the drying process. Therefore the community service team made a brick making machine with a vibration system for compaction and a faster production process in brick making using a machine that has been made, so that it can increase partner income, who previously produced 120 pieces with a manual system using a machine that could produce 500 pieces of brick per day.
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Liu, Zi Zhen, Bin Xiao, Yan Liu, and Xiao Long Li. "Impact Study on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete Based on Waste Brick Aggregates." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.24.
Full textAbstract:
Through the experiments of recycling bricks from building waste, the paper studies the mechanical properties and the influence factors of recycled concrete which is based on waste brick aggregates. Using the method of gravels substituted by brick aggregates with the same volume, the optimal mechanical properties can be obtained through adjusting the aggregate contents of different recycled brick sizes, the mix proportion and water consumption of recycled materials. The results of experiments show that there are some key indexes including the bibulous rate of brick aggregates, particle gradations and water consumption, and the optimal size of the brick aggregates ranges from 9.5 mm to 19 mm, and the mechanical properties of recycled concrete are slightly below the referenced concrete by lots of experiments. Therefore, building waste bricks recycled concrete are a kind of very good, sustainable and energy-saving building materials.
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Han, Lim Chung, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Ismail Saad, Nurmin Bt. Bolong, Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Bt. Asman, Hidayati Bte Asrah, and Eddy Syaizul Rizam Bin Abdullah. "Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems: A Review." Materials Science Forum 997 (June 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.9.
Full textAbstract:
Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.
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Crista, Ngudi Hari, and Agus Muldiyanto. "ANALISIS KUAT TEKAN BATU BATA DENGAN ONGGOK SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGGANTI SEKAM PADI." Teknika 13, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/teknika.v13i1.1304.
Full textAbstract:
<em>The most widely used material as a house wall is red brick, which is relatively cheap and safe to weather compared to other materials. Red bricks are usually in the manufacturing process by traditional means and fabrication. In general red bricks require additional materials of rice husk in the process of making. Much of the "starchy" waste material widely found in Klaten that is not currently utilized, is expected to be used instead of rice husk which is one of the red brick material mixtures.This research will be conducted brick test with mechanical behavior test which includes density test, water absorption test and compressive strength test with red brick made from rice husk mixture as comparison with analysis result of mixture of starch onggok waste. The result of this research is compressive strength of brick with mixture of rice husk larger and has a small water absorption compared with compressive strength of brick with mixture of onggok.</em>