Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bride price'

Inter-tribal clashes have emerged to be one of the biggest contributors to rampant insecurity witnessed in South Sudan and in Jonglei state the clashes revolve around cattle rustling. Efforts to quell the violence from government, the international community, religious movements, and other South Sudan national organizations have not yielded significant fruit yet. This qualitative case study research explores the underlying manifestation of the conflicts among three communities Nuer, Murle and Dinka, who live in Jonglei. The main objective was to explore the changing context of cattle rustling and understand the effects of conflicts related to cattle raiding in Jonglei. The approach of the dissertation is unique in that it examines both historical and current trends in cattle rustling to create a better understanding of the conflict situation. The dissertation focuses on Jonglei state because it has produced the highest number of conflicts related to cattle raiding.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the competition structure in the market for crossing Øresund and which price setting techniques are used. The results show that the market for crossing Øresund Bridge is monopolistically competitive market. While Øresund Bridge can in some cases be seen as a monopoly. Furthermore the results show how the firms that are operating in the market offer their consumers various pricing schedules to self-select from. The results based upon the information collected found that Øresund Bridge uses price discriminatory pricing schedules such as two-part tariff, quantity discount and peak-load pricing. According to the theory of price discrimination the firm needs to have market power in order to price discriminate and it is found that Øresund Bridge have a market share of 76%. The negative consequences of price discrimination in the particular market can mostly be seen in the ferry market where the two largest firms have to start collaborating in order to sustain as a part of the market. The positive consequences is found to be that a wider range of consumer groups are able to travel over Øresund due to the extensive range of different prices offered by the market operators.

En Afrique de l'Ouest, le mariage est une institution sociale majeure. Au Sénégal par exemple, en 2006, près de 90% des femmes de plus de 25 ans ont un jour été mariées. C'est aussi un bouleversement majeur dans la vie quotidienne, surtout pour la mariée qui, dans la plupart des cas, quitte le foyer dans lequel elle a grandi. Une autre caractéristique importante du mariage en Afrique de l'Ouest est qu'il implique un grand nombre d'acteurs : non seulement le couple mais aussi leurs parents et la famille étendue. La cérémonie se caractérise en outre par d'importants échanges financiers, entre différentes personnes : familles de la mariée, du marié et des voisins. Ces différentes caractéristiques peuvent être étudiées en regard de leur lien avec le bien-être des femmes au sein de leur ménage. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'ajouter à l'étude du sujet.Dans le premier chapitre, nous nous demandons si les parents sont incités à marier leurs enfants à un membre de la famille afin de mieux s'assurer contre les chocs de revenu idiosyncrasiques défavorables.A partir des données originales d'un panel de ménages recueillies au Sénégal en 2006/2007 et 2011/2012, nous constatons que le mariage intrafamilial des filles aide le ménage de leurs parents à mieux lisser la consommation alimentaire lorsqu'un parent est tombé malade, notamment parce que ces ménages reçoivent relativement plus de transferts. Nos résultats indiquent que la demande d'assurance des parents peut expliquer en partie le mariage endogame de leur fille. Ils étendent la littérature sur les liens entre les décisions de mariage et la demande d'assurance. Le deuxième chapitre examine l'impact d'une politique éducative sur le bien-être des femmes au Bénin. Profitant de la forte augmentation des constructions scolaires dans les années 1990 dans ce pays, nous évaluons l'impact causal d'un programme d'enseignement primaire sur la fréquentation de l'école primaire, l'âge au mariage et la tolérance à la violence conjugale. En utilisant une méthode de double différence et un modèle de régression sur "kink", nous constatons que le programme a augmenté la probabilité de fréquenter l'école primaire dans les zones rurales. La politique a également réduit la probabilité de trouver que les coups infligés à l'épouse sont tolérables. Nous montrons que, dans ce contexte, les avantages de l'éducation des filles se sont répercutés sur le bien-être des femmes au-delà de l'objectif initial de la politique. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous examinons la relation entre la compensation matrimoniale et le bien-être de l'épouse dans son ménage. Nous tenons compte de l'existence simultanée d'autres paiements de mariage, qui vont dans des directions différentes entre les parties prenantes, et qui sont largement ignorés. Nous utilisons une enquête unique en son genre qui s'interroge séparément sur les différentes prestations matrimoniales. Nous soulignons la force du lien entre ce qui est donné à la mariée elle-même et son bien-être, contrairement au lien ténu avec ce qui est donné à la famille
In West Africa, marriage is a major social institution. In Senegal, for example, in 2006, nearly 90% of women over 25 years of age were once married. It represents also a major disruption the daily life, especially for the bride, who in most cases leaves the household in which she grew up. Another important feature of marriage in West Africa is that it involves a large set of actors: not only the couple but also their parents and extended family. The ceremony is also characterized by important financial exchanges, between different people: the bride's, groom's and neighbours' families. These stylized facts can be examined in terms of their relationship to women's well-being within their households. The objective of this thesis is to add to the study of the subject.In the first chapter, we consider whether parents have incentives to marry their children to a member of the kin group in order to better insure against adverse idiosyncratic income shocks.Exploiting original panel data from a household survey collected in Senegal in 2006/2007 and 2011/2012, we find that daughters' within-kin-group marriage helps their parents' household to better smooth food consumption when a parent has fallen ill.This better smoothing is notably driven by the fact that households having married a daughter within the kin group receive relatively more transfers. Our results indicate that parents' demand for insurance can explain part of their demand for marrying within the kin group their daughter. They extend the literature on inter-linkages between marriage decisions and demand for insurance. The second chapter examines the impact of an education policy on women's well-being in Benin. Taking advantage of a sharp increase in school constructions in the 1990s in this country, we assess the causal impact of a primary education program on primary school attendance, age at marriage and tolerance of intimate partner violence. Using a double difference method, along with a regression kink design, we find that the program increased the probability to attend primary school in rural areas. The policy also decreased the probability to find wife beating tolerable. We show that, in this context, the benefits of girls' education have percolated down to women's well-being beyond the initial goal of the policy. In the third chapter, we investigate the relationship between the bride price and the well-being of the wife in her household. We take into account, the simultaneous existence of other marriage payments, flowing in different directions between the stakeholder, that is largely ignored. To assess the impacts of these marital transferson the women's well-being in Senegal, we use a unique survey that enquires separately about the different marriage payments. We highlight the strength of the link between what is given to the bride herself and her welfare, contrary to the looseness of the link with what is given to the family

Les ponts sont des structures destinées au franchissement des obstacles et ayant généralement une portée plus large que ces obstacles. Ils jouent un rôle clé dans le trafic terrestre. Le béton précontraint est largement utilisé dans la construction des ponts. Cependant, vu les échanges de masse avec l’environnement (eau, CO2 et autres agents chimiques ...), les armatures de précontrainte ont tendance à se corroder. Comme le produit corrodé a un volume plus important que le matériau sain, la corrosion peut provoquer des fissurations dans les enrobages en béton, et par conséquence, la dégradation de la structure et sa capacité de la résistance. La sécurité et la durabilité de la structure sont alors menacées. La présente étude a été menée pour bien comprendre et bien maîtriser cette pathologie dans les structures en béton précontraint. On étudiera la capacité de résistance de poutres en béton précontraint en prenant en compte l’influence de la corrosion. Ce mémoire est composé de 6 chapitres. D’abord, une analyse bibliographique est menée dans le premier chapitre. Puis, dans le chapitre deux, la relation entre l’ouverture des fissures et le taux de remplissage du produit corrodé dans les fissures a été établie par une approche expérimentale, notamment par l'essai de corrosion accélérée. Cette équation empirique est validée par des données expérimentales. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que le taux de remplissage du produit de corrosion a un fort lien avec l’ouverture de la fissure, jusqu'à une valeur critique. Lorsque l’armature transversale est utilisée, l’ouverture critique diminue de 20% par rapport au cas sans armature transversale. Ensuite, dans le chapitre trois, l'influence du niveau de précontrainte sur l’ouverture de fissuration est étudiée à la fois par des approches expérimentales et analytiques. On présentera d’abord les essais de corrosion accélérée sur des poutres avec différents niveaux de précontrainte. Puis un modèle analytique prenant en compte les effets couplés de la précontrainte et de la corrosion des armatures, est proposé pour prédire le processus global de fissuration de l’enrobage. Les résultats montrent que la précontrainte peut accélérer le processus de fissuration induit par la corrosion. En faisant varier la précontrainte de 0 à 75% de la résistance d’armature, le temps correspondant à l’amorçage de fissuration diminue de 22% et le taux de propagation de la fissure augmente de 9%. Dans le chapitre quatre, un modèle est proposé pour prédire la perte de précontrainte à cause de la corrosion dans les poutres en béton précontraint. Des essais de flexion à quatre points ont été réalisés sur huit poutres en béton précontraint sous différents niveaux de précontrainte, avec des armatures corrodées. Les résultats expérimentaux sont utilisés pour valider le modèle proposé. La chute de précontrainte dans les poutres et la résistance mécanique ont un fort lien avec la corrosion. Lorsque le niveau de corrosion est inférieur à 6,6%, il n’y a pas de perte de résistance significative. Puis, avec l’augmentation du taux de corrosion, la résistance des liaisons béton-armature et la précontrainte effective diminuent progressivement, jusqu'à zéro lorsque le niveau de corrosion atteint 34%. Finalement, dans le cinquième chapitre, un modèle analytique pour prédire la résistance en flexion de poutres en béton précontraint corrodées a été proposé. Dans ce modèle, la réduction de la section d’armature, la détérioration des matériaux, la fissuration du béton et la dégradation des liaisons entre béton et armature ont été pris en compte. Le modèle proposé est validé par les résultats expérimentaux. A partir de 5,5%, la résistance en flexion a été fortement perturbée par la corrosion d’armature. Le dernier chapitre présente les conclusions générales et les perspectives
Bridges, as the structures built to cross obstacles and generally has a relative larger span, play a key role in the road traffic. Pre-tensioned concrete structure is widely used in the bridge construction due to its superiority and advantages. However, with the mass exchange of its environment (water, CO2 and other chemical agents), the prestressing strand would be easy to corrode. Strand corrosion can cause concrete cracking, degrade the bond performance at the strand-concrete interface, lead to prestress loss, and deteriorate the capacity of beams. The present study mainly focuses on the concrete cracking, prestress loss and flexural capacity of pre-tensioned concrete beams after strand corrosion. The main research works are as follows: (1) The relationship between corrosion-induced crack widths and filling proportion of corrosion products has been established. The effect of stirrups on corrosion-induced cracking has also been investigated. An empirical model for crack width, considering the filling proportion of corrosion products and twisting shape of strand, is developed. The proposed model is validated by experimental data. Results show that the filling of corrosion products extends with crack propagation until a critical width. Beyond the critical width, the rust filling extent keeps stable. When the stirrups are used, the critical crack width decreases by 20%, comparing to that without stirrups. (2) The influence of prestress on the strand corrosion-induced concrete cracking is investigated by both experimental and analytical approaches. Experimental data on the critical time of cover cracking, crack width and corrosion loss obtained from the accelerated corrosion test are presented. An analytical model, incorporating the coupled effects of prestress and strand corrosion, is proposed to predict the global process of concrete cracking from initiation to propagation. Results show that prestress can accelerate the corrosion-induced cracking process. By varying prestress from 0 to 75% of strand tensile strength, the critical time of cover cracking decreases by 22% and the crack propagation rate increases by 9%. It is found that the proposed model is accurate in predicting corrosion-induced crack width in prestressed concrete beams. (3) A novel model is proposed to predict the corrosion-induced prestress loss in pre-tensioned concrete beams. The coupling effects of concrete cracking and bond degradation are included into the model. The effective prestress in eight corroded pre-tensioned concrete beams under various stress levels is conducted by the four-point flexural test. Experimental results are employed to verify the proposed model. Prestress loss in corroded pre-tensioned concrete beams depends on corrosion level. Corrosion-induced concrete cracking may not degrade bond strength and effective prestress unless the corrosion level exceeds 6.6%. As corrosion further progresses, bond strength and effective prestress reduce monotonically, and then decrease to zero when the corrosion level reaches 34.0%. (4) An analytical model, incorporating the effects of strand cross-section reduction, material deterioration, concrete cracking and bond degradation, is developed to predict the flexural capacity of corroded prestressed concrete beams. Additionally, the effects of flexural cracks are also included in the model. An equivalent bond stress concept is introduced to consider the effect of flexural cracks, which is further implemented into the flexural capacity prediction of corroded PC beams. The proposed model is validated by the experimental results collected from the previous studies. The flexural capacity deterioration of prestressed concrete beams depends on corrosion degree. Strand corrosion less than 5.5% leads to a slight decrement of flexural capacity. As corrosion progresses, the flexural capacity will exhibit a significant deterioration

The proposal is for new construction of a road bridge over the highway.Three options of solutions were proposed but only the option of connected girder slab beam of six fields was selected. This variant was assessed by static calculation. Static calculation is processed in accordance with European standards. Another important part of this thesis is also drawings, visualization, technical report and construction procedure.

This diploma thesis deals with a project of a road bridge. The bridge is located on a second class road S 7.5/50 and goes over a I/11 road and a local road crossing in Bystřice. Three options of the road bridge are conceived out of which the connected beam girder is chosen for further development. A calculation of the structural stability of the load-bearing construction, that includes time analysis of the construction work (i.e. particular phases of the construction), is added to the project. The structural stability calculation is assessed in accordance with valid European standards. Drawing documentation, a time schedule and 3D visualization of the road bridge is also attached to the diploma thesis.

This masters dissertation deals with the preparation and realization of a road bridge recontruction in the Vlkoš village. The introduction of this thesis contains basic information about the structures of the construction. Execution of main technological stages is addressed in construction technological study. The thesis also includes a coordinational site-layout of the construction, design of site equipment, design of the main construction machines and mechanisms, time and financial schedule, construction workers deployment plan, plan of achines usage. In my thesis I deal mainly with the supporting construction of the bridge. For these stages i implemented technological directives in addition of Inspection and check plan. Safety and protection of health durink work is also addressed. I also worked out the technical report of the constuction sites facilities including the needed drawings.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design of deep foundation highway bridge on D3 motorway in km 112.574, over Bošilecký stream and evaluation of geomorphological, geological and hydrogeological conditions and perform static calculation bridge foundation

This study aimed to explore how gender is constructed, negotiated and enacted in the customary practice of lobolo. Lobolo, sometimes incorrectly referred to as bridewealth or dowry is a practice that centres around the transference of wealth from the groom or a groom’s family to the bride’s family towards the formalisation of marriage. Framed within an African-centred feminist approach I analyse, through narrative discursive analysis, how 27 men and women ages 27 -71, from Johannesburg and Cape Town account for gender and power dynamics in their narratives of participating in lobolo. The African-centred feminist approach I employ critically engages with historical as well as present-day reproductions of patriarchy, capitalism, heteronormativity and other mechanisms of exclusion that are perpetuated through the cultural practice of lobolo. I show how masculinities and femininities are constituted, negotiated and disputed in the narratives of men and women who have participated in lobolo. By employing an African-centered feminist approach I show how gendered dynamics within the practice are shaped by historical and contemporary social, political and economic factors which enable and constrain the exercise of power in various ways. By exploring lobolo through an African-centered feminist narrative approach I demonstrate how the process is more than simply a transference of wealth but rather a complex practice that is used as an apparatus to exercise and expand power in the different stages of the lobolo process. Within this African-centered feminist approach, I argue that lobolo functions to legitimise particular gender positions that can be adopted through marriage; but it can also be used to challenge and contest these roles. The findings of this study suggested that the different stages and process of lobolo reflect a gendered script, which determines the position that men and women are able to adopt, and that this script sets the parameters for the ways in which these roles may be enacted. I find also that the meanings and descriptions of lobolo are embedded within, and reproduce gendered identities but that these identities are not fixed but rather are constantly renegotiated. I conclude that lobolo is not only a custom for formalising marriages but also a tool used by men and women to perform a range of sometimes contradictory functions, including at times establishing and strengthening hegemonic masculinities and femininities but at other times challenging and dismantling these.
Psychology
Ph. D. (Psychology)

The research interest is the field of Christianity and culture with specific focus on the interface between the indigenous practice of ilobolo and the Christian faith in South Africa. Comparison and contrasts with other African peoples, especially in the subcontinent, is made. The research is located in Edendale, an urban township of Pietermaritzburg in South Africa. Common wisdom distinguishes between urban and rural Africans whereas under the veneer of urbanisation, the religio-cultural beliefs of Africans on ilobolo remain ingrained almost defying the influence of Westernisation. In the post-apartheid era, ilobolo has become a highly contested issue, strong arguments for and against its retention have been advanced. It is in the light of those complexities that the continued practice of ukulobola and the rituals associated with it are examined. The thesis is partly descriptive but mainly analytical. Consequently, a brief historical background and current practice of ilobolo in an urban setting is offered. The social and religious role played by ilobolo cattle, collectively known as amabheka, is analysed. The central thesis of this work is that ukulobola has continued to be practised among adherents of traditional religions and African Christians. To both it is regarded as a means of establishing and maintaining family ties and, among the former, it is also the accepted means of uniting the respective ancestors From the study it will be apparent that the misuse of ilobolo by those people who make impossible demands on the groom with the consequent commodification of women is due to the fact that such people have a jaundiced understanding of the original purpose and intent of the practice. The study consists of six chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one serves as an introduction to the study. It focuses on technical aspects such as the problem statement, motivation, hypotheses to be tested, theoretical tools used, methodology and a description of the primary site of the research. This leads to a historical chapter based on oral as well as written sources on the origins, purpose and changes that have happened in the practice of ukulobola among AmaZulu. The survey leads to a theological reflection on factors yielded by the historical survey of the evolution of ilobolo. A third chapter is a social and theological critique of the various positions advanced for its continuation or suggestions on why it should be abolished. Chapter four is an assessment of contemporary people's views on ilobolo. The fifth chapter demonstrates how anthropological and theological underpinnings of ilobolo, especially the pivotal role played by cattle, have sustained the practice from pre-colonial times to the present time. Chapter six is the major theological treatise of this study. It looks at issues that emerge when the gospel encounters culture, with ilobolo chosen as a case study. The concluding chapter makes recommendations and gives pointers to future research. I also suggest a liturgy for marriage taking into account ilobolo negotiations.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

This dissertation compares the family and marriage traditions of the Ashantis of Ghana and Ancient Hebrews. Some common features characterize the two societies, principal among which is the idea that having children is the key purpose of marrieage above love and intimacy. Others are the low status of the wife in the domestic context; endogamy rules based on consanguinity; and payment of bride price. However, the two traditions differ in important areas. For example, the Ashantis follow kinship system based on matrilineal descent, succession and inheritance and the girl child is preferred. The patriarchal system of the Ancient Hebrews invest all authority in the father and the male heirs is preferred. Other defining factor in Ashanti and Pentateuchcal marriage is their religion and belief systems. Much of the marriage traditions seem to be cultural references rather than religious imperatives binding on Christians today.
Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
Thesis (M.Th.)

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程所
92
Many factors that affect the bid price level have been identified previously and among these, project scale is recognized as one of the most important factors. However, few empirical studies have been made due to lack of study samples. This research is designed to study the effect of project scale on the bid price. Conclusions were made based on the multiple regression analysis of data collected from 25 projects adopting “Advanced Shoring Construction Method” and 23 projects adopting “Scaffolding Construction Method” of Taiwan Second Freeway. Through literature reviews and interviews with experts, three independent variables that represent project scale such as “length of bridge”, “span of bridge”, and “total deck area of bridge” were selected. “Bidder number” which represents the competition level of market situation was further considered as the fourth independent variable in the multiple regression analysis. The bid price of bridge upper structure was used as dependent variable. A model was established according to the statistical results and it appears that the level of the bid price is highly associated with the project scale and the number of bidders.

碩士
義守大學
公共政策與管理學系
107
The study used the residential transaction data published by the Ministry of the Interior and the National Real Estate Transaction Price to explore the impact of residential external factors on housing prices through statistical analysis. The empirical results show that traffic, school district, diet and neighboring facilities are important factors affecting house prices; the analysis results show that the difference in house prices within 400 meters of the MRT station, the difference between the two is consistent with the statistical results of the study.

Cette thèse analyse les causes profondes du sous-développement et des inégalités de genre en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Le premier chapitre teste empiriquement l’hypothèse de Engels (1884) selon laquelle l’origine des inégalités de genre en Afrique serait la domestication historique des bovins. Pour résoudre les problèmes de biais d’endogenéités dans le choix de la domestication des bovins, j’adopte la stratégie des variables instrumentales en exploitant les facteurs géo-climatiques qui prédisent les terres les plus adaptées pour l’élevage des bovins. Les résultats des analyses montrent que les sociétés qui ont historiquement domestiquées les bovins ont eu plus d’inégalités de genre qui persistent jusqu’aujourd’hui. Le deuxième chapitre est co-écrit avec Raphael Godefroy et Joshua Lewis. Dans ce chapitre, nous analysons les effets de court et long termes de la grande peste bovine survenue en Afrique dans les années 1890. Nous utilisons la méthode des doubles différences combinant les différences entre les terres favorables pour l’élevage des bovins et les conditions climatiques contemporaines. Notre étude montre que les sociétés les plus touchées par la peste bovine sont moins peuplés et ont moins de bovins, de plus les descendants de ces sociétés sont aujourd’hui les plus pauvres. Le dernier chapitre analyse comment le genre des frères et sœurs influence l’âge au mariage des femmes. Les analyses basées sur le sexe du deuxième enfant révèlent que les femmes qui ont une petite sœur se marient plus tôt, ont plus d’enfants et sont moins éduquées. Les effets sont plus accentués dans les groupes ethniques qui utilisent la dot comme norme culturelle du mariage.
This dissertation investigates the deep roots of differences in gender roles and development across societies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 1 examines the deep origins of differences in gender roles in Africa. I test empirically Engels (1884) hypothesis, that the origin of differences in gender roles in Africa was the historical domestication of cattle. To address potential endogeneity in historical cattle adoption, I adopt an instrumental variables approach that leverages geo-climatic factors affecting the suitability of lands for cattle-raising. I find empirical support for Engels (1884) hypothesis. Further, the results show that these differences in gender roles have persisted to present day. In chapter 2, which is co-authored with Raphael Godefroy and Joshua Lewis, we study the short- and long-run consequences of the 1890s African Rinderpest Epizoodic. We adopt a difference-in-differences strategy that combines differences across ethnic homelands in cattle-suitability with contemporaneous local drought conditions to identify ethnic groups that were more or less exposed to the outbreak. We find that the societies exposed to rinderpest experienced relative decreases in cattle-ownership in the decades after the outbreak. We uncover large relative long-run decreases in wealth among descendants of affected ethnic groups. These persistent economic losses appear to be partially driven by distressed migration. In chapter 3, I investigate how sibling gender composition affects women’s transition to first marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. To address potential endogeneity in the final sibling gender composition, I exploit the random assignment of the second child’s gender in household with at least two children. I find that female with a younger sister get married younger, with negative consequences for her education and literacy. The effects are stronger within countries that traditionally pay bride price at marriage.

The selection and structure of the purchase price mechanism in an acquisition has a material effect on timing, price as well as the success of a transaction. Consequently, negotiations between the contracting parties are often time intensive and costly. This paper investigates purchase price mechanisms in the real estate industry to find out whether it is possible to increase efficiency of negotiations. To answer this question, the paper analyses 23 purchase contracts from transactions in the real estate industry. Findings indicate repeating patterns in the approach which are, albeit the recognition of individual deal specifics, consolidated into a framework.

Gilbert Stuart completed the portrait of the new bride, Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte, as well as portraits of 15 other women during his Washington period from late 1803 to early 1805. Scholars have often discounted this period in Stuart's work for its "compositional simplicity" and repeat choice of a stock white dress for the portraits of many of these women. But to dismiss this period is Stuart's work is to dismiss a period when Stuart positioned himself in the center of the "first circle" in Washington, a circle that included Dolley Madison and her most ambitious friends. Women, in this era after the American and French revolutions, had the freedom to enter into the public discourse. They were liberated from many of the more conservative principals of the early colonial period, shedding their restrictive clothing in the process. Stuart's salon, a highly visible public venue, as well as his ability to portray the strength of character and a direct, forthright gaze of the American woman, all made him extremely popular with women. Stuart, a critical force within the construction of a new image for this Nation, based on Jeffersonian ideas of republicanism, based his practice on simple, natural design influences. My goal is to more thoroughly examine Stuart's decisions in composing Betsy Bonaparte's portrait, as well as the facts surrounding her marriage to Napoleon Bonaparte's youngest brother. I will then consider why Elizabeth Bonaparte's wedding portrait represents the chef d'ouvre of his work during this period and how the young bride served as his muse, influencing his Washington style, and the women who followed her into the painter's studio.
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Vít MIŠAGA, Christian IV, Mansfeld and the Invasion of Silesia and Moravia. Several Aspects of the Danish Phase of the Thirty Years' War, PhD dissertation, Charles University in Prague 2014 Summary In Czech and European historiography of the early modern period, the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) is one of the most discussed topics. Among Czech historians, there has always been an understandable emphasis on the revolt of the Bohemian estates, also known as the Bohemian phase of the war (1618- 1621). The Danish phase (1625-1629) is considerably less popular. The winners had already been or - to be more precise - seemed to be almost determined, and the further developments of the war did nothing to change the fate of the Czech lands. Analysis of the second half of the 1620s is therefore dominated by other topics - the recatholisation process, exile waves or the character of Albrecht von Wallenstein. Foreign historiographers also seem to downplay Denmark's influence. It is as if King Christian's unsuccessful attempt to fight the Emperor was only biding everyone's time until the "Lion of the North", Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, makes his great entrance. Or at least that is the perspective of an "all-knowing" historian who already knows the result. This thesis is trying to bring a different perspective. It is based...