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1
Ashraf, Fahmidah U., and Madeleine M. Flint. "Analysis of Peak Flow Distribution for Bridge Collapse Sites." Water 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010052.
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Bridge collapse risk can be evaluated more rigorously if the hydrologic characteristics of bridge collapse sites are demystified, particularly for peak flows. In this study, forty-two bridge collapse sites were analyzed to find any trend in the peak flows. Flood frequency and other statistical analyses were used to derive peak flow distribution parameters, identify trends linked to flood magnitude and flood behavior (how extreme), quantify the return periods of peak flows, and compare different approaches of flood frequency in deriving the return periods. The results indicate that most of the bridge collapse sites exhibit heavy tail distribution and flood magnitudes that are well consistent when regressed over the drainage area. A comparison of different flood frequency analyses reveals that there is no single approach that is best generally for the dataset studied. These results indicate a commonality in flood behavior (outliers are expected, not random; heavy-tail property) for the collapse dataset studied and provides some basis for extending the findings obtained for the 42 collapsed bridges to other sites to assess the risk of future collapses.
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Xie, Kai Zhong, Guang Qiang Chen, and Li Lin Wei. "A Damage Model for Collapse-Mechanism of Long-Span and High-Pier Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 1431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.1431.
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Collapse-mechanism analysis can simulate that bridges enter strong elasto-plastic and large displacement response and collapses phase, so that it is very important for the seismic design of bridges. In this paper, a damage model of reinforced concrete is introduced, and dynamic response and collapse of long span and high-pier continuous rigid frame bridge during strong earthquake is studied with damage model of reinforced concrete by the explicit dynamic analysis code (LS-DYNA). The simulation results indicate the development of the concrete elements from cracking to failure and the bridge from part collapse to the whole collapse of the bridge are studied. The damage and collapse mechanisms during strong earthquake are given of Long Span and High-pier Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges. References are provided for seismic analysis of this kind of bridges.
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GRIFFIN, DAVID D., THOMAS D. CONLEY, and J. DAVID TALLEY. "The Bridge Collapses!" Journal of Interventional Cardiology 10, no. 3 (June 1997): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.1997.tb00037.x.
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Zheng, Xiaobo, Gang Zhang, Yongfei Zhang, and Leping Ren. "Alternative Load Path Analysis for Determining the Geometric Agreement of a Cable-Stayed Bridge with Steel Truss Girders." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (November 16, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2158582.
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The geometric agreement, commonly hailed as load-transferring paths within bridge structures, is significantly crucial to the bridge structural mechanical performance, such as capacity, deformation, and collapse behavior. This paper presents a methodology dependent on alternative load paths to investigate the collapse behavior of a double-pylon cable-stayed bridge with steel truss girders subjected to excess vehicle loading. The cable-stayed bridge with steel truss girders is simplified using a series-parallel load-bearing system. This research manifests that the enforced vehicle loading can be transferred to alternative paths of cable-stayed bridges in different load-structure scenarios. A 3-D finite element model is established utilizing computer software ANSYS to explore the collapse path of cable-stayed bridge with steel truss girders, taking into account chord failure, loss of cables together with corrosion in steel truss girders. The results show that chord failures in the mid-portion of the mainspan result in brittle damage in truss girders or even sudden bridge collapse. Further,the loss of long cables leads to ductile damage with significant displacement.The corrosion in steel truss girders has a highly slight influence on the collapse behavior of cable-stayed bridge. The proposed methodology can be reliably used to assess and determine the vulnerability of cable-stayed bridge with steel truss girders during their service lifetime, thus preventing structural collapses in this type of bridge.
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Luo, Wei Bing, Feng Yan Zhou, Heng Long Lv, and Yi Gang Yang. "Analyzing the Influence of Rigid Foundation on Seismic Response of Cable-Stayed Bridge Pylon." Advanced Materials Research 630 (December 2012): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.630.402.
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Bridges collapses triggered by the earthquake often happen in recent years, and bridge damage caused by the earthquake also results in the great effect due to the secondary disasters. In this paper, we use finite element analysis software ABAQUS to establish the bridge pylon model with rigid-framed pylon bottom to calculate the structural response of two seismic waves (modal analysis, displacement time history, acceleration time history and stress time history of the bridge pylon bottom), comparing the response characteristics of two pylon structures under seismic effect.
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Flores-Vidriales, David, Roberto Gómez, and Dante Tolentino. "Stochastic Assessment of Scour Hazard." Water 14, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030273.
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Scour is the most frequent cause of bridge collapses in Mexico. Bridges located along the Mexican Pacific coast are exposed to extreme rainfall originating from tropical storms and hurricanes. Such environmental phenomena trigger sediment loss, which is known as scour. If maintenance actions are not taken after scouring events, the scour depth increases over time until the bridge collapses. A methodology to estimate the scour hazard considering both the scour–fill interaction and the Monte Carlo simulation method is proposed. The general extreme value probability distribution is used to characterize the intensity of the scouring events, the lognormal distribution is used to characterize the sedimentation process (fill), and a homogeneous Poisson process is used to forecast the occurrence of both types of events. Based on the above, several histories of scour–fill depths are made; such simulations are then used to develop time-dependent scour hazard curves. Different hazard curves associated with different time intervals are estimated for a bridge located in Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Chen, Hongran, Mengyang Zhai, and Lei Xue. "Energy Characteristics of Acoustic Emission at the Volume-Expansion Point of a Rock Bridge: A New Insight into the Evolutionary Mechanism of Coastal Cliff Collapse." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121338.
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The recession of a coast can destabilize coastal cliffs. The stability of a cliff is controlled by a rock bridge. Identifying the volume-expansion point of rock bridges is crucial to assess cliff stability, but currently there are few identifying methods. Using a numerical analytical tool, we investigate the acoustic emission characteristics during shear tests on rock bridges. Acoustic emission events with a high energy level, i.e., characteristic events which occur at the volume-expansion point of rock bridges, can indicate this point. The characteristic events, the mainshock (the maximum event corresponding to rock-bridge rupture), and the smaller events between them constitute a special activity pattern, as the micro-seismicity during the evolutionary process of a coastal cliff collapse in Mesnil-Val, NW France showed. This pattern arises in rock bridges with different mechanical properties and geometry, or under different loading conditions. Although the energy level of characteristic events and mainshocks changes with the variation of the conditions, the difference of their energy level is approximately constant. The spatial distribution of characteristic events and mainshocks can indicate the location of rock bridges. These findings help to better understand the evolutionary mechanism of collapses and provide guidelines for monitoring the stability of coastal cliffs.
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Liu, Wen, Yoshihisa Maruyama, and Fumio Yamazaki. "Detection of Collapsed Bridges from Multi-Temporal SAR Intensity Images by Machine Learning Techniques." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 3508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173508.
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Bridges are an important part of road networks in an emergency period, as well as in ordinary times. Bridge collapses have occurred as a result of many recent disasters. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which can acquire images under any weather or sunlight conditions, has been shown to be effective in assessing the damage situation of structures in the emergency response phase. We investigate the backscattering characteristics of washed-away or collapsed bridges from the multi-temporal high-resolution SAR intensity imagery introduced in our previous studies. In this study, we address the challenge of building a model to identify collapsed bridges using five change features obtained from multi-temporal SAR intensity images. Forty-four bridges affected by the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, in Japan, and forty-four bridges affected by the 2020 July floods, also in Japan, including a total of 21 collapsed bridges, were divided into training, test, and validation sets. Twelve models were trained, using different numbers of features as input in random forest and logistic regression methods. Comparing the accuracies of the validation sets, the random forest model trained with the two mixed events using all the features showed the highest capability to extract collapsed bridges. After improvement by introducing an oversampling technique, the F-score for collapsed bridges was 0.87 and the kappa coefficient was 0.82, showing highly accurate agreement.
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Holemba, Gibson Ali, and Takashi Matsumoto. "Flood-induced Bridge Failures in Papua New Guinea." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925803014.
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Papua New Guinea has been experiencing frequent bridge failures and collapses due to flooding rivers in the recent past. According to the records from Papua New Guinea Department of Works, it is estimated that over Two Hundred and Eighty (285) bridges, fords (causeways) and major culverts were damaged by flood action alone in the last five years between 2013-2017. That is approximately at an average rate of 57 bridges in a year. This result is very disturbing and as such this study was undertaken to assess and analyze the flood-induced bridge failure causes and offer applicable solutions. This study will report on the field investigation works and results derived from the twenty-one flood affected bridges in six different major road networks in three provinces of Papua New Guinea. Hence, it was observed in this study that substructure damages due to flooding account for seventy percent (70%) of the bridge damages while superstructure damages account for the thirty percent (30%). The common causes of flood-induced bridge failures were identified as local scour around bridge piers and abutments, contraction scours, sedimentation, debris, and log impact.
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Tamai, Hiroki, Chi Lu, and Yoichi Yuki. "New Design Concept for Bridge Restrainers with Rubber Cushion Considering Dynamic Action: A Preliminary Study." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 6847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196847.
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A bridge unseating prevention system is a safety system for bridge collapses caused by large earthquakes, beyond the assumption of aseismic design specifications. Presently, the system is generally adopted for newly constructed bridges and the seismic retrofitting of existing bridges. Cable type bridge restrainers are included in the system, and they are expected to prevent superstructures from exceeding the seat length of substructures. Although the bridge restrainer works during an earthquake, it is designed to be static in the current design. In addition, although the constituent elements of bridge restrainers include a rubber cushion to absorb energy during an earthquake, the effect is not included in the design. Thus, the current design lacks the dynamic effects of earthquakes and the cushioning effect of the rubber. Furthermore, in the case of a multi-span bridge, there is no particular decision as to where the restrainers should be placed or what kind of specifications they should have. Therefore, in this paper, a new design concept that considers the dynamic action of the earthquake and the cushioning effect of the rubber is proposed by coupling dynamic response analysis using a frame finite element (FE) model and a simple genetic algorithm (SGA).
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Xu, Fu You, Ming Jie Zhang, Lei Wang, and Jian Ren Zhang. "Recent Highway Bridge Collapses in China: Review and Discussion." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 30, no. 5 (October 2016): 04016030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000884.
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Machorro-Lopez, Jose M., Juan P. Amezquita-Sanchez, Martin Valtierra-Rodriguez, Francisco J. Carrion-Viramontes, Juan A. Quintana-Rodriguez, and Jesus I. Valenzuela-Delgado. "Wavelet Energy Accumulation Method Applied on the Rio Papaloapan Bridge for Damage Identification." Mathematics 9, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9040422.
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Large civil structures such as bridges must be permanently monitored to ensure integrity and avoid collapses due to damage resulting in devastating human fatalities and economic losses. In this article, a wavelet-based method called the Wavelet Energy Accumulation Method (WEAM) is developed in order to detect, locate and quantify damage in vehicular bridges. The WEAM consists of measuring the vibration signals on different points along the bridge while a vehicle crosses it, then those signals and the corresponding ones of the healthy bridge are subtracted and the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is applied on both, the healthy and the subtracted signals, to obtain the corresponding diagrams, which provide a clue about where the damage is located; then, the border effects must be eliminated. Finally, the Wavelet Energy (WE) is obtained by calculating the area under the curve along the selected range of scale for each point of the bridge deck. The energy of a healthy bridge is low and flat, whereas for a damaged bridge there is a WE accumulation at the damage location. The Rio Papaloapan Bridge (RPB) is considered for this research and the results obtained numerically and experimentally are very promissory to apply this method and avoid accidents.
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Firth, Ian. "Viewpoint. The box-girder failures 50 years on – lest we forget." Structural Engineer 98, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/revj6908.
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Dexter, Robert J., Robert J. Connor, and Hussam Mahmoud. "Review of Steel Bridges with Fracture-Critical Elements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1928, no. 1 (January 2005): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192800108.
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This paper presents findings of NCHRP Synthesis Project 35-08 that gathered available information on bridges with fracture-critical members (FCM) from the literature, from a survey of bridge owners and consultant inspectors, and from targeted interviews. In the 1970s, material, design, fabrication, shop inspection, and in-service inspection requirements were improved for steel bridges in general. Special provisions for FCM were then implemented, mainly in reaction to bridge collapses. These requirements transformed the industry and the design of modern bridges so that fatigue and fracture are rare in bridges built in the past 20 years. There is a hidden initial cost in some cases because more expensive superstructure designs are being used than necessary to maintain an acceptable reliability level because of restrictions or more subtle prejudice against bridges with FCM. The major impact on life-cycle costs is the additional mandate for hands-on in-service inspection of FCM. There are also varying definitions of “fracture critical,” and consequently there is wide disagreement in classifying different types of superstructures as fracture critical. Numerous bridges have had a full-depth fracture of a fracture-critical girder and did not collapse, usually because of the alternative load-carrying mechanism of catenary action of the deck under large rotations at the fracture. The capacity of damaged superstructures (with FCM removed from the analysis) may be predicted with refined three-dimensional analysis. However, there is a strong need to clarify the assumptions, load cases and factors, and dynamic effects in these analyses. This paper reports on results of this study.
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Ruocci, Gianluca, Rosario Ceravolo, and Alessandro de Stefano. "Modal Identification of an Experimental Model of Masonry Arch Bridge." Key Engineering Materials 413-414 (June 2009): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.413-414.707.
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The erosion of the river bed material at bridge pier foundation produced by scour events is one of the main causes of the observed masonry bridges failures and collapses. Foundation settlements and rotations derived from the reduction of the footprint under the piers threaten masonry arch bridges integrity more than any gravity load. The resulting effect on the structure is the development of cracking mechanisms on the arches which may affect the dynamic behaviour of the whole bridge. A scaled experimental model of a masonry arch bridge has been built in the laboratory of the Dep. of Structural Engineering at the Politecnico di Torino. The aim was to better understand scour damage scenario and to identify early structural symptoms of pier erosion. A preliminary dynamic identification is carried out on the intact structure and a comparison with the FEM results is performed. The set of identified modal parameters is adopted as the reference system that will be compared with those acquired after the application of damage of increasing extent.
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Santos, Ademir F., Maurício S. Bonatte, Hélder S. Sousa, Túlio N. Bittencourt, and José C. Matos. "Improvement of the Inspection Interval of Highway Bridges through Predictive Models of Deterioration." Buildings 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020124.
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Bridges have substantial significance within the transport system, considering that their functionality is essential for countries’ social and economic development. Accordingly, a superior level of safety and serviceability must be reached to ensure the operating status of the bridge network. On that account, the recent collapses of road bridges have led the technical–scientific community and society to reflect on the effectiveness of their management. Bridges in a network are likely to share coinciding environmental conditions but may be subjected to distinct structural deterioration processes over time depending on their age, location, structural type, and other aspects. This variation is usually not considered in the bridge management predictions. For instance, the Brazilian standards consider a constant inspection periodicity, regardless of the bridges’ singularities. Consequently, it is helpful to pinpoint and split the bridge network into classes sharing equivalent deterioration trends to obtain a more precise prediction and improve the frequency of inspections. This work presents a representative database of the Brazilian bridge network, including the most relevant data obtained from inspections. The database was used to calibrate two independent predictive models (Markov and artificial neural network). The calibrated model was employed to simulate different scenarios, resulting in significant insights to improve the inspection periodicity. As a result, the bridge’s location accounting for the differentiation of exposure was a critical point when analyzing the bridge deterioration process. Finally, the degradation models developed following the proposed procedure deliver a more reliable forecast when compared to a single degradation model without parameter analysis. These more reliable models may assist the decision process of the bridge management system (BMS).
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Cai, Zhehan, Zhijian Wang, Kaiqi Lin, Ying Sun, and Weidong Zhuo. "Seismic Behavior of a Bridge with New Composite Tall Piers under Near-Fault Ground Motion Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207377.
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Currently, the seismic designs of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges with tall piers are often accomplished following the ductility-based seismic design method. Though the collapses of the RC bridges with tall piers can be avoided, they are likely to experience major damage and loss of functionality when subjected to strong near-fault ground motions. The objectives of this study are to put forward an innovative design concept of a tall-pier system and its application in tall-pier bridges. The concept of the innovative tall-pier system is derived from the principle of earthquake-resilient structures, and is to improve the seismic performances of the tall-pier bridges under strong near-fault ground motions. The proposed tall-pier system has a box section and is composed of four concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns and energy dissipating mild steel plates (EDMSPs). Trial design of a bridge with the new composite tall-pier system is performed based on a typical continuous rigid frame highway bridge with conventional RC box section tall piers. Both static analysis and nonlinear time history analysis of both the bridges with the new composite tall piers and conventional RC tall piers under the near-fault velocity pulse-type ground motions were conducted in Midas Civil2019 and ABAQUS. The results show that: under the design-based earthquake (DBE), the CFST columns and connecting steel beams remain elastic in the bridge with the new composite tall piers, while the damage is found in the replaceable EDMSPs which help dissipate the seismic input energy. The displacement responses of the new bridge are significantly smaller than those of the conventional bridge under DBE. It is concluded that the bridge with the new composite tall piers is seismic resilient under near-fault ground motions.
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Ercolessi, Stefano, Giovanni Fabbrocino, and Carlo Rainieri. "Indirect Measurements of Bridge Vibrations as an Experimental Tool Supporting Periodic Inspections." Infrastructures 6, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030039.
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Recent collapses and malfunctions of European bridges threatened the service conditions of road networks and pointed out the need for robust procedures to mitigate the impact of material degradation and overloading of existing bridges. Condition assessment of bridges remains a challenging task, which could take advantage of cost-effective and reliable inspection strategies. The advances in sensors as well as Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) ensure a significant enhancement of the capabilities in recording and processing physical and mechanical data. The present paper focuses on the paradigm of indirect vibration measurements for modal parameter identification in operational conditions. It is very attractive because of the related opportunities of application of dynamic tests as a tool for periodic inspections while significantly mitigating their impact on the traffic flow. In this framework the instrumented vehicle acts as a dynamic measurement device for periodic inspections and provides valuable information on the structural response of the bridge at a low-cost. Vehicle-bridge interaction models are here applied to realistically simulate the traffic-induced vibration response of bridges and assess the accuracy of modal parameter estimates obtained from indirect vibration measurements characterized by different noise levels.
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Plante, Mathieu, Bruno Tremblay, Martin Losch, and Jean-François Lemieux. "Landfast sea ice material properties derived from ice bridge simulations using the Maxwell elasto-brittle rheology." Cryosphere 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 2137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2137-2020.
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Abstract. The Maxwell elasto-brittle (MEB) rheology is implemented in the Eulerian finite-difference (FD) modeling framework commonly used in classical viscous-plastic (VP) models. The role of the damage parameterization, the cornerstone of the MEB rheology, in the formation and collapse of ice arches and ice bridges in a narrow channel is investigated. Ice bridge simulations are compared with observations to derive constraints on the mechanical properties of landfast sea ice. Results show that the overall dynamical behavior documented in previous MEB models is reproduced in the FD implementation, such as the localization of the damage in space and time and the propagation of ice fractures in space at very short timescales. In the simulations, an ice arch is easily formed downstream of the channel, sustaining an ice bridge upstream. The ice bridge collapses under a critical surface forcing that depends on the material cohesion. Typical ice arch conditions observed in the Arctic are best simulated using a material cohesion in the range of 5–10 kN m−2. Upstream of the channel, fracture lines along which convergence (ridging) takes place are oriented at an angle that depends on the angle of internal friction. Their orientation, however, deviates from the Mohr–Coulomb theory. The damage parameterization is found to cause instabilities at large compressive stresses, which prevents the production of longer-term simulations required for the formation of stable ice arches upstream of the channel between these lines of fracture. Based on these results, we propose that the stress correction scheme used in the damage parameterization be modified to remove numerical instabilities.
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Flint, Madeleine M., Oliver Fringer, Sarah L. Billington, David Freyberg, and Noah S. Diffenbaugh. "Historical Analysis of Hydraulic Bridge Collapses in the Continental United States." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 23, no. 3 (September 2017): 04017005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000354.
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SOARES, R. W., S. S. LIMA, and S. H. C. SANTOS. "Reinforced concrete bridge pier ductility analysis for different levels of detailing." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 10, no. 5 (September 2017): 1042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952017000500006.
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Abstract The structural design under seismic loading has been for many years based on force methods to consider the effects of energy dissipation and elastoplastic behavior. Currently, displacement-based methods are being developed to take into account elastoplastic behavior. These methods use moment-curvature relationships to determine the ductility capacity of a structural element, which is the deformation capacity of the element before its collapse. The greater the plastic displacement or rotation a structural member can achieve before it collapses, the more energy it is capable of dissipating. This plastic displacement or rotation capacity of a member is known as the member ductility, which for reinforced concrete members is directly related to efficient concrete confinement. This study investigates at which extents transverse reinforcement detailing influences reinforced concrete column ductility. For this, a bridge located in Ecuador is modeled and analyzed, and its ductility evaluated considering several cases of axial loading and concrete confinement levels. After the performed displacement-based analyses, it is verified whether the response modification factor defined by AASHTO is adequate in the analyzed case.
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Fish, Richard. "Understanding Bridge Collapses ÅkessonBjörn Taylor & Francis, 2008, 978-0415436236, £60.99, 280." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering 164, no. 2 (June 2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/bren.10.00009.
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Yang, Guang, Wei Zhen Chen, and Jun Xu. "The Theory and Case Study of Axle Load Identification Based on BWIM of Orthotropic Steel Deck." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1247.
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In China recent accidents of sudden collapses of in-service bridges have aroused great concern about the real traffic load and bearing capacity of existing bridges. The proper management of existing bridges relies on accurate information of bridge operating load which is essential for correct assessment of operation and safety of bridges. An integrated load identification system for operating traffic which is built on characteristics of orthotropic steel deck, that is, the locality of stress influence line of orthotropic steel deck, and is based upon BWIM technique to establish functional relation between axle load and stress history, Case study of stress monitoring was carried out on two truss bridges with orthotropic steel deck under both controlled and normal traffic conditions to verify the system. In the case of controlled traffic, monitored information was used to back calculate axle load. The load information was compared with synchronous video recording of the traffic to check inversely calculated data about wheel weight and its lateral deviation between actual condition, The results show that the established identification system is accurate and valid. In the case of normal traffic, monitored stress data were used to back calculate axle load and wheel lateral distribution. From the results, axle load spectrum is abstracted and can directly help assessment of real load capacity and fatigue life of the bridge.
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Germano’, Germano. "Ancient metrology in architecture: a new approach in the study of the Roman bridge of Canosa di Puglia (Italy)." ACTA IMEKO 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v11i1.1092.
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<p class="Abstract">The bridge of Canosa di Puglia (Italy) was originally built in the 2nd century CE to cross the Ofanto river along the <em>Via Traiana</em>, the route built at the behest of Emperor Trajan that connected Rome with the port of Brindisi, on the Adriatic Sea. Restorations, collapses and architectural transformations have deeply altered its original structure over the centuries, making it lose the traces of a monumental central arch. Archival and field research, conducted through various surveys, has produced new data that has provided an update of the bridge's history. The aim of this dissertation is to show the results of a research conducted with a new methodological approach to the monument, applying ancient metrology to the interpretation of its architectural evolution. This method has proven to be indispensable to formulate hypotheses about the original configuration of the bridge, whose central arch would result to be one of the widest among the bridges of the Roman architecture.</p>
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Ashford, Scott A., and Yohsuke Kawamata. "Performance of Transportation Systems during the 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu, Japan, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 1_suppl (March 2006): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2172282.
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With the possible exception of the Shinkansen railway, transportation structures for the most part performed well in the Niigata Ken Chuetsu earthquake. There were no collapses. The damage appeared limited and repairable, indicating generally good performance despite the severe ground motions in the epicentral region. The reconnaissance team visited every bridge structure crossing the Uono and Shinano rivers in the epicentral region. All but two of the highway bridges inspected were open for at least limited traffic, and those two appeared to be open for emergency vehicles. Significant damage was observed on the Shinkansen high-speed railway, as well as on some local railway lines, but all appeared repairable. A historic first was the earthquake's derailment of a high-speed Shinkansen train.
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Wilches, José, Hernán Santa Maria, Roberto Leon, Rafael Riddell, Matías Hube, and Carlos Arrate. "Evolution of seismic design codes of highway bridges in Chile." Earthquake Spectra 37, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 2174–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020988011.
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Chile, as a country with a long history of strong seismicity, has a record of both a constant upgrading of its seismic design codes and structural systems, particularly for bridges, as a result of major earthquakes. Recent earthquakes in Chile have produced extensive damage to highway bridges, such as deck collapses, large transverse residual displacements, yielding and failure of shear keys, and unseating of the main girders, demonstrating that bridges are highly vulnerable structures. Much of this damage can be attributed to construction problems and poor detailing guidelines in design codes. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, new structural design criteria were incorporated for the seismic design of bridges in Chile. The most significant change was that a site coefficient was included for the estimation of the seismic design forces in the shear keys, seismic bars, and diaphragms. This article first traces the historical development of earthquakes and construction systems in Chile to provide a context for the evolution of Chilean seismic codes. It then describes the seismic performance of highway bridges during the 2010 Maule earthquake, including the description of the main failure modes observed in bridges. Finally, this article provides a comparison of the Chilean bridge seismic code against the Japanese and United States codes, considering that these codes have a great influence on the seismic codes for Chilean bridges. The article demonstrates that bridge design and construction practices in Chile have evolved substantially in their requirements for the analysis and design of structural elements, such as in the definition of the seismic hazard to be considered, tending toward more conservative approaches in an effort to improve structural performance and reliability for Chilean bridges.
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Li, Jin Kui, and De Jin Tang. "Numerical Analysis of Tunnel Running through Bridge Pile Foundation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 978–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.978.
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Based on the background of Dalian subway running through bridge pile foundation, a 3d numerical model is built by the finite element software MIDAS/GTS in order to research the laws of the internal force and the displacement of the pile and soil during the Construction process. The outcome reflects that the sedimentation value of the top of the pile is bigger than others. Because the bigger thrust about the shield machine, the horizontal displacement of the pile is increasing at first and decreasing at last from a positive into a negative. Because of the loss of the soil, the soil beside the pile collapses and causes strong friction force. The surface sedimentation value which is near the central line of the tunnel is bigger than other place. This paper is of good reference roles in the similar underground engineering in Dalian.
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Tsai, Ming Kuan, and Nie Jia Yau. "Enhancing Collapse Detection and Alarms in Bridge Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 1180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.1180.
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Taiwan has more than 28,000 bridges. In the past decades, because of scour problems, some bridges collapsed. Such accidents have caused severe economic losses and killed many people. Although Taiwanese government agencies have mitigated the relationship between natural hazards and bridge collapse, the lack of mechanisms for bridge collapse detection and on-site emergency alarms still exists at bridge sites. Therefore, this study proposes a bridge safety monitoring information system. With mixed collapse detectors, this information system could identify the status of various bridge elements in real time. After two-year tests at six bridge sites, this study confirmed that the performance of the bridge safety monitoring information system. Overall, this study helps for similar applications in bridge and disaster management.
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Zeki, S., O. R. Goodenough, and Tom Bingham. "Preface." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1451 (November 29, 2004): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1554.
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The legal process is often invoked to resolve scientific or economic problems such as may arise when a bridge collapses, or an aeroplane crashes, or a ship sinks; or when a mishap occurs on the operating table; or when patent protection is sought for an invention claimed to be novel; or when it is necessary to assess the effect of a commercial practice on competition in a market; or when a baby dies, for no apparent reason, in its cot; or when it is sought to identify a fingerprint on a murder weapon.
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Li, Jin Kui, and De Jin Tang. "Analysis of Tunnel Running through Bridge Pile Foundation Based on the MIDAS/GTS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.809.
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Based on the problem of tunnel running through bridge pile foundation, a 3d numerical model is built by the finite element software MIDAS/GTS in order to research the internal force and the displacement of the pile and soil during the Construction process. The sedimentation value of the top of the pile is bigger than others. Because the bigger thrust about the Shield machine, the horizontal displacement of the pile is increasing at first and decreasing at last from a positive into a negative. Because of the loss of the soil, the soil beside the pile collapses and causes strong friction force. The surface sedimentation value which is near the central line of the tunnel is bigger than other place. This paper is of good reference roles in the similar underground engineering in Dalian.
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CHEN, Y. J., and P. H. STEEN. "Dynamics of inviscid capillary breakup: collapse and pinchoff of a film bridge." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 341 (June 25, 1997): 245–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209700548x.
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An axisymmetric film bridge collapses under its own surface tension, disconnecting at a pair of pinchoff points that straddle a satellite bubble. The free-boundary problem for the motion of the film surface and adjacent inviscid fluid has a finite-time blowup (pinchoff). This problem is solved numerically using the vortex method in a boundary-integral formulation for the dipole strength distribution on the surface. Simulation is in good agreement with available experiments. Simulation of the trajectory up to pinchoff is carried out. The self-similar behaviour observed near pinchoff shows a ‘conical-wedge’ geometry whereby both principal curvatures of the surface are simultaneously singular – lengths scale with time as t2/3. The similarity equations are written down and key solution characteristics are reported. Prior to pinchoff, the following regimes are found. Near onset of the instability, the surface evolution follows a direction dictated by the associated static minimal surface problem. Later, the motion of the mid-circumference follows a t2/3 scaling. After this scaling ‘breaks’, a one-dimensional model is adequate and explains the second scaling regime. Closer to pinchoff, strong axial motions and a folding surface render the one-dimensional approximation invalid. The evolution ultimately recovers a t2/3 scaling and reveals its self-similar structure.
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Lu, W. J., L. M. Zhang, H. T. Liu, and S. W. Cai. "Energy analysis of progressive collapses in a multi-span bridge under vessel impact using centrifuge modelling." Engineering Structures 266 (September 2022): 114591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114591.
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Qi, Yongzheng, Zongzhi Wang, Haoqing Xu, and Zirui Yuan. "Instability Analysis of a Low-Angle Low-Expansive Soil Slope under Seasonal Wet-Dry Cycles and River-Level Variations." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (May 14, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3479575.
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There were a small amount of obvious offsets at the bearing of bridge piers built on an artificial gentle canal bank terrace and many tensile cracks visible at the surface of the mortar block stones covering the terrace soil in several years following construction. To determine these reasons, a comprehensive site investigation and a wide variety of tests were implemented, which included geophysical tests, in situ tests, laboratory tests, pile integrity detection, and numerical analysis with the finite element method (FEM). The results revealed that the soil of the low-angle slope was the potentially low-expansive clay soil. The reduction in soil shear strength deriving from seasonal wet-dry cycles and river-level variations led to the instability and failure of the low-angle low-expansive soil slope, which triggered the collapses of the soil slope and lots of fractures in the piles of the bridge foundation. The typical characteristics of the instability and failure of the low-angle low-expansive soil slope were tractional detachment and slow sliding.
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Xie, Hui Bing, Yuan Feng Wang, and Ming Hui Liu. "Reliability Analysis of Bridge under Multi Adverse Factors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1655.
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A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. As critical transportation junction in the transportation network, bridge controls the traffic capacity of the transportation network. In the past decade, collapse of highway bridges caused by natural hazard and human error occur frequently. There are three main reason of collapse: 1) overloading; 2) construction deficiency; 3) imbalance of the system safety. In this paper, a collapsed bridge in Harbin is studied based on probability. A reliability analysis is conducted to investigate the system safety of the case bridge under combined effect of overloading and construction deficiency. Some suggestions for bridge quality control are proposed.
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He, Xueqin Elaine, and John P. Tiefenbacher. "Political and cultural contrasts in reporting about disasters: comparing United States and Chinese newspaper portrayals of bridge collapses." GeoJournal 73, no. 2 (August 5, 2008): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-008-9194-0.
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Liu, Yong Jun, Guang Yuan Wang, and Yan Sheng Song. "Finite Element Analysis of Fire Behavior of Steel Girders in Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2296.
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Fire is one of the most severe hazards to which bridges may be subjected during their lifetime. In recent years, due to rapid development of transportation systems, as well as increasing transport of hazardous materials, bridge fires have become a concern. Bridge fires caused by crashing of vehicles and burning of gasoline are much more severe than building fires and are characterized by a fast heating rate and a higher peak temperature which could lead to bridge collapse. Bridge failures during a fire can result in the disruption of commerce and services, and most importantly the loss of human life. In this paper, thermal and structural behavior of a steel girder of highway bridge overpass in the East Bay’s MacArthur Maze in Oakland collapsed on April 29, 2007 is studied by using general purpose finite element analysis software ABAQUS. Finite element analysis results demonstrate that unprotected steel bridge may collapse untimely under some fire scenarios and it is necessary to consider fire safety in steel bridge design.
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LIVNY, YOTAM, NETA SOKOLOVSKY, and JIHAD EL-SANA. "DUAL ADAPTIVE PATHS FOR MULTIRESOLUTION HIERARCHIES." International Journal of Image and Graphics 07, no. 02 (April 2007): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467807002726.
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The recent increase in the generated polygonal dataset sizes has outpaced the performance of graphics hardware. Several solutions such as multiresolution hierarchies and level-of-detail rendering have been developed to bridge the increasing gap. However, the discrete levels of detail generate annoying popping effects, the preliminaries multiresolution schemes cannot perform drastic changes on the selected level of detail within the span of small number of frames, and the current cluster-based hierarchies suffer from the high-detailed representation of the boundaries between clusters. In this paper, we are presenting a novel approach for multiresolution hierarchy that supports dual paths for run-time adaptive simplification — fine and coarse. The proposed multiresolution hierarchy is based on the fan-merge operator and its reverse operator fan-split. The coarse simplification path is achieved by directly applying fan-merge/split, while the fine simplification route is performed by executing edge-collapse/vertex-split one at a time. The sequence of the edge-collapses/vertex-splits is encoded implicitly by the order of the children participating in the fan-merge/split operator. We shall refer to this multiresolution hierarchy as fan-hierarchy. Fan-hierarchy provides a compact data structure for multiresolution hierarchy, since it stores 7/6 pointers, on the average, instead of 3 pointers for each node. In addition, the resulting depth of the fan-hierarchy is usually smaller than the depth of hierarchies generated by edge-collapse based multiresolution schemes. It is also important to note that fan-hierarchy inherently utilizes fan representation for further acceleration of the rendering process.
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Cowan, S. Leigh Ann. "One and One-Half Friends: A Laingian Approach to Katherine Paterson’s Bridge to Terabithia." New Literaria 03, no. 02 (2022): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48189/nl.2022.v03i2.008.
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Katherine Paterson’s beloved children’s story, Bridge to Terabithia (1977), explores the relationship of a young boy named Jess to his family, to his best friend Leslie, and to the nature of tragedy. Paterson demonstrates that learning to cope with senseless accidents is a part of growing up, but that learning to cope does not mean changing or losing our sense of identity. This paper, using a psychoanalytic Laingian approach to Katherine Paterson’s Bridge to Terabithia, reveals Jess’ relationships to himself and to others and how his interactions and perceptions influence the development of these relationships. Laing’s theory demonstrates that Jess’ character development parallels that of an infant. The distinction of self and other leads to the formation of multiple personalities at various stages of development, and, in the case of lack of affirmation from others and/or from the self, these personalities may never develop to maturity- whether through abandonment, suppression, or abrupt changes in how one perceives and/or relates to others. Jess’ self-protection tactics, such as dehumanization, prevent him from forming positive and lasting relationships, which in turn perpetuates his ontological insecurity. It is only Leslie’s interventional friendship and mother-bond that gives him a foundation on which to build his identity. When the foundation is ripped away, his identity collapses, but Jess now has the tools he needs to rebuild himself without her.
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Buckle, Ian, Matias Hube, Genda Chen, Wen-Huei Yen, and Juan Arias. "Structural Performance of Bridges in the Offshore Maule Earthquake of 27 February 2010." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000031.
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Of the nearly 12,000 highway bridges in Chile, approximately 300 were damaged in this earthquake, including 20 with collapsed spans. Typical failure modes include damage to connections between super- and substructures, unseating of spans in skewed bridges due to in-plane rotation, and unseated spans with some column damage due to permanent ground movement. Unusual failure modes include unseating of spans in straight bridges due to in-plane rotation, plate girder rupture due to longitudinal forces, scour and pier damage due to tsunami action, and collapse of a historic masonry bridge. The most common damage mode was the failure of super-to-substructure connections (shear keys, steel stoppers, and seismic bars), which is the most likely reason for the low incidence of column damage. Whereas the fuse-like behavior of these components is believed to have protected the columns, the lack of adequate seat widths led to the collapse, or imminent collapse, of many superstructures.
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Seyedkhoei, Amir, Reza Akbari, and Shahrokh Maalek. "Earthquake-Induced Domino-Type Progressive Collapse in Regular, Semiregular, and Irregular Bridges." Shock and Vibration 2019 (March 5, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8348596.
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Progressive collapse is a persistent spread and enlargement of initial local failure of structures characterized by inconsistency between the initial failure and its resulting extensive collapse. Although, great contributions have been made towards the progressive collapse of building structures, comparably small attention has been paid to bridge structures. In this study, the procedure of progressive collapse of bridges with concrete prestressed voided slab under earthquakes and effects of other parameters on propagation of collapse of regular, semiregular, and irregular bridges are investigated. At first, a bridge specimen, which its shake table test results were provided by previous researchers, was modeled and verified using the applied element method. Then, the progressive collapse of the box girder bridge was investigated. In the next step, progressive collapse process of the same bridge with posttensioned voided slab under earthquakes was studied using nonlinear time history analysis. Irregularities of the piers were analyzed parametrically. The results show that domino-type progressive collapse happens in bridges with voided slab after the initial failure of the deck at the seating of bridge abutment. Also, it is concluded that, type of the deck, height of the piers, and ground slope have a great effect on the progressive collapse procedure of both regular and irregular bridges with voided slab deck.
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Li, Yale, Zhouhong Zong, Bingwen Yang, Zhanghua Xia, Yuanzheng Lin, and Jin Lin. "Collapse Analysis of a Two-Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Model." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 8935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198935.
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The continuous girder bridge is the main type of small- and medium-sized bridges; however, it has poor collapse resistance and suffers frequent earthquake damage. In order to grasp its collapse mechanism and clarify the internal and external factors affecting its collapse resistance, a 1:3-scaled, two-span bridge model subjected to shaking table test research was taken as the research object. The factors such as seismic characteristics, multi-directional seismic coupling, span, pier height, and structural system type were analyzed to determine the influences on the collapse mode of the bridge. The numerical results showed that different ground motion characteristics led to different collapse modes. Vertical ground motion had little effect on the structural response of the bridge. The change of span and pier height significantly changed the collapse resistance. A seismic isolation design could improve the anti-collapse performance, but the collapse mode varied with the system. The final anti-collapse design suggestions could provide reference for the seismic reinforcement of existing continuous girder bridges and the seismic design of continuous girder bridges that will be constructed.
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Heil, M. "Airway Closure: Occluding Liquid Bridges in Strongly Buckled Elastic Tubes." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 121, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835077.
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This paper is concerned with the airway closure problem and investigates the quasi-steady deformation characteristics of strongly collapsed (buckled) airways occluded by liquid bridges of high surface tension. The airway wall is modeled as a thin-walled elastic shell, which deforms in response to an external pressure and to the compression due to the surface tension of the liquid bridge. The governing equations are solved numerically using physiological parameter values. It is shown that axisymmetric configurations are statically unstable, as are buckled tubes whose opposite walls are not in contact. The quasi-steady deformation characteristics of strongly collapsed airways whose walls are in opposite wall contact show a pronounced hysteresis during the collapse/reopening cycle. Buckling is shown to occur over a short axial length with moderate circumferential wavenumbers. Finally, further implications of the results for the airway collapse/reopening problem are discussed.
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Su, Dan, Yi-Sheng Liu, Xin-Tong Li, Xiao-Yan Chen, and Dong-Han Li. "Management Path of Concrete Beam Bridge in China from the Perspective of Sustainable Development." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 7145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177145.
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More and more bridges have entered the maintenance stage, which has potential collapse hazards and threatens life and property safety. More attention has been paid to the improvement of maintenance management levels during the operation period in terms of extending the service life of the bridge, but less attention has been paid to it from the perspective of the whole life cycle. One hundred and ninety examples of concrete beam bridges in China were collected, based on which the collapse characteristics and collapse causes of concrete beam bridges were analyzed. The causes of bridge collapse come from all stages of bridge life cycle, including environmental factors and human factors. Moreover, the effects of the previous phase carry over to the next. Superficially, poor maintenance management during an operation led to bridge collapse. However, the root cause may have occurred at an earlier stage. On this basis, a fuzzy interpretation structure model (FISM) for concrete beam bridge deterioration is conducted. The model can decompose the complex and messy relationship among the factors of bridge collapse into a clear, multi–level and hierarchical structure. Compared with qualitative analysis, an ISM chart can directly reflect the relationship between collapse factors, which is convenient for further analysis. Poor maintenance management during operation is the direct cause, while improper planning, imperfect standards and weak supervision in the early stage are the fundamental causes. Finally, in order to improve the sustainability of concrete beam bridges scientifically, management suggestions are put forward for the participants involved in each stage of the bridge’s life cycle.
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Zheng, Yue, You-Lin Xu, and Sheng Zhan. "Seismic Responses and Collapse of a RC Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge: Shake Table Tests." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 19, no. 07 (June 26, 2019): 1950067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419500676.
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There have been numerous experimental studies on the seismic collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and RC girder bridges, but not on the seismic collapse of RC pedestrian cable-stayed bridges. Postearthquake field investigations revealed that if RC pedestrian cable-stayed bridges in seismic regions were not appropriately designed, they are likely to encounter severe damage or collapse. This paper thus presents an experimental investigation on a 1:12 scaled RC pedestrian cable-stayed bridge to explore the seismic behavior and collapse mechanism of the bridge under different levels of ground motion. The design, construction, and installation of the bridge, along with the shake table tests, were performed. The dynamic characteristic tests of the bridge were carried out, with the natural periods and mode shapes identified. The bridge was then tested by subjecting it to three levels of ground motion, i.e. small, moderate and large earthquakes. The seismic behavior and seismic-resistant capacity of the cable-stayed bridge were finally assessed at the component level and the failure mode of the bridge was identified based on the seismic responses recorded by the measurement system. The test results showed that the collapse of the RC pedestrian cable-stayed bridge was triggered from the flexure failure of its columns and ended with the flexure-shear failure of its tower.
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Chi, En An, Chun Ming Xie, Ming Sheng Zhao, Jun Yang, and Tie Jun Tao. "The through Arch Rib Road Bridge Numerical Simulation of Blasting Demolition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.175.
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In order to ensure one through arch rib road bridge blasting demolition will go well, using separate common node reinforced concrete model, numerical simulate the process of bridge collapsed and disintegrate, at the same time, analyze the stress state of steel and concrete unit in detail. The simulation results show that separate common node model could reflect the mechanical properties difference of steel and concrete materials; destruction of the support part of bridge and joint parts reserved , meanwhile, blasting treatment of the joint parts of derrick and arches, also arch center derrick and deck beams, arch springing hinge inside pier reserved on the left, it can ensure the bridge collapsed and broken fully, and can reduce the stack height of bridge collapsed in the river. The research considers that researching on structure collapse process by numerical simulation method not only reappear the process of collapse, but also forecast collapse result in schematic design phase. It will become the important means of study the structure mechanics process of blasting demolition and guide assisted the design of structure blasting demolition, which has important engineering practical value.
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Istiono, Heri, and Jaka Propika. "Analisa Non-Linier Pada Mekanisme Keruntuhan Jembatan Rangka Baja Tipe Pratt." Borneo Engineering : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 2 (December 25, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/be.v1i2.604.
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Steel truss bridge collapse often occurs, both in Indonesia and in other countries. As a result of the collapse of the bridge is in addition to the casualties also losses from the financial aspects. This collapse caused due to various factors, one of them because of a decrease in the strength of the bridge structure. To minimize required maintenance of the bridge's collapse and to facilitate the maintenance of one of them must be known failure mechanisms existing bridges. In the analysis of this collapse, will be modeled steel truss bridge pratt’s type with long spans is 60 meters. Analysis of the collapse of the steel truss bridge's, utilizing a pushover analysis to analyze the behavior of the bridge structure. Pushover analysis done with give vertical static load pattern at the structure, next gradually increase by a factor until one vertical displacement target of the reference point is reached. The study shows that at model singe span failure occurred on the chord on mid span. The performance level of structure shows all models of bridges in the state are IO, this case based on the target displacement FEMA 356 and the actual ductility occurs in all models of bridges is compliant with SNI 2833-2008.
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Wang, Xuewei, Bing Zhu, and Shengai Cui. "Research on Collapse Process of Cable-Stayed Bridges under Strong Seismic Excitations." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7185281.
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In order to present the collapse process and failure mechanism of long-span cable-stayed bridges under strong seismic excitations, a rail-cum-road steel truss cable-stayed bridge was selected as engineering background, the collapse failure numerical model of the cable-stayed bridge was established based on the explicit dynamic finite element method (FEM), and the whole collapse process of the cable-stayed bridge was analyzed and studied with three different seismic waves acted in the horizontal longitudinal direction, respectively. It can be found from the numerical simulation analysis that the whole collapse failure process and failure modes of the cable-stayed bridge under three different seismic waves are similar. Furthermore, the piers and the main pylons are critical components contributing to the collapse of the cable-stayed bridge structure. However, the cables and the main girder are damaged owing to the failure of piers and main pylons during the whole structure collapse process, so the failure of cable and main girder components is not the main reason for the collapse of cable-stayed bridge. The analysis results can provide theoretical basis for collapse resistance design and the determination of critical damage components of long-span highway and railway cable-stayed bridges in the research of seismic vulnerability analysis.
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Fanous, F. S., B. M. Farmer, and F. W. Klaiber. "Collapse Load Test of 1:3 Shell Bridge Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1594, no. 1 (January 1997): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1594-08.
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Previous analytical and experimental work by the authors has determined that integrated shell-deck segments can be used to construct short- or medium-span bridges. This system consisted of integrated shell-deck concrete segments that are post-tensioned together to form a simply supported bridge. A 1:3-scale segmental concrete shell bridge model was tested to failure. The bridge model was subjected to increasing load until failure occurred. Before failure, excessive deflection, cracking, and buckling of some of the steel elements connecting the deck to the shell edge beams were observed. Failure of the model resulted from the formation of excessive diagonal shear cracks in the shell portion of one of the segments. The fabrication and the behavior of the bridge model indicated that shell bridges can be used to construct short- and medium-span segmental bridges.
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Xu, Zhen, Xin Zheng Lu, Ai Zhu Ren, and Xiao Lu. "Simulation of Bridge Collapse in Virtual Scene Based on Finite Element Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 2015–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.2015.
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To replicate the scene of bridge collapse realistically, accurately and completely, this paper proposes a scene simulation method of bridge collapse based Finite Element (FE) analysis. On the basis of suitable scene model of bridge, 3D animation of bridge collapse is implemented by the callback of graphics engine Open Scene Graph (OSG) and special effects of bridge collapse are also created by physics engine physX. In addition, terrain and surroundings are added into the scene simulation. The collapse animation proves to be consistent with FE simulation by comparison and the scene simulation is more realistic and complete due to the special effects and the rich scene. This study provides an important reference for analysis of collapse accidents of bridges.
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Durante, Maria Giovanna, Luigi Di Sarno, Paolo Zimmaro, and Jonathan P. Stewart. "Damage to Roadway Infrastructure from 2016 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 4 (November 2018): 1721–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101317eqs205m.
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The region of the central Apennines affected by the 2016 earthquake sequence has numerous towns, villages, and isolated dwellings connected by local secondary roads and a few state highways. The roadway network includes several bridges that are important to the economy of the region and play an important role in the post-earthquake resilience of local communities. Within this network, 12 bridges and a rockfall protection tunnel were inspected in coordination with local officials, with relatively cursory reconnaissance of most of the remainder of the network. All inspected reinforced concrete and steel–concrete composite bridges performed adequately. Two historic masonry bridges near Amatrice and Tufo suffered significant damage after the 24 August 2016 main shock, and collapsed after the 30 October 2016 event. Recovery strategies related to the bridge collapse near Amatrice, where two temporary bridges were built within 10 days from the first main shock in August, are discussed. An inspected rockfall protection tunnel experienced earthquake pounding effects.