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1
Vasylkivskyi, Ihor, Vasyl Fedynets, and Yaroslav Yusyk. "Thermometric bridge circuits for measuring thermophysical properties." Energy engineering and control systems 6, no. 2 (2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jeecs2020.02.127.
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The article presents the designs of a number of devices for measuring the thermal conductivity of solids developed using the new methodological approaches proposed by the authors, which enable measurements in a wide range of thermal conductivity values with better accuracy. The proposed approaches rely on the principle of invariance, which consists in ensuring the compensation of the effect of various non-informative parameters on the measurement result. For calculating the developed thermometric bridge circuits (balanced, unbalanced and partially balanced), there was applied the theory of thermal circuits based on the similarity between heat transfer and electricity transfer. The design of thermometric devices based on thermometric bridge circuits makes it possible to raise significantly the accuracy of measuring thermophysical properties of materials due to the reduced errors stemming from the effect of non-informative parameters on the measurement result. This, in turn, allowed the extended measurement range for the thermal conductivity, increased reliability and reduced cost of the devices owing to the simplified measuring circuit.
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MIKHAL, Aleksander A., Dmitro V. MELESHCHUK, and Zygmunt Lech WARSZA. "APPLICATION OF THE HYBRID BALANCED RATIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT METHOD IN THE HIGH-PRECISION AC THERMOMETRY BRIDGES." Physics for Economy 3, no. 1 (2019): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rf.2019.pfe.3.
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The paper article describes the circuit of an automatic AC bridge for high precision temperature measurements using a standard platinum SPRT sensor. An original method for measuring the impedance parameters of SPRT sensor which allows to carry out the measurement process without loss of accuracy, is described in detail. This measurement method is proposed to name as hybrid method. It is a combination of a balanced method for rough compensation of the circuit and a ratiometric method which accurately measures the ratio of two values of the imbalance signal, before and after its known change. With this method, the measuring circuit also does not require a circuit to compensate for the reactive component of the SPRT sensor impedance. The inductive voltage divider with lower number of digits is needed only for the coarse compensation. This circuit is simpler and at lower cost of the hardware resources allows to achieve the same accuracy as the most accurate thermometric bridges with fully balanced circuits.
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Melnyk, V. G., P. I. Borshchov, O. D. Vasylenko, and I. O. Brahynets. "OPTIMIZATION OF BALANCING IN A BRIDGE MEASURING CIRCUIT WITH A DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTOMETRIC SENSOR." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2022, no. 4 (2022): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2022.04.078.
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The article is devoted to solving the problem of the occurrence of an additive error in determining local changes in the electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions under conditions of changes in the background electrical conductivity of the measurement medium, which often occurs in biosensor and other systems with a differential pair of conductometric transducers, if their electrical parameters are not identical. The goal is to provide a deep suppression of the influence of background changes with significant differences in both reactance and active resistance in the transducers of a pair of sensor. The essence of the issue, the causes and mechanism of this type of error, as well as the methods and means of its reduction, developed earlier, are briefly considered. A diagram and description of the structure of a differential conductometric channel of a biosensor system based on an AC bridge, an algorithm for its balancing operations by controlling the module and phase of the test voltage, as well as a vector diagram of currents and voltages in the bridge circuit during this process. The balancing of the bridge has been was modeled analytically, bringing it to a quasi-equilibrium state, in which changes in the background electrical conductivity do not change its output signal. Additional operations for balancing the bridge are determined to achieve such a state with significant differences in both capacitances and active resistances in the impedances of a pair of conductometric transducers of a differential sensor. The results of experimental studies of the suppression of the influence of changes in the background electrical conductivity of a solution in a differential conductometric channel with using its computer model and experimental sample of a conductometric instrument with an electrical equivalent of a differential sensor are presented. A comparison of the results obtained and the corresponding data for balancing bridge circuits by previously developed methods is given. References 16, figures 3, tables 3.
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Semenets, D. "STATIC CONVERSION FUNCTIONS OF THREE-ELECTRODE DIFFERENTIAL CAPACITIVE SENSORS." Slovak international scientific journal, no. 72 (June 8, 2023): 32–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8016968.
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The paper considers the designs of three-electrode differential capacitive sensors for use in displacement transducers. For the three simplest designs, the transformation functions are determined when sensors are included in the RC circuit of the maximum type and the Wien-Robinson measuring bridge circuit. The conversion functions are defined at a certain power frequency of the measuring circuit and an information output signal in the form of voltage.
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Okanuma, S., O. Ichinokura, and K. Murakami. "A dc Power-Measuring Circuit Using a Bridge-Connected Magnetic Circuit." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 19, no. 2 (1995): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.19.565.
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Wang, Yong Qiang, and Wei Hong Li. "A Method of Calculation on Balance Resistance of Measuring Bridge in Strain Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.837.
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Considering the scattering difference in resistance of the strain gauge which will cause the bridge unbalance, the designers of strain measurement instrument have to add bridge-balance circuit into the design of measuring bridge in order to eliminate the problem of a DC component output caused by the unbalance. Thus, in the design of the bridge-balance circuit, the selection of balance resistances is of great significance. In this paper, through calculation analysis of the balance bridge, we obtained a couple of ideal values of balance resistances and tested them by experiments. In this condition, the experimental results have shown that the circuit has a great ability of regulation equilibrium. In brief, this paper provides the designers an effective method of choosing the balance resistances.
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Zihajehzadeh, Sh, M. Maroufi, M. Shamshirsaz, and A. H. Rezaie. "Self-sensing and quality factor control circuits for piezoelectric millimeter-sized resonant cantilevers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 22, no. 17 (2011): 2079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x11424215.
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For ever-increasing applications of resonant piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) such as biosensors, viscosity, and density sensors, the need for design and implementation of a portable circuit for measuring the resonant frequency shift and/or the variation in the quality factor of PEMC becomes crucial. In this article, active and passive self-sensing bridge circuits are designed, fabricated, and implemented for a PEMC. The performances of these circuits are examined for the resonant frequency and quality factor measurements for vibration of PEMC in two different environments. For this purpose, a parameter-tuning procedure for the passive bridge based on experimental identification of Van Dyke model parameters is proposed and applied for the vibration of PEMC in air and 98% glycerol solution. Also, a compensation method for potential instability of active bridge circuit is proposed and developed experimentally for the vibration of PEMC in these environments. To increase the quality factor, the fabricated passive bridge is used in a designed control circuit, which is based on positive feedback signal proportional to the vibration velocity. The experiments show that with the proposed and implemented control circuit, the quality factor will increase by about 80% in air and 25% in glycerol.
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Ishinbaev, N. A., A. N. Krasnov, M. Yu Prakhova, and Yu V. Novikova. "Analysis of the Downhole Measurement System’s Pressure and Temperature Measuring Channel Calibration Errors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (2021): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012066.
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Abstract Various measurements in wells are quite challenging due to the specific measurement conditions. There are some additional requirements for measurement systems, in particular, space restrictions. Therefore, measuring several parameters with a single sensor is rather important. The paper discusses a measurement system that allows measuring temperature and pressure with a single sensor – an SOS-based strain gauge pressure transducer with a bridge or half-bridge circuit. In this case, pressure and temperature measuring channels are calibrated individually, which creates another error component. The numerical simulation of calibration described herein shows that regardless of the sensor circuit, the voltage uncertainty band of both measuring channels is characterized by a reduced error of 0.03 % with a confidence probability P = 0.9.
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Hotra, Les, Oksana Boyko, Ihor Helzhynskyy, Hryhorii Barylo, and Tetyana Kolach. "Methods for the Linearisation of the Transfer Function of Thermoresistive Transducers." Security of Infocommunication Systems and Internet of Things 2, no. 2 (2024): 02012. https://doi.org/10.31861/sisiot2024.2.02012.
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The article describes digital and analogue methods for linearising the conversion function of thermoresistive transducers, with a detailed analysis of analogue methods. Analogue methods for linearising bridge circuits and measurement circuits based on passing a reference current through a resistance temperature detector (RTD) are considered. Linearisation of bridge circuits is based on the formation of the compensating supply voltage of the bridge circuit, which depends on the change in the measured temperature. When using the measurement method based on passing a reference current through an RTD, nonlinearity compensation is achieved by changing the conversion coefficient of the measuring signal or passing an additional current through the RTD, which linearly depends on the value of the RTD’s voltage change (measured temperature value). When passing an additional compensation current through the RTD, the nonlinearity error is not grater than 0.1°C in the range of 0…800°C, and the schematic diagram of the measuring transducer contains a minimum number of elements, which allows to increase its reliability. In general, the choice of a linearisation method depends on the requirements for accuracy, operation rate and resource limitations of the measuring system.
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Melnik, V. G., P. I. Borshchov, S. V. Dzyadevych, and O. Y. Saiapina. "METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL CHANGES IN ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS IN DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTOMETRIC BIOSENSOR SYSTEMS." Praci Institutu elektrodinamiki Nacionalanoi akademii nauk Ukraini, no. 61 (May 25, 2022): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/publishing2022.61.062.
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A method for measuring local changes in the electrical conductivity of solutions using differential conductometric sensors is considered. The method makes it possible to significantly reduce the measurement error due to changes in the background electrical conductivity of the measuring medium when applying the test substance with non-identical parameters of equivalent electrical circuits of the sensor components. The bridge measuring circuit is brought to a quasi-balanced state, while the voltages in the sections of the working solution of the working and reference transducers of the sensor coincide in phase with each other, and their values are proportional to the conductivity of these sections. At the same time, changes in the background electrical conductivity of the solution do not lead to a change in the imbalance signal of the bridge circuit, which allows measuring the informative local change in the electrical conductivity of the working transducer with high sensitivity. The method can be used for highly sensitive and accurate quantification of solutions of electrically conductive substances in technological processes in the energy, chemical, and food industries, in the latest technologies, in particular in biosensor analyzers. The research results of the experimental sample of the conductometric analyzer are given. Ref. 9, table.
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Anna, V. Andonova, and L. Hinov Nikolay. "Thermographic Analysis of a Bridge Power Converter." Journal of Electrical Engineering 65, no. 6 (2015): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2014-0060.
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Abstract Any loss of power in converters is dissipated as heat in the components of the circuit. The article presents a new approach to measuring heat dissipation in a bridge power converter with hard switches using infrared thermography. Parallel measurements by thermocouples have been carried out. The experimental results are compared and used from the both cases. The proposed approach can be used for various circuit implementations of the converters in a similar manner.
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Kampik, Marian, та Adam Cichy. "Synthesis of a Non-Bridge Circuit with Module Balancing Designed to Measure the Dielectric Loss Factor tan δ". Applied Sciences 15, № 10 (2025): 5327. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105327.
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This article presents an evaluation of the possibility of synthesis of a non-bridge system for measuring the dielectric loss coefficient on the basis of a simple bridge circuit. A rare feature of this bridge is that the circuit is brought to two equilibrium states, in which the modules of selected bridge voltages are equal. A favorable feature of the system is its maximum convergence, which greatly facilitates its balancing process. Equations describing the output signals of the bridge were derived, and then the structure of a non-bridge system was developed. An assessment of errors and system uncertainty is presented. The developed system can be easily digitized and built as a virtual instrument.
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Kursin, Serhii, and Oleh Velychko. "Study of autotransformer bridges for measurements of the impedance parameters." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 4 (December 27, 2024): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.4.2024.318844.
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The analysis of the existing impedance measurement methods showed that for the establishment of precision comparators that operate in a wide range of values in the audio frequency range, it is best to use transformer and autotransformer bridges. Autotransformer bridges are used for measurements in a wide range of the impedance values. The use of autotransformer bridges allows reducing the measurement error to 10–7–10–9. High metrological characteristics of transformer bridge circuits make it possible to use them in commercial devices and precision measuring equipment. Simple autotransformer bridges do not provide the opportunity to measure the impedance parameters in a wide range of values of the tangent of the loss angle (phase shift). For the synthesis of measuring circuits of bridges and their balancing, it is necessary to have a precision quadrature channel that will ensure high accuracy of the transmission coefficient both by phase and by module. The structures of universal autotransformer comparators and their properties are determined by two main factors: by the method of forming the source of the complex balancing signal and by the types of schemes for replacing the impedances of the compared objects. To determine ways to improve universal precision impedance comparators based on autotransformer bridges, it is necessary to develop and analyze mathematical models of universal comparators. The conducted theoretical analysis showed that in the process of comparison, it is possible to compare impedances with different substitution schemes with a direct reading of reactive and active parameters. By choosing the appropriate transmission direction, with a simple reconstruction of the measuring circuit, it is possible to compare two impedances with a parallel substitution scheme, two impedances with a series substitution scheme, or two impedances with a different substitution scheme. The obtained results made it possible to implement them in a universal autotransformer-comparator bridge.
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Chen, Chao Jun, and Zhen Zhou Fu. "The Research on Weighing Metering Systems of Beer Barrel Liquid Filling Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.787.
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This design is designing for metering system of the beer barrel liquid filling machine. It contains the selection of metering mode and the design of the weighing system mainly etc. The new connection method which is applied multiple weighing sensor constitute the half-bridge measurement circuit which can achieve measuring function of the full-bridge measurement circuit. Not only can this structure increase the stability and shock resistance of the load-bearing platform but also it can solve the problem that generated large error when a single weighing sensor was measuring the object which has different centre of gravity. And this can improve the filling accuracy greatly.
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Yao, Rong, Yu Bo Zhang, and Zhen Chong Wang. "The Influence of Surveying Method on Mechanical-Electrical Properties of Smart Mortar." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1343.
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To a certain mortar, the identical measuring means can results in quite difference .Through determination intelligence concrete mortars mechanical –electrical with direct current ,alternating circuit,direct bridge and alternating electric bridge,the authors points out the outcomes stability from direct current and direct bridge get worse because they can´t dispel polarization existed in mortar itself. On the contrarory , both alternating circuit and alternating electric bridge can . At the same time, The authors discussed the influence on impedance (Z) of difference equivalent and frequency, and found that the using of series connection and high frequency sine wave can released impedance Z in this materials.
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Li, De Jun, and Chi Gang Xing. "Linearization of High Precision Human Body Temperature Measurement Circuit Based on NTC Thermistor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.381.
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In the micro-climate cloth researching, we usually need to accurate measuring the body temperature, in this paper we choose the constant-voltage temperature measuring system based on the NTC thermistor to measure the temperature. Because the resistance of the thermistor and the temperature is not linear, so this will cause the output of the measurement circuit is not linear. In actual measurement we usually require the output of the circuit varies linearly in the required range. This paper mainly research the linearization problem of the NTC thermistor bridge circuit in the required temperature range.
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Zhou, Weihua, Junqi Bao, Zhenzhi Liu, and Zhengda Chen. "Application of Cable Climbing Robot Automation Control Technology in Bridge Cable Measuring System." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (February 26, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2453144.
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According to the traditional bridge cable measurement system, the accuracy of the bridge cable measurement is low, and the measurement time is long. Based on the automatic control technology of the climbing robot, a new bridge cable measurement system is designed. We design system hardware through CIS drive circuit, main controller, and communication module; design system software on the basis of hardware design; obtain the motion control equation of orthogonal joint cable climbing robot through DH transformation; and apply this equation to the bridge cable measurement system. The bridge cable measurement model is constructed, and the bridge cable measurement system design is completed through the system hardware design and software design. The simulation results show that the designed system has higher accuracy in measuring bridge cables and shorter measuring time.
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Okanuma, S., O. Ichinokura, and K. Murakami. "A new power measuring circuit using a bridge-connected magnetic circuit and another magnetic core." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 27, no. 6 (1991): 5268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.278809.
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Kuvandykov, R. E. "Development of the measuring bridge circuit of the capacitive vacuum meter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1313 (September 2019): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1313/1/012036.
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Viktor Tarasenko and Vera Rykina. "USING OF ELECTRICAL METHODS OF MEASURMENTS FOR TESTING OF BRIDGES AND OTHER STRUCTURES." Bridges and tunnels: Theory, Research, Practice, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/bttrp2013/26665.
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Purpose. With the introduction of new designs of bridges and other structures the using of electrical measurement techniques in which the measured deflections, stresses and vibrations, using transmitters, are converted into electrical signals in their testing is of current interest. It is very important to ensure a phase-sensitivity and proportionality between the measured values of mechanical and electrical signals. Methods. For electrical measurements transducers are connected to electrical bridge-type circuits. Calculations of the Wheatstone’s bridge connections forvarious transducers were made on the basis of Kirchhoff's laws for branched electrical networks and using circuitry transformation for which in the original scheme of the Wheatstone’s bridge the group of resistances is replaced by another, equivalent resistances group. Calculations were performed for the cases of presence and absence of internal resistance of the bridge’s power supply with connecting of transducers into one, two and four arms of a Wheatstone’s bridge. Findings. From the calculations the tables and graphs of the functions fi () and f0i () , that determine the change of current in the measuring diagonal of a Wheatstone’s bridge are derived, where is relativechange in resistance of transducers. For one active sensor functions f1() and f01() are characterized by a high non-linearity, but for strain gages at 0,01...0,02 , acceptable linearity and accuracy of the measurements are provided. Originality. Based on the result analyses for calculations conducted, relations of the current in the measuring diagonal of the Wheatstone’s bridge are determined for various connecting circuits of transducers for measurement of the stress-strain state in structural elements during tests. Also the value of the internal resistance of the bridge’s power supply is taken into account. Calculations were performed using Kirchhoff's laws and by equivalenttransformation of branched circuit. Practical value. Obtained plots for functions fi () and f0i () and the above table allow to estimate the conditions for ensuring the linearity of derived dependencies for different transducers’ connections. Bridge-type circuits for insertion of strain gages allow to distinguish stresses in structural elements from the action of normal forces as well as vertical and horizontal bending moments.
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Сморудова, Татьяна, Tatyana Smorudova, Дмитрий Кочевинов, et al. "Frequency-current system for relay vector control of non-synchronous electric drive in bridge crane travel mechanism." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 4 (2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17144.
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This paper reports the variant for the advancement of the functional circuit and algorithms to control a bridge crane travels with the correction of misalignment and transverse displacement on basis of the use of new systems of a nonsynchronous electric drive with frequency control. It is offered to use a simple and reliable frequency – current with an autonomous inverter of current and a relayvector algorithm of control. A functional circuit of the system of frequen-cy-current control for the mechanism of a bridge crane travel with the correction of misalignment and transverse displacement. To analyze a crane position there are used differential values obtained by means of the indication difference in contactless sensors measuring a distance from the preset crane points to rails on the opposite supports. The procedure for the computation of control system parameters is stated. For the check of created functional circuits and algorithms of control there is used a complex electromechanical computer model of a bridge crane with a high degree of detailed elaboration (a virtual prototype of a bridge crane). The modeling results of are shown. The shown frequency – current system of control with the correction of misalignment and transverse displacement allows the decrease of threshold differential valuations and the increase of speed and accuracy of regulation
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S. Mamaev, Alexey, Aleksandr B. Kiskin, Vladimir E. Zarko, Viktor V. Kolodey, and Eduard G. Mikhaltsov. "Development of Dynamic Method for Measuring Small Forces to Study Gasification of Condensed Systems." Siberian Journal of Physics 6, no. 1 (2011): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2011-6-1-92-94.
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A new instrumental method has been elaborated to measure the recoil force of the condensed system gasification products based on a bridge circuit. The method allows increasing the resolution of the measuring system and eliminating non-controlled dependency of registered signal on dielectric properties of environmental medium
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Sur, U. "Dielectric parameter measurement technique for resin impregnated paper insulation." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (2023): P01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01002.
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Abstract This paper proposes an efficient low cost mechanism to accurately measure the dielectric dissipation factor and its allied effect over resin impregnated paper. The measuring circuit is a modified De Sauty bridge network where the accurate parameter measurement can been performed. The effect of stray capacitance over dielectric loss and dissipation factor has been nullified by the application of operational amplifier in the circuit. Different samples of resin impregnated paper have been tested based on their aging and moisture content to check the reliability of the proposed measuring technique. Experimental result shows the efficacy of the proposed method when compared to existing IEC and ASTM standard procedures and commercial measuring devices. Measurement error analysis with repeatability and uncertainty calculation shows promising result and is within the acceptable limits.
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Gao, Shanghua, Xiaoyi Zhu, Xiaofeng Zhang, et al. "A Low-Noise High-Resolution Temperature Measurement Technique Based on Inductive Voltage Divider and Alternating-Current Bridge." Sensors 25, no. 9 (2025): 2777. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092777.
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In the field of space gravitational wave detection, high-precision temperature measurement with a resolution at the micro-Kelvin level in the milli-Hertz frequency range is required to mitigate the interference caused by temperature fluctuations around the core components. This is a very challenging task due to resistance thermal noise and the inherent 1/f noise of electronic components. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a low-noise, high-resolution temperature measurement method based on an inductive voltage divider and an alternating-current (AC) bridge. The proposed method has the following three characteristics: (1) it employs an AC excitation signal to drive the temperature measuring bridge to overcome the influence of 1/f noise in electronic components; (2) it uses as few resistance components as possible in the AC bridge and signal detection circuit to reduce the impact of resistance thermal noise on the measurement results; (3) it adopts a frequency-domain data processing algorithm based on discrete Fourier transform to improve the accuracy of the temperature measuring result. Using this method, a circuit board is designed and tested. The results show that the noise floor level of the designed temperature measurement circuit is below 7×10−6 K/Hz in a frequency range of 0.005~1 Hz. This demonstrates that our proposed method is able to detect extremely weak temperature change signals and meets the temperature measurement requirements of space gravitational wave detection.
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AKGÜL, Celaletdin, Yücel ÇETİNCEVİZ, and Erdal ŞEHİRLİ. "DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF AC/DC SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY WITH HALF BRIDGE DC/DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGY FOR BATTERY SYSTEMS of ELECTRICAL VEHICLE." Journal of Scientific Reports-A, no. 052 (March 29, 2023): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59313/jsr-a.1213162.
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This study presents design, analysis and application details of electrical vehicle battery charge device based on half bridge DC-DC converter. Half bridge DC-DC converter in the paper has 620 W power, 25 kHz switching frequency and input DC voltage is obtained by uncontrolled bridge rectifier. In addition, information about the battery that is charged, and battery pack are given. Besides, a protection structure of battery is added by measuring both current and voltage of battery. Firstly, equations required for half bridge DC-DC converter is derived and simulation of battery charge circuit is realized by using PSIM and MATLAB/Simulink. Then, the results of the experimental study and the simulation results are given comparatively. The experimental results prove the accuracy of the simulation studies.
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Ogunleye, I. O., S. B. Adeyemo, and M. B. Adeyemi. "Development of a Moisture Measuring Device for Cassava Particulate during Drying." Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (June 2007): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.171.
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A moisture-measuring device for the determination of percentage moisture content of cassava particulate on dry basis during drying process was developed used to investigate the effect of pressure on the resistance of the cassava particulate sample. A thermo-gravimetric sample analysis was used for the calibration of the moisture measuring device. The device had four electrode cups, two of which were used as dummies to give a ½ Wheatstone bridge circuit used to measure the resistance. The resistance of the cassava samples increases with decrease in the %moisture content and decreases with increase in pressure.
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Rathore, Pradeep Kumar, Brishbhan Singh Panwar, and Jamil Akhtar. "A novel CMOS-MEMS integrated pressure sensing structure based on current mirror sensing technique." Microelectronics International 32, no. 2 (2015): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2014-0048.
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Purpose – The present paper aims to propose a basic current mirror-sensing circuit as an alternative to the traditional Wheatstone bridge circuit for the design and development of high-sensitivity complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)–microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-integrated pressure sensors. Design/methodology/approach – This paper investigates a novel current mirror-sensing-based CMOS–MEMS-integrated pressure-sensing structure based on the piezoresistive effect in metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET). A resistive loaded n-channel MOSFET-based current mirror pressure-sensing circuitry has been designed using 5-μm CMOS technology. The pressure-sensing structure consists of three identical 10-μm-long and 50-μm-wide n-channel MOSFETs connected in current mirror configuration, with its input transistor as a reference MOSFET and output transistors are the pressure-sensing MOSFETs embedded at the centre and near the fixed edge of a silicon diaphragm measuring 100 × 100 × 2.5 μm. This arrangement of MOSFETs enables the sensor to sense tensile and compressive stresses, developed in the diaphragm under externally applied pressure, with respect to the input reference transistor of the mirror circuit. An analytical model describing the complete behaviour of the integrated pressure sensor has been described. The simulation results of the pressure sensor show high pressure sensitivity and a good agreement with the theoretical model has been observed. A five mask level process flow for the fabrication of the current mirror-sensing-based pressure sensor has also been described. An n-channel MOSFET with aluminium gate was fabricated to verify the fabrication process and obtain its electrical characteristics using process and device simulation software. In addition, an aluminium gate metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitor was fabricated on a two-inch p-type silicon wafer and its CV characteristic curve was also measured experimentally. Finally, the paper presents a comparative study between the current mirror pressure-sensing circuit with the traditional Wheatstone bridge. Findings – The simulated sensitivities of the pressure-sensing MOSFETs of the current mirror-integrated pressure sensor have been found to be approximately 375 and 410 mV/MPa with respect to the reference transistor, and approximately 785 mV/MPa with respect to each other. The highest pressure sensitivities of a quarter, half and full Wheatstone bridge circuits were found to be approximately 183, 366 and 738 mV/MPa, respectively. These results clearly show that the current mirror pressure-sensing circuit is comparable and better than the traditional Wheatstone bridge circuits. Originality/value – The concept of using a basic current mirror circuit for sensing tensile and compressive stresses developed in micro-mechanical structures is new, fully compatible to standard CMOS processes and has a promising application in the development of miniaturized integrated micro-sensors and sensor arrays for automobile, medical and industrial applications.
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Zaschepkina, Natalia, and Maxim Svyta. "Development of a functional model of the temperature meter." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.1.2021.228239.
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Thin-film platinum resistance thermometers of various designs and performance are widely used in various industries. The temperature measurement range of these sensors is from -200 °C to +600 °C.
 A functional model of a portable digital temperature meter in the range from -50 °C to +300 ℃ based on the L416 sensor type Pt100 is proposed. The optimal circuit solution for connecting the L416 sensor to the Winston measuring bridge was selected. The proposed circuit solution is suitable for power supply from autonomous DC sources, which allows for miniaturization of the device and contributes to energy efficiency.
 The amplification of the output voltage of the amplifier in the entire operating range of the analog-to-digital converter following the operating range of the temperature sensor has been performed, which allows obtaining the maximum resolution of the analog-to-digital conversion when measuring temperature.
 A functional model for converting the resistance of a temperature sensor into a digital code has been developed. The functional model shows that the source code of the analog-to-digital converter does not depend on the supply voltage of the circuit, thus realizing the stability of the function of converting the resistance of the sensor into the value of the code of the analog-to-digital converter.
 The sensor has a normalized characteristic of the dependence of resistance on temperature, so a precision resistance box MSR-60M has been used to calibrate the circuit of the temperature meter. With the help of the resistance box MSR-60M, it is possible to calibrate the circuit of the temperature meter with an uncertainty of 0.07 °C.
 Keywords: temperature meter; RTD; Pt100; Winston bridge; ratiometric power supply.
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Fidrovska, Nataliia, Roman Ponomarenko, Evgen Slepuzhnikov, and Dmytro Kozodoi. "JUSTIFICATION OF TENSORISTOR CALIBRATION IN A COMPLEX WITH MEASURING EQUIPMENT." Collected scientific works of Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 194 (October 5, 2021): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.194.2020.230411.
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The article describes the process of calibrating strain gauge and measuring equipment. Modern machines have a complex design of the shapes of parts and assemblies. The loads acting on them often do not allow the determination of the stress state by modeling or calculation when creating these structurally complex machines. Therefore, conducting experimental studies using the strain gauge method is an extremely important task in real time. But for such a study, it is necessary to calibrate the strain gauges. Calibration must be performed to determine the functional relationship between the load applied to the part to be tested and the equipment output. Depending on the size, as well as the configuration and other features of the investigated part, several methods of calibration of strain gages are used: direct and indirect. To obtain reliable measurement results, the calibration conditions should differ as little as possible from the conditions of experimental studies of the tested parts. Calibration must be performed to determine the functional relationship between the load applied to the part to be tested and the equipment output. Depending on the size, as well as the configuration and other features of the investigated part, several methods of calibration of strain gages are used: direct and indirect. To obtain reliable measurement results, the calibration conditions should differ as little as possible from the conditions of experimental studies of the tested parts. Calibration consists in finding a functional relationship between the load acting on the tested part and the output signal of the equipment. To do this, creating previously known loads on the part on which the strain gauges are glued, and comparing the value of these loads with the intensity of the output signal, their ratio is determined analytically or graphically. Electrotensometry uses bridge and half-bridge measurement circuits. The half-bridge circuit is widely used, especially in static processes, where one strain gauge is active, and the other is located in the area of the load and is used for temperature compensation.
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Anatolij, Perederko. "DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH SENSITIVE INDUCTIVE MOVEMENT SENSOR." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 9 (104) (2020): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.201859.
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Research on a contact induction displacement sensor over short distances is presented. A ferrite core with a winding and a movable armature is used as a sensor. There is an air gap between the core and the armature. To solve the problem of improving the accuracy of measurement, the sensor is included in the bridge measuring circuit, which is powered by high-frequency alternating current. To increase the sensitivity of the indicated sensor to movement, a differential circuit for its inclusion is proposed. Also, in order to increase sensitivity, the resonant mode of operation of the bridge measurement circuit is used. To maintain a constant voltage of the power generator, a phase-locked loop is used. As a result of the study of the induction displacement sensor, practical results were obtained with a maximum displacement of ±0.6 mm. The sensor has not been studied for large displacements, since with an increase in the indicated displacement, the nonlinearity of the displacement-current transformation appears. The maximum sensitivity of the differential sensor in the indicated range of movement 2.44 μA/μm is obtained without the use of a phase-locked loop. The use of a phase-locked-loop frequency adjustment system increased the sensitivity to 3.48 μA/μm. During the study, the dependence of the sensitivity of the sensor on the frequency of the power generator was determined, which allows to determine the optimal power frequency of the measuring bridge circuit. Studies have shown that the use of contact inductive meters have the prospect of application and reserves for improvement. And the use of differential inclusion of the sensor and the resonant mode of operation gives a significant increase in the sensitivity of the primary transducer at small displacements. An inexpensive sensor has been developed that will be useful for many applications where it is necessary to measure displacements and linear dimensions by contact methods
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Pidlutskyi, Vasyl. "Features of measuring deformations of load-bearing structures of buildings during their field and laboratory tests under the action of static and dynamic loads." Bases and Foundations, no. 46 (June 26, 2023): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0475-1132.46.2023.113-122.
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The peculiarities of measuring the deformations of load-bearing structures of buildings during their field and laboratory tests using strain gauge-based sensors are considered. An overview of various problematic issues that arise in the process of conducting experimental tests and affect the measurement results is given. The most common, which affect the accuracy of measurements, are the effects of temperature, humidity, and vibration; the difficulty of calibrating and mounting strain gauges on different surfaces of elements; complexity of measurement data processing; combination of high-quality work of strain gauges, cable conductors, measuring equipment, data collection and processing system; the selection of the connection scheme of tensor resistors in the Wheatstone bridge. The peculiarities of the organization of the experiment for testing the load-bearing structures of the building, namely pile foundations, are considered, and the main problematic issues when using strain gauges as strain gauges of building elements are given. The use of strain gauges to measure deformations of load-bearing structures of buildings is one of the common methods, which has many advantages, which are discussed in detail in the work. Strain gauges can be used to measure deformations of elements that are mechanically connected to them. They have high measurement accuracy, sensitivity to element deformation, and a wide variable measurement range. The advantages of using the Wheatstone bridge to measure the change in electrical resistance are highlighted, as this method allows measuring very small values of the change in resistance. Methods of connecting tensor resistors according to the Wheatstone scheme are considered, the choice of which depends on the purpose of the study and the required accuracy. One of the easiest ways is to connect just one strain gauge to a current or voltage source and measure the change in resistance. But this method has low sensitivity and does not compensate for the effect of temperature. A more accurate way is to connect two or four tensor resistors in the Wheatstone bridge circuit, which allows you to measure the voltage change on the diagonal of the bridge. The bridge circuit has a high sensitivity and can compensate for the effect of temperature if the tensor resistors have the same coefficient of temperature dependence of the resistance. An algorithm for measuring the deformations of a metal pipe working under compression using strain gauges has been developed.
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Shynkaruk, K. M., S. A. Сhehovski, and N. M. Pindus. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE THERMOCATALYTIC METHOD FOR MEASURING THE HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF NATURAL GAS." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 1(46) (June 28, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2021-1(46)-25-32.
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The paper describes the design of a laboratory bench for experimental studies of thermocatalytic methods for determining the heat of combustion of a gas using natural gas samples. The technique of measurements performed on the developed experimental stand is described in detail. The design of the described model was developed with the possibility of conducting research in a pulsed mode of operation, it significantly reduces the time for conducting experimental research and allows for each experiment to control the initial signal level of the measuring bridge circuit. The developed measuring stand allows one to measure one sensor in a bridge circuit, and also provides the ability to quickly replace the investigated transducer, which is important when conducting routine experimental research. The regularities of the change in the output signal of the measuring circuit were experimentally established when using a gas sample of a known composition and heat of combustion at a gas flow rate of 0.5 to 1.5 ml and a carrier gas (air) of 1-5 l / h. The results of testing thermocatalytic converters are presented. in a natural gas environment. Experimental studies have confirmed the possibility of using a thermochemical analyzer to measure low volumetric specific heats of combustion of natural gases. An important advantage of the described analyzer is that it provides the ability to measure the heat of combustion of a gas in a pulsed mode of operation with a small (0.5 - 2 ml) sample of the analyzed gas, which eliminates the need to use special means for stabilizing the volumetric flow rate of a variable gas composition, significantly reduces the time required for research, and also significantly reduces the costs associated with the purchase of pure gases.
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Li, Xiao Feng, Jie Ma, Hai Feng Liu, and Shou Gang Zhang. "The Design of High Precision Temperature Control Circuit for DFB Laser Diode." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.286.
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A circuit using the singlechip as key component for temperature control for DFB laser diode is designed in this article. An imbalance electrical bridge for measuring the temperature of laser diode is used in this circuit, and the result of measurement is converted to digital quantity by ADC. After that, the error signal is gotten through the digital PID calculation. At last, the DAC chip make error signal be voltage to drive power amplifier for TEC. The function of set point and display of real time temperature is also added. After the test for a long time, we confirm the precision of temperature is better than ±0.001°C.
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Jiao, Yang, Jun Wang, and Gang He. "Design on Measuring System of New Type Electrical Resistivity Imaging Exploring Ground Instrument." Key Engineering Materials 620 (August 2014): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.620.369.
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Aiming at the deficiencies of single signal of electrical resistivity imaging instrument, poor anti-interference, fixed electrode arrangement and low-sampling accuracy, etc, this paper designs a new type of high-density exploring ground instrument. Based on MCU as controller, the transmitter uses MOSFET tube driving H bridge circuit to transmit any digital code current signal. Based on FPGA as master controller, the receiver uses 24 bit ADC chip to sample the data, designs the key circuit such as reference source, clock and single-ended to differential, accomplishes high precision data acquisition. Distributed intelligent electrode conversion device uses low power relay, so it is very small and low power consumption. We did the noise test and repeated measurement experiments on pure resistance on this instrument. The experimental results show that the transmitting signal is stable, waveform is standard, resistance curve tested by collecting system and actual curve are coherent, the precision is high and the stabilization is good.
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A. Kryukov, Yu, M. A. Mikheev, T. Е. Golovchenko, V. V. Ivanov, and L. K. Lytkin. "Account of Temperature Change at Calibration of Air Flow Sensor." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.19 (2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.19.17005.
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The article describes of temperature change consideration during the calibration of air flow sensor for a car engine. The sensor uses a blade made of elastic material with strain gauges applied to the front and the back surfaces, the deformation of which is measured and recalculated into a mass flow of air. They suggested the system of equations whose solution makes it possible to determine the mass flow rate and air temperature according to the known signal values at the measuring bridge output and the measuring circuit resistance. The coefficients of equation system are determined during calibration and then are recorded into the memory of the microcontroller sensor.
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Khan, Shakeb A., and Tarikul Islam. "Precision Active Bridge Circuit for Measuring Incremental Resistance with ANN Compensation of Excitation Voltage Variation." Journal of Sensor Technology 01, no. 03 (2011): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jst.2011.13008.
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Gan, Hong, Kun Chen, and Xing Hong Zhong. "Static Analysis on the Measurement System of an Electronic Belt Scale." Applied Mechanics and Materials 345 (August 2013): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.345.525.
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The Principal Purpose of the Present Work is to Investigate the Measurement System of a Direct Loading Electronic Belt Scale with a Single Supporting Roller, Revealing the Relationship between Weight Sensor Output and Vertical as well as Horizontal Force Subjected to Carrier Roller by Means of a Finite Element Software ANSYS. the Results Conclusively Indicate that there is a Good Linear Relationship between the Vertical Force and the Sensor Output while the Output is Independent from the Horizontal One with the Full-Bridge Circuit Applied to Measuring Circuit for Transducer. Variation in Horizontal Force Acting on Carrier Roller is Not a Major Source of Error in the Measurement by a Belt Weigher.
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Kowalski, Frank V., Justin L. Swantek, Tony D'Esposito, and Jacob Brannum. "Voltage decay in an RLC circuit is not what is taught: An advanced laboratory exercise." American Journal of Physics 92, no. 3 (2024): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0068145.
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At first glance, a simple model of an RLC circuit taught in undergraduate courses provides a reasonable fit to experimental data. However, careful analysis demonstrates that this model does not accurately describe the behavior of the oscillations in this circuit and requires further refinement. Measuring and analyzing data from this system provides an opportunity for advanced lab students to engage in hypothesis construction, modeling, and experimental design as they seek to explain the discrepancy between these data and a model. The learning outcomes of this activity are consistent with the AAPT guidelines on the undergraduate laboratory experience. Furthermore, such experimentation allows students to bridge the gap between classroom learning and the real world.
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Kye, Seungkyung, Hyung-Jo Jung, and Ho-Yeon Jung. "Experimental Investigation on a Cable Structure Equipped with an Electrodynamic Damper and Its Monitoring Strategy through Energy Harvesting." Sensors 19, no. 11 (2019): 2631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112631.
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The vibration of cables in a cable-supported bridge affects its serviceability and safety. Therefore, cable dampers are essential for vibration control, monitoring, and the further maintenance of such bridges. In this study, the vibration control performance of an electrodynamic damper applied to a cable used in a footbridge was experimentally verified considering the major design variables of the damper. The damping performance was analyzed by varying the damping ratio according to the excitation condition and external circuit resistance. The acceleration and displacement at each measurement point and the frequency-domain response decreased. Considering the dominant response conditions of the cables in the bridge, an effective additional attenuation was observed. In addition, the harvesting power considering the measurement frequency and power loss was sufficient to operate a wireless measuring sensor by examining the energy harvesting performance from the cable measurement data of an actual bridge in service. Finally, a stepwise operation strategy for a cable vibration monitoring system was suggested and examined by analyzing the meteorological observation data and the power output according to the wind environment. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using an electrodynamic damper to build an integrated monitoring system capable of simultaneous cable vibration reduction and energy harvesting.
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Yang, Yuan Yuan, Lei Wang, Jiu Bin Tan, et al. "Self-Sensing Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator for Active Vibration Isolation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 870 (September 2017): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.870.67.
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Giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA) are commonly used in active vibration isolation domain for hight frequency response and large output force. GMA has a nonlinear displacement output when disturbed by vibrations. In order to compensate for the nonlinearity and improve the precision of the system, the critical process is the measurement of external disturbances which can be realized with a bridge circuit based on a traditional equivalent circuit model. However, the sensitivity is restricted because of the integral relationship between the force and the open circuit voltage. In this paper, the conception of the dynamic inductance is proposed to optimize the equivalent circuit model that is based on coupled linear magneto-mechanical constitutive equations. Then the measurement for external forces becomes effective with the improvement in the sensitivity through measuring the dynamic inductance. A dynamic simulation is carried out to test the performance of GMA based on the equivalent circuit model. The external dynamic forces can be accurately detected by calculating the impedances in the self-sensing effect of the Terfenol-D.
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Schmaljohann, F., D. Hagedorn, and F. Löffler. "Thin film sensors for measuring small forces." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (2015): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-91-2015.
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Abstract. Especially in the case of measuring small forces, the use of conventional foil strain gauges is limited. The measurement uncertainty rises by force shunts and is due to the polymer foils used, as they are susceptible to moisture. Strain gauges in thin film technology present a potential solution to overcome these effects because of their direct and atomic contact with the measuring body, omitting an adhesive layer and the polymer foil. For force measurements up to 1 N, a suitable deformation element was developed by finite element (FE) analysis. This element is designed for an approximate strain of 1000 μm m−1 at the designated nominal load. The thin film system was applied by magnetron sputtering. The strain gauge structure is fabricated by distinct photolithographic steps. The developed sensors were tested with different load increments. The functional capability of the single resistance strain gauges could be proven. Moreover, a developed sensor in a full bridge circuit showed a linear characteristic with low deviation and good stability.
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Xie, Hui Fan, Guang Yuan Yang, Guang Qiang Peng, et al. "Analysis on Commutation Failure and DC Differential Protection Unwanted Action of Yunnan-Guangdong UHVDC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.784.
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In order to reveal the commutation failure process and the reason for DC differential protection (87DCM) unwanted action of Yunnan-Guangdong UHVDC in 9.12th 2012, and to lessen the unnecessary outage and guarantee a safe and stable operation, the 9.12 outage is deeply studied, including commutation failure phenomena and equivalent circuit analysis, high voltage DC current, low voltage DC current and their differential current analysis and reason for 87DCM unwanted action, and the final conclusions come out that: (1) 9.12 commutation failure includes V1 failing to communicate to V3 of Y bridge and V2 failing to communicate to V4 of D bridge; (2) during commutation failure process, high voltage DC current and low voltage DC current all raise rapidly and both contain DC component, AC component and no-circle rising component, and theoretically high voltage DC current equals to low voltage DC current; (3) failure in low pass filter circuit of pole 1 low voltage CT leads to measuring differential current between high voltage and low voltage DC current, and finally leads to unwanted action of 87DCM.
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Li, Haoran. "Pt100 temperature measurement sensors design and transducer simulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2897, no. 1 (2024): 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2897/1/012011.
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Abstract Temperature measurement (thermometry) is indispensable in industrial operations, aiding engineers in monitoring and evaluating temperatures. This study focuses on the utilization of Platinum Resistance Temperature Detectors (Pt100 RTDs) for precise thermal measurements, operating within an input simulation range of 0-10 V and tailored for measuring temperatures from 10°C to 90°C in chemical processes. Using the Siemens PLC300 simulation system as the power supply, the experiment involved connecting a Pt100 RTD to a DC balance Wheatstone bridge to assess thermal conductivity characteristics. The experiment in this research setup included a simulation of the circuit diagram using Multisim software, comprising a bridge configuration, amplifier circuitry, and voltage display. Results based on the Coefficient of Determination and Mean Squared Error demonstrated the sensor’s high accuracy and reliability. The experiment also underscored the importance of calibration and the impact of ambient conditions on measurement accuracy. The findings affirm the Pt100 RTD’s potential in industrial applications, offering valuable insights into its performance and areas for improvement in circuit design and component selection.
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Xu, Xin, Zheng Chen, Hong Li, et al. "Design of A High-Precision Component-Type Vertical Pendulum Tiltmeter Based on FPGA." Sensors 23, no. 18 (2023): 7998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23187998.
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This paper presents a high-precision component-type vertical pendulum tiltmeter based on an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) that improves the utility and reliability of geophysical field tilt observation instruments. The system is designed for rapid deployment and offers flexible and efficient adaptability. It comprises a pendulum body, a triangular platform, a locking motor and sealing cover, a ratiometric measurement bridge, a high-speed ADC, and an FPGA embedded system. The pendulum body is a plumb-bob-type single-suspension wire vertical pendulum capable of measuring ground tilt in two orthogonal directions simultaneously. It is installed on a triangular platform, sealed as a whole, and equipped with a locking motor to withstand a free-fall impact of 2 m. The system utilizes a differential capacitance ratio bridge in the measurement circuit, replacing analog circuits with high-speed AD sampling and FPGA digital signal processing technology. This approach reduces hardware expenses and interferences from active devices. The system also features online compilation functionality for flexible measurement parameter settings, high reliability, ease of use, and rapid deployment without the need for professional technical personnel. The proposed tiltmeter holds significant importance for further research in geophysics.
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Magerramov, R. V. "Conversion of amplitude modulated square wave signal from current sensor to pulse duration using PLL circuit." Issues of radio electronics, no. 8 (August 7, 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2019-8-37-42.
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At the moment, almost any electronic product incorporates measuring sensors for converting physical quantities. These devices produce a signal of measurement information in a form suitable for transmission and further conversion. As a rule, the output signal from the measurement sensors undergoes first preprocessing such as amplification, filtering, modulation, etc. After preprocessing the prepared signal, various architectures of analog‑to‑digital converters (ADC) are used. The choice of ADC depends on the parameters of the conversion signal and the dynamic characteristics of the sensors used. This paper considers converting a square‑amplitude modulated signal from a current sensor to a pulse width using a phase‑locked loop (PLL). The architecture of the ADC based on the PLL circuit allows obtaining a linear dependence of the output signal duty cycle on the value of the measured input current. The layout of the device is implemented on a printed circuit board, the main components of which are: current sensor, which is a bridge circuit of magnetoresistive conductors; phase‑sensitive rectifier and microcircuit of a two‑channel PLL circuit made inTechnological Center.
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Bryakin, I. V., and I. V. Bochkarev. "Vibration sensor for monitoring systems of construction elements of high-voltage power lines." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 24, no. 4 (2022): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-4-63-76.
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PURPOSE. To develop a differential parametric inductive transducer of vibration values into an electrical signal, which is a vibration displacement sensor (DV) with a new principle of operation. Theoretically substantiate the performance of the proposed DV. To develop a new system for vibroacoustic monitoring of the technical condition of overhead power transmission line (TL) supports using the proposed DV. METHODS. When solving this goal, the theory of parametric transducers and the main provisions of the theory of vibration diagnostics were used. RESULTS. The design feature of the developed DV is the absence of an excitation coil, and its functional elements form a full-fledged measuring bridge, the arms of which include interturn capacitances of the windings of the first and second measuring coils, as well as capacitances formed by a metal cylindrical electrode with a coaxially located inside it ferromagnetic rod and the first lower rows of wire windings of the measuring coils. The bridge circuit operates in a resonant mode, which ensures the high sensitivity of the proposed sensor, and the quadrature conversion of the information signal provides the necessary level of noise immunity. The received signal is a functional dependence of the output voltage of the measuring bridge on the magnitude of external vibrations, the characteristics of the temporary realizations of which reflect the degradation processes occurring in the power transmission line supports. CONCLUSION. The proposed system for monitoring the integrity of power transmission line supports is actually a distributed real-time sensor network that implements PLC technology. The DV of each sensor module registers microvibrations of the structural elements of the corresponding power transmission line support, caused by natural disturbing factors during their operation, and converts them into an electrical information signal, which forms the basis of monitoring information about the current state of the power transmission line support structural elements.
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Li, Yan Qiang, Wen Feng Li, Hai Ming Shao, Fei Peng Lin, Bo Liang, and Huang Hui Zhang. "The Research of Capacitive Load Influence on Inductive Voltage Divider." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1537.
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The inductive voltage divider is usually used and calibrated at no-load situation, but it also used at taking load situation. For example in the situation of measuring voltage dependence of low voltage capacitors and detecting high voltage bridge, the inductive voltage divider need to take two specific capacitors. This paper have researched the influence of specific capacitive load on its ratio and deduced the analytical formula through related experiments and circuit model analysis when it takes capacitor. And use the method of connecting resistor in series to compensate its ratio accuracy to 1×10-6 degree.
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Tikhomirov, Michael Y., Yuri M. Spalek, and Viacheslav N. Borshchev. "Temperature Dependence of Sensitivity of Silicon Integrated Mechanical Transducer in The Temperature Range from -60°C to +200°C." Technology. Technology of Instrument Making: CSTI "Poisk", (1988), (USSR). 2, no. 13 (1988): 80–100. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35275.67362/3.
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For the output signal (Uout) of integrated transducers (IRT) with a bridge measuring circuit (BC) having a "square" topological structure, a comparative analysis of data from different studies of the electrophysical characteristics of the tensoresistive layers was performed. Because of the significant difference in the results obtained from these data within a stable technology, the characteristics of BC have been investigated depending on the average level of the doped layer (ρ). The boundaries of the thermocompensation ranges were determined, in which the temperature error of MC with different ρ does not exceed 0.02 %/ o C.
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Tasnim, Rumana, Sheroz Khan, Musse Mohamud, and Atika Arshad. "A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS FLOW SENSING BEHAVIOR USING CAPACITIVE TECHNIQUE." IIUM Engineering Journal 17, no. 1 (2016): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v17i1.459.
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Flowsensing technology from today’s application perspective has gained significant research interest over the past few years. Among the existing sensing techniques, electrostatic and capacitive sensing techniques have proven promising although cable capacitance and stray capacitance cause inaccuracy while measuring very small capacitances. The existing measurement circuit model is complicated and has flawed electrode arrangement. By sensing very small capacitive variation, the developed capacitive technique has proven capable of reducing the stray and residual capacitance effect by using an interface sensing circuit based on circular and semicircular shaped electrode and modified capacitive bridge. The proposed interface circuit is simulated via PSPICE for realizing the small capacitive variation with permittivity variation. Hardware implementation is carried out using a flow sensing set up that senses two kinds of biomass flow variation as a change of dielectric permittivity under room conditions. The output voltage has been reproduced as a representative of the flow. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation into experimental data shows an agreeable level of consistency with the simulation results.KEYWORDS: electrodes; sensing; capacitance; electrostatic; piping; measurement
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Pyt, Patryk, Kacper Skrobacz, Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz, and Mariusz Węglarski. "Textronic Capacitive Sensor with an RFID Interface." Sensors 24, no. 12 (2024): 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24123706.
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This article presents an innovative combination of textile electrical circuits with advanced capabilities of electronic RFID sensors, indicating the revolutionary nature of the development of textronics, which is used in various areas of life, from fashion to medicine. A review of the literature relating to the construction of textronic RFID identifiers and capacitive textronic sensors is performed. Various approaches to measuring capacity using RFID tags are discussed. This article focuses on presenting the concept of a capacitive sensor with an RFID interface, consisting of a microelectronic part and a textile part. The textile part is based on the WL4007 material, where antennas and capacitive sensors are embroidered using SPARKFUN DEV 11791 conductive thread. The antenna is a half-wave dipole designed to operate at a frequency of 860 MHZ. The microelectronic part is sewn to the textile part and consists of a microcontroller, an RFID-integrated circuit and a coupling loop, placed on the PCB. The embroidered antenna is coupled with a loop on the microelectronic module. This article focuses on presenting various designs of textronic electrodes, enabling various types of measurements. Article presents capacitance measurements of individual sensor electrodes, made using a measuring bridge and a built RFID tag. The sensors’ capacity measurement results are shown.