Academic literature on the topic 'Bridges in literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bridges in literature"
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Tasnic, Mihail, and Ilia Catereniuc. "Some morphological aspects of myocardial bridges." Moldovan Medical Journal 64, no. 2 (May 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52418/moldovan-med-j.64-2.21.11.
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Background: Myocardial bridges are variants of the intramyocardial position of the coronary arteries. In the specialty literature, hot topics in cardiovascular field are myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary artery disease with frequent connection with myocardial bridges. Material and methods: The morphological study was based on the analysis of 200 human hearts and fragments of coronary arteries. The retrospective study was focused on the analysis of 6168 coronary angiography reports, to identify patients with myocardial bridges, their preferred location, the degree of systolic stenosis, the association between myocardial bridges and proximal to bridge and under the bridge coronary atherosclerosis. Results: The complete myocardial bridges were described in 62% of the analyzed hearts and only in 5.3% of the total number of studied coronarographies. In the majority of cases, the complete myocardial bridges covered the anterior interventricular branch. The degree of subpontine arterial systolic stenosis varied within 10-95%. The comparative study did not determine any correlations between the degree of subpontine vascular compression and the degree of the left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. In 32% of cases were described proximal to bridge atherosclerotic plaques and only in one case (0.5%) – distal to bridge atherosclerotic plaques, located immediately under the bridge. Conclusions: The research findings underline the differences in anatomical and angiographic incidence of myocardial bridges, and the inability of all bridges to reduce the lumen of under bridged artery. Current study emphasizes attention to the topography of bridges, the correlation with ventricular hypertrophy and coronary atherosclerosis.
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Sharma, Jayendra, William Hellenbrand, Charles Kleinman, and Ralph Mosca. "Symptomatic myocardial bridges in children: a case report with review of literature." Cardiology in the Young 21, no. 5 (June 23, 2011): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951111000849.
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AbstractMyocardial bridge is a rare congenital coronary anomaly in children, usually seen in the setting of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in left ventricular hypertrophy. Most myocardial bridges are believed to represent a benign anatomical variant; however, symptomatic myocardial bridge is a distinct subgroup of pathological variant, linked to myocardial ischaemia, ventricular arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death. We present a case of a symptomatic myocardial bridge in a 5-year-old boy with mild hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who underwent supra-arterial myotomy, automatic defibrillator placement, and long-term Beta-blocker therapy. We also present 10 years of follow-up with a review of literature regarding symptomatic myocardial bridges in the paediatric age group.
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Velniciuc, A. M., and C. Bujoreanu. "Some analyzes on box girders bridges - literature review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1262, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1262/1/012039.
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Studies on box girders bridges that treats domains such as: its seismic response, fire resistance of the structure, effect of web inclination of the bridge, shear force distribution in webs of the bridge, loading conditions for the bridge with dead load and live load were reviewed and concluded. Our paper aims to describe different research from the dedicated literature using software such as Ansys, Midas, CSi Bridge with FEM (finite element method) and to highlight the points where the maximum stress values are found. This will help us in the future to compare these results obtained by experts with new analyzes that we want to accomplish regarding the efficacy and reliability of the box girder structure. The main motivation to study this domain is represented by the previous experience and knowledge and to detect new dangerous sections in this type of structure. By counteracting the dangerous sections, we can improve the reliability degree and efficiency of the box girder bridge structure.
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Abdellaoui, Mohammed, Mohamed Badaoui, Mahmoud Bensaibi, and Koriga Said. "Developing a seismic bridge reliability model to enhance its resilience: a study on reinforced concrete bridges in Algeria." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 1 (May 21, 2024): 2088–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n1-103.
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Bridges are critical points in transportation networks because they are exposed to various natural and human-caused hazards, leading to partial or complete service interruption. Bridges must maintain their societal functions, especially after events such as earthquakes, because they play a vital role in emergency response, relief operations and damage mitigation. This paper proposes an improved model for evaluating the reliability of reinforced concrete bridges before seismic events, to improve their resilience to earthquakes and enable effective preparedness for disasters. In the first phase of this study, a group of important factors that affect the reliability of the bridge were identified, based on the opinions of experts and a comprehensive reading of the current literature in this field, These factors include the current physical condition of the bridge, the seismic hazard, the seismic design, the importance of the bridge in terms of traffic, and the geometry of the bridges. In the second stage, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative impact of each factor compared to other factors.The third stage is to calculate the bridge's seismic reliability index (RSI) by combining the weights of these factors with the score for each case.Three classifications of seismic reliability were proposed for low, medium and high. The model has been applied to many reinforced concrete bridges in earthquake-prone areas in Algeria. The model provides valuable insights for evaluating bridge reliability and can help decision makers and officials make proactive decisions that will improve seismic resilience. Finally, the results obtained are summarized in this paper.
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Atadero, Jia, Abdallah, and Ozbek. "An Integrated Uncertainty-Based Bridge Inspection Decision Framework with Application to Concrete Bridge Decks." Infrastructures 4, no. 3 (August 8, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4030050.
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The limitations of the standard two-year interval for the visual inspection of bridges required by the U.S. National Bridge Inspection Standards have been well documented, and alternative approaches to bridge inspection planning have been presented in recent literature. This paper explores a different strategy for determining the interval between inspections and the type of inspection technique to use for bridges. The foundational premise of the proposed approach is that bridge inspections are conducted to increase knowledge about the bridge’s current condition, and therefore, are only required when uncertainty about the knowledge of the bridge condition is too high. An example case of a reinforced concrete bridge deck was used to demonstrate how this approach would work. The method utilized deterioration models for predicting corrosion and crack initiation time, considering the uncertainty in the models’ parameters. Bridge inspections were used to update the current condition information and model parameters through Bayesian updating. As this paper presents a new idea for inspection planning, not all of the data or models necessary to fully develop and validate the approach currently exist. Nonetheless, the method was applied to a simulated example which demonstrates how the timing and means of bridge inspection can be tailored to provide the required data about individual bridges needed for effective bridge management decision making.
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Russo, Francesco M., Terry J. Wipf, and F. Wayne Klaiber. "Cost-Effective Structures for Off-System Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-50.
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Nearly half of the 587,000 bridges in excess of 6.1 m (20 ft) long on public roads in the United States are located off the Federal Aid System, are on local rural and urban roads or rural minor collectors, and are classified as off-system bridges. Approximately one-third of the off-system bridges are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. The majority of states with large bridge populations are rural states with large percentages of structures owned by counties and other local agencies. Many of these bridges are on low-volume roads. Given the size of the deficient bridge population and the concentration of these bridges largely on locally owned networks, a recent NCHRP synthesis (NCHRP 32-08, Cost Effective Structures for Off-System Bridges) has explored the current practices regarding the maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of off-system bridges. The administrative aspects of off-system bridge ownership and management were explored, including sources and problems of funding, bridge asset management, design policies for off-system bridges, exploration of the environmental process, and discussions of interagency partnering and coordination problems. A significant body of work exists on effective bridge maintenance and rehabilitation. A significant discussion of bridge strengthening, including specific techniques used on low-volume-road bridges, was also examined. Concerning bridge replacements, the literature and owner survey were used to provide information on successful concepts currently being used. In addition to successful bridge replacement options, discussion of the use of standard plans, design aids, and software is promoted as leading to standard and efficient low-volume-road bridge replacements.
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VanZanten, Susan. "“Bridges Often Go”: Emily Dickinson's Bridge Poems." New England Quarterly 85, no. 3 (September 2012): 526–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00211.
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Emily Dickinson's references to the nineteenth-century science of bridge building culminate in two major bridge poems that apply technical knowledge to transcendent concepts to produce powerful statements of faith. Transforming the technological sublime into the religious sublime, Dickinson captures the mystery of the transition from life to death.
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Bodnar, Larisa, and Vasyl Redchenko. "ON THE GUIDELINES TO THE NATIONAL STANDARD FOR DYNAMIC TESTING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (257)’ 2019 (March 29, 2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2019-1-257-40-45.
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Maintenance of bridges in an operational state is an important task for engineers who are commissioned to operate them. The main role in solving this issue is the timely detection of changes in the technical state of the bridge’s structures and their correct interpretation – that is the process called technical diagnostics. Bridges are operated under dynamic load (mobile transport) and that is why dynamic testing of bridges is one of the main methods for diagnosing their technical state. Only on the highways of state importance 74 bridges that are subject to mandatory dynamic testing in accordance with the requirements of the state standard DSTU 8748: 2017 are operated. During testing the bridges the reliable data on the work of bridge spans and their carrying capacity can be obtained precisely during their dynamic testing. The purpose of the study is to provide the performers of dynamic tests of highway bridges with methodological support in preparing, conducting, developing and analyzing the data of these tests in order to determine the quantitative characteristics of bridge spans and their actual carrying capacity. The adoption and implementation of the Guidelines for the national standard DSTU “Guidelines for conducting dynamic tests of highway bridges” will allow more wide and efficient application of dynamic tests within the scope of technical diagnostics of highway bridges. This will ensure their reliable and no-failure operation. In January 1, 2019, DSTU 8748:2017 “Guidelines for conducting the dynamic tests of highway bridges” came into force. The regulations known in the world regarding the impact of vibration on building structures are of a general nature and do not take into account the dynamics specificity of the bridges, therefore the draft national standard is a pioneer targeted at an assessment of the technical state of bridges. The DSTU defines the following items: the scope of work, methods and algorithms for analyzing the results of dynamic tests and it also sets certain requirements that must be met by the performers. The DSTU was developed basing on previously worked out methods for dynamic testing of bridges and taking into account the latest scientific research. The adoption and implementation of this standard allows more accurately determining the actual carrying capacity of highway bridges, as well as assigning the appropriate mode of their operation which will contribute to increasing the economic and social impact by improving the quality of work on determining the technical state of bridges and, accordingly, more justified preparation of the projects for their repair. Fulfillment of the provisions of the DSTU requires from the performers the solid knowledge on the dynamic of structures and certain practical experience of carrying out the field works on the dynamic testing of bridges using the new techniques. In practice, each performer independently increases his knowledge base on conducting the dynamic tests mainly by studying the technical literature. The search for clarification regarding the specific methodology within the data available in technical literature is time consuming, and as regards certain newer methods, such data are not freely available. That is why the development of the Guidelines for DSTU is an important and urgent task. Keywords: dynamic test, dynamic load, Guidelines, highway bridge, structure.
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Day, Sara K. "Bridges." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 46, no. 2 (2021): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chq.2021.0028.
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Nezhad, Mehdi Dezfuli, Reza Raoufi, and Ahmad Dalvand. "A Network-Based Importance Measurement Index for Bridge Security Risk Assessment and Prioritisation." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2022-17.549.
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In the related literature, conventional approaches to assessing security risk and prioritising bridges have focused on unique characteristics. Although the unique characteristics appropriately reflect the economic and social consequences of failure, they neglect the consequences of a bridge failure at the network level. If network owners and operators prioritise bridges solely based on their unique characteristics, bridges with low object-level importance and high network-level importance have very low chances to get priority. In this paper, a bridge importance measurement index α(e) has been presented, prioritising bridges based on their unique characteristics, location and network topology. To describe how to use this index α(e), three numerical examples were provided. While the first example was related to a simple hypothetical network, the second and third examples were real networks related to the bridges of Wroclaw city. Using these examples, the results of bridge prioritisation obtained in the unique-characteristics-only state were compared to the state in which α(e) had been used. Results showed that considering the location of the bridge and the topological characteristics of the network change the bridges prioritisation. For instance, in the second example, it was observed that the use of the α(e), made bridge Bolesława Krzywoustego the essential bridge, while bridge Grunwaldzki was the essential bridge under the previous prioritisation made by researchers. However, the results of the third example showed that bridge Milenijny, which was considered the essential network bridge as stated in the previous prioritisation made by researchers, was again selected as the most critical bridge based on the α(e).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bridges in literature"
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Mooney, Susan. "Drawing bridges : publicprivate worlds in Russian women's fiction." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60561.
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This thesis questions how Russian women's identity is attached to the textual use of public/private spaces in contemporary literature by Russian women writers by drawing from feminist theories. I. Grekova and N. Baranskaia portray female protagonists in their everyday lives, public and private worlds overlapping. While these heroines create stable support systems with other women, male figures enter as interruptive forces in women's lives. Hospital settings in several works by Russian women allow comparisons between women's fictional hospital experiences and those of Muscovite women interviewed. In L. Petrushevskaia's stories, women protagonists' identities are linked to the uncertain quality of locale and the tenuous relationships which transpire in it. Russian women's identity expressed in fiction may change as the self-perceptions of a younger generation of Russian women writers evolve toward a new, gendered concept of self.
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Ellasante, Ian, and Ian Ellasante. "Bridges Between Me: Liminality, Authenticity, and Re/integration in American Indian Literature." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293493.
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With both its inherent alienation and freedom, the experience of liminality, or the occupation of transitional spaces, is in many ways universally human. However, by nature of their bicultural liminality and the oppressive and pervasive demand for what Paula Gunn Allen terms "Indianness" American Indian authors must also confront and negotiate questions of authenticity. In so doing, many have taken the opportunity to subvert those demands, to juxtapose their actual multifaceted identities against them, to make meaning from the contrast, and to create from that re/integrated space. This thesis elucidates these points as an introduction to the body of poems that follow. The poems, often instruments of my own liminality, explore the broad themes of place, family, and identity.
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Capogna, Kyle E. "Badges Earned and Bridges Burned: Essays." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1366914232.
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Anderson, Joshua Tyler. "Dams, Roads, and Bridges: (Re)defining Work and Masculinity in American Indian Literature of the Great Plains, 1968-Present." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1768.
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This master's thesis explores the intersections of labor, socioeconomic class, and constructed American Indian masculinities in the literature of indigenous writers of the Great Plains published after the Native American Renaissance of the late 1960s. By engaging scholars and theorists from multiple disciplines--including Native labor historians such as Colleen O'Neill and Alexandra Harmon, (trans)indigenous studies scholars such as Chadwick Allen and Philip Deloria, and Native literary and cultural critics such as Gerald Vizenor and Louis Owens--this thesis offers an American Studies approach to definitions and expressions of work, wealth, and masculinity in American Indian literature of the Great Plains. With chapters on D'Arcy McNickle's posthumous Wind From an Enemy Sky (1978), Carter Revard's poetry and mixed-genre memoirs, and Thomas King's Truth and Bright Water (1999), this thesis emphasizes the roles of cross-cultural apprenticeships for young Native protagonists whose socioeconomic opportunities are often obstructed, threatened, or complicated by dams, roads, and bridges, both literal and metaphorical, as they seek ways to engage (or circumvent) the capitalist marketplace on their own terms. In highlighting each protagonist's relationship to blood (family and community), land, and memory, the chapters reveal how the respective Native authors challenge and reimagine stereotypes regarding Native workers and offer more complicated and nuanced discussions of Native "traditions" in modernity. (173 pages)
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Lister, Samuel John. "'Disappointed Bridges': Language, Identity and Historiography in the Works of James Joyce and Samuel Beckett." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Culture, Literature and Society, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1937.
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This thesis investigates the ambivalent and sceptical relationship towards language and
linguistic representation shared by James Joyce and Samuel Beckett. The motivations
behind the subversive approaches to language enacted by the two writers are both literary
and political: both question the ability of language to represent external reality, and seek
to expose and subvert the ways in which linguistic representations, and language in
general, are mediated by ideological and social values which often reflect the political
goals of those who create or use them. The discussion of Joyce focuses on Ulysses
(1922), but I also discuss to a lesser extent Dubliners (1914), A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). The main focus of the discussion of
Beckett is his so-called 'Trilogy' of novels, Molloy (1955), Malone Dies (1956) and The
Unnamable (1958),1 and his plays Krapp's Last Tape (1958) and Happy Days (1960).
Wherever appropriate, the relevant works of one author are referred to during discussions
of the other.
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Butcher, Santana Kasey. "From the Classroom to the Movement: Schoolgirl Narratives and Cultural Citizenship in American Literature." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1468956893.
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Arvidsson, Therese. "Train–Bridge Interaction : Literature Review and Parameter Screening." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144843.
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New railway lines are continuously being constructed and existing lines are upgraded. Hence, there is a need for research directed towards efficient design of the supporting structures. Increasingly advanced calculation methods can be motivated, especially in projects where huge savings can be obtained from verifying that existing structures can safely support increased axle loads and higher speeds. This thesis treats the dynamic response of bridges under freight and passenger train loads. The main focus is the idealisation of the train load and its implications for the evaluation of the vertical bridge deck acceleration. To ensure the running safety of train traffic at high speeds the European design codes set a limit on the vertical bridge deck acceleration. By considering the train–bridge interaction, that is, to model the train as rigid bodies on suspension units instead of constant moving forces, a reduction in bridge response can be obtained. The amount of reduction in bridge deck acceleration is typically between 5 and 20% for bridges with a span up to 30 m. The reduction can be higher for certain train–bridge systems and can be important also for bridge spans over 30 m. This thesis aims at clarifying for which system parameter combinations the effect of train–bridge interaction is important. To this end, a thorough literature survey has been performed on studies in train–track–bridge dynamics. The governing parameters in 2D train–bridge systems have been further studied through a parameter screening procedure. The two-level factorial methodology was applied to study the effect of parameter variations as well as the joint effect from simultaneous changes in several parameters. The effect of the choice of load model was thus set in relation to the effect of other parameter variations. The results show that resonance can arise from freight train traffic within realistic speed ranges (< 150 km/h). At these resonance peaks, the reduction in bridge response from a train–bridge interaction model can be considerable. From the screening of key parameters it can furthermore be concluded that the amount of reduction obtained with a train–bridge interaction model depends on several system parameters, both for freight and passenger train loads. In line with the European design code’s guidelines for dynamic assessment of bridges under passenger trains an additional amount of damping can be introduced as a simplified way of taking into account the reduction from train–bridge interaction. The amount of additional damping is today given as function of solely the bridge span length, which is a rough simplification. The work presented in this thesis supports the need for a refined definition of the additional damping.Nya järnvägslinjer byggs kontinuerligt och befintliga linjer uppgraderas. Det finns därför ett behov av forskning inriktad på effektiv design av de bärande konstruktionerna. Alltmer avancerade beräkningsmetoder kan vara motiverade, särskilt i projekt där stora besparingar kan erhållas från att verifiera att befintliga konstruktioner kan bära ökade axellaster och högre hastigheter. Föreliggande avhandling behandlar broars dynamiska respons under belastning av gods- och passagerartåg. Huvudfokus är att studera modelleringsalternativ för tåglasten och vilka konsekvenser de har för utvärderingen av brobanans vertikala acceleration. För att garantera trafiksäkerhet vid höga tåghastigheter definierar de europeiska normerna en maximalt tillåten vertikal acceleration i brobanan. Genom att beakta tåg-bro-interaktion, där tågkomponenterna modelleras som avfjädrade stela kroppar istället för konstanta punktlaster, kan en minskning av brons respons erhållas. Reduktionen av brobanans acceleration är typiskt mellan 5 och 20% för broar med en spännvidd på upp till 30 m. Minskningen kan vara högre för vissa tåg-brosystem och kan vara viktigt också för spännvidder över 30 m. Denna avhandling syftar till att klargöra för vilka kombinationer av tåg-broparametrar effekten av tåg-bro-interaktion är viktig. I detta syfte har en omfattande litteraturstudie genomförts inom området tåg-spår-brodynamik. De styrande parametrarna i 2D tåg-brosystem har studerats vidare i en parameterstudie. Två-nivå faktorförsök har tillämpats för att studera effekten av parametervariationer samt den ytterligare effekten av samtidiga förändringar i flera parametrar. Effekten av valet av lastmodell sattes därmed i relation till effekten av andra parametervariationer. Resultaten visar att resonans kan uppstå från godstrafik inom ett realistiskt hastighetsintervall (< 150 km/h). Vid dessa resonanstoppar kan en betydande minskning av broresponsen erhållas med en tåg-bro-interaktionsmodell. Från studien av nyckelparametrar kan man vidare dra slutsatsen att reduktionen som erhålls med en tåg-bro-interaktionsmodell beror på flera systemparametrar, både för gods- och passargerartåg. Enligt de europeiska normernas rekommendationer för dynamisk kontroll av broar för passagerartrafik kan en ökad brodämpning introduceras som ett förenklat sätt att ta hänsyn till minskningen från tåg-bro-interaktion. Mängden tilläggsdämpning anges idag som en funktion av enbart brons spännvidd, vilket är en grov förenkling. Det arbete som presenteras i denna avhandling visar på behovet av en förbättrad definition av tilläggsdämpningen.
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Bentley, Sarah Ann. "The bridge of language : children's literature as dialogic experience." Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342926.
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Gregory, Rabia Burns E. Jane. "Marrying Jesus brides and the Bridegroom in medieval women's religious literature /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1122.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies Medieval and Early Modern Christianity." Discipline: Religious Studies; Department/School: Religious Studies.
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Coyle, Gregory K. "No Boat, No Bridge." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5079.
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In a world that devours one technological advance after another, the simple human questions persist. They endure despite the increased speed of the personal computer or the decreased size of the cellular phone. In a time ruled by measurements they remain elusive and undefined. The longing for love, the crisis of past versus present, the nagging hunger for meaning in the face of constant change--these questions manage to be both small and huge, both slow and fast, all at once. They are the inheritance of every generation; they are written on the very lining of our hearts. These stories are, then, simply a short list of questions. Whether it be a story like "Bones, 11 where love and time intersect, or one like "There is A., 11 where moral strength is at issue, each asks a question. Each attempts by a different angle to flush some answers from the brush. What does it mean to love? When does hope become foolishness? When lost, is it always better to stay put? These are some of the concerns taken up in this collection. In the end, the answers remain just out of reach, having only just rounded the corner at our arrival. The reader is left to either the tremulous bravado of the boy in the second story, who asks, "What do I care about wolves in the night anyway?" or the paltry rebellion of the man in "Making for the Phoenix" who is reduced finally to throwing rocks at the windows in his office building.
Books on the topic "Bridges in literature"
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Judy, Lewis, Bautista Olga, and McDougal Littell, eds. Bridges to literature. Evanston, Ill: McDougal Littell, 2002.
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Muller, Gilbert H. Bridges: Literature across cultures. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
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H, Muller Gilbert, and Williams John A. 1925-, eds. Bridges: Literature across cultures. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
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Laurel, Hicks, and Davis Mike ill, eds. Better bridges. Pensacola, Fla. (Box 18000, Pensacola 32523-9160): Beka Book, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bridges in literature"
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Irizarry, Estelle. "Altruism and Community Service in Hispanic Literature: Readings and Praxis." In Construyendo Puentes (Building Bridges), 95–105. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003443636-9.
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Borah, Sushmita, Amin Al-Habaibeh, and Rolands Kromanis. "The Effect of Temperature Variation on Bridges—A Literature Review." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 207–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_26.
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AbstractBridges are commonly subjected to complex load scenarios in their lifetime. Understanding the response of bridges under such load scenarios is important to ensure their safety. While static and dynamic loads from vehicles and pedestrians influence the instantaneous response of bridges, studies show that thermal load from diurnal and seasonal temperature variation influences its long-term response and durability. This study addresses the effects of thermal load variation on bridges and briefly reviews methods of measuring such effects. The findings show that thermally induced deformations in bridges are of magnitude equal or larger than that induced by vehicle induced load. This study highlights the significance of measuring temperature responses of bridges for their robust structural health monitoring.
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Vieira, Miriam. "Building Bridges: The Modes of Architecture." In Beyond Media Borders, Volume 2, 59–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49683-8_3.
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Abstract The crossing of borders between architecture and literature has been scrutinized under various scopes. However, the two media types are rarely studied together in terms of “architectural ekphrasis”. The aim of this chapter is to elaborate on this notion by investigating the modes of architecture. To achieve that goal, the author counts on architecture as a medium, as suggested by Patrick Schumacher. Since the limited amount of architectural media traits that are likely to be satisfactorily transmediated by literature are not fully identified by the parameters of already consolidated pictorial models, the author also uses Elleström’s model for analyzing media transformations. The four modalities of media, along with their qualifying aspects, are the backbone of an interpretative framework proposed to explore the presence of architecture in literature. The chapter also leans on the notions of embodiment and perspective.
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Reis, João, Joana Costa, Pedro Marques, Francisco Silva Pinto, and Ricardo J. G. Mateus. "Sustainable Transport: A Systematic Literature Review." In Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing: Establishing Bridges for More Sustainable Manufacturing Systems, 898–908. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38241-3_98.
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Heredia, Juanita. "Bridges Across Lima and Washington D.C.: Marie Arana." In Mapping South American Latina/o Literature in the United States, 31–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72392-1_3.
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Sheehan, Mark D. "Increasing Motivation and Building Bridges to Content with Graded Readers." In Literature and Language Learning in the EFL Classroom, 280–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137443663_19.
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Ferreira, Inês A., and Helena Carvalho. "Waste to 3D Printing: A Systematic Literature Review." In Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing: Establishing Bridges for More Sustainable Manufacturing Systems, 979–87. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38165-2_113.
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Wu Fu, Puo-An. "Fragile Bridges: Translation Theory and Translation Practices in Contemporary Transpacific Literature." In Cultural and Literary Dialogues Between Asia and Latin America, 89–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52571-2_6.
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Chilton, Myles. "Affect, History, and Emotional Bridges in Non-Anglophone English Literature Pedagogy." In The Affects of Pedagogy in Literary Studies, 187–98. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003092988-15.
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Ang, Susan. "Hyphens, Hybrids and Bridges: Negotiating Third Spaces in Asian-American Children’s Literature." In Asian Children’s Literature and Film in a Global Age, 361–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2631-2_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Bridges in literature"
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Liang, Fayun, Caroline R. Bennett, Robert L. Parsons, Jie Han, and Cheng Lin. "A Literature Review on Behavior of Scoured Piles under Bridges." In International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41022(336)62.
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Sarmiento, Silvia J., David Åkergren, Jacob Gustafsson, Jaime H. Gonzalez-Libreros, Gabriel Sas, Lennart Elfgren, Ibrahim Coric, and Ola Enoksson. "A Parametric Study of an old Concrete Trough Bridge using non-linear Finite Element analysis." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.1652.
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<p>At least 20% of existing railway bridges in Sweden are reinforced concrete (RC) trough bridge that consist in a slab carried by two longitudinal main beams. As these bridges are getting old, there is an urging need to assess their remaining capacity with the aim of prolonging their service lives. The limited literature on the topic has pointed out that there is a significant difference between the capacity predicted by available codes and that obtained experimentally. In this paper, a review of the Bridge and Tunnel Management database (BaTMan) of railway infrastructure in Sweden, is carried out to gain an overview of the current state of the Swedish railway bridge, with focus on trough bridges. Then, a non-linear finite element model is calibrated using the experimental results of the previous testing of a decommissioned trough bridge. The model is used in a parametric study where the effect of key mechanical parameters on the capacity of trough bridges is studied.</p>
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de Freitas Bello, Vanessa Saback, Cosmin Popescu, Thomas Blanksvärd, and Björn Täljsten. "Bridge management systems: overview and framework for smart management." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1014.
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<p>Throughout the world, many medieval and historic bridges remain in operation. Deterioration and failures have increased in the already aging bridges due to consistent growth in traffic volume and axle loads. Therefore, the importance of Bridge Management Systems (BMS) to ensure safety of operation and maximize maintenance investments has also increased. Recent improvements in technology also contribute to the demand for optimized and more resource-efficient BMS. In this study, a literature review was performed to map current bridge management practices and systems in operation in the world. The outcomes identified Bridge Information Modelling (BrIM) and Digital Twins as novel approaches that enable efficient management of the whole lifecycle of a bridge. From these outcomes, a framework of an ideal BMS is proposed to achieve automated and smart management of bridges.</p>
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de Freitas Bello, Vanessa Saback, Cosmin Popescu, Thomas Blanksvärd, and Björn Täljsten. "Bridge management systems: overview and framework for smart management." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1014.
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<p>Throughout the world, many medieval and historic bridges remain in operation. Deterioration and failures have increased in the already aging bridges due to consistent growth in traffic volume and axle loads. Therefore, the importance of Bridge Management Systems (BMS) to ensure safety of operation and maximize maintenance investments has also increased. Recent improvements in technology also contribute to the demand for optimized and more resource-efficient BMS. In this study, a literature review was performed to map current bridge management practices and systems in operation in the world. The outcomes identified Bridge Information Modelling (BrIM) and Digital Twins as novel approaches that enable efficient management of the whole lifecycle of a bridge. From these outcomes, a framework of an ideal BMS is proposed to achieve automated and smart management of bridges.</p>
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Venturi, Giorgia, Peter Simonsson, and Peter Collin. "Strengthening old steel railway bridges: a review." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1718.
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<p>Strengthening old bridges is an increasingly relevant strategy for risk prevention and operation continuity in management of infrastructures. Transportation networks are subjected to progressively stricter environmental and load conditions, leading to a growing number of deficient structures, also due to aging and deterioration. However, employable resources are finite, from both economical and environmental points of view. For these reasons, strengthening opportunities should be considered as a viable option, improving bridges behaviour with low economical and environmental impact. With this perspective, a selection of some of the most interesting strengthening techniques for old truss railway bridges is presented. To address effective solutions, the most frequent problems in old truss railway bridges are first presented. Literature analysis and experts’ interviews were conducted and compared to results obtained from a representative bridge cluster. Different solutions addressing highlighted problems are then collected and qualitatively evaluated, in terms of efficacy on structural behaviour and typical construction requirements. Finally, general remarks and recommendations based on collected evidence are presented.</p>
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Venturi, Giorgia, Peter Simonsson, and Peter Collin. "Strengthening old steel railway bridges: a review." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1718.
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<p>Strengthening old bridges is an increasingly relevant strategy for risk prevention and operation continuity in management of infrastructures. Transportation networks are subjected to progressively stricter environmental and load conditions, leading to a growing number of deficient structures, also due to aging and deterioration. However, employable resources are finite, from both economical and environmental points of view. For these reasons, strengthening opportunities should be considered as a viable option, improving bridges behaviour with low economical and environmental impact. With this perspective, a selection of some of the most interesting strengthening techniques for old truss railway bridges is presented. To address effective solutions, the most frequent problems in old truss railway bridges are first presented. Literature analysis and experts’ interviews were conducted and compared to results obtained from a representative bridge cluster. Different solutions addressing highlighted problems are then collected and qualitatively evaluated, in terms of efficacy on structural behaviour and typical construction requirements. Finally, general remarks and recommendations based on collected evidence are presented.</p>
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Duguid, Brian. "Bridges for wobbly people." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.215.
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<p>Our sense of balance is often taken for granted, but there are hundreds of medical conditions which can disrupt it. Balance disorders can be severe in their impact, but there is little published guidance on how to design the built environment to be more accommodating to those who are affected.</p><p>This paper treats balance disorders within the wider context of inclusive design. It identifies specific features of footbridges which may reduce inclusivity. Relevant literature and guidance are reviewed.</p><p>Simple and positive choices can be made without adverse cost or aesthetic impact, while substantially improving the quality of life for people with balance problems, and enhancing accessibility of bridges for everyone. The wider challenge is to better understand the diversity of all bridge users, and engage imagination and creativity to address their varying needs.</p>
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Contento, Alessandro, Angelo Aloisio, Junqing Xue, Giuseppe Quaranta, Paolo Gardoni, and Bruno Briseghella. "Probabilistic Capacity Model for Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes." In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.0269.
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<p>Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns are increasingly used around the world due to their significant structural and economic advantages. Although considerable research and several experimental tests have been carried out on CFST columns, there are no mechanics-based probabilistic models of their axial capacity. The present research proposes a mechanicsbased probabilistic capacity model for the assessment of the ultimate axial capacity of CFST columns. The accuracy of the numerical predictions obtained with the proposed formulation is compared with that of existing capacity equations already in use within technical standards or available in the literature.</p>
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Liu, Hao, Jie Han, Saif Jawad, and Robert L. Parsons. "Literature Review of Causes and Mitigation Techniques for Bumps at Ends of Bridges." In Geo-Congress 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482810.089.
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"Literature Review on External Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) Reinforcements for Concrete Bridges." In SP-356: Development and Applications of FRP Reinforcements (DA-FRPR’21). American Concrete Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51737272.
Full textReports on the topic "Bridges in literature"
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Pevey, Jon M., William B. Rich, Christopher S. Williams, and Robert J. Frosch. Repair and Strengthening of Bridges in Indiana Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems: Volume 1–Review of Current FRP Repair Systems and Application Methodologies. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317309.
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For bridges that are experiencing deterioration, action is needed to ensure the structural performance is adequate for the demands imposed. Innovate repair and strengthening techniques can provide a cost-effective means to extend the service lives of bridges efficiently and safely. The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for the repair and strengthening of concrete bridges is increasing in popularity. Recognizing the potential benefits of the widespread use of FRP, a research project was initiated to determine the most appropriate applications of FRP in Indiana and provide recommendations for the use of FRP in the state for the repair and strengthening of bridges. The details of the research are presented in two volumes. Volume 1 provides the details of a study conducted to (1) summarize the state-of-the-art methods for the application of FRP to concrete bridges, (2) identify successful examples of FRP implementation for concrete bridges in the literature and examine past applications of FRP in Indiana through case studies, and (3) better understand FRP usage and installation procedures in the Midwest and Indiana through industry surveys. Volume 2 presents two experimental programs that were conducted to develop and evaluate various repair and strengthening methodologies used to restore the performance of deteriorated concrete bridge beams. The first program investigated FRP flexural strengthening methods, with a focus on adjacent box beam bridges. The second experimental program examined potential techniques for repairing deteriorated end regions of prestressed concrete bridge girders. Externally bonded FRP and near-surface-mounted (NSM) FRP were considered in both programs.
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Rich, William B., Robert R. Jacobs, Christopher S. Williams, and Robert J. Frosch. Repair and Strengthening of Bridges in Indiana Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems: Volume 2–FRP Flexural Strengthening and End Region Repair Experimental Programs. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317310.
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For bridges that are experiencing deterioration, action is needed to ensure the structural performance is adequate for the demands imposed. Innovate repair and strengthening techniques can provide a cost-effective means to efficiently and safely extend the service lives of bridges. The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for the repair and strengthening of concrete bridges is increasing in popularity. Recognizing the potential benefits of the widespread use of FRP, a research project was initiated to determine the most appropriate applications of FRP in Indiana and provide recommendations for the use of FRP in the state for the repair and strengthening of bridges. The details of the research are presented in two volumes. Volume 1 provides the details of a study conducted to (i) summarize the state-of-the-art for the application of FRP to concrete bridges, (ii) identify successful examples of FRP implementation for concrete bridges in the literature and examine past applications of FRP in Indiana through case studies, and (iii) better understand FRP usage and installation procedures in the Midwest and Indiana through industry surveys. Volume 2 presents two experimental programs that were conducted to develop and evaluate various repair and strengthening methodologies used to restore the performance of deteriorated concrete bridge beams. The first program investigated FRP flexural strengthening methods, with focus placed on adjacent box beam bridges. The second experimental program examined potential techniques for repairing deteriorated end regions of prestressed concrete bridge girders. Externally bonded FRP and near-surface-mounted (NSM) FRP were considered in both programs.
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Ko, Yu-Fu, and Jessica Gonzalez. Fiber-Based Seismic Damage and Collapse Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Single-Column Pier-Supported Bridges Using Damage Indices. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2241.
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Near-fault earthquakes can have major effects on transportation systems due to the structural damage they impose on bridges. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the seismic damage of bridges appropriately, and this research focuses on reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. This research advances the seismic performance assessment of RC single-column pier-supported bridges with flexural failure under near-fault ground motion by use of ductility coefficients and damage indices. The methodology included modeling fiber-based nonlinear beam-column elements to simulate the damage development process of RC bridge piers under earthquake loadings, considering the global buckling of longitudinal steel bars, examining the cracking and spalling of cover concrete, and analyzing the effects of bond-slip. The tensile strain represented the damage of the longitudinal bars while the compression strain represented the cover concrete damage. Two innovative nonlinear fiber-based finite element models (FEMs) were developed: Model 1 (bond-slip excluded) and Model 2 (bond-slip included). Nonlinear static cyclic pushover analyses and nonlinear response history analyses were conducted. The simulation results were compared with available pseudo-dynamic test results. Model 1 provided a more ideal prognosis on the seismic performance of RC single-column pier-supported bridges under near-fault ground motion. The proposed damage indices can indicate the damage state at any stage and the gradual accumulation of damage in RC bridge piers, which are more convincing than most other indices in the literature. The proposed fiber-based nonlinear FEMs, together with the use of ductility coefficients and proposed damage indices, can also assist engineers and researchers in simulating the seismic behavior and assessing the damage state of RC bridge columns in a computationally effective manner which can empower engineers to identify and prioritize RC bridges for seismic retrofit and maintenance.
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Tom, Joe, Marcelo Garcia, and Haode Wang. Review of Methodologies to Assess Bridge Safety During and After Floods. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-008.
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This report summarizes a review of technologies used to monitor bridge scour with an emphasis on techniques appropriate for testing during and immediately after design flood conditions. The goal of this study is to identify potential technologies and strategies for Illinois Department of Transportation that may be used to enhance the reliability of bridge safety monitoring during floods from local to state levels. The research team conducted a literature review of technologies that have been explored by state departments of transportation (DOTs) and national agencies as well as state-of-the-art technologies that have not been extensively employed by DOTs. This review included informational interviews with representatives from DOTs and relevant industry organizations. Recommendations include considering (1) acquisition of tethered kneeboard or surf ski-mounted single-beam sonars for rapid deployment by local agencies, (2) acquisition of remote-controlled vessels mounted with single-beam and side-scan sonars for statewide deployment, (3) development of large-scale particle image velocimetry systems using remote-controlled drones for stream velocity and direction measurement during floods, (4) physical modeling to develop Illinois-specific hydrodynamic loading coefficients for Illinois bridges during flood conditions, and (5) development of holistic risk-based bridge assessment tools that incorporate structural, geotechnical, hydraulic, and scour measurements to provide rapid feedback for bridge closure decisions.
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Gombeda, Matthew, Estevan Rivera, and Zoe Lallas. Optimal Approach for Addressing Reinforcement Corrosion for Concrete Bridge Decks in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-005.
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This report presents the results of a comprehensive literature review focusing on corrosion performance of reinforced concrete bridge decks, with a particular emphasis on the relative performance of alternative corrosion-resistant reinforcement types. Examples of alternative corrosion-protection options examined herein include epoxy-coated, galvanized, stainless-steel, and A1035 bars, considering conventional black reinforcing bars as the standard. Based upon the results of the literature review, a framework for determining the optimal reinforcement option for a bridge deck is presented as a function of the properties of each reinforcement type and other factors, such as design service life, location of the bridge, estimated maintenance/repair cycles, and relative costs. Several examples are also provided to demonstrate the procedure for using the framework and its applicability for different bridge types with varying design considerations, such as a congested urban artery and a rural interstate. The literature review findings and the optimal approach framework were crafted for use by bridge design engineers as preliminary guidance when determining the type of reinforcement for a given bridge deck and its corresponding conditions. Furthermore, the approach can also be used by Illinois Department of Transportation officials when deciding whether to invest in higher performing corrosion-protection systems for a given application or for updating current bridge design policies to reflect the latest developments in alternative corrosion-resistant reinforcement options.
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Lim, Jeehee, Rodrigo Salgado, Monica Prezzi, Yao Wang, and Fei Han. Development of Protocols for Reuse Assessment of Existing Foundations in Bridge Rehabilitation and Replacement Projects. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317654.
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The existing foundations of a bridge can sometimes be reused. This may occur when a completely new bridge is built but also in bridge or superstructure widening projects. Reuse of existing foundations not only eliminates the costs associated with demolishing and disposing of old foundations, but also reduces the costs of the design and construction of new foundation elements. However, several challenges exist, including assessing the structural integrity, estimating the current capacity, estimating the remaining service life, and considering current design codes and specifications of the existing foundations, and clear guidelines for foundation reuse. The absence of foundation reuse guidelines by INDOT hinders the reuse of bridge foundations and prevents design consultants from designing new structures using existing foundations. In this project, comprehensive foundation reuse guidelines were developed in the form of flow charts based on a literature review on bridge foundation reuse design—including technical publications and existing standards and codes—and a set of analyses. The proposed guidelines include detailed guidance on inspection of the structural integrity of existing foundations, determination of as-built geometry of existing foundations, capacity estimation of existing foundations, minimum requirements for foundation reuse, and selection of foundation reuse solutions. The proposed guidelines for foundation reuse design were tested in an ongoing INDOT project. From the implementation project, we found that a complete site investigation that produces reliable estimation of soil profile and properties, is essential to determine whether there is reserve capacity in existing foundations. Additional site investigation is generally worth doing, not only to account for any strengthening of the soil that may have occurred over time, but also because of the greater accuracy in interpretation and analysis that results. We also found that use of the most current, cutting-edge methods can be useful in estimating the reserve capacity of existing foundations, and that design checks using different design codes can produce contrasting results.
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Gombeda, Matthew, Zoe Lallas, and Estevan Rivera Jr. Optimal Approach for Addressing Reinforcement Corrosion for Concrete Bridge Decks in Illinois—Phase II. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-005.
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This report presents the expansion of a previously introduced life-cycle cost calculation framework for concrete bridge decks in Illinois. In addition to the alternative reinforcement options examined in the Illinois Center for Transportation and Illinois Department of Transportation project R27-SP49, two additional reinforcing bar types—stainless steel–clad carbon core and textured epoxy-coated bars—are the main subjects of this study. The results of a comprehensive literature review of these two additional bar options will highlight their cost-benefit characteristics toward optimizing the life span of a concrete bridge deck, most notably trade-offs between often increased upfront material costs and enhanced durability over a design 100-year service life. Additionally, the scope of this study includes the development of a more robust methodology to account for the effect of the relatively high nominal yield strength and corresponding reduced ductility of A1035 bars, one of the alternate reinforcement options examined in R27-SP49. The researchers used a numerical moment-curvature-based analysis methodology to facilitate the development of a design-friendly modified high-strength reinforcement factor that supersedes the nominal yield strength factor proposed in the original version of the life-cycle cost framework. The outcomes of this project and R27-SP49 will collectively expand upon and aim to enhance the effectiveness of the originally proposed life-cycle cost framework. The outcomes will be demonstrated by presenting updated life-cycle costs and via a parametric study of two hypothetical bridge deck examples, each falling into significantly different categories for traffic demands and select performance expectations.
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Elbaum, Michael, and Peter J. Christie. Type IV Secretion System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Components and Structures. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699848.bard.
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Objectives: The overall goal of the project was to build an ultrastructural model of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion system (T4SS) based on electron microscopy, genetics, and immunolocalization of its components. There were four original aims: Aim 1: Define the contributions of contact-dependent and -independent plant signals to formation of novel morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 2: Genetic basis for morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 3: Immuno-localization of VirB proteins Aim 4: Structural definition of the substrate translocation route. There were no major revisions to the aims, and the work focused on the above questions. Background: Agrobacterium presents a unique example of inter-kingdom gene transfer. The process involves cell to cell transfer of both protein and DNA substrates via a contact-dependent mechanism akin to bacterial conjugation. Transfer is mediated by a T4SS. Intensive study of the Agrobacterium T4SS has made it an archetypal model for the genetics and biochemistry. The channel is assembled from eleven protein components encoded on the B operon in the virulence region of the tumor-inducing plasmid, plus an additional coupling protein, VirD4. During the course of our project two structural studies were published presenting X-ray crystallography and three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscopy of a core complex of the channel assembled in vitro from homologous proteins of E. coli, representing VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10. Another study was published claiming that the secretion channels in Agrobacterium appear on helical arrays around the membrane perimeter and along the entire length of the bacterium. Helical arrangements in bacterial membranes have since fallen from favor however, and that finding was partially retracted in a second publication. Overall, the localization of the T4SS within the bacterial membranes remains enigmatic in the literature, and we believe that our results from this project make a significant advance. Summary of achievements : We found that polar inflations and other membrane disturbances relate to the activation conditions rather than to virulence protein expression. Activation requires low pH and nutrient-poor medium. These stress conditions are also reflected in DNA condensation to varying degrees. Nonetheless, they must be considered in modeling the T4SS as they represent the relevant conditions for its expression and activity. We identified the T4SS core component VirB7 at native expression levels using state of the art super-resolution light microscopy. This marker of the secretion system was found almost exclusively at the cell poles, and typically one pole. Immuno-electron microscopy identified the protein at the inner membrane, rather than at bridges across the inner and outer membranes. This suggests a rare or transient assembly of the secretion-competent channel, or alternatively a two-step secretion involving an intermediate step in the periplasmic space. We followed the expression of the major secreted effector, VirE2. This is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that forms a capsid around the transferred oligonucleotide, adapting the bacterial conjugation to the eukaryotic host. We found that over-expressed VirE2 forms filamentous complexes in the bacterial cytoplasm that could be observed both by conventional fluorescence microscopy and by correlative electron cryo-tomography. Using a non-retentive mutant we observed secretion of VirE2 from bacterial poles. We labeled the secreted substrates in vivo in order detect their secretion and appearance in the plant cells. However the low transfer efficiency and significant background signal have so far hampered this approach.
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Swanson, David, and Celia Hampton-Miller. Drained lakes in Bering Land Bridge National Preserve: Vegetation succession and impacts on loon habitat. National Park Service, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296593.
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The northern coastal plain of Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (BELA) lost lakes at an alarming rate over the first two decades of this century, including four lakes over 100 ha in size in 2018-2019 alone. To understand the effects of these lake drainages, we sampled vegetation of these lakes in 2019 (a reconnaissance visit) and 2021 (for the installation of permanent vegetation monitoring plots). We used these data to summarize the changes that occurred in the first three years after drainage, and to create vegetation maps from 3-m resolution satellite images coinciding with the visit dates. We used time series of these satellite images to study the rate of drainage and vegetation colonization on the lakes. We analyzed our existing data from older drained lake basins (estimated to be more than 200 years since drainage) and reviewed the literature on vegetation change in drained lakes to understand the vegetation changes that are likely in the future. Finally, we used a model of lake occupancy by loons developed by Mizel et al. (2021) to predict the effect of the 2018-2019 lake drainages on available loon habitat, using both our detailed maps of the four sampled drained lakes, and also data on all drained lakes over most of northern BELA derived from Landsat satellite images. Our results show that the four study lakes drained early in the summer, before the end of June, in 2018 (3 lakes) and 2019 (one lake). A combination of record warm weather and heavy snowfall made 2018 and 2019 especially favorable for lake drainage: thaw subsidence probably enlarged existing drainage outlet channels from the lakes, and large amounts of spring snowmelt runoff deepened the outlet channels by thermal erosion (the combination of thaw and erosion). Drainage exposed moist loamy sediment on the lake bottoms that was rapidly colonized by plants. Substantial vegetation cover developed by late summer in the same year as lake drainage in one lake, in the first post-drainage summer in a second lake, and during the 2nd year after drainage in the remaining two lakes. The first vegetation communities to develop consisted of just one or two dominant species, notably Eleocharis acicularis (spike rush), Equisetum arvense (horsetail), and/or Tephroseris palustris (mastodon flower). Other important early species were Arctophila fulva (pendant grass) and Rorippa palustris (yellow cress). By year 3, the communities had become more diverse, with significant cover by taller wetland graminoid species, including A. fulva, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, and Carex aquatilis. Frozen soil was observed in most locations on the lakes in July of 2021, suggesting that permafrost was forming on the lake bottoms. Comparison of the three-year trends in vegetation change with data from older lake basins suggest that ultimately most lake basins will develop wet tundra communities dominated by Carex aquatilis and mosses, with various low shrub species on acid, peat-dominated soils and permafrost; however, this process should take several centuries. The loon habitat model suggests that drainage essentially eliminated the potential habitat for Yellow-billed Loons on the four study lakes, because the residuals ponds were too small for Yellow-billed Loons to take flight from. A total of 17 lakes drained in northern BELA in 2018-2019. As a result, the potential Yellow-billed Loon nesting habitat in northern BELA probably decreased by approximately 2%, while habitat for Pacific Loons decreased less, by about 0.6%. Habitat for the more abundant Red-throated Loons probably increased slightly as a result of lake drainage, because of their ability to use the small residual ponds created by lake drainage.
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.