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Journal articles on the topic 'Bridges, Stone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 February 2023

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1

Işık, Neşe. "Effects of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) On Historical Bridges and Treatment with Bentonite." Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 1, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2020.001.004.

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In this study, the effects of bentonite clay were investigated in the cleaning of the andesite stone samples used in the restoration of historical Çobandede Bridge and some historical buildings contaminated with sodium chloride salt. The stones of historical buildings are exposed to harmful salt effects for various reasons. Especially in regions where terrestrial climate dominates, the sodium chloride salt sprinkled on the icy roads for thawing may infiltrate over time into soil and then arrives at the historic bridges’ stones. In this way, because of capillarity of the stones and ionic osmos, the salt accumulates in the pores of the stones and the hygroscopic nature of NaCl damages the historic bridges’ stones on the road route. This physically damages the stone and reduces the life of historic bridges. Therefore, the removal of salt entering the structure of the stone is very important to increase the durability of the stones. In order to model this situation, a sum of bentonite clay paste prepared in liquid limit was implemented to artificially polluted andesite stone samples. The clay pastes applied to the stones were removed from the stones surfaces after a certain period of time and analyzed. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) analyzes showed that bentonite clay gave positive results for sodium chloride removal from historical building stones exposed to NaCl salt.

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2

Gürgendereli, Müberra. "From Maritsa to Mostar." Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, no. 70 (November 30, 2021): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48116/issn.2303-8586.2020.70.49.

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Rumor has it that that the Turks crossed the Marmara Sea on rafts. The Ottoman Empire, which set out from Gallipoli and became a state first and then an empire; reached the Balkan and Europe through bridges. Every bridge built over the huge rivers Ottomans crossed slowly became a signature of that region or city. Spectacular stone bridges, which are both art and aesthetic monuments and meet the transportation needs of the army, were built on the rivers from the capital to the last point Empire reached. Many bridges, especially the Mostar Bridge, Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, Stone Bridge in Skopje, Bridge over Maritsa in Edirne, Bridges over the Tunca and the Uzunköprü (Long Bridge), which were built on the great Balkan rivers, symbols of abundance and plenitude, have been the subject of poems, shehrengiz and historical poems of classical poets, and also prose works and travel books. through various dreams and imaginations, these bridges are from time to time places where lovers go out for an evening stroll and meet, and sometimes through similes and metaphors compared to lover’s body, rainbow, Milky way, or the Sirat Bridge. These bridges are so ostentatious and appear as a great kemend that connects two mountains. The stone bridges built on the Balkan rivers from Edirne to Mostar that have poems written about them will be determined and interpreted in our article.

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McNeely, D. K., G. C. Archer, and K. N. Smith. "Structural analysis of old stone arch bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-122.

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The use of stone arches for bridge construction has generally ceased, but since these structures still exist in modern road systems, their structural integrity is of current concern. This paper presents an analysis technique suited for the thick jointed heritage stone arch bridges found in Canada. The effect of increased mortar joint size on structural response is investigated. The response of a section to eccentric thrust is postulated and the effective section properties are derived. Structural behaviour proceeds from a fixed arch to a two-hinge, a three-hinge, and finally a five-hinge failure mode for a symmetrical arch with midspan loading. A typical load–deflection curve is developed, suitably adjusted for secondary effects due to changes in geometry and material nonlinearity. Stone arch bridges in Canada were constructed with thick mortar joints, which exhibit significant deterioration of stiffness with load eccentricity and, therefore, significant secondary effects; as thickness increases, ultimate strength decreases. A suitable limit states prediction for the load capacity of old stone arches is proposed. Key words: arch, bridge, heritage, limit states, stone, structural analysis.

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4

Kang, Cheng. "Study on the Limit Value of the Spandrel-Braced Stone Arch Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1733.

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In this paper, the safety evaluation model and limit indexes of a stone arch bridge in the Three Gorges Reservoir region are studied. Specifically, the permanent deformation limit indicators of the bridges are studied; the safety evaluation msodel and limit indexes of a stone arch bridge in Three Gorges Reservoir region are identified based on the practical disease test. A scientific criterion is provided for the vast number of the engineering technical personnel at the grass-roots level to easily and effectively judge if the locally-deformed stone arch bridges can conform to new specifications and requirements, so this study is of important social significance and practical engineering value.

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5

Jun, Song, Wang Fumin, and Shi Kang. "Failure Modes Analysis of Stone Arch Bridges." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010442.

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A destruction test based on the bridge safety appraisal is one way to verify the failure law of an actual bridge. In this paper, a stone arch bridge in a 1:10 scale model and with a span of 60 m (namely, an arch bar of the same length as the object of test) has been tested, methods of its whole test and loading process introduced, and ultimate bearing capacity, deflection and development rules of cracks in the loading process figured out. With the clarification of destruction mechanism, the ultimate forms of disease and remaining height of section have been acquired and, finally, the destruction theory of stone arch bridges has been verified and optimized.

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6

Hu, Da Lin, Kai Jiang, Qi Xin Sun, and Lin Han. "Ultimate Bearing Capacity Analysis of Long-Span Continuous Stone Arch Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3800–3805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3800.

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In the past 50 years, many long-span continuous stone arch bridges have been built in China. Analysis of mechanical performances and load capacities of long-span continuous stone arch bridges has important significances for the safety assessment of the similar bridges. 3D elastoplastic finite element method is employed to analyze ultimate bearing capacity of a three-span arch bridge with sandstone masonry in this paper. The characteristics of structural geometric and material nonlinearities and cracking and crushing of the masonry are taken into account. Compared with single-span arch bridge, both the coaction of spandrel structure and main arch and the influence of loading arrangements on ultimate bearing capacity is analyzed. The failure characteristics of the structure under the ultimate load are also introduced. The analysis results and conclusions can be referenced for the safety assessment of similar bridges.

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7

Castro, María. "Structural design of asphalt pavement on concrete bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-032.

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Traditional methods for the structural design of pavement cannot be applied to the design of pavement on bridge decks. In this paper, a new method for the structural design of asphalt pavement on concrete bridge decks is presented. The method can be applied to pavement on girder, slab, and box-girder bridges and can be used whatever the considered degree of bonding between pavement and deck. The method consists of modelling the deck as a two-layer system and then calculating stresses and strains in the pavement–deck system by means of a multilayer system. The proposed methodology has been applied to study the behaviour of asphalt concretes, porous asphalts, and stone matrix asphalts on girder, slab, and box-girder bridges. There is a conclusion of this application that stands out for its practical character. The stone matrix asphalts have the best performance if fatigue is the main concern.Key words: bridge decks, asphalt pavement, design.

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8

Sokolović, Neda M., Milica Petrović, Ana Kontić, Suzana Koprivica, and Nenad Šekularac. "Inspection and Assessment of Masonry Arch Bridges: Ivanjica Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 13363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313363.

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The importance of masonry arch bridges as a traffic network element calls for a thorough analysis focused on both structural stability and loading capacity of these historical structures, considering the usage of these bridges in contemporary traffic conditions. This paper focuses on the analysis of longitudinal cracks in a single span masonry arch bridge to evaluate its influence on structural behaviour of the system. As longitudinal cracks do not necessarily present an inevitable collapse mechanism, analysis of the causes is crucial for evaluating the serviceability and functionality of the bridge investigated. The methodology is based on the following: literature review, observation of the stone bridge in Ivanjica, geological testing of the site, geophysical testing of the bridge, laboratory testing of mechanical characteristics of stone used for the bridge construction and biological analysis of the samples of implemented materials on the bridge. Finite element analysis of the bridge was conducted to define the causes of the longitudinal cracks. The 3D simulation model was based on the data collected through observation and experimental analysis. This paper provides extensive research on a single span masonry bridge, examining how different deterioration mechanisms, in conjunction, can lead to the appearance of cracks in masonry arch bridges and provide remedial measures accordingly.

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9

INOUE, Hajime, and Yukio ICHIMURA. "Stone Arch Bridges in YAMAGATA Prefecture." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 20 (2000): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.20.337.

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10

Clemente, Paolo, Antonio Occhiuzzi, and Aldo Raithel. "Limit Behavior of Stone Arch Bridges." Journal of Structural Engineering 121, no. 7 (July 1995): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1995)121:7(1045).

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11

O'Connor, Colin. "Development in Roman stone arch bridges." Endeavour 18, no. 4 (January 1994): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(95)90524-x.

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12

Almasri, Amin H., and Qusai Fandi Al-Waked. "Inspection and Numerical Analysis of an Ottoman Railway Bridge in Jordan." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9039483.

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The construction of bridges represents a big challenge, since they require enormous economic effort and specialized technical skills. Bridges were historically important as they help connecting people and thus diffusing cultures, sharing ideas, and providing the backbone of transportation networks. This study focuses on the inspection and structural analysis of a 20th-century Ottoman railway stone arched bridge located on the Hejaz railway network in Jordan. The bridge has a very important cultural heritage value which stems from its history. The bridge stone material was cut and tested to determine its strength, in order to be used in the analysis. The structural analysis was carried out to assess the structural condition of the bridge and its suitability for reuse. The study includes static analysis under gravity loads and seismic analysis under earthquake loads. Despite the existence of deterioration in the bridge body construction materials due to a combination of human and natural factors, the analysis results proved enough structural capability to sustain the imposed gravity loads, but not a strong earthquake.

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13

Sun, Lin. "Development and Features of Ancient and Modern Bridges in China." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 18 (November 13, 2022): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v18i.2648.

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China has a long history and rich culture, and built and developed bridges very early compared with other countries in the world. With the rise and fall of China, Chinese bridges have also shown a certain rise and fall. By analyzing and studying the technology and development of Chinese bridges from ancient times to the present, and with the comparative analysis of some world bridges, this paper obtains some brilliant design concepts and valuable technologies to find out the future development path of Chinese bridge engineers. Most ancient bridges in China are divided into wooden and stone bridges according to materials, with various structures. Many designs and skills, such as the design and selection of arches through catenary, can still be used today. Modern bridges are divided into the beam, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed, according to mechanical and structural characteristics. Beam and arch bridges are suitable for small and medium-sized bridges, cable-stayed bridges for medium-sized bridges, and suspension bridges for large ones.

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14

Papageorgiou, Angelos, and Lampros Lolos. "A pointed falsework or a false decentering:." Technical Annals 1, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ta.32177.

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Tsipiani bridge (1875) is located at the East Zagori region in Epirus Greece, near the village of Miliotades. It is a peculiar single-arched bridge, the arch of which appears pointed, with an opening of 26 m. Traditional stone bridges have no wedge-shaped voussoirs, and the final round shape is formed by variable mortar amount amongst the flat sandstones of the area. The current stake is the salvation of the bridge. In the institutional framework of protection, the exact wording of the question is «whether or not» the study is approved. Bridges do not stand by democratic procedures but by the decisive intervention of the engi-neer corresponding to that of the master builder who in this case seems to have carried out a false decentering. In this case our proposal was the method of “stitching” which is used to reinforce existing structures made of stone or brick to increase the resistance of the masonry against compressive, shear and tensile forces and to connect loose parts in the body of the masonry.

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15

León-Robles, Carlos, Juan Reinoso-Gordo, and Juan González-Quiñones. "Heritage Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) Applied to A Stone Bridge." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030121.

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Certain historical works of civil engineering should be preserved as heritage monuments and when possible should continue serving the function they were designed for. Old stone bridges could be sustainably maintained but their conservation requires accurate documentation. In this study, we have scanned Ízbor bridge (1860) in Spain, and to facilitate conservation, we have modeled the ancient bridge using BIM (building information modeling). We propose a method and a model for this kind of bridge to be used as a reference for similar heritage monuments. Ízbor bridge modeled in this way will be useful for government planning and conservation agencies.

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Budziński, Bartosz, and Paweł Mieczkowski. "Application of Innovative SMA-MA Mixtures on Bridges." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 6958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196958.

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This paper presents a case study of the application of an innovative asphaltic mixture used for making protective layers on bridges. This mixture, called stone mastic asphalt rich in bitumen mastic (shortened to SMA-MA) produces an impervious surface, resistant to permanent deformation and fatigue, easily produced and laid down on bridge decks. The authors analyzed the state of knowledge on the asphalt mixtures used on bridges. This article describes the first trials with the SMA-MA mixtures and an example of the most spectacular application.

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17

Li, Xu Hong. "Analyses of Pathological Changes of Lingnan Ancient Stone Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.99.

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Reasons of pathological changes of Lingnan ancient stone bridges are elaborated in this paper, classification of pathological changes and procedures of protection are discussed, methods of elimination of pathological changes and protection are also probed into. The purpose of this paper is to initiate people to have profound understanding to pathological changes of Lingnan ancient stone bridges to protect them in modernization strategy.

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Han, Hae-Young, Eui-Je Lim, and Jae-Hyun Rho. "Formative Characteristics of the Soudang (素宇堂) Historic House <italic>Byeoldang</italic> Garden in Uiseong." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.1.49.

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Background and objective This study aimed to estimate the creation period and creators of Soudang historic house Byeoldang (Annexe) Garden (素宇堂古宅別堂庭園, Unification as ‘SB Garden’ from now on) located in Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do through a literature research and field survey, and establish the construction style and value of the garden through research and analysis of its spatial and visual characteristics and garden design. The findings are as follows. Methods The research method was a combination of literature study, field survey, and comparative review. The architectural history of SB Garden were analyzed through a literature survey, and the spatial configuration of Soudanggotaek and the visual and planting design characteristics of SB Garden were derived through field survey. Also the form and style of SB Garden were identified through comparative studies between Japanese garden style cases, and Japanese gardens created in Korea during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial period. Results It is estimated that SB Garden was built between 1890 and 1920, during the late Joseon Dynasty and the early days of Japanese colonial rule, by Lee Jang-seop (1854–1907) and Lee Hong (1887–1972). Comprehensively considering the form of its small hills, the shape of the pond and the introduction of yarimizu, the presentation of oddly-shaped stones and stone structures (stone settings), the introduction of stone bridges and stone lanterns, the strolling route and stepping stones, and the tree species introduced and their planting methods, the hills of SB Garden are different in form and technique from seokgasan created in Korean traditional gardens. Through the hills, the intention of making a garden is detected, with the motif of “garden of cranes and turtles.” Conclusion The foundation from which SB Garden can be considered a Korean traditional garden is very weak, and this garden is evaluated as a modern garden completed by introducing a Japanese garden style in modern times. Specifically, SB Garden is considered to be a stroll-style garden that enables users to appreciate it by connecting the three gardens with stepping stones and stone bridges, including the garden of cranes and turtles (a sort of pond garden), the tea garden centered on the Byeoldang (Annexe), and the stone garden.

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Zhao, Zhi Meng, Feng Jin Chen, Jin Yi Chai, Zhen Ji Wang, and Hou Lin Zhou. "Analysis and Evaluation on Strengthening and Widening of a Catenary Stone Arch Bridge with Solid Spandrels." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1042.

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This paper examines the bearing capacity and stability of a catenary axis uniform cross-section multi-span stone arch bridge with solid spandrels after strengthening and widening, in the light of the Code for Design of Highway Masonry Bridges and Culverts (JTG D61-2005) published by the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China. Taking the West Ulanhot Large Bridge built in cold area of Inner Mongolia in 1960s as an example, the effect of dead load, live load and temperature variation after and before strengthening as well as multi-arch action were considered. Through calculating the bearing capacity and stability of stone multiple arch bridge, compared with the results of loading test and follow-up survey on operation condition for many years, the safety and effectiveness of strengthening scheme are evaluated.

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Imagawa, Norihide, and Shinsuke Suematsu. "Finding Modern Japanese Bridges: Stone, Wood and Steel." Bridges and Infrastructures, no. 45 (2011): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.a.b8dsptc7.

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In Japan where many earthquakes occur there is a certain standpoint about long–life architecture and bridges The relation between material and form is important for this standpoint. The reason is not only that materials have their own character, for example, physical and chemical properties, but also that form has its own individual character as load–bearing system. Without the relation between material and form, long–life architecture and bridges can’t be realized.

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Zhao, Zhi Meng, Xiao Long Wang, Feng Jin Chen, Zhen Ji Wang, and Ya Juan Yang. "Analysis and Evaluation on Safety of Old Stone Arch Bridge Based on Current Specification." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 1178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1178.

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This paper examines the bearing capacity and stability of a catenary axis uniform cross-section multi-span stone arch bridge with solid spandrels in the cold areas. Taking the West Ulanhot Large Bridge built in cold area of Inner Mongolia in 1960s as an example, the bearing capacity and stability of early-built stone arch bridge were calculated,in consideration with the effect of dead load, live load and temperature variation as well as multi-arch action on the main arch ring, in the light of current specification, i.e., the Code for Design of Highway Masonry Bridges and Culverts (JTG D61-2005) published by the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China. The aim was to evaluate the safety of the old multi-span arch bridge through the theoretical analysis and checking calculation based on the current specification.

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22

Brown, Jeff L. "Still in Service: America’s Enduring Stone Railroad Bridges." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 83, no. 8 (September 2013): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000576.

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Brown, Jeff L. "Rock Solid: Stone Railroad Bridges of the 1840s." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 84, no. 1 (January 2014): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000790.

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Maślak, Mariusz, and Doncho Partov. "Selected Ancient Stone Bridges with Corbelled False-Arch Structure." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2018-0059.

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Abstract The oldest man-made false-arch stone bridges are presented and briefly described. It is shown that this construction technique was based on the experiences of the first builders, formed at the junction of ancient Egyptian, Mycenaean as well as Assyrian and Babylonian cultures. Arches in such bridges have not yet been constructed in a classical manner, i.e. one that was later prevalent by the Romans, but these were only the primitive arch-like structures, with a false needle vault, that were shaped mainly by corbelling. This type of the structure, if it was used in bridges, turned out to be much more stable than the well-known at that time and commonly used in gateway passages oval “true-arch” built from sun-dried mud bricks.

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Luo, Hui Zhong, Jin Jun Xu, Jun Liu, Ke Yu Wang, and Yan Zhang. "Research on the Modal Analysis and Reinforcement of Suspension Line Old Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1225.

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Suspension line Old bridges are rare exception in our country. Researching this kind’s old bridge is very interest to the bridge scholar. Zhejiang Yucheng bridge, located in Shengzhou of Shaoxing city, it is a typical suspension line bridge structure; it has been 150 years of history. Despite the impact of flash floods for so far, but, at present, it is still good for normal used, only local stone blocked off. Based on this old suspension line bridge, measuring the bridge size data, using the finite element software ANSYS for the modal analysis, the calculation results show that the fundamental frequency as 19.650Hz, and ten vibration modes and frequency bands can be obtained. In the end, about the reinforced methods are study, such as foreign adhesive steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), pressure grouting way on the gap and so on. All of this may be help for old suspension line bridges research and reinforced.

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Guo, Feng Qi, and Zhi Wu Yu. "Remaining Service Life Prediction of Reinforced Stone Arch Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1127.

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The remaining service life of reinforced stone arch bridges is of great concern to management and conservation units. It is also the scientific basis for decision to next reinforced maintenance or rebuild. The concept of time-dependent reliability is introduced. Accoding to the most common section enlargement reinforcement method, the load and resistance of the structures are analyzed. The analysis methods and steps of life prediction are proposed, and the remaining service life is obtained. Based on above methods, an engineering example is given, the service life forecast calculation of reinforced stone arch bridges is discussed.

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BABA, Shunsuke, and Masanobu IWAMOTO. "Structural Evaluation of Characteristic Technics in Stone Arch Bridges." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 12 (1992): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.12.25.

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ITOH, Takashi. "The Dispute about 5 Big Stone Bridges in Kagoshima." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 17 (1997): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.17.611.

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HAN, Zhi-Lin, and Shunsuke BABA. "Arch Stone Bridges and their Relatives in Modern China." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 18 (1998): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.18.57.

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KROES, Richard. "Woodwork in the foundations of stone-built Roman Bridges." BABESCH - Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 65 (January 1, 1990): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bab.65.0.2006000.

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Boothby, Thomas E., Cecilia J. Rusnak, and Linda Black Weber. "Hunterdon County's Stone-Arch Bridges: History, Technology, and Preservation." APT Bulletin 30, no. 2/3 (1999): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504637.

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Boothby, Thomas E., Paolo Clemente, Antonio Occhiuzzi, and Aldo Raithel. "Discussion and Closure: Limit Behavior of Stone Arch Bridges." Journal of Structural Engineering 123, no. 3 (March 1997): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1997)123:3(370).

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Wu, Haijun, Yue Chen, and Lu Liu. "Security Identification Technologies for Stone Arch Bridges at Service." Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 18, no. 6 (January 2012): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10798587.2012.10643279.

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Burba, Domininkas. "TILTAI IR KELTAI KAIP XVIII AMŽIAUS VILNIAUS PAVIETO BAJORŲ TEISINIŲ GINČŲ OBJEKTAI IR NUSIKALTIMŲ ERDVĖS." Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija, T. 4 (October 8, 2018): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/xviiiastudijos/t.4/a14.

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Bridges and ferries, as objects of dispute and crime locations among the eighteenth century nobles of Vilnius district, is the main topic of research in this article. Case materials and auxiliary documents from the records of Vilnius district castle and land courts reveal how often bridges are mentioned in the court processes in both violent and non-violent crimes. Research explores what types of violent crimes took place on bridges or ferries most often. It also works on questions of geographic localisation and statistics, discussing general situation of bridges in Vilnius and its neighbouring areas in the eighteenth century. Bridges are regularly mentioned in the books of the eighteenth century Vilnius castle and land courts, albeit most references are not related to conflicts and bridges are mentioned as orientation marks or in reference to location of a real estate object. Both non-violent legal disputes, involving bridges as objects, and violent crimes on the bridges were not in multitude, however non-violent crimes were in smaller numbers. There were seven dispute cases about lands, properties and plots of land where bridges and ferries are mentioned. Non-violent conflicts mostly took place in rural areas of the district, four of them, and three such disputes happened in Vilnius (one on the Green Bridge and two on the bridges over the River Vilnia). Most commonly recorded violent crime on a bridge was beating and, since this was the most common type of crime perpetrated by nobles in the eighteenth century Vilnius district, this trend is logical. A bridge is once mentioned in the record about a raid. In terms of location, more crimes on the bridges took place in the rural space, although this particular space wasn’t dominant, since six crimes were reported in the province and five in the city – two in Vilnius on the Green (Stone) Bridge, two on the bridges over the River Vilnia and one on a ferry near Šnipiškės. Trends in crime locations match general crime tendencies in Vilnius district, where more crimes took place in the rural space than in the urban one. One may guess, that the rare mention of bridges partially testifies to the fact that in the eighteenth century Vilnius district level of communication was not high and there were not too many bridges. On the other hand, when assessing trends in violent crimes in Vilnius district it was revealed that bridge based crimes comprised only one percent of all crimes. Having in mind that bridge is a relatively small object, compared to several different or other urban and rural spaces, this number isn’t that small. Keywords: Vilnius district, castle court, land court, crimes, nobles, peasants, bridges, ferries, passings.

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Hu, Da Lin, Feng Cheng, and Long Gang Chen. "Test Study of Shear Strength of High Strength Stone Masonry." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.365.

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In China many long span stone arch bridges were built in the last 5 decades, most of these bridges were built with micro-aggregate concrete joint masonry. However, the mechanical properties of this kind masonry have been seldom studied. Based on 5 groups of specimens with C30 or C40 micro-aggregate concrete joints and dressed blocks, shear strength of the masonry is tested and analyzed, friction coefficients and empiric formulas of shear strength of the masonry are presented in this paper, design value of shear strength of the masonry is assessed and discussed.

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Doolittle, William E. "Stacking Rocks to Transport Water: Folk Aqueduct Bridges of Mallorca and Spanish Colonial California." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 5257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135257.

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The landscape of Mallorca, Spain is characterized by a number of features constructed of rock. Windmills and walls are ubiquitous and visually striking. Equally widespread, but not as conspicuous, are other features associated with canal irrigation. One such feature that is understudied and therefore underappreciated is that of folk aqueduct bridges. This study investigates these features because they were critical in sustaining agriculture on the island for centuries, because they deserve recognition in order to be preserved as part of the island’s cultural and historical heritage, and because of their being antecedents or prototypes of similar structures built in Spanish colonial California. Two field seasons were devoted to locating and studying folk aqueduct bridges. Systematic windshield surveys were undertaken to identify such features. Once located, each folk aqueduct bridge was subjected to detailed description and analysis of size, shape, function, materials, and method of construction. Folk aqueduct bridges of Mallorca were built of shaped and unshaped stone, with channels made of ceramic tiles or ashlar tablets. Many of the rock walls once served as folk aqueduct bridges. Several California missionaries in the 18th century came from Mallorca, and the folk aqueduct bridges they built are based on those of their homeland.

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Obelić, Bogomil, Ines Krajcar Bronić, Jadranka Barešić, Željko Peković, and Ante Milošević. "Dating of the Old Bridge in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina." Radiocarbon 49, no. 2 (2007): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220004251x.

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The famous single-arch stone bridge over the Neretva River in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, was built in 1557–1566 by the order of Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. During the reconstruction of the Old Bridge, which was destroyed during the war in 1993, remnants of 2 older wooden bridges were found at the same location. Six wood and 2 charcoal samples were dated using the radiocarbon method. Wood samples with visible tree rings were taken for dendrochronological dating. The results point to several periods of construction and repairs to the bridge and the towers at each end, spanning from the 12th to 18th century. Calibrated 14C and dendrochronological ages were in good agreement.

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YAMASHITA, Maki, and Ichiro KOBAYASHI. "THE HISTORICAL STREAM AND AESTHETICS OF STONE BRIDGES IN FRANCE." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 18 (1998): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.18.41.

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Colla, C., P. C. Das, D. McCann, and M. C. Forde. "Sonic, electromagnetic and impulse radar investigation of stone masonry bridges." NDT & E International 30, no. 4 (August 1997): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0963-8695(96)00067-9.

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Behnamfar, Farhad, and Mahmood Afshari. "Collapse Analysis and Strengthening of Stone Arch Bridges Against Earthquake." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 7, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2011.606594.

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Krpo, Mirna. "TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE - BRIDGES OF OTTOMAN PERIOD IN PICTURE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 44, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2014.v44.i1.107.

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UDK: 624.21:7.033.39 (497.6) This work primarily aims to capture and analyze selected new bridge stone structures in the image of the cultural landscape, which occurred in the Ottoman period in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, These bridge structures, regardless of whether they were located directly or connecting routes to the said Roman route, as well as functional - structural miniature sizes or stylish - the aesthetic imbalance have the role specified to fill that void in Bosnia and Herzegovina which is felt in the knowledge of development of those types of buildings. An analysis of the historical development of bridges leads us in history where we can clearly recognize, on what is based, the maximum utilitarianism bridges in general. Through presented examples we confirm the universality of the object that without certain stylistic affiliation, which were built by hands and knowledge of local builders, however, do not disturb the landscape, but on the contrary, they complement each other, and create a special harmony of space.

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Lund, Julie. "Rune Stones as Material Relations in Late Pagan and Early Christian Scandinavia." Danish Journal of Archaeology 9 (April 20, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dja.v9i0.110949.

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In this article, the material qualities and the use of space on rune stone and its links to the landscape during the Viking Age and in the Early Medieval Period in South Scandinavia are explored and related to acts of commemoration and changing spatial perceptions. The 11th century rune stones from Denmark and Scania without iconography have previously received less scholarly attention by the archaeologists, but here they form the main focus. Whereas the commemorative aspects of the rune stones have been noticed by a number of scholars, less emphasis has been on their material qualities and the spatial aspects of the inscription on the stones; the spatial references in the rune stones to the surrounding landscape; and the bodily effect they had for the readers of the runes. The rune stones are studied as expressions of social relations between living, deceased and places in late pagan and early Christian Scandinavia. Three phenomena are explored: the rune stones at bridges and the role of the bridge in paganism and Christianity; the use of the surface and shape of the stones to separate diverging beings; and the shape of the inscription and its relation to the new concepts of afterworld in terms of heaven above, while simultaneously creating links to near and distant pasts. Further, the process of creating relations to distant pasts in the Early Christian period is explored.

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Bezgin, Niyazi Özgür. "Rediscovery of the Great Architect’s Bridge: Mimar Sinan Bridge, Istanbul, Turkey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119835811.

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A bridge is an important element of transportation which improves the accessibility of a location. Before the Industrial Revolution, stone masonry arch construction was the preferred method of construction of bridges with the longest spans and the highest durability. Multiple arches provided the solution when a single arch was insufficient to provide the required span. Bridge design required thorough consideration of the seismicity, geology, hydrology, bathymetry, and topography of the particular region, along with considerations of the functional and architectural design requirements of the bridge. This paper introduces for the first time a new concept of an “intermittent-bridge” and presents a technical inquiry into historical design considerations and contemporary protective and maintenance efforts for a sixteenth-century, multi-arch masonry intermittent-bridge built in Istanbul during the epoch of the Ottoman empire by the chief imperial architect, or mimar, Sinan.

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BABA, Shunsuke, Kohki NINOMIYA, and Motohide OGAWA. "A Study on the Structural Classification of Historical Stone Arch Bridges." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 10 (1990): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.10.41.

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NINOMIYA, Kohki. "Conservation Problems of Five Stone Arch Bridges on the Kohtuki River." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 12 (1992): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.12.191.

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KOBAYASHI, Ichiro. "Stone Bridges in Higo in view of Comparative Study of Civilizations." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 22 (2002): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.22.201.

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KASAI, Akira, Yoshiro SHINDO, Naoyuki KON, and Keiichi SATO. "Investigation on present condition of existing the stone bridges in Hokkaido." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 22 (2002): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.22.207.

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Whittington, H. W., and L. Sihwa. "Decision support software approach to the assessment of stone masonry bridges." Civil Engineering Systems 5, no. 3 (September 1988): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630258808970519.

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Fanning, Paul J., and Thomas E. Boothby. "Three-dimensional modelling and full-scale testing of stone arch bridges." Computers & Structures 79, no. 29-30 (November 2001): 2645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(01)00109-2.

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Hawkins, John W., Lily Elefteriadou, and Thomas E. Boothby. "Assessment of Safety and Traffic Operational Quality for Historic Stone Bridges." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 8, no. 2 (June 2002): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0342(2002)8:2(57).

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