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Journal articles on the topic 'Brightness and threshold voltage'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Fuh, A., R. P. Gallinger, and O. Caporaletti. "The effect of co-evaporation on ZnS:Mn electroluminescent characteristics." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-174.

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We present a discussion of the brightness–voltage (B–V) response of thin-film electroluminescent (TFEL) devices prepared by the simultaneous evaporation of ZnS and Mn (or MnS) using two separate sources. Crystal structure, threshold voltage, saturation brightness, and memory margin of the B–V characteristics have been studied as a function of the deposition rate of dopant material relative to ZnS. Optimum annealing conditions of the devices are also given. These results indicate that co-evaporation can be advantageously employed to fabricate memory TFEL display devices with excellent characteristics.

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2

Ramrakhiani, Meera, Nitendra Kumar Gautam, Kamal Kushwaha, Sakshi Sahare, and Pranav Singh. "Electroluminescence in Chalcogenide Nanocrystals and Nanocomposites." Defect and Diffusion Forum 357 (July 2014): 127–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.357.127.

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Several research groups have reported that nanocrystalline II-VI semiconductors show enhanced luminescence, increased oscillator strength and shorter response time. Nanocrystalline powder samples of CdS, CdSe, ZnS and ZnSe nanocrystals and their composites with PVA and PVK have been prepared by chemical route. SEM. TEM and AFM images indicate agglomeration of particles. XRD reveal the crystal structure and size in nanometer range and absorption spectra show increased band gap due to quantum confinement.The EL studies on nanocrystalline powder samples and nanocrystal/polymer composites have shown that the light emission starts at certain threshold voltage, different for different specimens and then increases with increasing voltage. It is found that smaller nanocrystals have lower threshold voltage and higher EL brightness. It is observed that nanocomposite give much higher electroluminescence starting at lower voltage and increasing very fast with the voltage as compared to nanocrystalline powder. The emission spectra are found to depend on the material, crystalline size and doping. Electroluminescence in undoped and doped chalcogenide nanocrystals and nanocomposites is reviewed in this paper. In nanosize regime, electroluminescence (EL) is governed by the size quantization effect. Contents of Paper

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3

Krause, S. J., and W. W. Adams. "Recent developments in low-voltage SEM of polymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 866–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150162.

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Over the past decade low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) of polymers has evolved from an interesting curiosity to a powerful analytical technique. This development has been driven by improved instrumentation and in particular, reliable field emission gun (FEG) SEMs. The usefulness of LVSEM has also grown because of an improved theoretical and experimental understanding of sample-beam interactions and by advances in sample preparation and operating techniques. This paper will review progress in polymer LVSEM and present recent results and developments in the field.In the early 1980s a new generation of SEMs produced beam currents that were sufficient to allow imaging at low voltages from 5keV to 0.5 keV. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to routinely image uncoated polymers at voltages below their negative charging threshold, the "second crossover", E2 (Fig. 1). LVSEM also improved contrast and reduced beam damage in sputter metal coated polymers. Unfortunately, resolution was limited to a few tenths of a micron due to the low brightness and chromatic aberration of thermal electron emission sources.

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Singh, A., and H. L. Vishwakarma. "Study of structural, morphological, optical and electroluminescent properties of undoped ZnO nanorods grown by a simple chemical precipitation." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0112.

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AbstractIn this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were obtained by a simple chemical precipitation method in the presence of capping agent: polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) result indicates that the synthesized undoped ZnO nanorods have hexagonal wurtzite structure without any impurities. It has been observed that the growth direction of the prepared ZnO nanorods is [1 0 1]. XRD analysis revealed that the nanorods have the crystallite size of 49 nm. Crystallite size is calculated by Debye-Scherrer formula and lattice strain is calculated by Williomson-Hall equation. Cell volume, Lorentz factor, Lorentz polarization factor, bond length, texture coefficient, lattice constants and dislocation density have also been studied. We also compared the interplanar spacings and relative peak intensities with their standard values at different angles. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the size and shape of these nanorods. It has been found that the diameter of the nanorods ranges from 1.52 μm to 1.61 μm and the length is about 4.89 μm. It has also been observed that at room temperature ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) absorption band is around 355 nm (blue shifted as compared to the bulk). The average particle size has also been calculated by mathematical model of effective mass approximation equation, using UV-Vis absorption peak. Finally, the bandgap has been calculated using UV-absorption peak. Electroluminescence (EL) studies show that emission of light is possible at very small threshold voltage and it increases rapidly with increasing applied voltage. It is seen that smaller ZnO nanoparticles give higher electroluminescence brightness starting at lower threshold voltage. The brightness is also affected by increasing the frequency of AC signal.

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Saad, Said, and Lotfi Hassine. "High Efficiency Driver for AMOLED with Compensation." Advances in Electronics 2015 (February 10, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/954783.

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A new proposed compensation driver circuit of flat-panel display (FPD) based on organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and on poly-crystalline silicon thin-film transistors (poly-Si TFTs) is presented. This driver circuit is developed for an active-matrix organic light-emitting-diode (AMOLED) display and its efficiency is verified compared with the conventional configuration with 2 TFTs. According to results, this circuit is suitable to achieve acceptable level for power consumption, high contrast, maximum gray levels, and better brightness. And, to show this, a stable driving scheme is developed for circuit with much compensation such as against the data degradation, the threshold voltage dispersions of TFT drive, and suppression of TFT leakage current effect.

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Wang, Lin Bo, Hong Kun He, Lei Shi, Jin Jin Yang, and Qian Ni Feng. "A New Duty Cycle Control Strategy for Digital Constant-Current LED Drive Based on Buck-Boost Topology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.676.

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This paper proposes a new digital constant-current control method for high-power LED drive based on buck-boost topology. In this control system, buck-boost topology is used as the power conversion. The output voltage can be either higher or lower than the input voltage in buck-boost topology. Therefore, it solves the problem that in the buck topology the input voltage is required to be always higher than the output voltage. Furthermore, according to the input and output parameters, the duty cycle data which are used to maintain output current constant can be calculated in advance, and stored in the embedded chip. Thus, it can reduce the calculation of the embedded chip and solves the problem that the existing digital constant-current controllers need the high-speed analog-to-digital converter. In addition, in order to reduce the error generated in above calculation, the double threshold feedback circuit is used to fine-tune the duty cycle and makes the output current more steady and accurate. Meanwhile, due to adopting full-digital control, the brightness and flicker frequency of load LED can be conveniently regulated by modifying the system firmware. Therefore, this method can apply to the device of illumination, lighting decoration, visible light communication and so on.

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Fan, Ching-Lin, Hao-Wei Chen, Hui-Lung Lai, Bo-Liang Guo, and Bohr-Ran Huang. "Improvement in Brightness Uniformity by Compensating for the Threshold Voltages of Both the Driving Thin-Film Transistor and the Organic Light-Emitting Diode for Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/604286.

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This paper proposes a novel pixel circuit design and driving method for active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AM-OLED) displays that use low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistors (LTPS-TFTs) as driving element. The automatic integrated circuit modeling simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (AIM-SPICE) simulator was used to verify that the proposed pixel circuit, which comprises five transistors and one capacitor, can supply uniform output current. The voltage programming method of the proposed pixel circuit comprises three periods: reset, compensation with data input, and emission periods. The simulated results reflected excellent performance. For instance, whenΔVTH=±0.33 V, the average error rate of the OLED current variation was low (<0.8%), and whenΔVTH_OLED=+0.33 V, the error rate of the OLED current variation was 4.7%. Moreover, when theI×R(current × resistance) drop voltage of a power line was 0.3 V, the error rate of the OLED current variation was 5.8%. The simulated results indicated that the proposed pixel circuit exhibits high immunity to the threshold voltage deviation of both the driving poly-Si TFTs and OLEDs, and simultaneously compensates for theI×Rdrop voltage of a power line.

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Dwivedi, Amrita, Nisha Dwivedi, Nitendra Gautam, Meera Ramrakhiani, and P. K. Khare. "Synthesis and Electroluminescence of Silver Doped ZnS/PVK Nanocomposite." Defect and Diffusion Forum 361 (January 2015): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.361.231.

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Sulfide based luminescent materials have attracted a lot of attention for a wide range of photo-and electroluminescence applications. Among the sulfides, ZnS is promising host material for development of phosphors in different visible emission bands. Doping of Ag can affect the electroluminescence of the host material. Incorporation of host ZnS into the polymer matrix is one of the best method to display their special functions, which stabilize the nanoparticles. Here we report a synthesis and electroluminescence of silver doped ZnS/PVK nanocomposites thin films. Reported films were prepared by using chemical route with varying Ag doping and ZnS loading in the composite. Structural and morphological characterization were carried out through XRD and SEM techniques, which confirmed the particles in nanoregime. Though optical absorption spectra and band gap of ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles in ZnS:Ag/PVK matrix were estimated, and using EMA model, particle size was calculated which supports the results of XRD. Electroluminescence of nanocomposite samples was studied and it was found that threshold voltage depends on doping of Ag and also on loading of ZnS. Voltage brightness characteristics support the production of EL by acceleration-collision mechanism.Contents of Paper

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Gautam, Nitendra Kumar, Meera Ramrakhiani, R. K. Kuraria, and S. R. Kuraria. "Electroluminescence in Organically Capped Cd_1-xZn_xSe Chalcogenide Nanocrystals." Defect and Diffusion Forum 361 (January 2015): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.361.215.

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Currently there is a great interest in II–VI semiconductor nanoparticles, particularly organically capped soluble particles of cadmium or zinc sulphide and selenide, for their ready to use application in devices. For electroluminescence (EL) devices, it is expected to cover a broad spectrum and to tune various specific colours by preparing Cd1-xZnx Se instead of CdSe and ZnSe. Ternary alloys have composition dependent properties; therefore Cd1-xZnxSe has attracted much attention in the fields of luminescence and optoelectronic devices. It has wide optical band-gap and good stability with respect to environment. In this study, Cd1-xZnxSenanoparticles have been synthesized by using starch as a capping agent through a chemical synthesis route at room temperature. Samples have been prepared varying composition factor ‘x’ in ternary alloy Cd1-xZnxSe. Cubic structure of all has been confirmed by XRD. Crystallite size calculated from XRD was found in the range of 3-5 nm and it was observed that size reduces on increasing Zn content in ternary compound. Optical absorption spectra showed the blue shift in absorption edge with increasing Zn content. Band gap has been obtained by absorption studies and increase in band gap observed on increasing Zn content in the compound. Electroluminescence studies reveal that lower threshold voltage is required for samples with lower ‘x’ value. The Brightness increases on increasing the voltage above threshold voltage and the variation pattern is almost exponential for all samples. The voltage-current curve represents ohmic nature of the EL cell. Impedance was found to increase on increasing ‘x’ value. The increase in EL intensity is faster for higher frequency. EL spectra revealed that light emission is in violet-green region corresponding to band gap for both Cd0.75 Zn 0.25Se and Cd0.5 Zn 0.5Se, with a slight blue shift on increasing Zn content. A ternary system Cd1–xZnxSe, may be engineered better for application purpose by suitably choosing the composition parameter ‘x’.Contents of Paper

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Laszczyk, Karolina Urszula. "Field Emission Cathodes to Form an Electron Beam Prepared from Carbon Nanotube Suspensions." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030260.

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In the first decade of our century, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) became a wonderful emitting material for field-emission (FE) of electrons. The carbon nanotube field-emission (CNT-FE) cathodes showed the possibility of low threshold voltage, therefore low power operation, together with a long lifetime, high brightness, and coherent beams of electrons. Thanks to this, CNT-FE cathodes have come ahead of increasing demand for novel self-sustaining and miniaturized devices performing as X-ray tubes, X-ray spectrometers, and electron microscopes, which possess low weight and might work without the need of the specialized equipped room, e.g., in a harsh environment and inaccessible-so-far areas. In this review, the author discusses the current state of CNT-FE cathode research using CNT suspensions. Included in this review are the basics of cathode operation, an evaluation, and fabrication techniques. The cathodes are compared based on performance and correlated issues. The author includes the advancement in field-emission enhancement by postprocess treatments, incorporation of fillers, and the use of film coatings with lower work functions than that of CNTs. Each approach is discussed in the context of the CNT-FE cathode operating factors. Finally, we discuss the issues and perspectives of the CNT-FE cathode research and development.

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Topol, Anna W., Kathleen A. Dunn, Karl W. Barth, Guillermo M. Nuesca, Brian K. Taylor, Katharine Dovidenko, Alain E. Kaloyeros, Richard T. Tuenge, and Chris N. King. "Chemical Vapor Deposition of ZnS:Mn for Thin-Film Electroluminescent Display Applications." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 3 (March 2004): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.3.697.

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Results are presented from a systematic investigation to design and optimize a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for manganese-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Mn) thin films for electroluminescent (EL) device applications. The CVD process used diethylzinc (DEZ), di-π-cyclopentadienyl manganese (CPMn), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as co-reactants and hydrogen (H2) as carrier gas. A design of experiments approach was used to derive functionality curves for the dependence of ZnS:Mn film properties on substrate temperature and flow rates (partial pressures) of DEZ, CPMn, H2S, and H2. Film physical, chemical, structural, and optical properties were examined using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear-reaction analysis, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. EL measurements were carried out on ZnS:Mn-based dielectric–sulfur–dielectric stacks incorporated into alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent devices. An optimized process window was established for the formation of films with predominantly (0 0 2) orientation, grain size larger than 0.2 μm, and Mn dopant level approximately 0.5 at.%. A brightness of 407 cd/m2 (119 fL) and efficiency of 1.6 lm/W were obtained, as measured at 40 V above threshold voltage and 60 Hz frequency.

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Fan, Ching-Lin, Hui-Lung Lai, and Jyu-Yu Chang. "Improvement in Brightness Uniformity by Compensating for the Threshold Voltages of Both the Driving Thin-Film Transistor and the Organic Light-Emitting Diode for Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 49, no. 5 (May 20, 2010): 05EB04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.05eb04.

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13

Dai, Y., D. T. Comer, D. J. Comer, and C. S. Petrie. "Threshold voltage based CMOS voltage reference." IEE Proceedings - Circuits, Devices and Systems 151, no. 1 (2004): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:20040217.

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14

Samokhvalov, M. K., and M. O. Takhtenkova. "Brightness-voltage characteristics of ZnS:Mn luminescent films." Semiconductors 44, no. 13 (December 2010): 1634–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782610130038.

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Krupička, Jan, Tomáš Picek, and Štěpán Zrostlík. "REDUCTION OF UNCERTAINTIES IN LASER STRIPE MEASUREMENT OF SOLID PARTICLES CONCENTRATION." Acta Polytechnica 58, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2018.58.0171.

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Laser stripe measurement (LSM) is a relatively novel method for measuring a local concentration of coarse particles in a mixture with fluid. It is based on an analysis of camera records of the laser sheet penetration in to the mixture. We report on our measurements of the concentration of suspended particles in a fluidization cell and focus on the parameters affecting the evaluation procedure for the measured data. A high sensitivity of the measured concentration to the correction for the position of the wall and to the threshold brightness for data filtering is demonstrated. The uncertainty in the wall position is reduced by applying a rectification procedure based on an identification of the position of a laser stripe drawn at the wall of the fluidization cell. The main motivation for the presented study was to find guidelines for the determination of the threshold brightness, absence of which can be considered a serious weakness of the LSM when particles of non-ideal optical properties are tested. Histograms of the brightness of laser stripes drawn on a surface of suspended particles are analysed with the aim to find a connection between the histograms and the threshold brightness. The threshold brightness is shown to be proportional to a position of the second of the two peaks identified in a histogram. Based on the results of the analysis, a method is proposed for the determination of the threshold brightness.

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Liu, Tong, Jian Bin Xie, Huan Zhang Lu, Wei Yan, and Pei Qin Li. "A Threshold Image Method for Finger-Vein Segmentation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2439.

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Image segmentation is an important processing step for finger-vein identification technique. But it’s difficult to extract precise details because of the irregular noise and shades around finger-vein. In this paper, a threshold image method is proposed for finger-vein segmentation. The new method computes thresholds for every pixel, so every pixel has a best threshold to get good segmentation. In order to compute the thresholds robustly and rapidly, we develop an optimal OTSU method. Firstly, the pixels with larger brightness than mean brightness are set to background directly. Then, the brightness is confined in a small region when computing threshold by using an optimal OTSU method. The experiments show that the proposed method can obtain good segmentation of finger vein images while costing small time consuming.

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Kim, Jeong-Sik, Won-Been Jeong, Byeong Hun An, and Seung-Woo Lee. "Study on the Effect of Gaze Position and Image Brightness on Peripheral Dimming Technique." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161896.

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Here, we study a low-power technique for displays based on gaze tracking, called peripheral dimming. In this work, the threshold levels of the lightness reduction ratio (LRR), where people notice differences in brightness, depending on gaze positions and image brightness, are investigated. A psychophysical experiment with five gaze positions and three image brightness conditions is performed, and the estimated threshold levels are obtained. To investigate the significance of the differences between the threshold levels, the overlap method and the Bayesian estimation (BEST) analysis are performed. The analysis results show that the difference of the threshold levels depending on the conditions is insignificant. Thus, the proposed technique can operate with a constant LRR level, regardless of the gaze position or image brightness, while maintaining the perceptual image quality. In addition, the proposed technique reduces the power consumption of virtual reality (VR) displays by 12–14% on average. We believe that the peripheral dimming technique would contribute to reducing the power of the self-luminous displays used for VR headsets with an integrated eye tracker.

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18

Lo, Tien-Yu, Chung-Chih Hung, and Mohammed Ismail. "CMOS voltage reference based on threshold voltage and thermal voltage." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 62, no. 1 (June 11, 2009): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-009-9321-y.

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Kobayashi, Yuki, Soyogu Matsushita, and Kazunori Morikawa. "“Glowing Gray” Does Exist: Luminance Gradients’ Influence on Whiteness Perception." Perception 47, no. 7 (May 11, 2018): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618775238.

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Studies on brightness and lightness that employed luminance gradients (i.e., glare stimuli) have suggested that we can perceive luminosity even when the brightness target is darker than white. Although such studies had great impact on research in luminosity perception, whether the whiteness threshold in glare stimuli was lower or higher than the luminosity threshold remained unclear. This study indicated that it is higher than the luminosity threshold, confirming the existence of glowing gray. Moreover, we measured the luminance gradients’ effect on whiteness perception but found no significant effect. Discrepancy in the degree of gradients’ effect on perceived luminosity and perceived white suggests that different mechanisms underlie luminosity (brightness) perception and whiteness (lightness) perception.

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20

Loetterle, Francis E., Richard A. Beck, and Jim Carlson. "Public Perception of Pavement-Marking Brightness." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1715, no. 1 (January 2000): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1715-08.

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The Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) conducted research to establish a threshold value of retroreflectivity for use in its pavement-marking management program. Members of the general public were invited to drive MnDOT automobiles on a driving course of state and county roads. An interviewer rode along with each study participant asking questions about the brightness (or luminance) of pavement markings within predetermined sections of roadway. The interview was conducted after dark with the car’s headlights at low beam. For each section of roadway, study participants were asked to grade the visibility of the pavement markings; the edge line and the centerline were evaluated individually. The average scores received from all study participants for a specific section were compared with retroreflectivity data taken by MnDOT’s mobile retroreflectometer. Analysis of the data revealed an apparent correlation between the readings taken by the retroreflectometer and the rating scores provided by the study participants. This analysis also suggested that the threshold value of acceptable retroreflectivity versus unacceptable retroreflectivity was between 80 and 120 mcd/m2/lx when using the Laserlux® retroreflectometer. In its continuing effort to improve “customer service,” MnDOT has committed to providing durable pavement markings that are visible year-round and is purchasing equipment and training personnel to implement this program. As a result of the market research project, MnDOT will use 120 mcd/m2/lx as the threshold between acceptable retroreflectivity and unacceptable retroreflectivity when developing the new pavement-marking management program. The establishment of a threshold retroreflectivity value also will allow cost-benefit and life-cycle analyses of different pavement-marking materials and help MnDOT to grade itself on how well it is meeting customer expectations.

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21

Luo, Ye-Sing, and Shen-Iuan Liu. "A Voltage Multiplier With Adaptive Threshold Voltage Compensation." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 52, no. 8 (August 2017): 2208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2693228.

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Kulkarni, Rishikesh U., Daniel J. Kramer, Narges Pourmandi, Kaveh Karbasi, Helen S. Bateup, and Evan W. Miller. "Voltage-sensitive rhodol with enhanced two-photon brightness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 11 (February 27, 2017): 2813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610791114.

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We have designed, synthesized, and applied a rhodol-based chromophore to a molecular wire-based platform for voltage sensing to achieve fast, sensitive, and bright voltage sensing using two-photon (2P) illumination. Rhodol VoltageFluor-5 (RVF5) is a voltage-sensitive dye with improved 2P cross-section for use in thick tissue or brain samples. RVF5 features a dichlororhodol core with pyrrolidyl substitution at the nitrogen center. In mammalian cells under one-photon (1P) illumination, RVF5 demonstrates high voltage sensitivity (28% ΔF/F per 100 mV) and improved photostability relative to first-generation voltage sensors. This photostability enables multisite optical recordings from neurons lacking tuberous sclerosis complex 1, Tsc1, in a mouse model of genetic epilepsy. Using RVF5, we show that Tsc1 KO neurons exhibit increased activity relative to wild-type neurons and additionally show that the proportion of active neurons in the network increases with the loss of Tsc1. The high photostability and voltage sensitivity of RVF5 is recapitulated under 2P illumination. Finally, the ability to chemically tune the 2P absorption profile through the use of rhodol scaffolds affords the unique opportunity to image neuronal voltage changes in acutely prepared mouse brain slices using 2P illumination. Stimulation of the mouse hippocampus evoked spiking activity that was readily discerned with bath-applied RVF5, demonstrating the utility of RVF5 and molecular wire-based voltage sensors with 2P-optimized fluorophores for imaging voltage in intact brain tissue.

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Grahn, K., M. Andersson, P. Kuivalainen, and S. Eränen. "Model for DMOST threshold voltage." Electronics Letters 28, no. 15 (1992): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19920880.

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24

Lindsay, P. A., M. Esterson, and X. Chen. "The magnetron “threshold voltage” revisited." Physics of Plasmas 4, no. 2 (February 1997): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872105.

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Itocazu, V. T., K. R. A. Sasaki, V. Sonnenberg, J. A. Martino, E. Simoen, and C. Claeys. "Analytical Model for Threshold Voltage in UTBB SOI MOSFET in Dynamic Threshold Voltage Operation." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 12, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v12i2.458.

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This paper presents an analytical model to determine the threshold voltage in Ultrathin Body and Buried Oxide Fully Depleted Silicon on Insulator (UTBB FD SOI) MOSFETs operating in dynamic threshold (DT) voltage modes. The analytical model is based on implementing the quantum confinement effect and the DT restriction. The results show that the proposed analytical model in its simplicity provides a good agreement to the experimental data.

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Gur, M., and G. Syrkin. "Color enhances mach bands detection threshold and perceived brightness." Vision Research 33, no. 16 (November 1993): 2313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(93)90108-9.

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Pierce, Christopher M., Jai Kwan Bae, Alice Galdi, Luca Cultrera, Ivan Bazarov, and Jared Maxson. "Beam brightness from Cs–Te near the photoemission threshold." Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 12 (March 22, 2021): 124101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0044917.

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Eskov, Alexander, Anatoliy Sagalakov, Sergey Kulmanakov, and Ivan Kirushin. "Dynamics of fuel jet brightness areas in video shooting." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901007.

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Applying of pixels separation brightness threshold is usually used to find the object boundaries. It is proposed to use a method for dividing the brightness of pixels to assign them to one of the zones of the fuel jet. A low brightness area with higher concentration of fuel, and vice versa, a zone with sufficient brightness (except the background luminance) has a lower concentration. Studying the dynamics of the change in brightness in the zones of a jet, we can talk about the quality of fuel atomization nozzles that can be different under different conditions.

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Bagheri, Mojtaba, Xiang Cheng, Junhao Zhang, Sungsik Lee, Shahin Ashtiani, and Arokia Nathan. "Threshold Voltage Compensation Error in Voltage Programmed AMOLED Displays." Journal of Display Technology 12, no. 6 (June 2016): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jdt.2016.2530784.

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Kyung Ki Kim, Haiqing Nan, and Ken Choi. "Ultralow-Voltage Power Gating Structure Using Low Threshold Voltage." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 56, no. 12 (December 2009): 926–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2009.2035268.

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Liu, Ling. "Research of LED Lamp Constant Current Driver Software System." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.438.

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The LED lamps replace traditional lamps is the direction of development domestic and abroad.It mainly introduced the LED lamp brightness control method from the aspect of software, then research and production of the LED efficient drive based on a IC chip digital boost constant current regulator, for the actual driving high power LED. It was realized 6 level control on the brightness of LED. The microcontroller controls D/A converter to make the output different voltage values through software programming, and then adjusts the DC/DC conversion circuit current size, finally implements LED brightness control. The experimental makes it possible to have the lamp with adjustable brightness, energy saving, achieve a wide range of voltage, current constant and so on.

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32

Rai Putera Yasa, I. Made, I. Made Oka Widyantara, and NMAE Dewi Wirastuti. "PERBAIKAN KONTRAS CITRA MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK BRIGHTNESS ADJUSTMENT UNTUK SISTEM EKSTRAKSI GARIS PANTAI." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 4, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2017.v04.i02.p06.

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This study has evaluated the application of brightness adjustment technique to improve image contrast in the framework of coastline extraction on video-based shoreline monitoring system. In this monitoring system, the shoreline detection mechanism is done by introducing the land and sea objects in the video image. Changes in sea conditions due to weather changes cause a change in the contrast in the coastal image. The change in contrast will lead to inaccurate coastline detection. The brightness adjustment technique is applied to the image pre-processing to produce stable contrast in all conditions so that the coastal monitoring system can extract the coastline accurately. The brightness adjustment technique can adjust the brightness of the coastal image by setting the upper and lower threshold values of each pixel intensity. This study used 3 (three) sample video test images taken on morning, noon and afternoon to obtain different video image characteristics. The simulation results show that the application of brightness adjustment technique can increase the accuracy of shoreline extraction when using the threshold value of each at -20% for morning image condition, -40% for daytime image condition, and -35% for afternoon image condition .

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33

Chang, A. T. C., and M. S. Cao. "Monitoring Soil Condition in the Northern Tibetan Plateau Using SSM/I Data." Hydrology Research 27, no. 3 (June 1, 1996): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1996.0003.

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A combination of a low 37 GHz brightness temperature and a negative 19 and 37 GHz spectral gradient can be an effective discriminant for frozen and thawed soil. SSM/I data for 1988 are used to study the freeze/thaw of soil in the Northern Tibetan Plateau, China. In this study, a previously derived freeze/thaw classification scheme was tested for this unique geographic location. It was found that the 37 GHz threshold needed to be refined for this region. It was also found that the 37 GHz emission is sensitive to the scattering centers embedded in the soil, which may account for the observed low brightness temperature. The selection of the 37 GHz brightness temperature threshold depends on the atmospheric and soil conditions inherent in a particular region.

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34

Ortiz-Conde, Adelmo, Francisco J. García-Sánchez, Juan Muci, Alberto Terán Barrios, Juin J. Liou, and Ching-Sung Ho. "Revisiting MOSFET threshold voltage extraction methods." Microelectronics Reliability 53, no. 1 (January 2013): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2012.09.015.

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35

Ortiz-Conde, Adelmo, Francisco J. García-Sánchez, Juan Muci, Andrea Sucre-González, João Antonio Martino, Paula Ghedini Der Agopian, and Cor Claeys. "Threshold voltage extraction in Tunnel FETs." Solid-State Electronics 93 (March 2014): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2013.12.010.

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36

Tawfik, Sher, and Volkan Kursun. "Multi-Threshold Voltage FinFET Sequential Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 19, no. 1 (January 2011): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2009.2028028.

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37

Boonchu, Boonchai, and Wanlop Surakampontorn. "Voltage-mode threshold-independent analogue multiplier." International Journal of Electronics 96, no. 5 (May 2009): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207210902738075.

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38

Feuer, M. D., S. C. Shunk, J. M. Kuo, D. M. Tennant, and B. Tell. "Threshold voltage of submicron Ga0.47In0.53As HIGFETs." Electronics Letters 25, no. 15 (1989): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19890652.

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39

Scherer, A., M. Walther, J. P. Harbison, L. T. Florez, and J. L. Jewell. "Fabrication of low threshold voltage microlasers." Electronics Letters 28, no. 13 (1992): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19920773.

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40

Matsumura, M., C. van Berkel, and Y. Uchida. "Analysis of distributed threshold voltage transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 36, no. 12 (1989): 2965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.40964.

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41

Kerns, D. V., H. J. Barnaby, and S. E. Kerns. "Threshold voltage stabilization in radiation environments." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45, no. 6 (1998): 3175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.736196.

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42

Trevisoli, Renan Doria, Rodrigo Trevisoli Doria, Michelly de Souza, and Marcelo Antonio Pavanello. "Threshold voltage in junctionless nanowire transistors." Semiconductor Science and Technology 26, no. 10 (September 6, 2011): 105009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/26/10/105009.

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43

Narendar, V. "Threshold Voltage Control Schemes in Finfets." International Journal of VLSI Design & Communication Systems 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2012): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/vlsic.2012.3215.

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44

Zappe, Hans P., Sheldon Aronowitz, and Chenming Hu. "Oxide implantation for threshold voltage control." Solid-State Electronics 33, no. 11 (November 1990): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(90)90119-y.

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45

XU Hong-lie, 许轰烈, 匡. 程. KUANG Cheng, 张. 乐. ZHANG Le, 李. 莎. LI Sha, 王树军 WANG Shu-jun, 汤. 峥. TANG Zheng, and 李琳娜 LI Lin-na. "Range limited adaptive brightness preserving multi-threshold histogram equalization algorithm." Chinese Optics 10, no. 6 (2017): 726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/co.20171006.0726.

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46

Donner, K., and S. Hemilä. "Retinal Mechanisms Underlying Pedestal Effects in Brightness Discrimination: A Model." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970302.

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The dependence of the minimal discriminable intensity difference (MDD) of two flashed stimuli on the pedestal (the intensity of the dimmer one) is known to follow a nonmonotonic ‘dipper’ function. When the pedestal is zero, the MDD is by definition identical to the threshold for light detection. Very dim pedestals have little effect on the MDD, but there is a range of fairly dim pedestals, of intensities around the detection threshold, where the MDD decreases with increasing intensity. Beyond that range, the MDD is a monotonically increasing function of intensity. Functions of this type have been observed with spatially very different stimuli. We propose that dipper functions arise owing to the fact that different aspects of the primary light response of photoreceptors are relevant to near-threshold and suprathreshold visual signals. Decisions near the detection threshold are based on signals determined by the peak amplitude of photoreceptor responses, which for dim stimuli grows linearly with intensity. By contrast, visual signals for clearly suprathreshold stimuli reflect the rate of rise of early parts of the photoreceptor response, tracing only a short segment of the photoreceptor response just after the point where it has reached threshold amplitude. The latter type of signal shows a similar intensity dependence as do psychophysical brightness judgments, starting with a supralinear segment and passing via linearity into a compressive power function at high stimulus intensities (Donner, 1989 Visual Neuroscience3 39 – 51; Djupsund et al, 1996 Vision Research36 3253 – 3264). Discrimination sensitivity is in principle proportional to the derivative of this function. The transition from the ‘peak-amplitude-based’ linear signalling range around detection threshold to the ‘early-rise-based’ signalling range described by the nonlinear brightness function implies a sharp contraction of the response time window. Intensity discrimination improves, because the intensity dependence of the signal scaled by its variability becomes steeper than linear. As pedestal intensity is raised further, however, the MDD begins to increase again, basically in inverse proportion to the decreasing derivative of the brightness function.

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47

Assaderaghi, F., D. Sinitsky, S. A. Parke, J. Bokor, P. K. Ko, and Chenming Hu. "Dynamic threshold-voltage MOSFET (DTMOS) for ultra-low voltage VLSI." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 44, no. 3 (March 1997): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.556151.

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48

Shang, Liwei, Zhuoyu Ji, Hong Wang, Yingpin Chen, Congyan Lu, Xin Liu, Maixing Han, and Ming Liu. "Threshold Voltage Tuning of Low-Voltage Organic Thin-Film Transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 58, no. 7 (July 2011): 2127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2011.2136436.

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49

Rani, Geeta, and Monika Agarwal. "Contrast Enhancement Using Optimum Threshold Selection." International Journal of Software Innovation 8, no. 3 (July 2020): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.2020070107.

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In the recent era, a boom was observed in the field of information retrieval from images. Digital images with high contrast are sources of abundant information. The gathered information is useful in the precise detection of an object, event, or anomaly captured in an image scene. Existing systems do uniform distribution of intensities and apply intensity histogram equalization. These improve the characteristics of an image in terms of visual appearance. The problem of over enhancement and the increase in noise level produces undesirable visual artefacts. The use of Otsu's single threshold method in existing systems is inefficient for segmenting an image with multiple objects and complex background. Additionally, these are incapable to improve the yield of the maximum entropy and brightness preservation. The aforementioned limitations motivate us to propose an efficient statistical pipelined approach, the Range Limited Double Threshold Weighted Histogram Equalization (RLDTWHE). This approach is an integration of Otsu's double threshold, dynamic range stretching, weighted distribution, adaptive gamma correction, and homomorphic filtering. It provides optimum contrast enhancement by selecting the best appropriate threshold value for image segmentation. The proposed approach is efficient in the enhancement of low contrast medical MRI images and digital natural scene images. It effectively preserves all essential information recorded in an image. Experimental results prove its efficacy in terms of maximum entropy preservation, brightness preservation, contrast enhancement, and retaining the natural appearance of an image.

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50

Hay, M., E. M. Hasser, and K. A. Lindsley. "Area postrema voltage-activated calcium currents." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.1.133.

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1. Calcium currents in rabbit area postrema neurons were studied with the perforated patch-clamp technique. Experimental conditions eliminated Na+ and K+ currents and identified both low- and high-threshold voltage-activated calcium currents. 2. Low-threshold, T-type calcium currents were observed in 64% of the area postrema neurons recorded. This current activated near -60 mV and had an average peak amplitude of -36.2 +/- 5 pA (mean +/- SE) at -40 mV. This current began rapid inactivation near -95 mV, reached half-maximal inactivation at -71 mV and was totally inactivated by -40 mV. 3. A high-threshold transient current was recorded in all area postrema neurons, which consisted of both a transient and sustained component. This current was present at voltages greater than -40 mV and the transient component of this current was responsible for the majority of the total Ca2+ current. 4. Nickel ions (10 microM) effectively reduced both the T-type current and the high-threshold current. Cadmium ions (100 microM) effectively reduced the high-threshold current while having insignificant effects on the low-threshold current. 5. Application of the dihydropyridine antagonist nimodipine (1-10 microM) had no effect on either the low- or high-threshold voltage-activated calcium Ca2+ in area postrema neurons. In addition, application of omega-conotoxin-GVIA (2-10 microM) was also without effect on either the low- or high-threshold voltage-activated Ca2+ current, suggesting that area postrema neurons possess neither L- or N-type voltage-activated Ca2+ currents. 6. Application of omega-conotoxin MVIIC (10 microM) significantly inhibited the peak high-threshold Ca2+ current by 65.4% suggesting that area postrema neurons do possess a omega-conotoxin MVIIC-sensitive high-threshold Ca2+ channel. 7. Arg-vasopressin (150 nM) significantly increased the transient component of the high-threshold Ca2+ current but had little effect on either the low-threshold or the high-threshold sustained component.

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