Academic literature on the topic 'Brindley, technique'

The Brindley procedure consists of a stimulator for sacral anterior-root stimulation and a rhizotomy of the dorsal sacral roots to abolish neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Stimulation of the sacral anterior roots enables micturition, defecation, and erections. This overview discusses the technique, selection of patients and clinical results of the Brindley procedure. The Brindley procedure is suitable for a selected group of patients with complete spinal cord injury and detrusor overactivity. Overall, the Brindley procedure shows good clinical results and improves quality of life. However, to remain a valuable treatment option for the future, the technique needs some adequate changes to enable analysis of the implanted parts, to improve revision techniques of the implanted parts, and to abolish the sacral dorsal rhizotomy.

We consider the stochastic Truscott–Brindley dynamical model of the interacting populations of prey and predator. We study a new phenomenon of the stochastic cycle splitting. In a zone of Canard cycles, using the stochastic sensitivity function technique, we find a critical value of the parameter corresponding to the supersensitive cycle. In the neighborhood of this critical value, a comparative parametrical analysis of the phenomenon of the stochastic cycle splitting is performed. It is shown that the bifurcation of the stochastic cycle splitting is accompanied by the noise-induced chaotization.

The Rietveld refinement technique has been used to determine the extent of intergrowth of the Bi2Sr2CuO6+x phase and co-crystallization of competing phases in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (Bi-2212). The refinement was done on powder diffractograms obtained on powders made by grinding single crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x grown using two different self-flux techniques, namely the pressure technique and the regrowth technique, and ground for either 2 min or 2 h. The Rietveld programs JANA and FULLPROF were used for the refinement and both gave consistent results. The Bi and Sr atom positions were refined in the average structure of centrosymmetric space group Bbmb. To incorporate Bi-atom modulation and extract information about the modulation vector, refinement was done in the centrosymmetric space group N^{Bbmb}_{1\overline 11}(Bbmb(0γ1)). The b* component of the modulation vector decreases with a decrease in the superconducting transition temperature in the pressure-technique sample compared with the regrowth sample, suggesting a better alignment of the CuO2 planes with respect to the Bi–O planes in the pressure-technique sample. All the samples exhibit a strong preferred orientation effect. Values of the March–Dollase parameters corresponding to the preferred orientation function were obtained. Brindley absorption contrast factors t ϕ were also calculated, together with the effect of microabsorption on the number of phases present in each sample. Rietveld refinements incorporating all the factors resulted in excellent values for the goodness-of-fit parameters for all the samples, with the lowest value of 2.08 for the pressure-technique sample ground for 2 min. Additionally, the powders corresponding to the pressure-technique crystals have no co-crystallizing phase and ∼94% of the Bi-2212 phase, suggesting that crystals grown by the pressure technique are of extremely good quality, much better than those grown by the regrowth flux technique.

AbstractSome recent works dealing with the concept of order-disorder in clay minerals are considered, including those aspects of order-disorder which appeared in the Brindley & Brown (1980) monograph, i.e. disorder in the distribution of cations, disorder in layer stacking, orderdisorder in mixed-layer systems and finite crystal size as a lattice disorder. Heterogeneity of samples and polymorphous transformations are also considered as other types of disorder. Most of these works emphasize that accurate structural characterization can only be obtained if several techniques are combined (e.g. XRD and IR, EXAFS and Mo¨ssbauer spectroscopies, etc.). Another conclusion is that accurate structural determination provides the key to the genesis of clays.

Microabsorption may present a serious obstacle to performing accurate quantitative phase analysis by the Rietveld method for samples that contain phases with high X-ray absorption contrast. In this study, a multicomponent calibration approach is introduced to reduce the systematic bias that is not accounted for in conventional Rietveld analysis. In order to demonstrate this approach, six ternary inorganic mixtures containing components with diverse mass absorption coefficients were prepared. Two of the six mixtures were chosen as a calibration set to obtain the corresponding calibration parameters. These parameters were used to predict accurately the compositions of the remaining mixtures. Additionally, several other issues concerning sample preparation, the choice of the calibration set and the inclusion of complimentary techniques to determine the calibration parameters are addressed. The present approach offers practical advantages over the frequently used Brindley method, since it does not require any additional information concerning particle size and morphology.

Objective: The purpose of this study was i) to identify the characteristics of carcass traits in Chikso by gender, region, age at slaughter, and coat color using the carcass data collected from the nationwide pedigree information and coat color investigation, and ii) to estimate genetic parameters for breed improvement.Methods: A linear model was used to analyze the environmental effects on the carcass traits and to estimate genetic parameters. Analysis of variance was performed using TYPE III sum of squares for the unbalanced data provided by the general linear model procedure. Variance components for genetic parameters was estimated using REMLF90 of the BLUPF90 family programs.Results: Phenotypic performance of carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), and backfat thickness (BF) in Chikso were lower than those of Hanwoo. This is a natural outcome because Hanwoo have undergone significant efforts for improvement at the national level, a phenomenon not observed in Chikso. Another factor influencing the above outcome was the smaller population size of Chikso compared to that of Hanwoo’s. The heritabilities of CW, EMA, BF, and marbling score in Chikso were estimated as 0.50, 0.37, 0.35, and 0.53, respectively, which were was higher than those of Hanwoo.Conclusion: Based on the genetic parameters that were estimated in this study, it is expected that the carcass traits will improve when the livestock research institutes at each province conduct small-scale performance tests and the semen is provided to farmers after selecting proven bulls using the state-of-art selection technique such as genomic selection.

Korean brindled cattle have distinctive coat colour and are regarded as rare cattle in the Korean peninsula. To preserve the line as a genetic resource for diversity in cattle, semen cryopreservation has been used for selection of individuals for breeding between local AI centers. Nevertheless, the survival and viability of frozen semen from Korean brindled bulls is not uniform due to the difference between the individual bulls or experimental techniques. In this study, E64, a cathepsin B inhibitor, was used at final concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 1 µM to test the viability of frozen semen. To prepare frozen semen, a triladyl-egg yolk diluent with 6.4% glycerol was used in a two-step freezing method with 4 different bulls with 3 repeats. A total of 12 ejaculates was diluted to a concentration of 50 to 100 × 106 mL−1 at room temperature, and slowly cooled from room temperature to 5°C in 2 to 3 h. The cooled semen was diluted 1:1 with a secondary diluent containing E64 to prepare the experimental group. After loading, 0.5-mL straws were immersed into liquid nitrogen after 10 min exposure at 5 cm above the nitrogen using a styrofoam box. The viability of spermatozoa after thawing at 37°C for 40 s was analysed by Student’s t-test. The rate of surviving sperm in the 1 µM E64 group (82 ± 4.3%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (71.2 ± 2.0%; P < 0.05). However, the 0.05 and 0.5 µM E64 treatment groups lead to similar rates (77.5 ± 2.0% and 75.0 ± 5.0%, respectively; P > 0.05). Based on these results, it is expected that E64 could be used for the improvement of productivity of frozen semen; further results on in vitro fertilization and development are ongoing.

En educación a distancia es indispensable que el profesor tutor oriente y brinde información, utilizando estrategias apropiadas para motivar a los estudiantes a generar conocimientos prácticos que requieren desarrollar y aplicar en el campo. De esta manera se adquieren destrezas y habilidades que complementan con lo adquirido teóricamente, para lograr lo propuesto, el modelo de educación a distancia requiere del uso de las tecnologías por que facilitan la comunicación asertiva. Uno de los propósitos de este modelo es vencer los problemas que se presentan, reduciendo tiempo y recursos que se utilizan, para que los estudiantes logren aprender a aprender. Todo proceso académico demanda calidad, por lo tanto es necesario que los profesores tutores tengan una formación continua e innovadora para facilitarles adecuados métodos y técnicas de aprendizaje como en el caso de las giras y prácticas de campo, así se logrará en un futuro que los estudiantes construyan sus propias ideas, creencias, principios, valores y normas a favor del ambiente y su entorno para la toma de decisiones a nivel profesional y social.Este artículo pretende mencionar algunas estrategias metodológicas que pueden utilizar los profesores tutores a la hora de realizar giras y prácticas de campo, con el fin de que los estudiantes obtengan el mayor provecho en los cursos que se realiza estas actividades en educación superior a distancia. Palabras clave: estrategias metodológicas, educación a distancia, proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, herramientas tecnológicas, modelos de aprendizaje, calidad del proceso académico, giras y prácticas de campo, actividades prácticas. AbstractIn distance education is essential that the tutor guide and provide information using apporpiate strategies to motivate students to build skills that are requiered to develop and implement in the field. This will acquiere skills and abilities that complement the acquiered theory, to achieve the proposed model that distance education requires the use of technologies that facilitate assertive communication. One purpose of this model is to overcome the problems that arise, reducing time and resouces used, so that students achieve learning to learn.All academic process demands quality, therefore it is necessary that tutors have a continuous training to facilitate appropriate and innovative learning techniques and methods as is the case of the tours and field practice, this will result in future students build their own ideas, beliefs, principles, values and standards for the environment and their personal space for decision making in professional and social.This article aims to mention some methodological strategies that tutors can use when touring and field practice, in order that students get the most out of course that performs these activities in distance higher education.Keywords: methodological strategies, distance learning, teaching and learning, technological tools, learning models, quality of the academic process, tours and field practices, practical activities.