Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Brine Solution'

Die Frage nach der Möglichkeit von Leben auf anderen Planeten, vor allem auf dem Mars, steht in einem engen Zusammenhang mit der Verfügbarkeit von flüssigem Wasser. Dies ist bei den vorherrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen, vor allem der tiefen Temperatur, nur mittels einer Gefrierpunktserniedrigung durch Salze erklärbar. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit Phasengleichgewichten verschiedener Salz-Wasser-Systeme bei tiefen Temperaturen. Dabei wurden nach einer Sammlung von Literaturdaten und einer Ermittlung der Lücken innerhalb dieser verschiedene Systeme nach Mars-Relevanz, sowie chemischer Systematik ausgewählt und experimentell untersucht. Insgesamt wurden dabei 22 binäre Phasendiagramme von Salz-Wasser-Systemen betrachtet und 29 festen Phasen mittels Röntgen-Einkristallstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt. Aus diesen Strukturen wurde ein Modell zur Beschreibung einer zweiten Hydratationssphäre über eine Wechselwirkungsbilanz abgeleitet und an den verfügbaren Strukturen geprüft.

Sub-zero saline solutions were evaluated for the improvement of chilling efficiency and product quality of broiler carcasses. In this study, four experiments were conducted to chill broiler carcasses using different saline solutions and chilling temperatures in the Meat Processing Center at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA) or in the processing plant at Foster Farms (Livingston, CA). In Experiment I, three salt concentrations and solution temperatures (0% NaCl/0.5°C, 4% NaCl/-2.41°C, and 8% NaCl/-5.08°C) were used to chill carcasses. The fillets in brine chilling at sub-zero temperatures showed lower shear forces than the fillets in 0% NaCl control solution. In Experiment II, three salt concentrations (0% NaCl/0.5°C, 4% NaCl/-2.41°C, and 8% NaCl/-5.08°C) were used to chill carcasses with/without pre-chilling in 0% NaCl/0.5ºC or 0% NaCl/14°C. Fillets from the carcasses in 4% NaCl/-2.41°C significantly improved tenderness (P < 0.05), with no significant difference observed for the shear force of 8% NaCl/-5.08°C, regardless of pre-chilling. In Experiment III, four salt concentrations (0% NaCl/0.5°C, 1% NaCl/-0.6°C, 2% NaCl/-1.2°C, and 3% NaCl/-1.8°C) were used to chill carcasses. The shear force of fillets decreased as the salt content increased and chilling temperature decreased from 0%NaCl/0.5°C to 3%NaCl/-1.8°C, with the lowest shear force observed in 3% NaCl brine at -1.8°C (P < 0.05). The chilling time (90 min) of 3% NaCl was reduced by 25 min (or 22%) compared to water control (115 min), with an intermediate reduction (13 - 17%) v seen for other NaCl solutions (95 – 100 min). Breast fillets showed no significant difference in chilling yield, pH, R-value, and sarcomere length for raw meats as well as in cooking yield and salt content for cooked fillets across all treatments (P > 0.05). In Experiment IV, three salt concentrations (0% NaCl/0.5°C, 3% NaCl/-1.8°C, and 4% NaCl/-2.41°C) were used to chill carcasses. The chilling time (55 min) of 4% NaCl was reduced by 35 min (or 39%) compared to the time (90 min) of water control, with an intermediate reduction (11%) seen for 3% NaCl solution. Control fillets in 0% NaCl showed a higher shear force than the fillets in sub-zero brine chilling (P < 0.05). Based on these results, broiler carcasses chilled in 4% NaCl/-2.41°C appears to be ideal to improve both chilling efficiency and meat tenderness compared to the carcasses chilled in 0% NaCl/0.5°C.

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the University of California, Berkeley, CA (US); 18 Dec 2003.
Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--54280" Garcia, Julio Enrique. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Basic Energy Sciences (US) 12/18/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

Le procédé Solvay génère d’énormes quantités de saumures résiduaires au pH alcalin contenant portlandite, brucite et silicates de calcium hydratés. La carbonatation conduit à un abaissement du pH, ce qui favorise la formation de deux phases majoritaires : la calcite et le gypse. L’objectif de la thèse est de valoriser les saumures résiduaires carbonatées par séparation des phases en colonne de flottation. L’étude de la carbonatation en réacteur batch, puis en colonne de carbonatation pilote montre qu’il est préférable de ne pas carbonater les saumures résiduaires jusqu’à l’équilibre thermodynamique. En effet, la mise en solution de métaux lourds intervient à partir d’un pH de l’ordre de 7,5, ce qui limiterait les rejets des saumures dans l’environnement. En outre, une carbonatation brusque et incomplète est souhaitable pour une meilleure séparation des phases par flottation. Les essais de flottation réalisés sur une colonne de 7,6 cm de diamètre et de 3 m de haut ont montré une faisabilité de la séparation des deux minéraux calciques avec l’oléate de sodium comme collecteur malgré une abondante littérature incitant à la prudence. La différence entre la taille des particules de carbonates et celle des particules de sulfates et leurs hydratations de surfaces, ainsi qu’une force ionique élevée du milieu permettent une bonne séparation des phases. Une étude des saumures synthétiques permet de mettre en évidence le rôle des cations métalliques (nature, rayon, charge…) sur la coalescence des bulles dans les conditions dynamiques et dans un milieu à forte force ionique. Une étude des paramètre de fonctionnement effectué sur une colonne de 30,5 cm de diamètre et de 10 m de haut ont permis la modélisation du procédé de flottation en colonne dans le but de proposer une procédure de dimensionnement du procédé industriel. La confrontation des résultats de simulation aux résultats réels permet la détermination des intensités des microprocessus de flottation (attachement/détachement), et conduit à la proposition d’une installation industrielle avec deux colonnes de flottation en série
Solvay process generates huge amounts of waste brines at alkaline pH containing portlandite, brucite and calcium silicate hydrates. Carbonation leads to lowering of pH which favors formation of two predominant phases: calcite and gypsum. The aim of this thesis is to develop carbonated waste brines valorization by phase separation in flotation column Study of carbonation in a batch reactor and in a carbonation pilot column shows it is preferable not to carbonate waste brines until thermodynamic equilibrium. Indeed dissolution of heavy metals occurs from a pH of about 7.5 thereby limiting discharge of brines in the environment. In addition, a sudden and incomplete carbonation is appropriate for phase separation by flotation. Flotation tests carried out in a 7.6 cm diameter and 3 m high column showed feasibility of the separation of the two calcium minerals using sodium oleate as a collector despite abundant literature for caution. The differences between the particle size of carbonates and sulfates and their surface hydration, as well as the high ionic strength of the medium allow an efficient separation of phases. Study of synthetic brines highlights the role of metal cations (nature, radius, charge…) on bubble coalescence in dynamic conditions in an environment with high ionic strength. Study of operation parameter performed on a 30.5 cm diameter and 10 m high column enabled the modeling of the column flotation process in order to provide a scale-up procedure of industrial process. Comparison of simulation results with actual results allows the determination of intensities of flotation subprocesses (attachment/detachment), and led to the proposal of an industrial plant with two flotation columns in series

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
106
This study is aimed to investigate the quality of mackerel fillet treated with different brine solution formula during super-chilling (-2℃) storage and their sensory acceptance of these products. The frozen material of mackerel fillets dipped in brine solution with control, 4% salt (S4), 6% salt (S6), 8% salt (S8), 4% salt + 2% NaHCO3 (SNa), 4% salt + 2% sorbitol (SS) and 4% salt + 2% NaHCO3 + 2% sorbitol (SSNa) at 4 ℃ for 90 minutes, then they were stored on -2℃. Samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 10, 14 and 18 days for analyzing pH, TBARS, TVB-N and bacterial counts, and the samples for sensory evaluation was on day 3. The yield of fillets increased with higher concentration of salt, the yield of S8 after brining increased significantly by 11.06%, and the highest total yields calculated the combination of brining, drip loss and cooking loss were S8 and SSNa, increased by 15.99% and 15.30% over the Control. After stored for 3 days at -2℃, TBARS of Control, S4, S6, S8, SNa, SS exceeded the acceptance limit 8 mg/kg, while the shelf-life of SNa and SSNa could be extended to 3 and 6 days, respectively, due to inhibit oxidation by addition of NaHCO3. TVB-N of Control has exceeded hygiene standards on the 14th day, other groups could be stored for over 14 days, and S8 had the longest shelf life up to 18 days. For sensory analysis, SSNa and SNa had the best overall acceptance as well as a higher score on appearance, juiciness and flavor, compared to salt-only groups, while SS had the poorest appearance rating due to the exudated appearance on the surface of the fish. As a formula of brine solution for mackerel fillets, NaHCO3 increases yield, adjusts pH, inhibit oxidation of oils and increases shelf life. Improves sensory score same with sorbitol as a formula for mackerel fillets. The results showed that the treatment with SSNa inhibit the oxidation, and extended the shelf-life from 10 days to 14 days. The final yield increased by 15.30% over the Control, which increased the commercial value of the product. Also has the highest sensory score on flavor, saltiness and appearance. Because of the high fat characteristic of the mackerel, TBARS is not suitable as a single indicator for determining the shelf-life of mackerel fillets.

碩士
國立清華大學
物理學系
105
In this thesis, we reviewed the field of massive gravity. We present the development from linearized Fierz-Pauli theory to massive bi-gravity. Some feature on brane solutions in supergravity theory is also reviewed. We applied the method to search for the possibility of brane in massive bi-gravity theory.

Close studies of the solitonic solutions of D = 11 [special characters omitted] = 1 supergravity theory provide a deeper understanding of the elusive M-theory and constitute steps towards its final formulation. In this work, we propose the use of calibration techniques to find localized intersecting brane solutions of the theory. We test this hypothesis by considering Kähler and special Lagrangian calibrations. We also discuss the interpretation of some of these results as branes wrapped or reduced over supersymmetric cycles of Calabi-Yau manifolds and we find the corresponding solutions in D = 5 [special characters omitted] = 2 supergravity.

Among the most remarkable recent developments in string theory are the AdS/CFT duality, as proposed by Maldacena, and the emergence of noncommutative geometry. It has been known for some time that for a system of almost coincident D-branes the transverse displacements that represent the collective coordinates of the system become matrix-valued transforming in the adjoint representation of U(N). From a geometrical point of view this is rather surprising but, as we will see in Chapter 2, it is closely related to the noncommutative descriptions of D-branes.

A consequence of the collective coordinates becoming matrix-valued is the appearance of a dielectric effect in which D-branes can become polarized into higher-dimensional fuzzy D-branes. This last aspect has inspired Polchinski and Strassler to find a nonsingular string dual of a confining four-dimensional gauge theory. The nonsingular geometry is sourced by an extended brane arising from Myers' dielectric effect. Following the spirit of the Polchinski-Strassler paper, we find N = 2 supergravity solutions with polarized branes and a field-theory dual. In our case we are able to present exact supergravity solutions by using M-theory reductions to type IIA supergravity.

The mixture of hydrochloric acid and magnesium chloride is a good lixiviant for the processing of sulfide minerals, concentrates and matte samples. The proton activity in this mixture deviates positively from ideal activity. This enhances the leaching power to break sulfide lattices down and to dissolve metals into solution. Magnesium (chloride) was chosen because it is one of a few reusable salts among alkali and alkali earth metal chlorides. The thermodynamic properties of this mixture are best characterized by activity coefficients of contributing ions in solution. The activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid in this mixture was measured at a total ionic strength of two at temperatures of 25, 35, and 45°C applying the Electro Motive Force (EMF) measurement method. Further measurements at higher temperatures and higher ionic strengths were complicated due to unstable readings of the potentials. Therefore, a mathematical method published by Meissner was utilized to calculate the activity coefficients of hydrochloric acid and magnesium chloride in a mixture. Based on these calculations, individual ion activities were assigned using Bates’ equation and Jansz’s approach of applying variable water activities, hydration numbers and osmotic coefficients. Based on the individual ion activity, pH values were estimated for solutions where measurements were not applicable. As part of the thermodynamic studies of this mixture, the solubility limit of MgCl₂ in hydrochloric acid solutions was investigated. The solubility of MgCl₂ in water was measured as 485.6 g/l at 22°C and 557 g/l at 82.5°C. The solubility of MgCl₂ in 6m HCl solutions was measured as 243 g/l at 22°C and 452 g/l at 82.5°C. Furthermore, the leaching chemistry of individual sulfide minerals-pyrite, millerite, troilite, heazelwoodite, violarite, and chalcopyrite were investigated in MgCl₂-HC1 solutions. Pyrite was the most refractory mineral. About 6% iron was extracted in the mixture of 2m MgCl₂ and 3-10m of HCl at 60°C. Over 90% of iron was extracted from troilite in the mixture of 2m MgCl₂ and 3m HCl. Millerite dissolved at acid concentrations greater than 6m HCl. At 60°C, 60% of nickel was extracted in the mixture of 2m MgCl₂ and 10m HCl. The dissolution results of these minerals were consistent with the thermodynamic predictions. About 20% of the nickel from violarite was extracted in mixtures with 1-6m HCI. The nickel extractions were increased up to 30% in mixtures of 10m HCl. About 60% of the heazelwoodite was dissolved in the mixture of 2m MgCl₂ and 1m HCl. The heazelwoodite dissolution was consistent with the thermodynamic predictions described in section 2.2.6. In all above cases, the leaching time was 24 hours. Chalcopyrite partially leached (~22%) in the mixtures with 7m HCl at 100°C. It dissolved forming cupric chloride, ferric chloride and the hydrogen sulfide gas (RXN 4.4 in section 4.4.3). No phase transformation (copper enriched product such as covellite) was observed. The results of individual mineral leaching experiments suggested the possibilities and conditions to process commercial sulfide products in this mixture. Two sulfide concentrates and a matte sample supplied by BHP Billiton were studied. Low MgO concentrate that consists of mainly pentlandite and pyrrhotite yielded 95% Ni, 87% Fe, 81% Co and 58% Cu extractions in solutions of 8m HCl and 2m MgCl₂ with a retention time of 2 hours. The solid residue in this case contained mainly pyrite, talc and quartz. The high MgO concentrate that consists of mainly pentlandite yielded 95% Ni, 84% Fe, 75% Co and 19% Cu extractions in the mixtures of 6m HCl and 2m MgCl₂ at 100°C. The leach time was one hour. The leach residue in this case contained mostly quartz and talc. The addition of 0.5m cupric or ferric chloride to leach solutions of low MgO concentrate did not improve metal extractions due to the formation of copper and sulfur enriched layers on the particle surface. The reason is explained by the strong tendency of cupric or ferric ions to react with product gases such as H₂S and H₂ forming copper sulfide or elemental sulfur, respectively. The additions of either cupric or ferric chlorides to leach solutions of high MgO concentrate leaching also retarded metal dissolution. The reason of this low metal recovery is believed to be a formation of sulfur and oxidized layers on the surface of the particles. This low metal extraction is also explained by the same phenomenon as above in the case of ferric addition. The pentlandite, which is the main composition of the feed, remained substantially unleached. Nickel matte that mainly consisted of heazelwoodite yielded over 99% metal extractions in 6m acid solutions; however, the same metal extractions were obtained in 3m HCl mixtures with the exception of copper. The leach residue, where the highest metal extractions were obtained, consisted of 60% suredaite (a mixture of arsenic, sulfur and copper) in addition to 20% sulfur, according to the XRD and SEM-EDX. Low copper extraction from this sample was caused by the strong tendency of cupric ion to precipitate in the presence gases from heazelwoodite dissolution.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate

In this research the Bring-Jerrard quintic polynomial equation is investigated for a formula. Firstly, an explanation given as to why finding a formula and the equation being unsolvable by radicals may appear contradictory when read out of context. Secondly, the reason why some mathematical software programs may fail to render a conclusive test of the formula, and how that can be corrected is explained. As an application, this formula is used to determine another formula that expresses the gravitational constant in terms of other known physical constants. It is also explained why up to now it has been impossible to determine this expression using the current underlying theoretical basis.
M. Sc. (Applied Mathematics)

碩士
國立台北師範學院
課程與教學研究所
89
The research method used in this study is qualitative inquiry. By carefully observing the elementary and secondary school teachers’ working life and daily life, the research was trying to discuss that how the teachers would react to the soon-to-be-implanted Grade 1-9 Integrated Curriculum, the conflict and turmoil caused by the unpredictable changes, and the solutions preferable to alleviate the pressure and the conflict. Through action research, focus informal discussion, and random interviews, after half a year of information and data collecting, we could portrait the new images of the teachers, granted by curriculum reformation, and their situation under the society’s influence. Our research mainly focus on the teachers’ reactions toward Grade 1-9 Integrated Curriculum, that how the education policies are responsible to the teachers’ self conflicts, and that how the teachers’ reactions toward the conflicts influence the education reform. According to the research, we can point out as follows: 1. The Grade 1-9 Integrated Curriculum was a form of education reform, which was heavily influenced by Postmodernism. The teachers, being involved in the massive reformation, and due to the different expectations from different classes in the society, diversities on the roles they were playing were quickly developed. 2. As mentioned above, the teachers, who either had limited recognition toward the complicated roles they played, or being restricted by the circumstances, had suffered from different role conflicts as followed: a) Conflicts between different roles the teachers played b) Conflicts within different roles the teachers played c) Conflicts resulted from overloading d) Conflicts resulted from unattainable goals e) Conflicts between self-recognition and self-expectation 3. The variable solutions the teachers took to solve the role conflicts a) Forming alliance to negotiate with policy makers and push reformation b) Collecting information to develop their new self-recognitions c) Trying the different ways under the table d) Resignation or retirement e) Refusing or ignoring the changes f) Redefining the roles they play or situations they’re in Therefore, the research offered five suggestions to the educational policy makers: 1. The teachers must support education reform 2. Sufficient resources are necessary to the performers of education reform 3. The support from a mature society and culture was the main factors of the complete success of education reform. 4. The success of education reform was based on the democracy in schools. 5. The educational policy should be focused on development of the teachers’ proficiency, confidence, and social status. Moreover, the research also suggests the teachers get rid of the out-of-date habits, and effectively refine the educational policies made in hast, so that the conflicts among different roles can be properly solved.