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1
Ajayi, Toluwaleke. "Investigation of PH effect in a mixture of basalt and iron on co2 sequestration in synthetic brines." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 7, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v7i2.29132.
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CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers is a critical component of long-term storage options. It is suggested that the precipitation of mineral carbonates is mostly dependent on brine pH and is favoured above a basic pH of 9.0. However, brine pH will drop to acidic values once CO2 is injected into the brine. Therefore, there is a need to raise brine pH and maintain it stable. Synthetic brines were used here instead of natural brines because of the difficulty in obtaining and storing natural brines. Therefore, experiments were conducted to prepare a series of synthetic brines and to compare their suitability to natural brines for carbon sequestration. A typical formation rock (basalt) and a buffer solution (0.3M Tris buffer solution) were selected to buffer brine pH. The results show that synthetic brines prepared can be used as analogues to natural brines for carbon sequestration studies in terms of chemical composition and pH response. This study investigates the effect of iron ( ) in the pH of six synthetic brines prepared as analogue to oil-field brine by conducting a pH stability studies for CO2-brine experiment and CO2-basalt-brine experiment. In a subsequent step, studies were conducted to correlate how brine samples respond in the presence of basalt and the buffer solution. X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD) analyses were also carried out to characterise the mineralogy of the synthetic brines. The result of the XRD confirmed that calcite was the major component that was dominated in the -brine–experiment while slight occurrence of calcite, iron oxyhydroxides and dolomite precipitated in the -rock-brine experiment. It was observed that ferric iron and its reaction with host rock (basalt) did not contribute to pH instability therefore making it suitable for precipitation of carbonate mineral while ferrous iron in the absence of host rock did not contribute to pH instability therefore making it also suitable for precipitation of carbonate mineral.
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Sander, W., and H. J. Herbert. "NaC1 crystallization at the MgCl2/NaC1 solution boundary–a possible natural barrier to the transport of radionuclides." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 351 (April 1985): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.351.13.
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AbstractConcentration, conductivity, temperature, and flow logs from sixteen brine-filled shafts in northern Germany have shown that the brines in all former potash salt mines exhibit a very sharp stratification into lower Mg-rich brine, an upper layer of Na-rich brine, and groundwater at the top. Laboratory experiments have shown that, at the MgCl2-brine/NaCl-brine boundary, both solutions become oversaturated with regard to NaCl, due to diffusion processes. NaCl therefore crystallizes from the solutions and forms a salt plug in the boundary region, which considerably reduces further diffusion. It is concluded that the observed effects would also take place in shafts. The backfilling material helps to nucleate the halite crystals and provides a structure on which they might be supported. The results of these experiments show that the density boundaries in the brine bodies act as barriers against transport of matter while the formation of a halite plug growing independently at the MgCl2/NaCl-brine interface acts as an additional barrier.
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McKINNEY, JULIE, ROBERT C. WILLIAMS, GREGORY D. BOARDMAN, JOSEPH D. EIFERT, and SUSAN S. SUMNER. "Dose of UV Light Required To Inactivate Listeria monocytogenes in Distilled Water, Fresh Brine, and Spent Brine." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 2144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2144.
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The purpose of this research was to establish the dose of UV light (253.7 nm) needed to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes in distilled water, fresh brine (9% NaCl), spent brine, and diluted (5, 35, and 55%) spent brine, using uridine as a chemical actinometer. Strains N1-227 (isolated from hot dog batter), N3-031 (isolated from turkey franks), and R2-499 (isolated from meat) were mixed in equal proportions and suspended in each solution prepared so as to contain 10−4 M uridine. Samples were irradiated in sterile quartz cells for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 min. Inactivation was evaluated by serially diluting samples in 0.1% peptone, by surface plating in duplicate onto modified Oxford agar and Trypticase soy agar with yeast extract, and by enrichment in brain heart infusion broth, followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 to 48 h. For dose measurements, the absorbance (262 nm) was measured before and after irradiation. Differences were observed in population estimates depending on the solution (P ≤ 0.05). Reductions were as follows from greatest to least: water > fresh brine > 5% spent brine > 35% spent brine > 55% spent brine > undiluted spent brine. UV light did not significantly reduce populations suspended in spent brine solutions. L. monocytogenes decreased to below the detection limit (1 log CFU/ml) at doses greater than 33.2 mJ/cm2 in water and at doses greater than 10.3 mJ/cm2 in fresh brine. Knowledge of UV dosing required to control L. monocytogenes in brines similar to those used for ready-to-eat meat processing will aid manufacturers in establishing appropriate food safety interventions for these products.
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Hassan, Asrar Abdullah, and Ahmed Khalid Mohammed Reda. "Direct Contact Membrane Distillation for Desalination Brine Solution." Journal of Engineering 24, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.11.02.
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Desalination is a process where fresh water produces from high salinity solutions, many ways used for this purpose and one of the most important processes is membrane distillation (MD). Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) can be considered as the most prominent type from MD types according to ease of design and modus operandi. This work studies the efficiency of using DCMD operation for desalination brine with different concentration (1.75, 3.5, 5 wt. % NaCl). Frame and plate cell was used with flat sheet PTFE hydrophobic type membrane. The study proves that MD is an effective process for desalination brines with feed temperature less than 60˚C especially for feed with low TDS. 37˚C, 47˚C, and 57˚C was feed temperature and 17, 22, 27˚C as permeate temperatures used in study, temperature in both sides of membrane are recorded and TDS for permeate collected to assure that there is no penetration of brine to permeate side, the results took every 30 min for time experiment of 180 min. From results, the flux increases with increasing feed temperature and flow rate, and decreasing with increasing feed concentration, experiment time, and permeate temperature.
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Soong, Y., D. L. Fauth, B. H. Howard, J. R. Jones, D. K. Harrison, A. L. Goodman, M. L. Gray, and E. A. Frommell. "CO2 sequestration with brine solution and fly ashes." Energy Conversion and Management 47, no. 13-14 (August 2006): 1676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.021.
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Smart, N. G., R. C. Bhardwaj, and J. O'M Bockris. "Kinetic, Solution, and Interfacial Aspects of Iron Corrosion in Heavy Brine Solutions." CORROSION 48, no. 9 (September 1992): 764–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3315998.
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Mertineit, Michael, and Michael Schramm. "Lithium Occurrences in Brines from Two German Salt Deposits (Upper Permian) and First Results of Leaching Experiments." Minerals 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120766.
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Lithium occurrences were detected in Upper Permian (Zechstein) salt rocks and saline solutions of the Gorleben and Morsleben salt structures, northern Germany. The brine occurrences were mainly connected to anhydrite rock-bearing formations and to lithological boundaries. Most of these brines display a high Mg content and were accordingly interpreted as intrasalinar solutions, which developed during sedimentation, diagenesis, and the subsequent rock–fluid interaction. These Mg-rich brines frequently show high Li concentrations. One of the assumptions made, is that Li was leached from phyllosilicates, since no natural Li-bearing salt minerals are known to date. To improve the understanding of the origin of Li in the brines, leaching experiments were performed on the Li-bearing phyllosilicate Lepidolite. Lepidolite with a Li content of 2.42 wt. % served as an analogue material, which was exposed to 18 saline solutions of different composition for a period of three years. The most pronounced leaching effect (53.36 µg Li/g in the brine) was observed during the interaction with a 0.03 mol/kg H2O MgCl2 solution, the second most pronounced by modern seawater interaction. The experiments show that the amount of Li leached from the lepidolite is dependent on brine composition.
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Abbas, Tauqeer, Dayakar Naik Lavadiya, and Ravi Kiran. "Exploring the Use of Polyols, Corn, and Beet Juice for Decreasing the Freezing Point of Brine Solution for Deicing of Pavements." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115765.
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Deicing of pavements is essential to ensure safe and timely movement of traffic in geographical locations where snow and ice events are anticipated. State and local municipalities employ brine solution with 23.3 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) available in the form of rock salt to deice the pavements. Unlike water, the brine solution does not freeze until the temperature falls below −21.0 °C, i.e., the freezing point of water is depressed by −21.0 °C with the addition of 23.3 wt% NaCl. The depressed freezing point of the brine solution plays a key role in deicing pavements. Unfortunately, a further increase in rock salt content does not lower the freezing point of the brine solution. In this study, different combinations of agricultural products such as polyols including sorbitol, maltitol, and mannitol in brine (23.3 wt% of NaCl in water), and NaCl-juice (corn and beet juice) were investigated to achieve freezing point depressions below −21.0 °C for potential deicing applications in extremely cold areas. Different weight fractions of polyols-brine solutions ranging from 7.14% to 27.77% were considered, and corresponding freezing points were determined. While the sorbitol-brine solution exhibited the lowest freezing point of −38.1 °C at a higher concentration, the maltitol-brine solution exhibited a freezing point of −35.6 °C at the same concentration. Based on the °Brix value, beet juice had almost three times more soluble solids and a lower freezing point compared to corn juice. Adding 23.3 wt% of NaCl in 70% corn juice lowered the freezing point up to −23.5 °C.
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Li, Jinli, Min Wang, Youjing Zhao, Hongjun Yang, and Yuan Zhong. "Enrichment of lithium from salt lake brine by forward osmosis." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (October 2018): 180965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180965.
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Forward osmosis (FO) is a concentration process based on the natural phenomena of osmosis. It is considered a breakthrough technology that can be potentially used for concentrating solutions and suspensions. The diluted nature of brine restricts the treatment technologies that can be applied. Then, brine concentration by FO could represent a new emerging technology enabling the application of a wider range of treatment alternatives. The performance of concentrated brine depending upon FO membranes was studied at normal temperature and pressure in this research. Cellulose triacetates on radio-frequency-weldable non-woven support (CTA-NW) and a thin-film composite with embedded polyester screen support (TFC-ES) were compared; and their orientations were considered. The brine was from Chaerhan Salt Lake after extracting potassium as the feed solution, NaCl solution or MgCl 2 solution as the draw solution. The results indicated that CTA-NW exhibited better concentration performance than TFC-ES, while the water fluxes of the two membranes were exactly the opposite. In the case of CTA-NW in active layer facing feed solution orientation with MgCl 2 as the draw solution, the concentration factor of Li + was nearly 3.0. Quantitative structure–activity relationship of FO membranes and concentration characteristics was correlated, based on results of SEM, FTIR and contact angles studies. The concentration performance could be mainly attributed to the porosity and the thickness of FO membranes; while the water flux was dependent on the hydrophily of FO membrane surface.
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El-Aziz, M. Abd, Sahar H. S. Mohamed, Faten L. Seleet, and Mona A. M. Abd El-Gawad. "Effect of Brine Solution Containing Ginger Extracts on the Properties of Egyptian White Brined Cheese." American Journal of Food Technology 10, no. 1 (December 15, 2014): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2015.37.47.
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Erincik, Mehmet Z., Pengpeng Qi, Matthew T. Balhoff, and Gary A. Pope. "New Method To Reduce Residual Oil Saturation by Polymer Flooding." SPE Journal 23, no. 05 (June 7, 2018): 1944–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/187230-pa.
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Summary Six coreflood experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of hydrolyzed-polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer solutions on the residual oil saturation (ROS) in Bentheimer-sandstone cores. All six cores were first saturated with brine and then flooded in the following sequence: oil to zero water cut, brine to zero oil cut, glycerin solution to zero oil cut, polymer in low-salinity brine to zero oil cut, and finally polymer in high-salinity brine to zero oil cut. The first polymer solution had approximately the same viscosity as the glycerin solution. The first polymer flood was designed to maximize the effect of viscoelasticity on the ROS by flooding the cores at a high Deborah number (NDe), and, as expected, resulted in a lower ROS. The second polymer flood in high-salinity brine had approximately the same viscosity, but a much lower relaxation time, and the flood had a much lower NDe. Unexpectedly, there was a further substantial reduction in ROS during the second polymer flood. The lowest ROS after the second polymer flood was only 0.07. This is a truly remarkable result, considering that there was no reduction in interfacial tension (IFT), the capillary numbers were maintained below the critical capillary number for Bentheimer sandstone, and the viscosities of both polymer solutions were equal to or less than that of the glycerin solution.
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Karshigina, Zaure B., Zinesh S. Abisheva, and Yelena G. Bochevskaya. "Processing of Hydro-Mineral Lithium Raw Material of Kazakhstan Using Inorganic Sorbents." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.643.
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The article presents the results of studies on recovery of lithium from reservoir brines using both commercial and synthesized aluminum hydroxide and hydrated manganese oxide as sorbents. The research results showed that, when using commercial aluminum hydroxide and synthesized hydrated manganese oxide as sorbents, lithium recovery from brine was 21.8 and 20.1%, respectively. Studies were conducted on lithium chemisorption on freshly precipitated aluminum hydroxide, which was obtained by adding aluminum chloride solution and tri-calcium hydro-aluminate to the brine. Chemisorption of lithium was carried out under the following conditions: T = 50 °C; AlCl3 solution concentration - 120 g/dm3; molar ratio Li/Al = 7; pH equal = 8.0-8.8; holding time with stirring 1 h. The degree of lithium extraction from brine was 71%; lithium capacity of freshly precipitated Al (OH)3 was 5.9 mg/g. During calcareous leaching of lithium-aluminum precipitate, lithium was extracted into a solution by 74.7%.
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Réveillère, Arnaud. "Semi-analytical Solution for Brine Leakage Through Passive Abandoned Wells Taking Account of Brine Density Differences." Transport in Porous Media 100, no. 2 (September 18, 2013): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-013-0221-3.
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YAMASAKI, Toyohiko, Shinichi NAKAMURA, and Yoichiro YAMAKAWA. "Flow behaviors of polyacrylamide solution in brine through core." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 50, no. 3 (1985): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.50.194.
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YAMASAKI, Toyohiko, Akio TANABE, and Shigeru SAWAYAMA. "Flow properties of polyacrylamide solution in brine through core." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 53, no. 1 (1988): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.53.1.
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Ohura, Takeshi, and Makoto Miwa. "Photochlorination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Acidic Brine Solution." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 96, no. 4 (January 4, 2016): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1723-1.
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Zając, Dominika, Ewelina Russjan, Magdalena Kostrzon, and Katarzyna Kaczyńska. "Inhalations with Brine Solution from the ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine Diminish Airway Hyperreactivity and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Non-Atopic Asthma." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 4798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134798.
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Inhalations with brine solutions are old but underestimated add-ons to pharmacological treatments of inflammatory lung diseases. Although widely used, not all features underlying their action on the respiratory system have been explored. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of the beneficial action of inhalations of brine solution from the ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine, a Polish health resort, in a murine model of non-atopic asthma. Asthma was induced in BALB/c mice by skin sensitization with dinitrofluorobenzene followed by an intratracheal challenge of cognate hapten. All animals underwent 12 inhalation sessions with brine solution, pure water or physiological saline. Control mice were not inhaled. We found that brine inhalations reduced, as compared to non-inhaled mice, the typical asthma-related symptoms, like airway hyperreactivity (AHR), the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells into the bronchial tree, and the inflammation of the airways at the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. The level of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was elevated in brine-inhaled mice. Inhalations with pure water increased AHR, whereas saline had no influence, either on AHR or cytokine concentrations. These observations indicate that inhalations with a brine solution from the ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine diminish the asthma-related symptoms, mostly by reducing the inflammatory status and by decreasing AHR.
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Mujiyanti, Dwi Rasy, Muthia Elma, and Mufidah Amalia. "Interlayer-free Glucose Carbonised Template Silica Membranes for Brine Water Desalination." MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928003010.
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Interlayer-free glucose carbonized template silica membranesbased on tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and glucose were successfullyprepared using an acid-base catalysed sol-gel method for artificial brinewater desalination (7.5% wt NaCl solution %) at temperatures range from25, 40 and 60 °C. These membranes calcined at 250 and 400 °C. Themembranes were fabricated through sol-gel process by using TEOS(tetraethyl orthosilicate); ethanol; nitric acid; ammonia; aquadest andglucose as a template. By molar ratio is 1: 38: 0.0007: 0.0003: 5 and0.25%; 0.5%, 1% w/v glucose as template. The results show the highestwater fluxes of 1.8, 2.2 and 4.8 kg m−2 h−1 for 25, 40 and 60 °Cdesalination process with excellent salt rejections of 99.5, 99.5 and 99.7%, respectively. It was found that the higher the NaCl solution temperature asfeed solution as well as glucose concentration (0.25% to 1% wt) astemplate attached in the silica matrixes, the higher water fluxes eventhough the salt rejection remain the same. This study demonstrates that theorganosilica membranes offered the carbonized silica mesostructuremembranes with excellent separation of water from the hydrated salt ions, particularly for processing brine salt solutions.
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ABDALLA, O. M., P. M. DAVIDSON, and G. L. CHRISTEN. "Survival of Selected Pathogenic Bacteria in White Pickled Cheese Made With Lactic Acid Bacteria or Antimicrobials." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.11.972.
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Effect of lactic acid bacteria starter culture, nisin, hydrogen peroxide, or potassium sorbate on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium in white pickled cheese made from pasteurized milk with 4% salt and preserved in 4% brine solution at 4°C for 60 d was studied. The starter culture inhibited all three pathogens while antimicrobials did not. Beyond day 50 in curd and day 30 in brine solution, L. monocytogenes was not detected by direct plating in cheese with added starter culture. S. aureus was not detected after day 30 in curd and day 20 in brine solution in the same cheese. S. typhimurium was not detected after day 30 in cheese curd and was not detected in brine solution at any time with lactic acid bacteria starter culture added. The pH of brine solution of starter treatment dropped below 4.7 in all experiments, while antimicrobial treatments all had a pH >5.5.
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Yudintsev, S. V., V. I. Malkovsky, M. S. Nikolsky, and B. S. Nikonov. "Interaction of actinide matrices with brine." Доклады Академии наук 485, no. 2 (May 19, 2019): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524852212-216.
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Radioactive wastes with long-lived actinides derived in the nuclear fuel cycle can be disposed in very deep boreholes (depth up to 5 km) in titanate and zirconate matrices. During their interaction with a hot chloride brine very low release rate of the waste imitator (Nd) is shown. The elements in solution occur in soluble form, role of colloids is insignificant. The data allow selection of matrices for actinide waste immobilization.
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Facteau, T. J., N. E. Chestnut, K. E. Rowe, and C. Payne. "Brine Quality of Gibberellic Acid-treated `Napoleon' Sweet Cherries." HortScience 27, no. 2 (February 1992): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.2.118.
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Gibberellic acid-treated `Napoleon' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit were firmer but lost more weight during brining than nontreated fruit. GA treatment delayed fruit softening, thereby extending the harvest period. Mean fruit weight was increased by GA only in fruit harvested at a more mature state. GA delayed soluble solids accumulation in one of two years. In one orchard district, solution pockets were less frequent in GA -treated fruit in 1988 and in late-harvested GA -treated fruit in 1989. GA treatment did not alter the incidence of fruit with solution pockets in a second district in 1988 and increased levels of solution pockets in fruit harvested later in 1989. Incidence of fruit with solution pockets increased as maturity progressed in nontreated fruit in both years and both districts. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (G A).
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Bou Lawz Ksayer, E., M. Younes, and D. Clodic. "Concentration of brine solution used for low-temperature air cooling." International Journal of Refrigeration 35, no. 2 (March 2012): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.10.009.
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van Duijn, C. J., L. A. Peletier, and R. J. Schotting. "On the analysis of brine transport in porous media." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 4, no. 3 (September 1993): 271–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792500001121.
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An analysis is given of brine transport through a porous medium, which incorporates the effect of volume changes due to variations in the salt concentration. Two specific situations are investigated which lead to self-similarity. We develop the existence and uniqueness theory for the corresponding ordinary differential equations, and give a number of qualitative properties of the solutions. In particular, we present an asymptotic expression for the solution in terms of the relative density difference (ρs−ρf)/ρf. Finally, we show some numerical results. It is found that the volume changes have a noticeable effect on the mass transport only when salt concentrations are large.
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VALDERRAMA, W. B., E. W. MILLS, and C. N. CUTTER. "Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide against Listeria monocytogenes in Brine Chilling Solutions." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.11.2272.
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Chilled brine solutions are used by the food industry to rapidly cool ready-to-eat meat products after cooking and before packaging. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was investigated as an antimicrobial additive to eliminate Listeria monocytogenes. Several experiments were performed using brine solutions made of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) inoculated with L. monocytogenes and/or treated with 3 ppm of ClO2. First, 10 and 20% CaCl2 and NaCl solutions (pH 7.0) were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes to obtain ~7 log CFU/ml and incubated 8 h at 0°C. The results demonstrated that L. monocytogenes survived in 10% CaCl2, 10 and 20% NaCl, and pure water. L. monocytogenes levels were reduced ~1.2 log CFU/ml in 20% CaCl2. Second, inoculated (~7 log CFU/ml) brine solutions (10 and 20% NaCl and 10% CaCl2) treated with 3 ppm of ClO2 resulted in a ~4-log reduction of the pathogen within 90 s. The same was not observed in a solution of 20% CaCl2; further investigation demonstrated that high levels of divalent cations interfere with the disinfectant. Spent brine solutions from hot dog and ham chilling were treated with ClO2 at concentrations of 3 or 30 ppm. At these concentrations, ClO2 did not reduce L. monocytogenes. Removal of divalent cations and organic material in brine solutions prior to disinfection with ClO2 should be investigated to improve the efficacy of the compound against L. monocytogenes. The information from this study may be useful to processing establishments and researchers who are investigating antimicrobials in chilling brine solutions.
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Wang, Mingyuan, Gayan A. Abeykoon, Francisco J. Argüelles-Vivas, and Ryosuke Okuno. "Aqueous Solution of Ketone Solvent for Enhanced Water Imbibition in Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs." SPE Journal 25, no. 05 (August 27, 2020): 2694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200340-pa.
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Summary This paper presents four dynamic imbibition experiments using fractured limestone cores with aqueous solutions of 3-pentanone and a nonionic surfactant. Results of the dynamic imbibition experiments were analyzed by the material balance for components: oil, brine, and chemical (3-pentanone or surfactant). The analysis resulted in a quantitative evaluation of the imbibed fraction of the injected components (brine and chemical additives) and the relative contribution of these components to the oil displacement in the matrix. Results show that 3-pentanone and surfactant both can enhance the imbibition of brine through wettability alteration; however, 3-pentanone is more efficient in transferring from a fracture to the surrounding matrix. The imbibed fraction was more than 57.0% for 3-pentanone, and only 6.0% for surfactant at the end of the chemical-slug stage. During injection of the 3-pentanone solution, brine and 3-pentanone both displaced oil from the matrix pore volume (PV). Results of the material-balance analysis suggest that an optimal process with an aqueous wettability modifier will have a large imbibed fraction to rapidly enhance the oil displacement by brine in the matrix. Such a process will benefit from chase brine and soaking (or shut-in) so that the oil recovery can be maximized for a small amount of chemical injection.
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Bai, Hai-Hao, Yong-Qing Wang, Yun Ma, Rui Wang, and Ning-Sheng Zhang. "Comparison of Corrosion Behavior for J55 Carbon Steel in CO2/30% Crude Oil/Brine and CO2/Brine Solution." Science of Advanced Materials 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2019.3456.
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GAYDOS, NELSON J., CATHERINE N. CUTTER, and JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL. "Fate of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Production of Pickled Sausage by Using a Cold Fill Process." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 1693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-039.
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ABSTRACT Preservation by pickling has been used for many years to extend the shelf life of various types of food products. By storing meat products in a brine solution containing an organic acid, salt, spices, as well as other preservatives, the pH of the product is reduced, thus increasing the safety and shelf life of the product. Pickling may involve the use of heated brines to further add to the safety of the food product. When precooked, ready-to-eat (RTE) sausages are pickled with a heated brine solution, the process is referred to as hot filling. However, hot filling has been shown to affect the clarity of the brine, making the product cloudy and unappealing to consumers. Because of the potential quality defects caused by higher temperatures associated with hot fill pickling, cold fill pickling, which uses room temperature brine, is preferred by some pickled sausage manufacturers. Because little information exists on the safety of cold fill, pickled sausages, a challenge study was designed using a brine solution (5% acetic acid and 5% salt at 25°C) to pickle precooked, RTE sausages inoculated with a pathogen cocktail consisting of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, Salmonella Montevideo, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. All pathogens were reduced ~6.80 log CFU/g in 72 h when enumerated on nonselective media. On selective media, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes decreased 6.33 and 6.35 log CFU/g in 12 h, respectively whereas S. aureus was reduced 6.80 log CFU/g in 24 h. Sausages experienced significant (P ≤ 0.05) decreases in pH over the 28 days of storage, whereas no significant differences were observed in water activity (P =0.1291) or salt concentration of the sausages (P =0.1445) or brine (P =0.3180). The results of this experiment demonstrate that cold fill pickling can effectively reduce and inhibit bacterial pathogens.
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Ly, Lyvonne, Ian Fergus, and Steve Page. "CSG water: desalination and the challenge for the CSG industry—developing a holistic CSG brine management solution." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12016.
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The management of brine, generated from the desalination of CSG produced water, is a key challenge for the CSG industry. In many cases, the cost and technical challenges relating to the management of brine has a greater impact on the economic and technical feasibility of desalinating CSG produced water than the desalination plant itself. The challenge is to determine the best solution for brine management, given the high salinity of the brine and limited options available for acceptable disposal. This has driven the need for more sustainable options, including using salt recovery processes to recover the salts for beneficial use. Where suitable strata can be identified, brine injection may be considered as a low life-cycle cost solution for brine disposal. CSG brine is particularly high in alkalinity, and as such, brine management options, including acid mine waste neutralisation and recovery of salts (sodium chloride [NaCl] and sodium carbonate [Na2CO3]) are possible. The latter uses selective salt crystallisation, which is generally higher in capital and operating costs, but is offset by the revenue gained from the sale of salt(s). Other brine management options include solar evaporation ponds or zero liquid discharge technology to produce a mixed salt residue that can be disposed through onsite encapsulation or landfill. The feasibility and life-cycle cost of any brine management option depends primarily on the location of CSG sites and the availability of brine management disposal/sale opportunities in reasonable proximity—this is one of the greatest challenges for managing brackish CSG produced water sources, particularly as the CSG sites are in remote inland locations. Further challenges associated with the management of salts recovered include establishing a viable commercial route for the market sale of the salts. This peer-reviewed paper explores technical considerations, challenges and the life-cycle cost of the brine management options. The emerging trends for desalination and brine management in the CSG Industry will also be featured in this paper.
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Ben-Hur, Meni, Reut Cohen, Michael Danon, Uri Nachshon, and Itzhak Katra. "Evaluation of Groundwater Salinization Risk Following Application of Anti-Dust Emission Solutions on Unpaved Roads in Arid and Semiarid Regions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041771.
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Unpaved roads could be a significant source of dust emission. A common and effective practice to suppress this emission is the application of brine solution on these roads. However, this application could increase the risk of water source salinization in arid and semiarid regions, such as Israel. The general objective of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of treated wastewater (TWW), fresh water (FW), and brine applications as anti-dust emission solutions on water source salinization in these regions. A rainfall simulator experiment and a mass balance model were used for this goal. The TWW loaded the highest amounts of Cl, Na, and Ca+Mg on the unpaved roads, while the brine loaded higher amounts of Cl and Ca+Mg than the FW, and ~0 Na. In the rainfall experiment, runoff was not formed, and ~100% of the loaded amounts were leached downwards by rain, indicating a negligible salinization risk to surface water. We estimated that the average increases in the Cl concentrations in the modeled aquifer, following TWW, brine, and FW applications, were low: 1.2–1.6, 0.58–0.8, and 0.32–0.4 mg L−1, respectively. Thus, the solution selection for preventing dust emission should be based on the total cost of the solution application.
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Kuo, M. H., S. G. Moussa, and V. F. McNeill. "Modeling interfacial liquid layers on environmental ices." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 18 (September 28, 2011): 9971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9971-2011.
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Abstract. Interfacial layers on ice significantly influence air-ice chemical interactions. In solute-containing aqueous systems, a liquid brine may form upon freezing due to the exclusion of impurities from the ice crystal lattice coupled with freezing point depression in the concentrated brine. The brine may be segregated to the air-ice interface where it creates a surface layer, in micropockets, or at grain boundaries or triple junctions. We present a model for brines and their associated liquid layers in environmental ice systems that is valid over a wide range of temperatures and solute concentrations. The model is derived from fundamental equlibrium thermodynamics and takes into account nonideal solution behavior in the brine, partitioning of the solute into the ice matrix, and equilibration between the brine and the gas phase for volatile solutes. We find that these phenomena are important to consider when modeling brines in environmental ices, especially at low temperatures. We demonstrate its application for environmentally important volatile and nonvolatile solutes including NaCl, HCl, and HNO3. The model is compared to existing models and experimental data from literature where available. We also identify environmentally relevant regimes where brine is not predicted to exist, but the QLL may significantly impact air-ice chemical interactions. This model can be used to improve the representation of air-ice chemical interactions in polar atmospheric chemistry models.
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Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., K. Constantin, J. P. Kercher, and J. A. Thornton. "Temperature dependent halogen activation by N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> reactions on halide-doped ice surfaces." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 2 (February 27, 2012): 6085–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-6085-2012.
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Abstract. We examined the reaction of N2O5 on frozen halide salt solutions as a function of temperature and composition using a coated wall flow tube technique coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The molar yield of photo-labile halogen compounds was near unity for almost all conditions studied, with the observed reaction products being nitryl chloride (ClNO2) and/or molecular bromine (Br2). The relative yield of ClNO2 and Br2 depended on the ratio of bromide to chloride ions in the solutions used to form the ice. At a bromide to chloride ion molar ratio greater than 1/30 in the starting solution, Br2 was the dominant product otherwise ClNO2 was primarily produced on these near pH-neutral brines. We demonstrate that the competition between chlorine and bromine activation is a function of the ice/brine temperature presumably due to the preferential precipitation of NaCl hydrates from the brine below 250 K. Our results provide new experimental confirmation that the chemical environment of the brine layer changes with temperature and that these changes can directly affect multiphase chemistry. These findings have implications for modeling air-snow-ice interactions in polar regions and likely in polluted mid-latitude regions during winter as well.
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Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., K. Constantin, J. P. Kercher, and J. A. Thornton. "Temperature dependent halogen activation by N2O5 reactions on halide-doped ice surfaces." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 11 (June 15, 2012): 5237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5237-2012.
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Abstract. We examined the reaction of N2O5 on frozen halide salt solutions as a function of temperature and composition using a coated wall flow tube technique coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The molar yield of photo-labile halogen compounds was near unity for almost all conditions studied, with the observed reaction products being nitryl chloride (ClNO2) and/or molecular bromine (Br2). The relative yield of ClNO2 and Br2 depended on the ratio of bromide to chloride ions in the solutions used to form the ice. At a bromide to chloride ion molar ratio greater than 1/30 in the starting solution, Br2 was the dominant product otherwise ClNO2 was primarily produced on these near pH-neutral brines. We demonstrate that the competition between chlorine and bromine activation is a function of the ice/brine temperature presumably due to the preferential precipitation of NaCl hydrates from the brine below 250 K. Our results provide new experimental confirmation that the chemical environment of the brine layer changes with temperature and that these changes can directly affect multiphase chemistry. These findings have implications for modeling air-snow-ice interactions in polar regions and likely in polluted mid-latitude regions during winter as well.
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Shuwa, S. M. M., B. Y. Y. Jibril, Y. M. M. Al-Wahaibi, and R. S. S. Al-Hajri. "Heavy-Oil-Recovery Enhancement With Choline Chloride/Ethylene Glycol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent." SPE Journal 20, no. 01 (October 1, 2014): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/172499-pa.
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Summary Because of increasing energy demand, unconventional resources such as heavy oil are being explored and recovered. Enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) methods such as surfactants and polymer flooding must be optimized and new chemicals must be designed to produce more oil. This paper introduces a new deep eutectic solvent (DES) that is based on choline chloride/ethylene glycol for EOR. As preliminary investigations revealed, different concentrations of DES solutions in brine (0 to 100 vol%) were characterized by measuring density, viscosity, conductivity, surface tension, and refractive index at different temperatures (25 to 55°C). Then, the effects of the DES/brine solutions on emulsification with oil phase, wettability alteration, oil/solvent interfacial tension (IFT), formation damage, and tertiary heavy-oil recovery were studied. Potential of the DES solution on enhancing heavy-oil recovery was explored by use of coreflood experiments. This was performed at reservoir condition (pressure = 1,200 psi, temperature = 45 to 80°C) with Berea sandstone core samples and fluids from the field of interest (formation brine and crude oil). An increase in IFT rather than a decrease was observed between the DES/brine solution and the oil. The spontaneous-water-imbibition tests suggested that a decrease in oil-wetness led to an increase in oil production. Approximately 52% of residual oil after waterflooding was recovered with the DES from the coreflooding. The results show an increase in oil recovery with reservoir temperature (6, 13, and 16% on the basis of initial oil in place at 45, 60 and 80°C, respectively). The interaction of the DES with the core materials did not lead to formation damage, as demonstrated by the permeability measurements of the DES/brine solution before and after injection. Viscous forces and wettability alteration were found to be the dominant mechanisms for the tertiary oil-recovery enhancement.
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Ramazanov, Arsen Sh, David R. Ataev, and Miyasat A. Kasparov. "OBTAINING HIGH QUALITY LITHIUM CARBONATE FROM NATURAL LITHIUM-CONTAINING BRINES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216404.6238.
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The aim of this work is to develop a new effective technology for producing high-quality lithium carbonate from natural lithium-containing brines. Freshly deposited aluminum hydroxide was used to separate lithium from the trace amounts of sodium and calcium. It was found that the completeness of lithium extraction from brines purified from magnesium depends on the sorbent dosage, phase contact time, mineralization, pH, and brine temperature. To extract lithium from brines with a mineralization of less than 100 g/dm3, it is necessary to introduce 4 mol of aluminum hydroxide per 1 mol of lithium in the brine. For brines with a mineralization greater than 200 g/dm3, the consumption of the sorbent providing the extraction of lithium more than 96% is 2.5 mol of aluminum hydroxide. Desorption of lithium chloride from lithium-aluminum concentrate is carried out by processing 4-5 canopies of concentrate in a Soxlet type apparatus with the same volume of distilled water. The resulting concentrated solution of lithium chloride is purified from calcium impurities in contact with a saturated solution of lithium carbonate. From a heated aqueous solution of lithium chloride purified from calcium impurities, lithium carbonate is precipitated by dosing a stoichiometric amount of a saturated solution of sodium carbonate into it. The precipitate of lithium carbonate is separated from the mother solution, washed with three portions of a saturated solution of lithium carbonate at a ratio of solid to liquid by weight equal to one to five, in order of decreasing the concentration of sodium in each portion of the wash water. The dried product contains at least 99.6% Li2CO3.
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Egbe, J., J. Lennox, P. Rao, Anitha, and G. Umoafia. "Lactic Acid Bacteria Profile of Fermenting Cucumber in 7% Brine Solution." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2017/33457.
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Chhun, Sothyreak, Watsa Khongnakorn, and Wirote Youravong. "Energy Consumption for Brine Solution Recovery in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.256.
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Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was applied for brine solution recovery. The energy consumption of the process was evaluated as varying feed temperature and cross flow velocity (CFV). The evaporation efficiency and energy consumption were also studied. The experiments was carried out using a hollow fiber PVDF membrane with pore size of 0.1 μm and NaCl 3.5 %wt as feed solution. The operating feed temperature and CFV were in range of 40 °C-70 °C and 0.14-0.42 m/s (laminar and transition flow region), respectively. The temperature and CFV of permeate were fixed at 20 °C and 1.97 m/s respectively. It was found that the flux rate was in function with the temperature, CFV and temperature polarization coefficient (TPC). The best result in terms of energy consumption and evaporation efficiency were obtained at CFV and temperature of 0.28 m/s and 70 °C about 188.6 W and 41.1 %, respectively.
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Chellachamy Anbalagan, Amarnath, and Shilpa Nandkishor Sawant. "Brine solution-driven synthesis of porous polyaniline for supercapacitor electrode application." Polymer 87 (March 2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.049.
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Bott, T. R., and S. Schulz. "Solubility of chlorine in a brine solution at different pH values." Journal of Applied Chemistry 17, no. 12 (May 4, 2007): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010171204.
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Coleman, Allen. "Remediation of DNAPLs Using a Dense Brine Solution and Surfactant Flush." Environmental Claims Journal 18, no. 1 (November 2005): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020600588831.
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Bevilacqua, Antonio, Mariangela Gallo, Maria Rosaria Corbo, and Milena Sinigaglia. "Modelling the survival ofEnterobacter cloacaein a model olive cover brine solution." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 48, no. 7 (February 21, 2013): 1366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12097.
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Huang, Qiong Zhu, Gui Min Lu, and Jian Guo Yu. "Effect of LiCl·H2O on Sintering Properties of MgO from Bischofite." Advanced Materials Research 813 (September 2013): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.813.364.
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Effect of LiCl·H2O on sintering properties of MgO prepared from natural brine from Qarhan Salt Lake, crystalline bischofite and MgCl2·6H2O(AR) was studied. The results showed that LiCl·H2O of addition exceeded 1 wt% had promoting effect on sintering of magnesia prepared from MgCl2·6H2O(AR). While 1.5 wt% LiCl·H2O was added, the bulk density of magnesia was 3.40 g/cm3, and the relative density was 95.0%. With 0.5 wt% LiCl·H2O, the bulk densities of magnesia prepared from crystalline bischofite and brine were 3.04 and 3.10 g/cm3, and the relative densities increased by 8.4% and 14.8%, respectively. The main mechanism for promoting MgO sintering with LiCl·H2O was that Li2O produced by hydrolysis solubilized in MgO to form solid solutions and oxygen vacancies which were favorable to sintering. The main reasons for promoting sintering of brine magnesia with LiCl·H2O were solid solution and liquid phase sintering, while the main reason was solid solution for magnesia from crystalline bischofite and MgCl2·6H2O(AR).
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de Moura, Mateus Ribeiro Veiga, and Rosângela Barros Zanoni Lopes Moreno. "Concentration, Brine Salinity and Temperature effects on Xanthan Gum Solutions Rheology." Applied Rheology 29, no. 1 (September 10, 2019): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2019-0007.
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AbstractXanthan gum is a biopolymer used in several different industries for a variety of applications. In the Petroleum Industry, xanthan gum has been applied in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods for mobility control due to its Non-Newtonian rheological behavior, relative insensitivity to salinity and temperature compared to other conventional synthetic polymers, as well as its environmentally-friendly characteristics. As challenging reservoir conditions arise, candidate polymers should meet the screening factors for high salinity, high temperatures and heterogeneous reservoirs. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of temperature and monovalent salts on the rheological behavior of xanthan gum for Enhanced Oil Recovery purposes. We tested polymer solutions with brine salinities of 20,000/110,000/220,000 ppm of Sodium Chloride in a rheometer at temperatures of 23, 50, and 77°C. The results acquired showed that temperature plays a key role in viscosity and salinity protected the solution viscosity against negative thermal effects, unusually a turning point is observed where the increase in the monovalent salt content enhanced the polymeric solution viscosity. Such investigations coupled with a detailed discussion presented in the paper contribute to understand critical aspects of xanthan gum and its capability to provide basic requirements that fit desired screening factors for EOR.
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Liu, Bo, Fangyuan Zhao, Jinpeng Xu, and Yueming Qi. "Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of CO2–Brine–Rock Interactions during CO2 Sequestration in a Deep Saline Aquifer." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020317.
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CO2 mineralization is a long-term and secure solution for geological CO2 storage that primarily depends on the CO2–brine–rock interaction during CO2 sequestration in subsurface formations. In this study, lab experiments were conducted to investigate the CO2–brine–rock interaction over short timescales, and numerical simulations were performed to reveal dynamic interactions and equilibrium interactions by applying TOUGHREACT and PHREEQC, respectively. In the experiments, the main ions of HCO3− and Ca2+ were detected in the solution, and calcite dissolution and dawsonite precipitation were observed from SEM images. The simulation results showed that the CO2 dissolution and the solution pH were affected by the temperatures, pressures, types of solutions, and solution concentrations and were further influenced by mineral dissolution and precipitation. The results of the equilibrium simulation showed that the dissolved minerals were albite, anhydrite, calcite, Ca-montmorillonite, illite, K-feldspar, and chlorite, and the precipitated minerals were dolomite, kaolinite, and quartz, which led to HCO3−, K+, and Na+ being the main ions in solutions. The results of the dynamic simulation showed that calcite and dolomite dissolved in the early period, while other minerals began to dissolve or precipitate after 100 years. The dissolved minerals were mainly albite, kaolinite, K-feldspar, and chlorite, and precipitated minerals were Ca-montmorillonite, illite, and quartz. Anhydrite and pyrite did not change during the simulation period, and the main ions were HCO3−, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in the simulation period. This study provides an effective approach for analyzing the CO2–brine–rock interaction at different stages during CO2 storage, and the results are helpful for understanding the CO2 mineralization processes in deep saline aquifers.
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El Zayat, Hossam, Peter Nasr, and Hani Sewilam. "Investigating sustainable management of desalination brine through concentration using forward osmosis." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 29 (March 25, 2021): 39938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13311-z.
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AbstractA fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) process was tested for the concentration of synthetic brine using an industrial-grade fertilizer ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 as the draw solution (DS), NaCl-based synthetic brine as the feed solution (FS), and a commercial forward osmosis (FO) membrane. A bench-scale investigation and a pilot-scale investigation were carried out. By using the highest possible concentration of the DS with a fixed concentration of the FS, the brine generated by reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants was simulated. The aim of this investigation, performed in batch mode, was to assess the feasibility of using the FDFO process with the tested DS to concentrate the brine by extracting water to dilute the DS. While the main aim of the investigated process was achieving the maximum possible volume reduction of the brine, the resulting DS was further diluted to reduce the nutrients’ concentration in the diluted DS to the acceptable levels producing fertilized water that can be used for fertigation. The investigation showed that the proposed process using the tested fertilizer resulted in an average water flux of 8.01 l/h/m2, and a volume reduction of the brine of around 12%.
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Zou, B., C. S. McCool, D. W. Green, and G. P. Willhite. "A Study of the Chemical Interactions Between Brine Solutions and Dolomite." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, no. 03 (June 1, 2000): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/64536-pa.
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Summary Application of gelled polymer treatments to change the flow characteristics of a reservoir is a viable improved oil recovery technique. Many gel systems are affected by the solution pH in that gel time is pH dependent. The treatment of carbonate reservoir rock is of particular concern because (1) fluid-rock interaction can alter the pH of the injected solution from the design value and (2) dissolution of carbonate can increase the divalent ion concentration, which can also affect gelation behavior. In this study, the interaction between injected potassium chloride brine and dolomite was investigated through displacement experiments in dolomite cores and mathematical modeling based on equilibrium thermodynamics. Parameters varied were pH of the injected solution, flow rate, and the common ion effect through variation of the calcium and magnesium ion concentrations in the injected solution. Core effluent values of pH and concentrations were measured. Experiments at different flow rates established conditions in which equilibrium was achieved in the core. Equilibrium values of pH were almost constant at a value of 10 when the injected pH was varied between 4 and 10. Results indicate that equilibrium conditions exist for most field conditions. A geochemical model was used to predict equilibrium pH and concentrations, as well as the amount of dolomite dissolved. The model accurately predicted effluent pH of experimental displacement data for the conditions wherein equilibrium was achieved. All model parameters were obtained from literature equilibrium data and were not dependent on curve fitting of the experimental data. Introduction Systems utilizing Cr(III) as the polymer crosslinker are probably the most frequently studied and used gelled polymer systems for water conformance treatments. Both xanthan and partially hydrolyzed polyacylamide form gels with Cr(III). Both of these gel systems are affected by the pH of the solution in at least two ways. One is that the gelation time decreases significantly with increasing pH.1 The other is that Cr(III) is subject to precipitation in solutions with pH over 5.5, and the precipitation is aggravated with increasing pH.2 The treatment of carbonate reservoir rock is of particular concern because of the fluid-rock interaction, which can alter the pH of the injected solution. Previous studies3–5 show that change of pH of the injected solution inhibits the propagation of Cr(III) in carbonate cores or sandstone cores containing carbonate as the solution flows through porous rock. Seright3 studied the propagation of chromium acetate or chromium chloride through Indiana limestone cores. Cr(III) concentration in the effluent never reached the injected concentration after injecting about 10 pore volumes of chromium solution for any case studied. Chromium propagated more rapidly when the counterion was acetate as opposed to chloride. No chromium was detected in the effluent after injecting 10 pore volumes of chromium chloride solution through a limestone core. Stavland et al.4 studied the retention of chromium(III) in Brent and Berea sandstone cores (with about 2% carbonate content). The authors found precipitation was the most important reason for chromium retention in cores. Precipitation was caused by the dissolution of carbonate minerals that increased the pH of the injected solution. Their experiments also revealed that the retention rate of Cr(III) was lower with less carbonate present in the cores. McCool et al.5 studied the interaction between a dolomite core and a xanthan-Cr(III) gel system. Significant amounts of Cr(III) precipitated because the pH in the injected solution increased due to the dissolution of dolomite. Equilibrium relations and the dissolution kinetics in dolomite-carbonic acid-water systems have been studied for such purposes as soil science, the study of secondary changes in sedimentary deposits, the neutralization of acid mine drainage, and the acidizing of petroleum wells. 6 Most previous studies were conducted in agitated batch reactors, rotating disk, or fluidized bed reactor systems in the laboratory by using relatively pure dolomitic rock or synthetic dolomite. A few investigators have studied the dissolution reaction using flow through packed-bed reactors or consolidated rock cores.7,8 Many investigators recognize the complexity of the dissolution of dolomite. Most have attempted to simplify the modeling by delineating the rate-limiting steps. It is apparent that in making assumptions and interpretations of data most investigators have often been limited by the type of apparatus, the size and origin of dolomite used, and the experimental conditions. Consequently, the kinetic equations and mechanisms proposed by different investigators explain their experimental data, but they are not easily generalized. The rate equations derived by Plummer and Busenberg9 and those from Chou et al.10 are often used to predict the dolomite dissolution rates within a 2- to 100-fold difference, depending on the reaction conditions. It is believed that the dissolution rate is controlled by surface reaction, reactant or product diffusion, or a combination depending on reaction conditions. Also, the dissolution of dolomite reaches equilibrium much faster in a closed-to-atmosphere system than in an open system in which the transport of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is involved in the reactions. The dissolution rate is affected by the rock lithology such as impurity content, crystal size, rock texture, and Ca/Mg ratio in the rock and the injected solution chemistry such as the pH and composition. The effect of the rock formation on dolomite dissolution was the dominant interest in many previous investigations. Rauch and White7 investigated the effect of lithology on carbonate dissolution rate. The authors found that the dissolution rate decreased as the percentage of dolomite and disseminated insolubles increased. The general chemistry of dolomite dissolution has been studied extensively, though some dissolution mechanisms are still under debate. As a salt of a weak acid, dolomite dissolves in strong acid, carbonated water, and water by different mechanisms. In water, the general chemistry is C a M g ( C O 3 ) 2 = C a 2 + + M g 2 + + 2 C O 3 2 − . ( 1 ) When carbon dioxide is present, the dissolution has the reaction C a M g ( C O 3 ) 2 + 2 H 2 C O 3 = C a 2 + + M g 2 + + 4 H C O 3 − . ( 2 ) When in strong acidic solution, the following reaction occurs:6 C a M g ( C O 3 ) 2 + 4 H + = C a 2 + + M g 2 + + 2 C O 2 ( a q ) + 2 H 2 O . ( 3 )
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Lubis, Rahmat Effendi, Ni Luh Yulianti, and I. Wayan Widia. "Studi Beban Pendinginan Ikan Menggunakan Brine Dengan Jenis Garam Berbeda." Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbeta.2020.v08.i01.p09.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using brine with different types of salt on cooling fish and its effect on cooling load, so that a combination of treatments that produced the lowest cold point and maximum ability were obtained to eliminate the total heat energy in fish. The raw materials used in this study are salts of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and tuna. The cooling process in this study uses ice and salt (brine) solutions with concentrations of each type of salt, namely 2%, 7%, and 12% of the weight of the cooling media. In this research, the first two stages were carried out, namely with air load, then continued with the hot load of fish for each cooling medium on different styrofoam boxes. From the results of this experiment, a decrease in the maximum cooling point of brine temperature of -2,46 °C was found in the treatment of NaCl salt concentration of 12% (a1b3), then brine solution which was able to keep the fish temperature at the lowest is -1.4 ° C from treatment a1b3 (NaCl salt) concentration of 12%.
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Khudhir, Zina S. "Evaluation the Antibacterial Activity of the Brine, Nisin Solution, and Ozonated Water Against E. coli O157:H7 in the Experimentally Local Produced Soft Cheese." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 45, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v45i1.1035.
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Antibacterial activity of brine, Nisin, and ozonated water against E. coli O157:H7 viability in the experimentally local produced soft cheese (ELPSC) was conducted during the period from December 2019 till end of February 2020. The positive isolates were detected as 3 out of 25 samples (12%). Identification of E. coli O157:H7 from ELPSC pieces were confirmed by using selective agar, biochemical, and serological tests. The concentrations that used from each of brine (sodium chloride), Nisin solution, and ozonated water were 7% (w/v), 100 IU/mL, and 0.6 ppm, respectively. The initial mean values of the E. coli O157:H7 counts in the ELPSC pieces were 6.146 log10 CFU/g, the bacterial counts decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 6.146 (log10 CFU/g) at 0 hour (control) to 3.778, 4.380, and 4.544 (log10 CFU/g) after 2 h of contact time due to the antibacterial action of brine, Nisin solution and ozonated water, respectively at ambient temperature. The antibacterial activity of ozonated water at the concentration 0.6 ppm, Nisin solution at concentration 100 IU/mL alone after 2 h of contact time were reduce (2 log10) of bacterial population without complete inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 in ELPSC, decontamination of ELPSC by brine solution at concentration (7% w/V) for 2 h can be more effective compared to Nisin solution and ozonated water at ambient temperature, there was no increase in the inhibition level when the cheese samples were dipping in the brine solution for longer exposure time (6 h) at the same concentration.
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Batzle, Michael, and Zhijing Wang. "Seismic properties of pore fluids." GEOPHYSICS 57, no. 11 (November 1992): 1396–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443207.
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Pore fluids strongly influence the seismic properties of rocks. The densities, bulk moduli, velocities, and viscosities of common pore fluids are usually oversimplified in geophysics. We use a combination of thermodynamic relationships, empirical trends, and new and published data to examine the effects of pressure, temperature, and composition on these important seismic properties of hydrocarbon gases and oils and of brines. Estimates of in‐situ conditions and pore fluid composition yield more accurate values of these fluid properties than are typically assumed. Simplified expressions are developed to facilitate the use of realistic fluid properties in rock models. Pore fluids have properties that vary substantially, but systematically, with composition, pressure, and temperature. Gas and oil density and modulus, as well as oil viscosity, increase with molecular weight and pressure, and decrease with temperature. Gas viscosity has a similar behavior, except at higher temperatures and lower pressures, where the viscosity will increase slightly with increasing temperature. Large amounts of gas can go into solution in lighter oils and substantially lower the modulus and viscosity. Brine modulus, density, and viscosities increase with increasing salt content and pressure. Brine is peculiar because the modulus reaches a maximum at a temperature from 40 to 80°C. Far less gas can be absorbed by brines than by light oils. As a result, gas in solution in oils can drive their modulus so far below that of brines that seismic reflection bright spots may develop from the interface between oil saturated and brine saturated rocks.
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Alshevskaya, M. N., and O. V. Anistratova. "SUBSTANTIATION OF OPTIMAL METHOD OF ATLANTIC HERRING’S SALTING PROCESS FOR SMALL-BUSINESS PRODUCTION." Bulletin оf Kamchatka State Technical University, no. 55 (2021): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17217/2079-0333-2021-55-6-16.
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In this paper, we offer technological solution to produce low-salted Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) for small-business production. The method of salting in buckets consisted of two stages, including salting herring in saturated brine at a ratio of 70 (fish) : 30 (salting solution) and subsequent storage in isotonic solution. This allows speeding up the technological salting process by 2 times in comparison with the finished unsaturated method in an aqueous solution with 15% salt concentration. The possibility of secondary use of brine is shown. The shelf life of 14 days at (4 ± 2)oC was recorded for the low-salted products from Atlantic herring (C. harengus) with a mass fraction of salt (5 ± 0.5)% produced by an interrupted saturated salting method using secondary brine. The organoleptic parameters of salted Atlantic herring during the entire storage time corresponded to GOST 815 “salted herring”. Indicators that characterize the degree of maturation of salted herring, such as buffering and form-titrated nitrogen, were optimal. A technological scheme to produce low-salted herring using secondary brine and isotonic solution was developed. The proposed production technology allows to produce a high-quality low-salted product and is economically less expensive in comparison with the traditional salting method.
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Kalmykov, Denis, Sergey Makaev, Georgy Golubev, Ilia Eremeev, Vladimir Vasilevsky, Jianfeng Song, Tao He, and Alexey Volkov. "Operation of Three-Stage Process of Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Brine: Simulation." Membranes 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030175.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-rich geothermal waters are considered as an alternative source, and further concentration of lithium is required for its effective recovery. In this work, we have simulated a three-stage lithium recovery process including the brine softening by precipitation Ca2+/Mg2+ cations with sodium carbonate (calculated in PHREEQC), followed by an integrated system consisting of membrane distillation unit (water evaporation), crystallizer (NaCl precipitation), and membrane extraction (Li+ recovery), which was simulated in Simulink/MATLAB. It was shown that the deterioration of membrane performance in time due to scaling/fouling plays a critical role in the performance of the system resulting in the dramatic increase of the replaced membrane modules by a factor of 5. Low cost membranes are required. The process simulation based on the experimental and literature data on the high salinity solutions with the membrane distillation revealed that the specific productivity can be achieved in the range of 9.9–880 g (Li+) per square meter of membranes in the module used before its replacement. The increase of energy efficiency is needed. The mass-flow-rate of saline solution circulated to the crystallizer was set at its almost minimum value as 6.5 kg/min to enable its successful operation at the given parameters of the membrane distillation unit. In other words, the operation of the integrated system having 140 kg of saline solution in the loop and a membrane module of 2.5 m2 for concentration of lithium presence from 0.11 up to 2.3 g/kg would be associated with the circulation of about of 259 tons of saline solution per month between the distillation unit (60 °C) and the crystallizer (15 °C) to yield of up to 1.4 kg of lithium ions. The comprehensive summary and discussion are presented in the conclusions section.