Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Brique de terre comprimée'
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Ho-Yick-Cheong, Rose. "La brique de terre crue comprimée et stabilisée au ciment : caractéristiques et propriétés physico-mécaniques." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10127.
Full textFlament, Cédric. "Valorisation des fines de lavage de granulats : application à la construction en terre crue." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0202/document.
Full textCurrently, few re-use ways are developed with clay fines from washing units in quarries. However, these clayey fines represent interesting materials for construction domain. This research work aims to develop non-load bearing precast products and to re-use these fines without thermal treatment as for unfired clay products. Two types of precast products are wished: a “heavy” product (compressed earth brick) and a “light” product (tile hemp-clay).For the CEB re-use way, the level of compaction has to be high. Proctor tests have been done to define the moisture content and dry density to obtain. Mechanical performances of bricks have been increased by overcompaction, granular reinforcement and lime treatment.For the tile re-use way, mixes with quarry fines and hemp have been studied. The behaviour of fresh material has been studied with VEBE consistometer. Flexural and compression strengths have been measured on hardened mixes. Lime and water-reducing agent have been necessary for a good mechanical behaviour.The two re-use ways have been validated by measuring mechanical and physical performances of products manufactured at industrial scale. The optimal mix for CEB includes almost 80% of quarry fines. The CEB is classed in BTC40 category according to experimental standard XP13-901 (brick with a low water absorption level and resistant to water spray). The optimal mix for tile includes 60% of quarry fines and satisfies mechanical requirements for gypsum blocks
P'Kla, Abalo. "Caractérisation en compression simple des blocs de terre comprimée (BTC) : application aux maçonneries "BTC-Mortier de terre"." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0037/these.pdf.
Full textCompressed earth blocks (CEB) masonry make it possible to build individual houses at a low environmental (and economic for poor countries) cost because of the use of local materials. Moreover, this step has a positive social and economic impact since it supports the direct human work of construction, contrary to the current type of construction based on the industrialization of the material production. Architecture used in CEB construction is adapted to a material which should support only compression stress. This thesis is a contribution to the formalization of CEB masonries buildings design which concerns, until now, only the code of practice. Only masonry behaviour under vertical compression load is analysed. As a preliminary, the CEB which constitute the principal component of masonry were studied. The various compression tests used for CEB were presented and criticized. Compression test on two half built blocks remains relevant. It was shown that three points bending test can also give compressive strength of CEB. The second component of masonry is earth mortar stabilized with cement. There exists very little information on these mortars with strong clay content (between 5 and 20 % and more). An overview of mortar tests able to be used for earth mortar is made and lead to some propositions for future studies. Finally, two types masonry samples were tested under vertical compression load ; 1m2 masonry and three blocks bpnded samples. The Euroeode 6 formula for masonry compressive strength assessment is used and the results compared with our. Experimental data
Laborel-Preneron, Aurélie. "Formulation and characterization of unfired clay bricks with plant aggregates." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30140.
Full textConstruction is one of the most polluting sectors of industry, and this is why developing sustainable building materials is of world-wide interest. Earth is being increasingly studied as a building material because of its low environmental impact and its abilities to regulate indoor moisture and to improve the building occupants' comfort. Plant aggregates and fibers have been incorporated into the earth matrix for thousands of years to enhance its performance, but scientific studies began quite recently. Nowadays, the addition of renewable resources can be achieved with agricultural by-products, thus allowing carbon dioxide to be captured. As part of the Bioterra project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), this thesis has the objective of contributing to the development of earth-based materials containing plant aggregates that can be used in bricks. After an extensive characterization of the different plant resources, namely barley straw, hemp shiv and corn cob, a comparative study of the use and durability properties of the composite materials is made. A survey of the production and use of bio-resources in France showed good availability of the resources studied in the present research, although they are primarily used as human food and animal litter. In the experimental tests, a decrease of the mechanical strength was observed with the addition of plant aggregates. However, the ductility of the bio-composites increased. Thanks to its elongated shape, straw is the plant aggregate that gives the best results. Concerning hygrothermal properties, thermal conductivity is reduced and the vapor sorption capacity is slightly increased. Nevertheless, earth alone is very permeable. The addition of plant aggregates thus brings no benefit concerning the apparent water vapor permeability. Finally, plant aggregates improve some durability criteria, such as impact or erosion resistance, but limit abrasion resistance. With regard to fire, bio-composites are still not combustible, even if they contain a significant quantity of lignocellulosic matter. They are, however, transformed with firing, when the earth is fired and the plant material smolder. Lastly, the study on microbial growth contributed to the development of an experimental methodology. The incorporation of straw seems to facilitate mold growth in comparison with earth alone. However, proliferation appears only in the worst conditions: for material subjected to a temperature of 30°C and a relative humidity of 93%, after inoculation with Aspergillus brasiliensis strain. To summarize, the addition of different plant aggregates in an earth matrix improves some properties but deteriorates others. The formulation of a composite material (particularly the nature and the content of the plant aggregate) will thus depend on its intended use in the building. Therefore, a compromise has to be found among the different properties
Grellier, Adèle. "Des fines de brique de terre cuite comme liants de substitution dans les ciments et les matériaux alcali-activés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MTLD0013.
Full textThe construction industry today produces an enormous amount of waste, especially during the deconstruction and demolition of buildings. Terracota brick, which is the subject of our study, represents a significant part of this inert waste in some regions. The recycling of bricks is already carried out in the form of aggregates used for example in road embankments. But this constitutes what is called a "downcycling" operation. The investigated way is a valorization with higher added value via the elaboration of mixed hydraulic binders based on brick fines which are not presently recycled.The first way of valorization is the substitution of Portland cement composite based with reference brick fines with three granulometries (D50 of 3µm, 20 µm and 180 µm) on the hand and fines brick from demolition sites (D50 = 20 µm) on the other hand. The second valorization way is their use in alkali-activated materials, by means of substitution of blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by brick fines with a grain size of D50 = 20 µm.The objective of the study is to understand the impact of the incorporation of brick fines in these two binders. The approach is a chemical, physical and mechanical characterization over time of the new binders. Valorization in cement is conclusive when substitutions rates up to 20%: the performance of the material is equivalent to that of the control cement. For alkali-activated materials, it is shown that brick fines can be a precursor equivalent to GGBFS and thus lead to mechanical performances equivalent to control even up to 50% substitution rate in brick fines. Under certain conditions of alkali-activated solution concentration, the addition of 30% brick fines can greatly improve workability time. This actually leads to a decrease in mechanical performance, but it is still in accordance with the construction needs
Cilli-Dogru, Elmas. "Recyclage des déchets de terre cuite." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0128.
Full textRecycling or reuse of demolition waste from individual houses, small collectives and industrial sites built with fired clay bricks, is currently limited by the presence of mixed waste, which is mainly an assembly of fired clay bricks, mortar and gypsum. In the perspective to valorize fired clay waste from demolition, the presence of gypsum, which may contain sulfates, is a restriction. Currently, the main end-of-life option for non-dissociated fired clay waste is the landfilling in waste storage facilities of class 3. The aim of this PhD thesis is to develop a separation process of mixed fired clay waste, environmentally more friendly than landfilling, in order to recover and valorize secondary raw materials in relevant industrial sectors. A study of the deposit has been done to identify the nature of the mixed demolition waste and to supply representative waste samples. Those samples enable to define the adhesion mechanisms at the interfaces. Then, a separation method has been developed. Finally, three routes have been investigated in order to valorize the recovered clay bricks
El, Fgaier Faycal. "Conception, production et qualification des briques en terre cuite et en terre crue." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECLI0023/document.
Full textNowadays, the reduction of energy consumption in buildings industry represents a major issue in industrialized countries’ policies. In France, the building sector consumes about 43% of final energy and accounts for nearly a quarter of the national emissions of greenhouse gas emissions [ADEME]. It is considered as a key factor to overcome the environmental challenges we have to face.In front of these significant challenges, the thermal regulations requirements were seriously intensified during the last 40 years until the notification of the thermal regulation 2012. This latter enable the construction of low energy buildings (BBC) whose consumption is equivalent to 50 kWh/m² per year on average. This new regulation provides a strong incentive for innovation of materials, products and envelope systems. Under these conditions, improving hygrothermal performance of building materials will allow a substantial economic and environmental benefits. This work was conducted in this context. It aims to study and improve the performance of the company Briqueteries du Nord (BdN) products. It is divided in two main axis: the first consists on studying the thermal inertia and hygroscopic capacity of unfired clay bricks. However, the second axis aims to develop possible solutions for improving the thermal resistance of fired clay bricks. This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Ecole Centrale de Lille with close collaboration with the University of Artois and the BdN company
Nguyen, Thê-Duong. "Étude du comportement au feu des maçonneries de briques en terre-cuite : approche expérimentale et modélisation du risque d'écaillage." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539872.
Full textBories, Cécile. "Etude des caractéristiques d'un porogène d'origine biosourcée et mécanismes mis en oeuvre pour l'obtention d'une brique de construction micro-poreuse à haute performance thermique et mécanique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0015/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to develop new clay bricks with biobased pore-forming agents in order to obtain materials with high thermal performance. The raw materials, clay and biomass, were first characterized individually. The use of agricultural by-products (wheat straw, sunflower seed cake and olive stone flour) as pore-forming agents for the production of porous clay bricks was then studied. The benefits of the addition of biobased components that increase the porosity and the thermal resistance was demonstrated even if it results in a decrease of mechanical properties. However, problems of plasticity causing trouble during the extrusion of samples were identified. After optimizing the sand rate, the impact of the particle size of the biomass and the rate of incorporation were assessed. A maximum porosity of 34.4%, made up of macropores was obtained under optimal experimental conditions, leading to a thermal conductivity of 0.45 W/m.K, representing a decrease of 15 % compared to the reference brick without additive. In order to improve the properties of the resulting material, it was considered to create microporosity, thanks to the chemical modification of the vegetable materials that will be degraded during the firing process. For this, the agricultural by-products were modified either by direct impregnation of carbonates or by grafting of new chemical moieties (carbonate or ester). These modified matters were then incorporated into the clay formulation and the properties of the obtained bricks were measured (physical, mechanical and thermal ones). Finally, the potential environmental impact of the modified samples containing additives was studied through a Life Cycle Assessment. Different scenarios, simple (with one pore-forming agent) or combined (with a crude vegetable agent and a synthesized one) were compared with the ReCiPe method. The steps from the process with the most significant impacts were highlighted. It was also shown that the choice of the functional unit could radically alter the conclusions of the study
Abjaghou, Halima. "Valorisation des déchets de bois pour l'amélioration des performances ThERmiques des BRIques de terre cuite." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/2a1b1d80-0a98-43b0-81bf-245a31f69b84/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0080.pdf.
Full textNew regulations for the thermal requirements of buildings implies greater energy efficiency in order to decrease primary energy consumption. In this context, improving thermal insulation of building materials is necessary. The BRITER project, financed by the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and the Carnot MECD institute, aims at developing innovative fired clay bricks, through addition of wooden furniture wastes, with low thermal conductivity and mechanical properties compatible with current norms on building materials. Wood wastes were selected and mixed as pore formers with raw clay materials MA. The effect of the size and the amount of wooden furniture wastes on the thermal and mechanical properties of the fired products was investigated. The addition of wooden furniture wastes into the clay mixture enabled a significant improvement of the thermal insulation. Results showed that addition of 10 wt.% wood wastes led to decrease by 45 % in the thermal conductivity of the material based on the clay matrix MA. The addition of wooden furniture waste also yielded decrease of the mechanical properties which can be directly related to the amount and the size. However, mechanical properties remain within the standard values of clay building materials. This project also examined for energy saving and environmental impact linked to the firing process of clay/wood wastes mixtures. The final study examined the use of lamellar pore-forming agent to develop fired clay porous materials shaped by pressing. Results showed that 80 % of pores were perpendiculary oriented to the pressing direction and thus the thermal conductivity was reduced by 54 %
Nguyen, Thê Duong. "Étude du comportement au feu des maçonneries de briques en terre-cuite : approche expérimentale et modélisation du risque d'écaillage." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1059/document.
Full textUnderstanding the behaviour of masonry structures exposed to fire and prediction of their fire resistance, are nowadays one of the major needs, expressed by manufacturers of fire-clay, because of the lack of available studies. The objective of this work is to build numerical tools that are able to predict the behaviour and resistance to fire of walls made with hollow fire-clay brick. The walls may be loadbearing or unloadbearing, joined with thick traditional mortar or thin adhesive mortar. For this purpose, experimental investigations at material scale and structural scale are carried out to understand the thermo-hygro-mechanical phenomena controlling the fire resistance rate. These major phenomena are then taken into account for the construction of behaviour models, which allow to dispose a tool of simulation of fire behaviour of masonry. For the thermal problem, the three transfer modes : conduction, convection and radiation, with the adjustment of the water effect in the heat capacity, can simulate the thermo-hygric response of alveolar structure in the fire-clay. On the mechanical problem, the fire resistance of masonry walls is approached from the point of view of the risk of spalling. This rupture, local or diffuse, of the brick partitions can lead to a loss of integrity or of loadbearing capacity. To evaluate this risk, a three-dimensional thermoelastic modeling is proposed with the taking into account of the evolution of the properties with the temperature. This simplified modeling is completed with a criterion of spalling of type detachment-buckling. In parallel with the validated calculations, parametrical studies are conducted to identify the influence of thermal, mechanical on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the walls
Laibi, Babatounde. "Comportement hygro-thermo-mécanique de matériaux structuraux pour la construction associant des fibres de kénaf à des terres argileuses." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC265/document.
Full textTraditional Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) in the Republic of Benin have poor mechanical properties, this justifies why people rely on relatively expensive cement blocks; the use of which greatly affects resources such as water and energy. In this work we have proposed ways to enhance CEB properties for eco-construction by adding plant fibers to locally used construction's soils. This strategy makes it possible to value mineral and vegetable raw materials in a field of an activity that is common to a large part of the population. At first, a soil was chosen according to its chemical composition, its physical, mechanical and technological properties. The choice of kenaf fiber for the reinforcement of the mineral matrix isjustified by its excellent specific mechanical properties and its availability at very low cost. The effects of fibers on soil behavior at young age and on the mechanical and hygrothermal behavior of consolidated materials under 5 MPa (pressure applicable with equipment readily available in Benin) were studied for three mass content of fibers relatively to the soil (0.5% 1% and 1.5%) and different lengths (5, 10, 20 and 30 mm). The results indicated a remarkable improvement in the mechanical behavior of kenaf-reinforced CEBs in terms of flexural and compressive strengths and tolerance to damage. The highest results were obtained with 0.5% of fibers 30 mm long. The addition of a binder (3, 5 and 7% of cement) or (3-5% and 5-10% of cement and blast furnace slag mix) allowed an important reduction in water uptake. The best mechanical results were obtained for a biocomposite made up with BAK soil, 0.5% of flax fibers 30 mm long and a mix of 5% cement and 10% blast furnace slag. Measurements carried out in a biclimatic chamber made it possible to characterize the hydric and thermal behavior of the soil-based materials. The addition of a binder decreases the phase shift and increases the attenuation of the material. These different results show that it is possible to produce in Benin with the available equipment, CEB with mechanical and hygrothermal properties sufficient enought for the construction of type R + 1 habitat
Nègre, Valérie. "L'ornement en série : le monde du bâtiment et la standardisation des produits en terre cuite et des matériaux de construction au XIXe siècle dans le Midi toulousain." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA083720.
Full textThe widespread use of mass-produced decoration and building materials as early as the beginning of the nineteenth-century is a phenomenon of considerable importance wihch as not yet been seriously researched. The present work attempts to shed light on the question by concentrating on the specific case of terracotta products in the region of Toulouse. We show how, despite their derivative classical style, the first mass-produced items are in fact a new form of building material which, in their form and size, create combinations which call into question both the skill of the construction workers and the conceptual imagination of the architects. The carefull attention paid here to the commercial catalogues which accompanied the appearance of mass-produced elements has revealed a curious ambiguity in their status. The simple and straightforward appearance of these publications belies the substantial change that they brought to the way in which buildings were designed and constructed. Contrary to the image, usually conveyed by historians, of an architectural milieu hostile to industrial innovation, the individuals responsible for these new products came mostly from a traditional background. Architects are seen to occupy pride of place among the innovators of the time, a finding which sheds new light on the question of the extend of the creative contribution of both artists and artisans. Our study is base upon a carefull analysis of the context in which this mass-produced elements appeared, in particular the building traditions connected with brickwork, especially the way bricks were cut, a practice which the introduction of decoration threatened to render obsolete. We identify the areas of innovation – the nature, construction and comercial production of the articles – and emphasize the importance of the reappearance in the nineteenth-century of the practice of moulding baked clay and of the part played in this domain by public and private collections of antique terracotta objects
Courtois, Noémie. "Etude du vieillissement de boues de papeterie utilisées pour la fabrication de briques de terre cuite : influence des produits de dégradation sur les caractéristiques céramiques des matériaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCD003.
Full textPaper sludge can be incorporated in industrial clayey mixtures used in fired-clay bricks formulation. This incorporation has several aims and benefits, especially for drying optimization of the products, due to hydrophilic effect of paper fibers, and creating porosity which improves the fired brick thermal insulation. However, some drawbacks may occur such as brick cracking or efflorescence (bleaching of brick surfaces), in particular when the added paper sludge presents a significant ageing. The purpose of this thesis consists in identifying the parameters responsible for cracks and efflorescence on the bricks and defining the conditions preventing the defects occurrence. Therefore, the ageing of paper sludges as well as their incorporation into clayey mixtures were studied. Several paper sludges of different compositions and degradation states were tested, and their impacts on the formulated bricks characteristics (physico-chemical and ceramic parameters) were investigated. Volatile Fatty Acids produced during paper sludge ageing were identified as key parameters to explain defect formations on the bricks, with a threshold value of 10 mg VFA/g of paper sludge, incorporated at 12% in the clay phase. Depending on the fibrous paper sludge characteristics (fiber length, cellulose/lignin ratio), VFAs have an influence on the water diffusivity and drying of the bricks. Finally, suggestions are made for the optimization of storage conditions of paper sludges before utilization and brick/paper sludge formulation. This would result in significant reduction of production defects
Charlier, Fabrice. "Technologie des tuiliers gallo-romains (Gaules et Germanies) : analyse comparative et régressive des structures de production des matériaux de construction en terre cuite de l'époque contemporaine à l'Antiquité." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1006.
Full textThis research concerns the techniques of tile and brick-making in Roman time in the provinces ofGaul and Germania. We have only access to these techniques through archaeology. First, there arethe movable vestiges: the objects (tiles and bricks), then there are the real estate vestiges: the tilemakingsites which are regularly uncovered. Only the structures of production are examined here,but it is often made reference to materials. The study is led according to two guidelines. One is horizontal: the “chaîne opératoire”, the other is vertical: Time, from present to past. The structures of production are treated according to the orderof the making process: quarrying, preparing clay, shaping, drying, and firing. Inside each of thesefive phases are successively studied structures of contemporary time (craft production), modern,medieval and finally Gallo-Roman. This regressive approach allows us to bring to light thecontinuities and the breaks in the techniques used and thus, to better characterize and understandthe most ancient of them, the Gallo-Roman tile-makers one. The functioning of the most recentstructures of production sheds light on that of the Roman ones. Punctual comparisons are only usedto try and explain some original characteristics of the Gallo-Roman structures. The most innovativeresults were obtained in the study of the structures used in the phases of shaping, drying and firing
Lacheze, Cyril. "L'art du briquetier, XIIIème XIXème siècle : du régime de la pratique aux régimes de la technique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H079.
Full textActors of society do not all conceive the same technique in the same way. The craftsman, the scientist, the engineer, but also the investor, the administrator or the client, appeal to different thought patterns, making several modes of operational thinking – practice, technique, technology – coexist in the same socio-technical space. Relationships between these regimes are questioned through the case of architectural terracotta production (bricks, roofing and paving tiles, pipes, etc.), from the first written sources (thirteenth century) to the industrial turnaround that took place around 1870. It is a widespread production, generally free, concerning both luxury and everyday products, and subject to socio-economic issues. The large open corpus – manuscript, printed, iconographic, archaeological sources – is questioned from a systemic perspective. In fact, regimes are plural and interconnected. The practical regime could only concern the operational sequence itself. All operations outside this strict framework, making possible particularly the mobilization of the technical complex necessary for the production, suppose a dialogue with third actors and, consequently, the establishment of standards – written or oral, official or unofficial, explicit or tacit – allowing intercomprehension beyond different or even divergent thoughts. Treaties of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were even more clearly technical. Underlying thoughts were here too plural. Whether non-specialist encyclopedists copying more or less relevant texts, or military or civilian engineers responding to editorial commissions, few authors really sought to describe the common practice. A "scientific" approach took shape somewhat in the 1840s with Alexandre Brongniart, but technical innovations, of particular interest to the readership, formed the basis of subsequent publications. Editors then turned to specialized periodical literature. However, this was primarily used, with exhibitions and competitions, as a mean of communication for inventors subjected to strong competition. New technical fields appeared in the 1830s-1850s when some, abandoning a logic of mechanization of the practice, began to think in a "technological-ish" way, even if not truly technological. However, only the few who could and did successfully fit into this sociotechnical network – or sub-system – managed to make their productions widely known, and to attach their names to innovation
Mounajed, Ghassan. "La modélisation de la maçonnerie armée par la méthode des éléments finis. Application aux maçonneries de petits éléments creux." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529510.
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