Academic literature on the topic 'Brit bat'
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Journal articles on the topic "Brit bat"
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Lindau, Buff. "Chloe's Bat Mitzvah." Bridges: A Jewish Feminist Journal 12, no. 2 (October 2007): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/bri.2007.12.2.18.
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Waldén, Tomas B., Ida R. Hansen, James A. Timmons, Barbara Cannon, and Jan Nedergaard. "Recruited vs. nonrecruited molecular signatures of brown, “brite,” and white adipose tissues." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 302, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): E19—E31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2011.
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Mainly from cell culture studies, a series of genes that have been suggested to be characteristic of different types of adipocytes have been identified. Here we have examined gene expression patterns in nine defined adipose depots: interscapular BAT, cervical BAT, axillary BAT, mediastinic BAT, cardiac WAT, inguinal WAT, retroperitoneal WAT, mesenteric WAT, and epididymal WAT. We found that each depot displayed a distinct gene expression fingerprint but that three major types of depots were identifiable: the brown, the brite, and the white. Although differences in gene expression pattern were generally quantitative, some gene markers showed, even in vivo, remarkable depot specificities: Zic1 for the classical BAT depots, Hoxc9 for the brite depots, Hoxc8 for the brite and white in contrast to the brown, and Tcf21 for the white depots. The effect of physiologically induced recruitment of thermogenic function (cold acclimation) on the expression pattern of the genes was quantified; in general, the depot pattern dominated over the recruitment effects. The significance of the gene expression patterns for classifying the depots and for understanding the developmental background of the depots is discussed, as are the possible regulatory functions of the genes.
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Giralt, Marta, and Francesc Villarroya. "White, Brown, Beige/Brite: Different Adipose Cells for Different Functions?" Endocrinology 154, no. 9 (June 19, 2013): 2992–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1403.
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a major site of nonshivering thermogenesis in mammals. Rodent studies indicated that BAT thermogenic activity may protect against obesity. Recent findings using novel radiodiagnosis procedures revealed unanticipated high activity of BAT in adult humans. Moreover, complex processes of cell differentiation leading to the appearance of active brown adipocytes have been recently identified. The brown adipocytes clustered in defined anatomical BAT depots of rodents arise from mesenchymal precursor cells common to the myogenic cell lineage. They are being called “classical” or “developmentally programmed” brown adipocytes. However, brown adipocytes may appear after thermogenic stimuli at anatomical sites corresponding to white adipose tissue (WAT). This process is called the “browning” of WAT. The brown adipocytes appearing in WAT derive from precursor cells different from those in classical BAT and are closer to the white adipocyte cell lineage. The brown adipocytes appearing in WAT are often called “inducible, beige, or brite.” The appearance of these inducible brown adipocytes in WAT may also involve transdifferentiation processes of white-to-brown adipose cells. There is no evidence that the ultimate thermogenic function of the beige/brite adipocytes differs from that of classical brown adipocytes, although some genetic data in rodents suggest a relevant role of the browning process in protection against obesity. Although the activation of classical BAT and the browning process share common mechanisms of induction (eg, noradrenergic-mediated induction by cold), multiple novel adrenergic-independent endocrine factors that activate BAT and the browning of WAT have been identified recently. In adult humans, BAT is mainly composed of beige/brite adipocytes, although recent data indicate the persistence of classical BAT at some anatomical sites. Understanding the biological processes controlling brown adipocyte activity and differentiation could help the design of BAT-focused strategies to increase energy expenditure and fight against obesity.
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Reynés, Bàrbara, Estefanía García-Ruiz, Paula Oliver, and Andreu Palou. "Gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells is affected by cold exposure." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 309, no. 8 (October 15, 2015): R824—R834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00221.2015.
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Because of the discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans, there is increased interest in the study of induction of this thermogenic tissue as a basis to combat obesity and related complications. Cold exposure is one of the strongest stimuli able to activate BAT and to induce the appearance of brown-like (brite) adipocytes in white fat depots (browning process). We analyzed the potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to reflect BAT and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) response to 1-wk cold acclimation (4°C) at different ages of rat development (1, 2, 4, and 6 mo). As expected, cold exposure increased fatty acid β-oxidation capacity in BAT and rWAT (increased Cpt1a expression), explaining increased circulating nonesterified free fatty acids and decreased adiposity. Cold exposure increased expression of the key thermogenic gene, Ucp1, in BAT and rWAT, but only in 1-mo-old animals. Additionally, other brown/brite markers were affected by cold during the whole developmental period studied in BAT. However, in rWAT, cold exposure increased studied markers mainly at early age. PBMCs did not express Ucp1, but expressed other brown/brite markers, which were cold regulated. Of particular interest, PBMCs reflected adipose tissue-increased Cpt1a mRNA expression in response to cold (in older animals) and browning induction occurring in rWAT of young animals (1 mo) characterized by increased Cidea expression and by the appearance of a high number of multilocular CIDE-A positive adipocytes. These results provide evidence pointing to PBMCs as an easily obtainable biological material to be considered to perform browning studies with minimum invasiveness.
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Gharanei, Seley, Kiran Shabir, James E. Brown, Martin O. Weickert, Thomas M. Barber, Ioannis Kyrou, and Harpal S. Randeva. "Regulatory microRNAs in Brown, Brite and White Adipose Tissue." Cells 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9112489.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of short noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNA, inducing translational repression and messenger RNA degradation. This regulation of gene expression by miRNAs in adipose tissue (AT) can impact on the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis, particularly considering the different types of adipocytes which exist in mammals, i.e., white adipocytes (white AT; WAT), brown adipocytes (brown AT; BAT), and inducible brown adipocytes in WAT (beige or brite or brown-in-white adipocytes). Indeed, an increasing number of miRNAs has been identified to regulate key signaling pathways of adipogenesis in BAT, brite AT, and WAT by acting on transcription factors that promote or inhibit adipocyte differentiation. For example, MiR-328, MiR-378, MiR-30b/c, MiR-455, MiR-32, and MiR-193b-365 activate brown adipogenesis, whereas MiR-34a, MiR-133, MiR-155, and MiR-27b are brown adipogenesis inhibitors. Given that WAT mainly stores energy as lipids, whilst BAT mainly dissipates energy as heat, clarifying the effects of miRNAs in different types of AT has recently attracted significant research interest, aiming to also develop novel miRNA-based therapies against obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related diseases. Therefore, this review presents an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the role of key regulatory miRNAs in BAT, brite AT, and WAT.
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Sharp, Louis Z., Kosaku Shinoda, Haruya Ohno, David W. Scheel, Emi Tomoda, Lauren Ruiz, Houchun Hu, et al. "Human BAT Possesses Molecular Signatures That Resemble Beige/Brite Cells." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 16, 2012): e49452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049452.
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Hübner, Kurt. ""Wer Macht bat, kann sich alles erlauben!"." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 20, no. 81 (December 1, 1990): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v20i81.1184.
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Seit mehreren Jahren wird die »Hegemoniekrise der USA« und deren Auswirkungen auf die Funktionsweise der globalen kapitalistischen Ökonomie breit diskutiert. Aus der empirischen Feststellung eines relativen Rückgangs der ökonomischen Stärke der USA wird in vielen Beiträgen der Schluß gezogen, die USA hätten innerhalb der Weltwirtschaft an ökonomischer Macht verloren. Die These lautet, daß eine solche Schlußfolgerung sich allein analytisch unzureichenden Machtkonzepten verdankt, die diesen Untersuchungen zugrunde gelegt werden. Im Gegensatz zu der Mehrheit der Literatur wird behauptet, daß von einer Hegemoniekrise nur gesprochen werden kann, wenn und weil die USA ihre strukturale Macht zur Verfolgung interner politischer und ökonomischer Ziele einsetzen.
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Mastronardi, Leonardo J., Carlos A. Romero, and Sebastián Nicolás González. "Interregional analysis using a bi-regional input-output matrix for Argentina." Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 53 (September 15, 2022): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.22.014.
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This paper presents a regional case study using a Bi-Regional Input-Output (BRIO) matrix of Buenos Aires City (BAC) and the Rest of Argentina (ROA), constructed from the Argentinian Input-Output matrix. A hybrid approach was applied to obtain the BRIO matrix, which combines pure non-survey methods with matrix-balancing methods like RAS or Cross-Entropy. Once the BRIO matrix was obtained, our study has focused on analyzing the BAC regional structure and the interconnections between regions. We have also estimated the regional and national carbon footprint for the BAC and Argentina, respectively. Results show that service and industry sectors play an important role in the economy of BAC and some of them have strong interregional spillover effects over the rest of the country. In addition, the results also show that sectors on BAC with the highest regional multipliers are also the ones with highest emissions.
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Zamaluddin Zamaluddin, Abdul Rochim, Mabruri Andatu, and Rifki Saputra. "Hukum Jual Beli Saham BRIS di Komunitas Syariah Saham dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Positif." Mandub : Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 1, no. 4 (November 27, 2023): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.59059/mandub.v1i4.718.
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Sharia shares are a form of ordinary shares which have special characteristics in the form of strict control regarding the halal scope of business activities. One of the shares listed on the stock exchange belongs to BRI Syariah. Bri Syariah is a sharia bank that has sharia shares. BRI Syariah with the ticker BRIS conducted an initial share offering. Currently, many people are interested in BRIS shares. The increase in BRIS shares is due to the increasing number of people showing interest in sharia finance. Sharia capital markets are capital market activities that do not conflict with sharia principles in the capital market. The explanation of the phenomena stated above provides a gap that requires urgent further research related to the law of buying and selling BRIS shares in the sharia share community from the perspective of Islamic and positive law. This research is normative juridical research that is qualitative in nature. Normative juridical research is a process for determining legal rules, legal principles and legal doctrines. In this research, the approach used is a statutory approach and an analytical approach. From the results of the author's research, it was found that the process of buying and selling BRIS shares from an Islamic legal perspective must avoid several aspects, namely Bai' al-Hamisy and Bai' al-Maksyuf. The practice of buying and selling BRIS shares in the Sharia Shares Community begins with a contract process that is adapted to DSN-MUI No.80 of 2011 and the process of buying and selling BRIS shares from a positive legal perspective has been carried out safely and in accordance with Financial Services Authority (OJK) regulations. buying and selling BRIS shares is permitted based on the perspective of Islamic law. The perspective of Islamic law regulates that buying and selling must avoid several aspects, namely Bai' al-Hamisy and Bai' al-Maksyuf. The practice of buying and selling BRIS shares in the Sharia Shares Community begins with a contract process adapted to DSN-MUI No.8 of 2011, namely mudharabah, ijarah, musyarakah and syirkah contracts.
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Abreu-Vieira, Gustavo, Carolina E. Hagberg, Kirsty L. Spalding, Barbara Cannon, and Jan Nedergaard. "Adrenergically stimulated blood flow in brown adipose tissue is not dependent on thermogenesis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 308, no. 9 (May 1, 2015): E822—E829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00494.2014.
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis relies on blood flow to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen and for the distribution of the generated heat to the rest of the body. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the mechanisms by which blood flow is regulated and its relation to thermogenesis. Here, we present high-resolution laser-Doppler imaging (HR-LDR) as a novel method for noninvasive in vivo measurement of BAT blood flow in mice. Using HR-LDR, we found that norepinephrine stimulation increases BAT blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and that this response is profoundly modulated by environmental temperature acclimation. Surprisingly, we found that mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) have fully preserved BAT blood flow response to norepinephrine despite failing to perform thermogenesis. BAT blood flow was not directly correlated to systemic glycemia, but glucose injections could transiently increase tissue perfusion. Inguinal white adipose tissue, also known as a brite/beige adipose tissue, was also sensitive to cold acclimation and similarly increased blood flow in response to norepinephrine. In conclusion, using a novel noninvasive method to detect BAT perfusion, we demonstrate that adrenergically stimulated BAT blood flow is qualitatively and quantitatively fully independent of thermogenesis, and therefore, it is not a reliable parameter for the estimation of BAT activation and heat generation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brit bat"
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DE, LA TAILLE CHRISTOPHE. "Electronique tres bas bruit pour detecteur a liquide organometallique." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990EPXX0012.
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Cette these prend place dans le cadre de la mesure de la resolution en energie d'une source de #2#0#7bi dans une chambre a fils utilisant du tetra-methyl-silane comme milieu ionisable. Nous decrivons les preamplificateurs de charge utilisant un jfet comme transistor d'entree et une remise a zero optoelectronique pulsee conduisant a un bruit de 35 e#-rms a temperature ambiante. Nous avons etudie les differents parametres affectant le bruit et la maniere de le mesurer (y compris par analyse de fourier). En vue d'un detecteur de grandes dimensions, nous avons analyse differents systemes de remise a zero bas bruit, notamment par le drain. L'ensemble de l'electronique d'acquisition (amplificateur, reseau de mise en forme, logique d'acquisition et reflexion d'empilements) est presente en detail ainsi que les proprietes des liquides, les procedes de purification et la mesure de la purete
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Prêle, Damien. "Instrumentation cryogénique bas bruit et large bande en technologie SiGe." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332421.
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Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sont consacrés à l'investigation du fonctionnement des technologies bipolaires, et plus particulièrement des technologies BiCMOS SiGe, pour une utilisation à température cryogénique. Un état de l'art sur les transistors bipolaires et les bruits électroniques que l'on rencontre sur ce genre de technologie sont donnés avec une approche orientée vers les basses températures. Ces rappels permettent d'aborder les mesures, des paramètres basse fréquence et du bruit, réalisées sur des transistors bipolaires silicium et sur deux technologies SiGe à 300 K, 77 K et 4.2 K. Il est ensuite présenté deux réalisations d'ASIC cryogénique en technologie standard BiCMOS SiGe. La première est un amplificateur bas bruit (1 nV/sqrtHz) et large bande (1 GHz) fonctionnant à 77 K. Il est destiné à la caractérisation de bolomètres supraconducteurs YBaCuO à électrons chauds. La seconde réalisation est un circuit de lecture et de multiplexage de matrice de SQUID. Il est, en particulier, présenté le développement, la réalisation et le test d'un amplificateur ultra bas bruit (0.2 nV/sqrtHz) avec deux entrées multiplexées fonctionnant à 4.2 K.
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Dong, Quan. "HEMTs cryogéniques à faible puissance dissipée et à bas bruit." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112035.
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Les transistors ayant un faible niveau de bruit à basse fréquence, une faible puissance de dissipation et fonctionnant à basse température (≤ 4.2 K) sont actuellement inexistants alors qu’ils sont très demandés pour la réalisation de préamplificateurs à installer au plus près des détecteurs ou des dispositifs à la température de quelques dizaines de mK, dans le domaine de l’astrophysique, de la physique mésoscopique et de l’électronique spatiale. Une recherche menée depuis de nombreuses années au LPN vise à réaliser une nouvelle génération de HEMTs (High Electron Mobility Transistors) cryogéniques à haute performance pour répondre à ces demandes. Cette thèse, dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le CNRS/LPN et le CEA/IRFU, a pour but la réalisation de préamplificateurs cryogéniques pour des microcalorimètres à 50 mK.Les travaux de cette thèse consistent en des caractérisations systématiques des paramètres électriques et des bruits des HEMTs (fabriqués au LPN) à basse température. En se basant sur les résultats expérimentaux, l’une des sources de bruit à basse fréquence dans les HEMTs a pu être identifiée, c’est-à-dire la part du courant tunnel séquentiel dans le courant de fuite de grille. Grâce à ce résultat, les hétérostructures ont été optimisées pour minimiser le courant de fuite de grille ainsi que le niveau de bruit à basse fréquence. Au cours de cette thèse, différentes méthodes spécifiques ont été développées pour mesurer de très faibles valeurs de courant de fuite de grille, les capacités du transistor et le bruit 1/f du transistor avec une très haute impédance d’entrée. Deux relations expérimentales ont été observées, l’une sur le bruit 1/f et l’autre sur le bruit blanc dans ces HEMTs à 4.2 K. Des avancées notables ont été réalisées, à titre d’indication, les HEMTs avec une capacité de grille de 92 pF et une consommation de 100 µW peuvent atteindre un niveau de bruit en tension de 6.3 nV/√Hz à 1 Hz, un niveau de bruit blanc de 0.2 nV/√Hz et un niveau de bruit en courant de 50 aA/√Hz à 10 Hz. Enfin, une série de 400 HEMTs, qui répondent pleinement aux spécifications demandées pour la réalisation de préamplificateurs au CEA/IRFU, a été réalisée. Les résultats de cette thèse constitueront une base solide pour une meilleure compréhension du bruit 1/f et du bruit blanc dans les HEMTs cryogéniques afin de les améliorer pour les diverses applications envisagéesTransistors with low noise level at low frequency, low-power dissipation and operating at low temperature (≤ 4.2 K) are currently non-existent, however, they are widely required for realizing cryogenic preamplifiers which can be installed close to sensors or devices at a temperature of few tens of mK, in astrophysics, mesoscopic physics and space electronics. Research conducted over many years at LPN aims to a new generation of high-performance cryogenic HEMTs (High Electron Mobility Transistors) to meet these needs. This thesis, through the collaboration between the CNRS/LPN and the CEA/IRFU, aims for the realization of cryogenic preamplifiers for microcalorimeters at 50 mK.The work of this thesis consists of systematic characterizations of electrical and noise parameters of the HEMTs (fabricated at LPN) at low temperatures. Based on the experimental results, one of the low-frequency-noise sources in the HEMTs has been identified, i.e., the sequential tunneling part in the gate leakage current. Thanks to this result, heterostructures have been optimized to minimize the gate leakage current and the low frequency noise. During this thesis, specific methods have been developed to measure very low-gate-leakage-current values, transistor’s capacitances and the 1/f noise with a very high input impedance. Two experimental relationships have been observed, one for the 1/f noise and other for the white noise in these HEMTs at 4.2 K. Significant advances have been made, for information, the HEMTs with a gate capacitance of 92 pF and a consumption of 100 µW can reach a noise voltage of 6.3 nV/√ Hz at 1 Hz, a white noise voltage of 0.2 nV/√ Hz, and a noise current of 50 aA/√Hz at 10 Hz. Finally, a series of 400 HEMTs has been realized which fully meet the specifications required for realizing preamplifiers at CEA/IRFU. The results of this thesis will provide a solid base for a better understanding of 1/f noise and white noise in cryogenic HEMTs with the objective to improve them for various considered applications
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Jacquier, Yves. "Préamplificateur de courant bas-bruit pour le calorimètre électromagnétique d'ATLAS." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0541.
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La construction du détecteur ATLAS au CERN pour le futur collisionneur LHC a entre autres objectifs de mesurer la masse du boson de Higgs pour compléter le modèle standard et de permettre une approche expérimentale du modèle supersymétrique. L’une des parties maitresses du détecteur est le calorimètre électromagnétique, qui mesure l'énergie de particules (photons, électrons. . . ). La précision dans la mesure de l'énergie est limitée par le bruit électronique du préamplificateur qui est donc un élément crucial de la chaine d'acquisition. L’objet principal de cette thèse est l'étude d'un préamplificateur de courant place en dehors du cryostat (préamplificateur 0T), le signal étant convoyé hors du calorimètre par un câble. Une étude est faite d'un préamplificateur concurrent situé dans le calorimètre, afin d'en extraire les principales caractéristiques. Une modélisation théorique du préamplificateur 0T est ensuite présentée, notamment les effets du câble sur le signal et le bruit. L’étude de différentes versions réalisées permet de conclure à l'accord entre modèles et mesures. Dans les conditions de rapidité de l'expérience, les caractéristiques du 0T sont très compétitives avec celles du préamplificateur concurrent, le 0T présentant en outre des avantages de maintenance et de fiabilité. Cependant, les caractéristiques du seul préamplificateur prototype ne suffisent pas à conclure sur les performances de l'ensemble. L’impédance du câble relativement élevée augmente la diaphonie entre deux voies du calorimètre, mais son niveau est néanmoins acceptable. De plus la modélisation des corrélations de bruit par diaphonie montre que le bruit corrélé est négligeable pour les longueurs de câbles utilisées. De même, le calcul de la fonction d'autocréation du bruit en fonction du câble et les mesures sont en parfait accord, et permettent l'optimisation d'une méthode de filtrage numérique par échantillonnages multiples. Le 0T a été choisi pour équiper les 200000 voies du calorimètre électromagnétique d'ATLAS.
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Pruntel, Hendrik. "Bereiken wat mogelijk is : besluitvorming in de Brits-Nederlandse betrekkingen, 1914-1916 /." Enschede : Universiteit Twente, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40164492f.
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SUN, SHAOYING. "Conception et hybridation d'une chaine d'amplification spectrometrique a bas bruit de fond." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR13048.
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Mon travail a consiste a miniaturiser des instruments de mesure electronique pour des detecteurs germanium de grand volume dans le cadre d'une realisation des multidetecteurs eurogam. Notre instrument de mesure est base sur une integration verticale, c'est-a-dire que chaque voie est autonome jusqu'au codage. Differentes technologies modernes (hybride, cms, asic) ont ete utilisees pour realiser un sous l'ensemble qui integre a la fois la partie analogique et la partie numerique, minimise les interconnections tout en augmentant leurs fiabilites et vitesses. La partie essentielle de cette these a porte sur l'etude, la conception, et la realisation en technologie hybride d'une chaine d'amplification spectrometrique avec correction des defauts balistiques des detecteurs germaniums de grand volume
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GUILMIN, GWENAEL. "Contribution a la reduction de bruit dans un codeur de parole bas debit." Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10012.
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Ce memoire presente l'etude de l'association d'un reducteur de bruit mono-voie avec un codeur de parole bas debit. Apres un bref rappel des caracteristiques de la parole et de son codage, nous etudions l'impact de la presence d'un bruit additif sur les parametres vocaux que sont la frequence fondamentale, le voisement et l'enveloppe spectrale. Un premier test subjectif permet d'etablir que l'enveloppe spectrale represente le parametre le plus important vis-a-vis de l'intelligibilite du signal. Une etude sur l'association de plusieurs systemes de reduction de bruit en amont du codeur nous montre le gain important apporte a l'estimation des parametres et a l'intelligibilite du signal code. Nous proposons alors quatre systemes de reduction de bruit ; deux methodes sont externes au codeur et deux autres imbriquees avec le codeur. Pour completer le traitement, deux algorithmes de detection d'activite vocale sont egalement proposes, l'un base sur l'energie en sous-bande du signal et l'autre utilisant une approche statistique en estimant la probabilite de presence de la parole dans le signal. Finalement des mesures objectives, basees sur l'estimation des parametres du codeur, et un test d'intelligibilite du signal code nous donnent des resultats comparatifs des differents traitements. Le systeme le plus performant (mcpp : modified combined pre-processing) obtient en presence de bruit blanc une amelioration de 25 points du pourcentage d'estimation correcte de la frequence fondamentale, tandis que celui de l'information sur le voisement est ameliore de pres de 30 points et la distorsion de l'enveloppe spectrale est reduite de plus de 1db. Le taux d'intelligibilite du signal code est ameliore de plus de 8 points, en presence de bruit blanc, et de 4 points en presence de bruit rose et de bruit de foule. Le systeme reduction de bruit - codeur bas debit, que nous avons presente, est propose pour la nouvelle normalisation otan d'un codeur de parole a 2400bits/s.
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Mouchel, Myckael. "Développement de jonctions tunnel magnétiques bas bruit pour les capteurs de champ magnétique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY104.
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Les capteurs de champ magnétique à base de jonctions tunnel magnétiques sont parmi les solutions les plus prometteuses dans le cadre de la miniaturisation toujours plus poussée des composants. Crocus Technology, entreprise partenaire de cette thèse, conçoit depuis plusieurs années des capteurs parmi les plus petits du marché. Malgré leur très bonne sensibilité, ils présentent un bruit en 1/f très important dégradant fortement leur capacité à détecter des champs magnétiques de faible amplitude. Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans un contexte de réduction du bruit et d’amélioration de la détection de ces capteurs. Des études approfondies du bruit dans les capteurs commerciaux de Crocus ont été conduites afin de bâtir une bonne compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine de ce bruit. Ces études ont été menées grâce à un banc d’expérience spécifiquement destiné à la réalisation de mesures de bruit conjointement à une caractérisation magnéto-électrique des échantillons. Ainsi, nous avons pu relier le bruit mesuré au comportement des capteurs sous différentes conditions de champ magnétique en développant un modèle explicatif sur la base de « l’empreinte des propriétés magnétiques des échantillons sur leur bruit ». Cette thèse s’est achevée par un projet 6-sigma piloté par l’auteur et ayant permis de mettre en place les solutions nécessaires à la réalisation d’un objectif ambitieux de réduction du bruit. La détectivité a ainsi pu être améliorée de presque deux ordres de grandeur et ainsi atteindre les 13 nT/√Hz à 10 Hz en l’espace de quelques mois, sans dégrader l’intégrabilité des capteurs et en respectant des contraintes industriellesMagnetic tunnel junctions based magnetic field sensors are one of the most promising solutions in the framework of electronic components miniaturization. Crocus Technology, the industrial stakeholder of this thesis, has been designing some of the market smallest TMR sensors for several years. Despite their good sensitivity, they exhibit a large 1/f noise, deteriorating their capability to detect low magnetic fields. This thesis falls within a context of noise reduction and detection improvement of the sensors. In-depth noise studies of existing sensors have been performed in order to better apprehend the origins of such noise. These studies have been carried out thanks to a specifically designed experimental bench allowing simultaneous noise and magneto-electrical characterizations of the devices. Thereby, we have been able to link the observed noise to the response of the sensors under specific magnetic field conditions by developing an illustrative model based on “magnetic-to-noise fingerprint of the sensors”. This thesis was further completed by a 6-sigma project, led by the author, which allowed us to implement the needful solutions to answer an ambitious objective of noise reduction. The detectivity has been improved by nearly two orders of magnitude, thus reaching 13 nT/√Hz at 10 Hz in a few months, without deteriorating the integrability of the sensors while satisfying industrial constraints
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Marcand-Sauvant, Julie. "Impact d'une neuroinflammation transitoire ou chronique à bas bruit sur le fonctionnement neuronal." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21755/document.
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L’état fébrile et le vieillissement normal sont deux processus physiologiques conduisant à un déséquilibre hydrominéral de l'organisme. Ce déséquilibre se traduit par une déshydratation sévère qui peut être aggravée par des conditions climatiques comme nous l'avons vu durant l'été 2003. Dans les deux cas, fièvre et vieillissement, l'organisme répond par une stimulation du système hypothalamo-neurohypophysaire conduisant à l’augmentation de la libération de vasopressine ou hormone antidiurétique, qui pourrait prévenir une déshydratation possiblement critique. Cependant, les modalités d’activation des neurones vasopressinergiques (AVP) dans ces conditions restent inconnues.Le but des recherches réalisées dans cette thèse, a été de déterminer les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires responsables de l’activation des neurones vasopressinergiques (AVP) lors d’une réponse inflammatoire et au cours du vieillissement.Nous avons pu démontrer dans la première partie de ce travail que lors d’un épisode inflammatoire (mimé par une injection de lypopolysaccharide LPS) l’activité des neurones AVP est rapidement augmentée et cette activation est soutenue pendant plus de six heures. De plus, cette activation n’est pas due à un effet potentiel secondaire du LPS sur l'osmolarité plasmatique ou la pression artérielle. L’activation précoce des neurones AVP par le LPS semble être soutenue par l’IL-6 (qui mime les effets du LPS), puisque l’activation par le LPS est bloquée par une injection préalable d’anticorps anti-IL-6.Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous avons pu montrer le traitement chronique d’IGF-I chez le rat âgé permet de restaurer une fonction urinaire comparable à celle observée chez l’adulte, en agissant vraisemblablement directement sur les neurones AVP puisque le taux plasmatique d’AVP chez les rats âgés traités par l’IGF-I revient à des valeurs normales, i.e., équivalente à celle de rats adultes. Cette hypothèse est confortée par le fait que (i) les neurones AVP expriment le récepteur de l’IGF-I et qu’il n’y a pas de différence dans l’expression de ces récepteurs entre rats âgés et adultes, et (ii) les neurones AVP sont inhibés par l’IGF-I.Enfin, dans la dernière partie de ce travail, nous avons pu montrer que lors du vieillissement, les neurones AVP sont activés, ce qui se traduit par un taux plasmatique d’AVP élevé et un taux d’apeline très faible. De même, les astrocytes sont activés et ne présentent plus de plasticité morphofonctionelle. La microglie, en état d’alerte, ne semble pas jouer un rôle prépondérant dans cette suractivation neuronale et astrocytaire. De plus, cette suractivation neuronale est palliée par un traitement central par un anticorps anti-IL-6 ou un inhibiteur non sélectif des canaux TRPV. Cependant, un traitement central par un anticorps anti-IL-6 n’affecte pas l’expression des TRPV2 dans le noyau supra-optique (NSO). En conclusion générale, il apparait que :1/ L’IL-1 n’est pas le chef d’orchestre de tous les processus inflammatoires. En effet, dans le NSO, l’activation des neurones AVP est soutenue par l’IL-62/ La balance pro- / anti-inflammatoire est un élément importante du dysfonctionnement neuronal. Cependant, le facteur critique du dysfonctionnement des neurones AVP n’est pas la production excessive de facteurs inflammatoires mais l’insuffisante production compensatoire de facteurs anti-inflammatoires.3/ lors du vieillissement, la neuroinflammation responsable du dysfonctionnement des neurones AVP peut être qualifiée de type « chronique à bas bruit », processus dans lequel (i) la microglie, en alerte, voit sa réactivité décuplée lors d'une sollicitation inflammatoire supplémentaire; (ii) le cross-talk astrocytes-neurones est figé dans une configuration d'hyperactivité, semblable à celle observée à l'âge adulte en condition de stimulation physiologique soutenue (comme lors d'une déshydratation), mais qui empêche toute réponse appropriée du réseau à toute demande physiologique supplémentaire, quelle soit transitoire (comme la réponse à une injection aigüe de LPS ou de NaCl 9%) ou soutenue (déshydratation de 48h).Cependant, les données de la littérature montrent le rôle majeur de la microglie dans d'autres types de neuroinflammation dites à « haut bruit », et dont les effets délétères - qui vont du dysfonctionnement neuronal à la neuro-dégénérescence – trouvent leur origine dans la surexpression de molécules microgliales telles l'IL-1 ou le TNF. Pour tenter de comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans un tel dysfonctionnement et pour caractériser la nature du dysfonctionnement neuronal, nous avons mis au point un modèle pharmacologique de neuroinflammation à haut bruit, en injectant directement dans les NSO de l'IL-1. Nos données préliminaires montrent que le dysfonctionnement neuronal ainsi que les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires à l’origine de ce dysfonctionnement diffèrent de ceux observés lors du vieillissement : la microglie est activée et surexprime de nombreuses molécules inflammatoires, probablement à l’origine du dysfonctionnement neuronal (absence de pattern phasique, même lors d’une stimulation osmotique), puisque les astrocytes ne semblent pas être affectés. L’absence de pattern phasique à l’origine du faible taux d’AVP plasmatique traduit une perturbation des propriétés électrophysiologiques intrinsèques sous-tendant ce pattern phasique (récepteurs ; canaux ioniques) et/ou des afférences excitatrices (Glu ; ACh ; Na) ou inhibitrices (GABA) modulant cette activité phasiqueThe fever and normal aging are two physiological processes leading to water and mineral imbalance in the body. This imbalance results in severe dehydration which can be aggravated by climatic conditions as we saw during the summer of 2003. In both cases, fever and age, the body responds by stimulating the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system leading to increased release of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone, which could possibly prevent dehydration criticism. However, the modalities of activation of vasopressinergic neurons (AVP) in these conditions remain unknown. The aim of the research done in this thesis was to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the activation of vasopressinergic neurons (AVP) during an inflammatory response and during aging. We showed ,in the first part of this work, that during an inflammatory episode (mimicked by an injection of lypopolysaccharide LPS) the activity of AVP neurons is rapidly increased and this activation is sustained for more than six hours. Moreover, this activation is not due to a potential secondary effect of LPS on plasma osmolarity and blood pressure. The early activation of AVP neurons by LPS seems to be supported by IL-6 (which mimics the effects of LPS), since activation by LPS is blocked by prior injection of anti-IL-6. In the second part of this work, we showed chronic treatment of IGF-I in old rats can restore bladder function similar to that observed in adults, presumably by acting directly on neurons AVP as the rate plasma AVP in aged rats treated with IGF-I returned to normal values, ie, equivalent to that of adult rats. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that (i) AVP neurons express the receptor for IGF-I and there is no difference in the expression of these receptors between adult and aged rats, and (ii) AVP neurons are inhibited by IGF-I. Finally, in the latter part of this work, we showed that during aging, the AVP neurons are activated, which results in increased serum AVP level and a very low rate of apelin. Similarly, astrocytes are activated and show more morphofunctional plasticity. Microglia does not seem to play a role in neuronal and astrocytic overactivation. Moreover, this neuronal overactivation is overcome by a central processing by an anti-IL-6 or a nonselective TRPV channels. However, an icv treatment by an anti-IL-6 does not affect the expression of TRPV2 in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). In general conclusion, it appears that: 1 / IL-1 is not the conductor of all inflammatory processes. Indeed, in the NSO, the activation of AVP neurons is sustained by IL-6 2 / the balance of pro-/ anti-inflammatory is significant in neuronal dysfunction. However, the critical factor in the dysfunction of AVP neurons is not the excessive production of inflammatory factors, but the insufficient production of compensatory anti-inflammatory factors. 3 / during aging, neuroinflammation responsible for the dysfunction of AVP neurons can be classified as type "chronic and low-grade" process in which (i) microglia, in alert, saw its reactivity increased tenfold during inflammatory additional solicitation; (ii) cross-talk astrocyte-neuron is stuck in a pattern of hyperactivity, similar to that observed in adulthood under conditions of sustained physiological arousal (such as in dehydration), but that would prevent the proper response network to any additional physiological demand, which is transient (as the response to acute injection of LPS or NaCl 9%) or sustained (48 h dehydration). However, literature data show the important role of microglia in other types of neuroinflammation called "high grade", and whose deleterious effects - ranging from neuronal dysfunction to neurodegeneration - are rooted in Microglial overexpression of molecules such as IL-1 or TNF . In an attempt to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in such dysfunction and to characterize the nature of neuronal dysfunction, we have developed a pharmacological model of neuroinflammation high grade by injecting IL-1 directly into the SON. Our preliminary data show that neuronal dysfunction and the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this dysfunction differ from those observed during aging: activated microglia overexpressing many inflammatory molecules, probably at the origin of neuronal dysfunction ( absence of phasic pattern, even during osmotic stimulation), since astrocytes do not appear to be affected. The absence of phasic pattern causing the low plasma AVP reflects a disturbance of intrinsic electrophysiological properties underlying the phasic pattern (receptors, ion channels) and / or afferent excitatory (Glu, ACh, Na) or inhibitory (GABA) modulating the phasic activity
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Grémion, E. "Transistor balistique quantique et HEMT bas-bruit pour la cryoélectronique inférieure à 4.2 K." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00315433.
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Pour augmenter la résolution globale des détecteurs à très basse température, aujourd'hui couramment utilisés dans de nombreux champs de la physique des particules et de l'univers, les expériences à venir ne pourront faire l'économie du développement d'une cryo-électronique performante, à la fois moins bruyante et plus proche du détecteur. Dans ce contexte, ce travail s'intéresse aux possibilités offertes par les gaz d'électrons bidimensionnels (2DEG) GaAlAs/GaAs à travers l'étude expérimentale de deux composants distincts : les QPC (Quantum Point Contact) et les HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor). En s'appuyant sur la quantification de la conductance dans les QPC, phénomène issu de la physique mésoscopique, un transistor balistique quantique fonctionnant à 4.2 K a été réalisé. Le transport électronique à travers les bandes 1D permet d'obtenir un gain en tension supérieur à 1 avec une puissance dissipée d'environ 1 nW. En raison de leur très faible capacité d'entrée, ces dispositifs constituent également des candidats idéaux pour multiplexer des matrices de bolomètres haute impédance (collaboration DCMB). Les HEMT présentent des performances compatibles avec une utilisation à basse température, ayant une puissance dissipée de ~ 100 µW et un gain supérieur à 20. Le faible bruit en tension équivalent en entrée (1.2 nV/Hz1/2 à 1 kHz et 0.13 nV/Hz1/2 à 100 kHz) ouvre la voie à leur utilisation dans la lecture de détecteur de forte impédance. Conformément à la loi de Hooge, ces performances sont obtenues au détriment d'une capacité d'entrée élevée estimée à environ 60 pF.
Books on the topic "Brit bat"
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ʻAlmah, Kohen-Vardi, ed. Ḳabalat panim: Śimḥat ha-bat u-verit milah. Tel Aviv: ʻAlma, mikhlalah ʻIvrit, 2002.
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Eliram, Shelomoh. Berit shalom: Ha-sefer kolel hilkhot ṿe-seder ha-milah ... hilkhot ṿe-seder pidyon ha-ben ... bat teḥilah ... hilkhot mezuzah ... Yerushalayim: Sh. Eliram, 1993.
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Eliyahu, Manasseh Yaakov, Ḥayim ʻAbdallah Farag', and Menasheh Menasheh, eds. Darakh kokhav mi-Yaʻaḳov: Seder berit milah ṿe-zeved ha-bat kefi minhag Bagdad ṿe-khol ha-Sefaradim ṿa-ʻadot ha-Mizraḥ : meduyaḳ meʼod be-takhlit ha-dayeḳanut. Nyu-Yorḳ: Y.E.M. Publishing, 1985.
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Martin, Bril, ed. De bril van Chabot: De mooiste gedichten van Bart Chabot. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2008.
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Blo-bzaṅ-dar-rgyas-rgya-mtsho. Draṅ ṅes rnam ʼbyed kyi zin bris dkaʼ gnas gsal bar byed paʼi sgron me. Bylakupee, Mysore: SMCPC Book, 1997.
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Carol Geronès, Lídia. Un bric-à-brac de la Belle Époque. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-434-9.
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Fortuny (1983) by Pere Gimferrer is the only novel (at least to date) that the author has written in Catalan and it represents one of the most unique novels of contemporary Hispanic narrative. The aims of the present study are mainly two: to shed light on one of the most important, but least studied, works by Pere Gimferrer, the greatest representative of Hispanic creativity for the Post-War Generation, and to analyse critical reception of the work and show how the novel has evolved from the time of publication in 1983 until today. This essay consists of three major parts: the study of critical reception, the narratological analysis of the text and the unveiling of the textual, but above all visual, references that make up the novel. The latter allows us to explain two essential elements of the novel: the imaginary Fortuny on the one hand and, on the other, the novel’s intertextual concrete figure of speech, its ekphrasis. The study of this intentionally visual character of the novel not only wanted to highlight the importance of two arts to which Gimferrer has always paid special attention – we refer to cinema and painting – but has also demonstrated the desire of the writer to innovate the Catalan narrative scene, using different literary devices to push the limits of the genre novel.
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Jacobsen, Mary-Elaine. The brat stops here!: 5 weeks (or less) to no more tantrums, arguing, or bad behavior. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2006.
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Jacobsen, Mary-Elaine. The brat stops here!: 5 weeks (or less) to no more tantrums, arguments, or bad behavior. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2006.
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author, Jaeger Yitzchok, ed. Guidelines: Questions & answers about the major events of life : pregnancy and birth, bris, pidyon haben, bar mitzvah, marriage, mourning. Brooklyn, N.Y: Menucha Publishers, 2011.
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1974 yon tan rgya mtsho/ ldong yon tan rgya mtsho. bod chen po'i srid lugs dang 'brel ba'i rgyal rabs deb ther dkar po'i zin bris dpyod ldan smra ba'i 'bab stegs. Zi ling: Cang hA glog rdul dpe skrun khang, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Brit bat"
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Thaliyakkattil, Srikanth. "The BRI and the Good, Not So Good and Bad Business with India." In China’s Achilles’ Heel, 139–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8425-7_5.
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Wijaya, Suryani Eka, and Muhammad Imran. "Complexities of Urban Transport in Low-Income Asian Cities." In Moving the Masses: Bus-Rapid Transit (BRT) Policies in Low Income Asian Cities, 1–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2938-8_1.
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Wijaya, Suryani Eka, and Muhammad Imran. "Conceptualising Policy Tensions in LIA Cities." In Moving the Masses: Bus-Rapid Transit (BRT) Policies in Low Income Asian Cities, 31–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2938-8_2.
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Wijaya, Suryani Eka, and Muhammad Imran. "Transport Planning and Policies in Indonesia." In Moving the Masses: Bus-Rapid Transit (BRT) Policies in Low Income Asian Cities, 51–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2938-8_3.
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Wijaya, Suryani Eka, and Muhammad Imran. "Transport Policies and Planning in Bandung." In Moving the Masses: Bus-Rapid Transit (BRT) Policies in Low Income Asian Cities, 75–113. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2938-8_4.
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Wijaya, Suryani Eka, and Muhammad Imran. "Transport Policies and Planning in Surabaya." In Moving the Masses: Bus-Rapid Transit (BRT) Policies in Low Income Asian Cities, 115–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2938-8_5.
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Wijaya, Suryani Eka, and Muhammad Imran. "Policy Tensions in Transport Planning." In Moving the Masses: Bus-Rapid Transit (BRT) Policies in Low Income Asian Cities, 155–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2938-8_6.
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Wijaya, Suryani Eka, and Muhammad Imran. "Conclusion." In Moving the Masses: Bus-Rapid Transit (BRT) Policies in Low Income Asian Cities, 183–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2938-8_7.
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"CROSS COUNTRY." In Faculty Brat, 44–45. University of Iowa Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx077j9.19.
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"Author’s Note." In Faculty Brat, vii—viii. University of Iowa Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx077j9.2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Brit bat"
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Szabó-Zsoldos, Gábor. "Bantuk, britek, búrok és Afrika déli része a búr háború egyik magyar résztvevőjének szemszögéből." In Idegen hadakban. Eszterházy Károly Katolikus Egyetem Líceum Kiadó, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17048/magyarkatonakavilagtajain.2022.51.
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Szakmai berkekben is kevéssé ismert tény, hogy a Brit Birodalom egyik legjelentősebb 19. századi erőpróbája, a búr háború vagy más néven a dél-afrikai háború (1899–1902) számos magyar vonatkozással rendelkezik. A hadi események értékelése kapcsán kialakult közéleti vita búr- és britbarát résztvevői egyaránt előszeretettel szemlélték a búr köztársaságok (Transvaal és Oranje Szabad Állam), valamint a brit erők küzdelmét az 1848–1849-es forradalom és szabadságharc emlékezetének aspektusából. A brit hadsereg Magyarországon vásárolt, mint utólag kiderült, vélhetőleg silány minőségű lovakat. A botrány a brit és magyar törvényhozásban is komoly viták tárgyát képezte. A 20. századi magyar irodalom nagy alakjai (pl. Ady és Kosztolányi) pedig reflektáltak a búr háborúra. A dél-afrikai frontok és Magyarország közti legközvetlenebb és talán legérdekesebb kapcsolódási pontot viszont a háborút megjárt magyarok jelentik. Közéjük tartozik Péchy Tibor, aki 1896-ban vándorolt ki Transvaalba, majd a háborúban, 1900. január–szeptember közt harcolt a búrok oldalán. A tanulmány bemutatja Péchy nézőpontját, különös figyelmet szentelve annak a kérdésnek, hogy a magyar önkéntes dél-afrikai kézirataiban miként látja az idegen kultúrákat, amelyek képviselőivel a búr háború kitörése előtt és alatt találkozott először.
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Roberts-Tebejane, Brenda. "Poor implemetation of local economic development policies: The district development model impact on the national and regional free trade market." In 2nd International Engaged Scholarship Conference. ScienceOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14293/sblunisa.2023a005.brt.
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Dong, Sheng, Yun-Seok Kang, John Bolte, Jason Stammen, and Kevin Moorhouse. "Experimental Investigation of Friction Between Vehicle Air Bag Material and Head Skin for Humans and Crash Test Dummies." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23334.
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Abstract Motor vehicle crashes can produce serious head or brain injuries due to contact with interior vehicle structures. It has been found through both field data analysis and experimental testing that many of these brain injuries occur in oblique crashes, even with the deployment of air bags. Research has determined that rotational head velocity is strongly correlated to the risk of brain injury through metrics such as Brain Rotational Injury Criteria (BrIC). The severity of rotational head motion could be related to the friction force developed during contact between the head and air bags. Although crash test dummy head skins are designed with appropriate mass properties and anthropometry as well as material type and thickness to emulate the proper impact response of the human head, it is not known whether they accurately represent the frictional properties of human skin during air bag interaction. This study experimentally characterized the friction coefficient between human skin and air bag fabrics using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Skin samples were harvested from different locations (forehead, cheeks, chin) from specimens of post-mortem human subjects (PMHS). Fabric samples were cut from six different air bags spanning various vehicle manufacturers and interior mounting locations. For comparison, four types of dummy head skin samples were also tested against the air bag samples. Friction was measured between different skinair bag material combinations at various linear velocities and normal forces. It was determined that the difference between human and dummy skin friction with the air bag samples varied significantly among different air bags; however, the effect of linear speed, normal force, and human skin sample harvesting location on friction coefficient is negligible. Except for one air bag fabric, the friction coefficients of the dummy skin are higher than those quantified for human skin.
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Andrieux, V., M. Auguste, D. Boyer, A. Cavaillou, C. Clarke, P. Febvre, S. Gaffet, et al. "Characterisation of magnetic field fluctuations at different locations within the Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit using a new SQUID magnetometer prototype." In i-DUST 2010. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/idust/201102003.
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Araújo Lima, Cristina de. "Configuração urbana e o sistema BRT de Curitiba – Brasil: investigando a qualidade espacial do entorno de terminais: uma metodologia em construção." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6145.
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Otimizar o consumo de espaço e recursos naturais é uma meta recomendável para atingir maior sustentabi-lidade urbana, assim como racionalizar e gerenciar eficientemente os fluxos urbanos. O presente artigo apresenta uma etapa de uma pesquisa no campo do Desenho Urbano que questiona como se configuram os espaços do entorno de terminais de ônibus. O objetivo é refletir sobre resultados e consequências de projetos urbanos (urban design), principalmente aqueles que afetam parcelas significativas da população, como as condições de mobilidade em centros metropolitanos. Curitiba é pólo de uma região metropolitana formada por 29 municípios, sendo que 13 deles são abrangidos pelo sistema de transporte integrado RIT, que transporta diariamente cerca de 2 milhões de usuários. A justificativa para o estudo deriva da ampliação do sistema RIT em face à expansão periurbana, limitações ambientais e otimização do uso do solo urbani-zado. A metodologia é de pontuação por categorias de elementos existentes e escala de valores, como primeira etapa para obter indicadores para gestão ambiental urbana. Optimizing the occupation of space and the use of natural resources is a recommended goal in order to achieve greater urban sustainability, and so is rationalizing and managing efficiently urban flow. This article presents a step of a research in the field of Urban Design that questions how are urban spaces configured in the surroundings of bus stations. The objective is to reflect about results and consequences of urban pro-jects (urban design), especially those affecting a significant part of the population, such as mobility condi-tions in metropolitan centers. Curitiba is the pole of a metropolitan area composed by 29 municipalities, but 13 of them comprised by the integrated transportation system known as RIT, which transports approximately 2 million users daily. The study is justified by the upcoming extension of the RIT system in face of peri-urban growing, environmental limits and the balance for urbanized soil needs. The methodology is of punctuating per categories existing elements and scales of values as first stage as to obtain pointers to manage the ur-ban environment.
Reports on the topic "Brit bat"
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Corsetto, Lisa, César P. Bouillon, Daniel Oviedo, Lynn Scholl, and Cheryl Gray. Approach Paper: An Evaluation of the Effects of IDB Supported BRT Systems on Mobility and Access for the Poor in Cali and Lima. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010640.
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Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have become an increasingly popular approach to addressing mobility and environmental problems in urban areas in Latin America and around the world. Building on OVE's recent evaluation, this analysis of BRT Systems and Poverty in Cali and Lima aims to expand the aforementioned evaluation of the BRT project results with respect to their objectives of improving mobility and access for the poor.
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Corsetto, Lisa, César P. Bouillon, Maya Jansson, Daniel Oviedo, and Lynn Scholl. Urban Transport and Poverty: Mobility and Accessibility Effects of IDB-supported BRT Systems in Cali and Lima. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010655.
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This evaluation expands a previous evaluation of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight of the BRT project results with respect to their objectives of improving mobility and access for the poor. It assesses the effects of Cali's and Lima's BRT systems on mobility and accessibility of the poor, with a specific focus on the integration of feeder lines in the poor areas of the cities, taking into account pre-existing public transit operations. In addition, OVE identifies determinants of and barriers to BRT use among the poor in Lima and Cali. In particular, the analysis assesses the systems' coverage, affordability, and accessibility and the relative roles of access times, in-vehicle time, and monetary costs in explaining mobility preferences, in order to improve the design and operation of future BRT systems with pro-poor objectives.
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Batarce, Marco, Sebastian Raveau, Juan Carlos Muñoz, Juan de Dios Ortúzar, Carlos Mojica, and Ramiro Alberto Ríos Flores. Evaluation of Passenger Comfort in Bus Rapid Transit Systems. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009244.
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Passenger crowding is one of the main problems in Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems. This document presents an analysis and valuation of passenger crowding in two Latin American BRT systems. First, there is a literature review on methods for valuation of crowding in public transportation. Second, there is a summary with the main characteristics of the mass transport systems of Bogota (Transmilenio) and Santiago de Chile (Transantiago). Third, the report shows the survey design for the stated preference scenarios, describes the collected information and presents the model estimation and key results. Finally the report discusses and analyzes policies for improving comfort level in the BRT systems.
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Rivadeneira, Alex. Public Transportation and Consumer Prices: Chain Stores, Street Vendors and Mom and Pop Stores. Banco de México, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36095/banxico/di.2024.02.
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Improving public transport infrastructure changes local market conditions. In this paper, I examine the impact of the construction and operation of "Metrobus", Mexico City's Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system on consumer prices in chain stores, street vendors, and small family-owned (mom and pop) stores. I do so through a panel event study design. I consider the construction and operation of BRT as two different phenomena; while the former is associated to street closures, the latter reduces transportation costs. I show that only prices in mom and pop stores respond to changes in local market conditions produced by the introduction of BRT. For these businesses, construction pressures prices downwards; in contrast, operation is associated with partial price recoveries. I cannot reject a null effect in prices from chain stores or street vendors.
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Scholl, Lynn, and Alejandro Guerrero. Comparative Case Studies of Three IDB-supported Urban Transport Projects: Cali Case Study Annex. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009256.
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This case study presents the main findings and lessons learned from implementing a BRT system in Cali, to inform a larger comparative case study evaluation of IDB-supported integrated mass transit projects. The case study seeks to identify factors that affected success and created challenges and barriers to effective implementation of the Cali system. In addition, it assesses the extent to which the project delivered on key objectives: improving mobility and access for the general public, and particularly for low-income populations, and reducing local and global pollution.
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Trembeczki, Zsolt. Blue Chip Networks: Two Case Studies of Countering the Belt and Road Initiative. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2021.65.
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While debates over China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) dominate the discourse over global infrastructure development, countries sceptical of the purpose or potential of the BRI have launched multiple alternative initiatives. This analysis compares two case studies: the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) launched by Japan and India in 2017, in part building on Japan’s Quality Infrastructure concept, and the G7’s 2021 Build Back Better World (B3W) plan, which is effectively a follow-up on the Blue Dot Network announced by the United States, Japan, and Australia in 2019. The paper concludes that the set of high financial and project quality standards of these initiatives may lead to better overall return but also prohibitive initial costs, while admirable goals like gender equity or digitised governance may not always respond adequately to the infrastructure priorities of developing countries. Furthermore, while these initiatives rely heavily on mobilising private capital, the literature clearly shows that infrastructure projects, especially in developing regions, are typically rather unattractive for private investors. Nevertheless, with a staggering USD 15 trillion gap in projected needs and actual spending on global infrastructure by 2040, there is no reason for a zero-sum competition between Chinese and Western connectivity programmes. Thus, Hungary should remain open to all and not commit exclusively to any of these initiatives.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
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The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Rebollo, Andrés. Apoyo en la implementación del programa Portais da Cidade de Porto Alegre. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007578.
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Presentación expuesta durante el seminario "Desarrollo de Infraestructura para un Crecimiento Económico Sostenible. Lecciones Aprendidas de la Experiencia Española", llevado a cabo en Madrid, España, octubre, 2009. Uno de los principales componentes en la estrategia sectorial de la administración de Porto Alegre, Brasil, consiste en la renovación y ampliación de los corredores troncales de transporte público colectivo, a fin de resolver los problemas de degradación ambiental y urbana del centro y de integrar la red de transporte colectivo. El objetivo de esta presentación es analizar la solución elegida por las autoridades competentes, la cual consiste en un sistema de Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) que ha sido altamente exitoso y está siendo implantado en varias ciudades de Latinoamérica.
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Scholl, Lynn, Margareth Celse L'Hoste, Oscar Quintanilla, and Alejandro Guerrero. Approach paper: Comparative Case Studies: IDB Supported Urban Transport Projects. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010559.
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The IDB's support for Urban Transportation projects in Latin America has grown rapidly in recent years, with annual lending volume for the urban transport sector growing by 36% from 2005 to 2012, comprising more than 20 percent of the transport sector lending portfolio by 2012. This support is likely to continue growing in the next decade due to several institutional commitments, programs, and strategies, including the GCI-9 Agreement, the Sustainable Transport Action Plan (REST-AP), the Sustainable Cities Program, and the Rio+20 Commitments. The objective of these comparative case studies is to identify lessons learned from Bank supported integrated mass transit projects involving bus rapid transit (BRT) systems as a central component. In light of the growing importance of urban transport sector in the region and in the Bank's portfolio, the evaluation findings will help identify factors that affect the successes, challenges, and barriers to effective implementation Bank supported integrated urban transport system projects and inform future Bank urban transportation operations, as well as identify possible future urban transportation evaluation needs.
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Montoya Robledo, Valentina, Valeria Bernal Carvajal, Laureen Montes Calero, José Rodrigo Rendón, Connie Gabriela Lozano, Denisse Hernández, and Jacqueline Johana Peña. Género y transporte: San Salvador. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003718.
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El área metropolitana de San Salvador está compuesta por 14 municipios. La misma cuenta con una población de cerca de 1.800.000 habitantes que representan el 27% de la población total de El Salvador. El 54% de la población son mujeres. De éstas, un 72%, utilizan buses como su principal medio de transporte, según la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2018, El Salvador Cómo Vamos. El BRT ha sufrido una serie de inconvenientes tras la decisión judicial que eliminó el carril exclusivo. Antes de la pandemia ya no contaba con un carril exclusivo, sino que otros vehículos compartían el carril con los buses del SITRAMSS. Mientras en 2017 viajaban 40,000 pasajeros por día, antes de la pandemia por el COVID-19 habían disminuido a cerca de un tercio, y con la pandemia la reducción fue más drástica. El operador suspendió operaciones en el mes de abril de 2020 argumentado problemas financieros derivados de la pandemia. Por su parte, el Estado salvadoreño suspendió la operación general del transporte público en el período comprendido entre el 7 de mayo de 2021 y el 23 de agosto de 2021. A pesar de la reapertura del transporte público el 23 de agosto, el operador del SITRAMSS ha indicado que funcionar bajo las condiciones establecidas por el protocolo de bioseguridad no es viable financieramente, por lo que no ha restablecido el servicio. Por su lado, el Viceministerio de Transporte se encuentra siguiendo un proceso sancionatorio, para lograr el restablecimiento del mismo.