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1
Lindau, Buff. "Chloe's Bat Mitzvah." Bridges: A Jewish Feminist Journal 12, no. 2 (October 2007): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/bri.2007.12.2.18.
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Waldén, Tomas B., Ida R. Hansen, James A. Timmons, Barbara Cannon, and Jan Nedergaard. "Recruited vs. nonrecruited molecular signatures of brown, “brite,” and white adipose tissues." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 302, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): E19—E31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2011.
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Mainly from cell culture studies, a series of genes that have been suggested to be characteristic of different types of adipocytes have been identified. Here we have examined gene expression patterns in nine defined adipose depots: interscapular BAT, cervical BAT, axillary BAT, mediastinic BAT, cardiac WAT, inguinal WAT, retroperitoneal WAT, mesenteric WAT, and epididymal WAT. We found that each depot displayed a distinct gene expression fingerprint but that three major types of depots were identifiable: the brown, the brite, and the white. Although differences in gene expression pattern were generally quantitative, some gene markers showed, even in vivo, remarkable depot specificities: Zic1 for the classical BAT depots, Hoxc9 for the brite depots, Hoxc8 for the brite and white in contrast to the brown, and Tcf21 for the white depots. The effect of physiologically induced recruitment of thermogenic function (cold acclimation) on the expression pattern of the genes was quantified; in general, the depot pattern dominated over the recruitment effects. The significance of the gene expression patterns for classifying the depots and for understanding the developmental background of the depots is discussed, as are the possible regulatory functions of the genes.
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Giralt, Marta, and Francesc Villarroya. "White, Brown, Beige/Brite: Different Adipose Cells for Different Functions?" Endocrinology 154, no. 9 (June 19, 2013): 2992–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1403.
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a major site of nonshivering thermogenesis in mammals. Rodent studies indicated that BAT thermogenic activity may protect against obesity. Recent findings using novel radiodiagnosis procedures revealed unanticipated high activity of BAT in adult humans. Moreover, complex processes of cell differentiation leading to the appearance of active brown adipocytes have been recently identified. The brown adipocytes clustered in defined anatomical BAT depots of rodents arise from mesenchymal precursor cells common to the myogenic cell lineage. They are being called “classical” or “developmentally programmed” brown adipocytes. However, brown adipocytes may appear after thermogenic stimuli at anatomical sites corresponding to white adipose tissue (WAT). This process is called the “browning” of WAT. The brown adipocytes appearing in WAT derive from precursor cells different from those in classical BAT and are closer to the white adipocyte cell lineage. The brown adipocytes appearing in WAT are often called “inducible, beige, or brite.” The appearance of these inducible brown adipocytes in WAT may also involve transdifferentiation processes of white-to-brown adipose cells. There is no evidence that the ultimate thermogenic function of the beige/brite adipocytes differs from that of classical brown adipocytes, although some genetic data in rodents suggest a relevant role of the browning process in protection against obesity. Although the activation of classical BAT and the browning process share common mechanisms of induction (eg, noradrenergic-mediated induction by cold), multiple novel adrenergic-independent endocrine factors that activate BAT and the browning of WAT have been identified recently. In adult humans, BAT is mainly composed of beige/brite adipocytes, although recent data indicate the persistence of classical BAT at some anatomical sites. Understanding the biological processes controlling brown adipocyte activity and differentiation could help the design of BAT-focused strategies to increase energy expenditure and fight against obesity.
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Reynés, Bàrbara, Estefanía García-Ruiz, Paula Oliver, and Andreu Palou. "Gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells is affected by cold exposure." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 309, no. 8 (October 15, 2015): R824—R834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00221.2015.
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Because of the discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans, there is increased interest in the study of induction of this thermogenic tissue as a basis to combat obesity and related complications. Cold exposure is one of the strongest stimuli able to activate BAT and to induce the appearance of brown-like (brite) adipocytes in white fat depots (browning process). We analyzed the potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to reflect BAT and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) response to 1-wk cold acclimation (4°C) at different ages of rat development (1, 2, 4, and 6 mo). As expected, cold exposure increased fatty acid β-oxidation capacity in BAT and rWAT (increased Cpt1a expression), explaining increased circulating nonesterified free fatty acids and decreased adiposity. Cold exposure increased expression of the key thermogenic gene, Ucp1, in BAT and rWAT, but only in 1-mo-old animals. Additionally, other brown/brite markers were affected by cold during the whole developmental period studied in BAT. However, in rWAT, cold exposure increased studied markers mainly at early age. PBMCs did not express Ucp1, but expressed other brown/brite markers, which were cold regulated. Of particular interest, PBMCs reflected adipose tissue-increased Cpt1a mRNA expression in response to cold (in older animals) and browning induction occurring in rWAT of young animals (1 mo) characterized by increased Cidea expression and by the appearance of a high number of multilocular CIDE-A positive adipocytes. These results provide evidence pointing to PBMCs as an easily obtainable biological material to be considered to perform browning studies with minimum invasiveness.
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Gharanei, Seley, Kiran Shabir, James E. Brown, Martin O. Weickert, Thomas M. Barber, Ioannis Kyrou, and Harpal S. Randeva. "Regulatory microRNAs in Brown, Brite and White Adipose Tissue." Cells 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9112489.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of short noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNA, inducing translational repression and messenger RNA degradation. This regulation of gene expression by miRNAs in adipose tissue (AT) can impact on the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis, particularly considering the different types of adipocytes which exist in mammals, i.e., white adipocytes (white AT; WAT), brown adipocytes (brown AT; BAT), and inducible brown adipocytes in WAT (beige or brite or brown-in-white adipocytes). Indeed, an increasing number of miRNAs has been identified to regulate key signaling pathways of adipogenesis in BAT, brite AT, and WAT by acting on transcription factors that promote or inhibit adipocyte differentiation. For example, MiR-328, MiR-378, MiR-30b/c, MiR-455, MiR-32, and MiR-193b-365 activate brown adipogenesis, whereas MiR-34a, MiR-133, MiR-155, and MiR-27b are brown adipogenesis inhibitors. Given that WAT mainly stores energy as lipids, whilst BAT mainly dissipates energy as heat, clarifying the effects of miRNAs in different types of AT has recently attracted significant research interest, aiming to also develop novel miRNA-based therapies against obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related diseases. Therefore, this review presents an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the role of key regulatory miRNAs in BAT, brite AT, and WAT.
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Sharp, Louis Z., Kosaku Shinoda, Haruya Ohno, David W. Scheel, Emi Tomoda, Lauren Ruiz, Houchun Hu, et al. "Human BAT Possesses Molecular Signatures That Resemble Beige/Brite Cells." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 16, 2012): e49452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049452.
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Hübner, Kurt. ""Wer Macht bat, kann sich alles erlauben!"." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 20, no. 81 (December 1, 1990): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v20i81.1184.
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Seit mehreren Jahren wird die »Hegemoniekrise der USA« und deren Auswirkungen auf die Funktionsweise der globalen kapitalistischen Ökonomie breit diskutiert. Aus der empirischen Feststellung eines relativen Rückgangs der ökonomischen Stärke der USA wird in vielen Beiträgen der Schluß gezogen, die USA hätten innerhalb der Weltwirtschaft an ökonomischer Macht verloren. Die These lautet, daß eine solche Schlußfolgerung sich allein analytisch unzureichenden Machtkonzepten verdankt, die diesen Untersuchungen zugrunde gelegt werden. Im Gegensatz zu der Mehrheit der Literatur wird behauptet, daß von einer Hegemoniekrise nur gesprochen werden kann, wenn und weil die USA ihre strukturale Macht zur Verfolgung interner politischer und ökonomischer Ziele einsetzen.
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Mastronardi, Leonardo J., Carlos A. Romero, and Sebastián Nicolás González. "Interregional analysis using a bi-regional input-output matrix for Argentina." Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 53 (September 15, 2022): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.22.014.
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This paper presents a regional case study using a Bi-Regional Input-Output (BRIO) matrix of Buenos Aires City (BAC) and the Rest of Argentina (ROA), constructed from the Argentinian Input-Output matrix. A hybrid approach was applied to obtain the BRIO matrix, which combines pure non-survey methods with matrix-balancing methods like RAS or Cross-Entropy. Once the BRIO matrix was obtained, our study has focused on analyzing the BAC regional structure and the interconnections between regions. We have also estimated the regional and national carbon footprint for the BAC and Argentina, respectively. Results show that service and industry sectors play an important role in the economy of BAC and some of them have strong interregional spillover effects over the rest of the country. In addition, the results also show that sectors on BAC with the highest regional multipliers are also the ones with highest emissions.
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Zamaluddin Zamaluddin, Abdul Rochim, Mabruri Andatu, and Rifki Saputra. "Hukum Jual Beli Saham BRIS di Komunitas Syariah Saham dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Positif." Mandub : Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 1, no. 4 (November 27, 2023): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.59059/mandub.v1i4.718.
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Sharia shares are a form of ordinary shares which have special characteristics in the form of strict control regarding the halal scope of business activities. One of the shares listed on the stock exchange belongs to BRI Syariah. Bri Syariah is a sharia bank that has sharia shares. BRI Syariah with the ticker BRIS conducted an initial share offering. Currently, many people are interested in BRIS shares. The increase in BRIS shares is due to the increasing number of people showing interest in sharia finance. Sharia capital markets are capital market activities that do not conflict with sharia principles in the capital market. The explanation of the phenomena stated above provides a gap that requires urgent further research related to the law of buying and selling BRIS shares in the sharia share community from the perspective of Islamic and positive law. This research is normative juridical research that is qualitative in nature. Normative juridical research is a process for determining legal rules, legal principles and legal doctrines. In this research, the approach used is a statutory approach and an analytical approach. From the results of the author's research, it was found that the process of buying and selling BRIS shares from an Islamic legal perspective must avoid several aspects, namely Bai' al-Hamisy and Bai' al-Maksyuf. The practice of buying and selling BRIS shares in the Sharia Shares Community begins with a contract process that is adapted to DSN-MUI No.80 of 2011 and the process of buying and selling BRIS shares from a positive legal perspective has been carried out safely and in accordance with Financial Services Authority (OJK) regulations. buying and selling BRIS shares is permitted based on the perspective of Islamic law. The perspective of Islamic law regulates that buying and selling must avoid several aspects, namely Bai' al-Hamisy and Bai' al-Maksyuf. The practice of buying and selling BRIS shares in the Sharia Shares Community begins with a contract process adapted to DSN-MUI No.8 of 2011, namely mudharabah, ijarah, musyarakah and syirkah contracts.
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Abreu-Vieira, Gustavo, Carolina E. Hagberg, Kirsty L. Spalding, Barbara Cannon, and Jan Nedergaard. "Adrenergically stimulated blood flow in brown adipose tissue is not dependent on thermogenesis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 308, no. 9 (May 1, 2015): E822—E829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00494.2014.
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis relies on blood flow to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen and for the distribution of the generated heat to the rest of the body. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the mechanisms by which blood flow is regulated and its relation to thermogenesis. Here, we present high-resolution laser-Doppler imaging (HR-LDR) as a novel method for noninvasive in vivo measurement of BAT blood flow in mice. Using HR-LDR, we found that norepinephrine stimulation increases BAT blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and that this response is profoundly modulated by environmental temperature acclimation. Surprisingly, we found that mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) have fully preserved BAT blood flow response to norepinephrine despite failing to perform thermogenesis. BAT blood flow was not directly correlated to systemic glycemia, but glucose injections could transiently increase tissue perfusion. Inguinal white adipose tissue, also known as a brite/beige adipose tissue, was also sensitive to cold acclimation and similarly increased blood flow in response to norepinephrine. In conclusion, using a novel noninvasive method to detect BAT perfusion, we demonstrate that adrenergically stimulated BAT blood flow is qualitatively and quantitatively fully independent of thermogenesis, and therefore, it is not a reliable parameter for the estimation of BAT activation and heat generation.
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Beijer, Emiel, Janna Schoenmakers, Guy Vijgen, Fons Kessels, Anne-Marie Dingemans, Patrick Schrauwen, Miel Wouters, Wouter Van Marken Lichtenbelt, Jaap Teule, and Boudewijn Brans. "A role of active brown adipose tissue in cancer cachexia?" Oncology Reviews 6, no. 1 (June 12, 2012): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2012.e11.
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Until a few years ago, adult humans were not thought to have brown adipose tissue (BAT). Now, this is a rapidly evolving field of research with perspectives in metabolic syndromes such as obesity and new therapies targeting its bio-energetic pathways. White, brown and socalled brite adipose fat seem to be able to trans-differentiate into each other, emphasizing the dynamic nature of fat tissue for metabolism. Human and animal data in cancer cachexia to date provide some evidence for BAT activation, but its quantitative impact on energy expenditure and weight loss is controversial. Prospective clinical studies can address the potential role of BAT in cancer cachexia using <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scanning, with careful consideration of co-factors such as diet, exposure to the cold, physical activity and body mass index, that all seem to act on BAT recruitment and activity.
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Cedikova, Miroslava, Michaela Kripnerová, Jana Dvorakova, Pavel Pitule, Martina Grundmanova, Vaclav Babuska, Dana Mullerova, and Jitka Kuncova. "Mitochondria in White, Brown, and Beige Adipocytes." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6067349.
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Mitochondria play a key role in energy metabolism in many tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Three types of adipose depots can be identified in mammals, commonly classified according to their colour appearance: the white (WAT), the brown (BAT), and the beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy and BAT is predominantly responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that adipocyte mitochondria might play an important role in the development of obesity through defects in mitochondrial lipogenesis and lipolysis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, apoptosis, production of oxygen radicals, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. This review summarizes the main characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype and describes morphological and functional modifications focusing on mitochondria and their activity in healthy and unhealthy adipocytes.
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WHITAKER, JOHN O., and LOUIS R. DOUGLAS. "Bat Rabies in Indiana." Journal of Wildlife Management 70, no. 6 (December 2006): 1569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2006)70[1569:brii]2.0.co;2.
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Chen, W., S. Zollman, J. L. Couderc, and F. A. Laski. "The BTB domain of bric à brac mediates dimerization in vitro." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 6 (June 1995): 3424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.6.3424.
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The gene bric à brac (bab) is required for the proper development of the limbs and ovary in Drosophila melanogaster. bab encodes a BTB domain (also called a POZ domain), an approximately 115-amino-acid conserved motif found primarily in the N termini of zinc finger proteins. In this paper, we show that the BTB domain of bab can mediate protein dimerization in vitro. In addition, we demonstrate that the first 51 amino acids of the bab BTB domain are sufficient for dimerization, and we identify amino acids within this region that are required for binding.
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Kaur, Kulvinder Kochar, Gautam Nand Allahbadia, and Mandeep Singh. "Brown adipose tissue in the form of innovative approach for polycystic ovary syndrome treatmentstill long time to reach clinical arena: a narrative review." MOJ Women s Health 12, no. 2 (August 2, 2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojwh.2023.12.00316.
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Brown adipose tissue(BAT)portrays a specialized tissue, possessing a crucial part in metabolism as well as energy expenditure(EE) via adaptive non shivering thermogenesis .Recently it has assumed a significant part in the treatment of obesity along with metabolic disease.The thermogenesis action of BAT is brought about by uncoupling protein1 (UCP1 ),that uncouples adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation from oxidation of energy substrates.Having reviewed earlier various aspects of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathophysiology,treatment,role in trans generational PCOS transferalong with role of BAT pathophysiology,beige/brite adipocytes in the treatment of obesity along with metabolic disease here we decided to further evaluate the possible part of (BAT in PCOS. Thus anarrative review was carried out using the pubmed, Web of Science , Medline, Embase, Cochrane reviews, and Google Scholar, Search engine with the MeSH Terms;PCOS; impaired lipid metabolism; Brown Adipose tissue (BAT); White Adipose tissue(WAT); oxidative stress;inflammation;obesity ;T2DM); Type 1 diabetes (T1D); role of natural substances for PCOStherapy like rutin ,berberine;resveratrol ; weight reduction; browning of WAT ;Macrophage Polarization from 1990 till date in 2023.We found a total of 250 articles ,out of which we selected 100 articles for this review.No meta-analysis was done.The endocrine action of brown Adipocytes impacts the energy balanceof glucose as well as lipid homeostasis thus impacting the correlation of BAT activity along with metabolic profile . PCOS mirrors a , complicated reproductive as well asmetabolic condition of women in their reproductive age . functional aberrations in adipose tissue have been illustrated in PCOS patients .Multiple studies have illustrated that BAT possesses the capacity of controlling the properties of PCOS as well as escalating BAT mass/activity were efficacious in the therapy of PCOS. Via cold stimulation,BAT transplantation as well as activationwith substances like rutin hypoglycemia can be attained.
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Khare, Pragyanshu, Aakriti Chauhan, Vibhu Kumar, Jasleen Kaur, Neha Mahajan, Vijay Kumar, Adam Gesing, Kanwaljit Chopra, Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi, and Mahendra Bishnoi. "Bioavailable Menthol (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-8 Agonist) Induces Energy Expending Phenotype in Differentiating Adipocytes." Cells 8, no. 5 (April 26, 2019): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8050383.
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Recent evidence supports the role of menthol, a TRPM8 agonist, in enhanced energy expenditure, thermogenesis and BAT-like activity in classical WAT depots in a TRPM8 dependent and independent manner. The present study was designed to analyse whether oral and topical administration of menthol is bioavailable at subcutaneous adipose tissue and is sufficient to directlyinduce desired energy expenditure effects. GC-FID was performed to study menthol bioavailability in serum and subcutaneous white adipose tissue following oral and topical administration. Further, 3T3L1 adipocytes were treated with bioavailable menthol doses and different parameters (lipid accumulation, “browning/brite” and energy expenditure gene expression, metal analysis, mitochondrial complex’s gene expression) were studied. No difference was observed in serum levels but significant difference was seen in the menthol concentration on subcutaneous adipose tissues after oral and topical application. Menthol administration at bioavailable doses significantly increased “browning/brite” and energy expenditure phenotype, enhanced mitochondrial activity related gene expression, increased metal concentration during adipogenesis but did not alter the lipid accumulation as well as acute experiments were performed with lower dose of menthol on mature adipocytes In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that bioavailable menthol after single oral and topical administration is sufficient to induce “brite” phenotype in subcutaneous adipose tissue However, critical dose characterization for its clinical utility is required.
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Lorente-Cebrián, Silvia, Katya Herrera, Fermín I. Milagro, Juana Sánchez, Ana Laura de la Garza, and Heriberto Castro. "miRNAs and Novel Food Compounds Related to the Browning Process." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 5998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235998.
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Obesity prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. With the discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, BAT activation has emerged as a potential strategy for increasing energy expenditure. Recently, the presence of a third type of fat, referred to as beige or brite (brown in white), has been recognized to be present in certain kinds of white adipose tissue (WAT) depots. It has been suggested that WAT can undergo the process of browning in response to stimuli that induce and enhance the expression of thermogenesis: a metabolic feature typically associated with BAT. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small transcriptional regulators that control gene expression in a variety of tissues, including WAT and BAT. Likewise, it was shown that several food compounds could influence miRNAs associated with browning, thus, potentially contributing to the management of excessive adipose tissue accumulation (obesity) through specific nutritional and dietetic approaches. Therefore, this has created significant excitement towards the development of a promising dietary strategy to promote browning/beiging in WAT to potentially contribute to combat the growing epidemic of obesity. For this reason, we summarize the current knowledge about miRNAs and food compounds that could be applied in promoting adipose browning, as well as the cellular mechanisms involved.
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Schraier, Silvio. "Simposio 10: Browning del tejido adiposo blanco mediado por el ejercicio: su importancia, mecanismo y eficacia." Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes 56, no. 3Sup (September 1, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47196/diab.v56i3sup.522.
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El tejido adiposo de mamíferos se clasificaba como blanco (WAT) y marrón o parda (BAT) acorde a su morfología y función. El WAT sirve para el almacenamiento de energía, mientras que el BAT es generador de calor que mantiene la temperatura corporal central y colabora en la prevención de la obesidad. Esta generación de calor es a través de la proteína de desacoplamiento mitocondrial 1 (UCP1). En los últimos años, se sugirió que hay dos tipos distintos de grasa parda: 1) la clásica derivada de un linaje celular myf-5; 2) las células positivas para UCP1 que emergen en la grasa blanca de un linaje no myf-5. Se creía que, en humanos, el BAT solo estaba presente desde el nacimiento hasta los 10 años de edad, y que BAT y WAT eran dos tipos independientes. Pero se encontraron células positivas para UCP1 que se denominó Beige o Brite (BeAT). El BeAT se parece a la BAT por su morfología y función, pero su desarrollo está más relacionado con la WAT. La síntesis de BeAT, el llamado pardeamiento de la grasa blanca, se ha convertido en un tema de actualidad en la investigación de diabetes mellitus (DM), obesidad, ejercicio físico, etc. Esto se debe a su efecto favorable sobre el metabolismo energético de todo el cuerpo y al hecho de que puede ser reclutado durante la vida adulta. Se demostró que tanto BAT como BeAT intervienen en la homeostasis de la glucosa, la sensibilidad a la insulina y el metabolismo de los lípidos, todos factores relacionados con la patogenia de la DM2.
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Lear, Pamela V., David González-Touceda, Begoña Porteiro Couto, Patricia Viaño, Vanessa Guymer, Elena Remzova, Ruth Tunn, et al. "Absence of Intracellular Ion Channels TPC1 and TPC2 Leads to Mature-Onset Obesity in Male Mice, Due to Impaired Lipid Availability for Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose Tissue." Endocrinology 156, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1766.
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Abstract Intracellular calcium-permeable channels have been implicated in thermogenic function of murine brown and brite/beige adipocytes, respectively transient receptor potential melastin-8 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-4. Because the endo-lysosomal two-pore channels (TPCs) have also been ascribed with metabolic functionality, we studied the effect of simultaneously knocking out TPC1 and TPC2 on body composition and energy balance in male mice fed a chow diet. Compared with wild-type mice, TPC1 and TPC2 double knockout (Tpcn1/2−/−) animals had a higher respiratory quotient and became obese between 6 and 9 months of age. Although food intake was unaltered, interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) maximal temperature and lean-mass adjusted oxygen consumption were lower in Tpcn1/2−/− than in wild type mice. Phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase expression, lipid density and expression of β-adrenergic receptors were also lower in Tpcn1/2−/− BAT, whereas mitochondrial respiratory chain function and uncoupling protein-1 expression remained intact. We conclude that Tpcn1/2−/− mice show mature-onset obesity due to reduced lipid availability and use, and a defect in β-adrenergic receptor signaling, leading to impaired thermogenic activity, in BAT.
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Zhang, Lei, Anna Evans, Chris von Ruhland, Mohd Shazli Draman, Sarah Edkins, Amy E. Vincent, Rolando Berlinguer-Palmini, et al. "Distinctive Features of Orbital Adipose Tissue (OAT) in Graves’ Orbitopathy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 9145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239145.
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Depot specific expansion of orbital-adipose-tissue (OAT) in Graves’ Orbitopathy (GO) is associated with lipid metabolism signaling defects. We hypothesize that the unique adipocyte biology of OAT facilitates its expansion in GO. A comprehensive comparison of OAT and white-adipose-tissue (WAT) was performed by light/electron-microscopy, lipidomic and transcriptional analysis using ex vivo WAT, healthy OAT (OAT-H) and OAT from GO (OAT-GO). OAT-H/OAT-GO have a single lipid-vacuole and low mitochondrial number. Lower lipolytic activity and smaller adipocytes of OAT-H/OAT-GO, accompanied by similar essential linoleic fatty acid (FA) and (low) FA synthesis to WAT, revealed a hyperplastic OAT expansion through external FA-uptake via abundant SLC27A6 (FA-transporter) expression. Mitochondrial dysfunction of OAT in GO was apparent, as evidenced by the increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitofusin-2 (MFN2) in OAT-GO compared to OAT-H. Transcriptional profiles of OAT-H revealed high expression of Iroquois homeobox-family (IRX-3&5), and low expression in HOX-family/TBX5 (essential for WAT/BAT (brown-adipose-tissue)/BRITE (BRown-in-whITE) development). We demonstrated unique features of OAT not presented in either WAT or BAT/BRITE. This study reveals that the pathologically enhanced FA-uptake driven hyperplastic expansion of OAT in GO is associated with a depot specific mechanism (the SLC27A6 FA-transporter) and mitochondrial dysfunction. We uncovered that OAT functions as a distinctive fat depot, providing novel insights into adipocyte biology and the pathological development of OAT expansion in GO.
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Kiskinis, Evangelos, Lemonia Chatzeli, Edward Curry, Myrsini Kaforou, Andrea Frontini, Saverio Cinti, Giovanni Montana, Malcolm G. Parker, and Mark Christian. "RIP140 Represses the “Brown-in-White” Adipocyte Program Including a Futile Cycle of Triacyclglycerol Breakdown and Synthesis." Molecular Endocrinology 28, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2013-1254.
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Abstract Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a corepressor of nuclear receptors that is highly expressed in adipose tissues. We investigated the role of RIP140 in conditionally immortal preadipocyte cell lines prepared from white or brown fat depots. In white adipocytes, a large set of brown fat-associated genes was up-regulated in the absence of RIP140. In contrast, a relatively minor role can be ascribed to RIP140 in the control of basal gene expression in differentiated brown adipocytes because significant changes were observed only in Ptgds and Fabp3. The minor role of RIP140 in brown adipocytes correlates with the similar histology and uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA staining in knockout compared with wild-type brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast, RIP140 knockout sc white adipose tissue (WAT) shows increased numbers of multilocular adipocytes with elevated staining for uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA. Furthermore in a white adipocyte cell line, the markers of BRITE adipocytes, Tbx1, CD137, Tmem26, Cited1, and Epsti1 were repressed in the presence of RIP140 as was Prdm16. Microarray analysis of wild-type and RIP140-knockout white fat revealed elevated expression of genes associated with cold-induced expression or high expression in BAT. A set of genes associated with a futile cycle of triacylglycerol breakdown and resynthesis and functional assays revealed that glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity as well as [3H]glycerol incorporation were elevated in the absence of RIP140. Thus, RIP140 blocks the BRITE program in WAT, preventing the expression of brown fat genes and inhibiting a triacylglycerol futile cycle, with important implications for energy homeostasis.
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Solikhawati, Anisa, and Andriani Samsuri. "Evaluasi Bank Syariah Indonesia Pasca Serangan Siber: Pergerakan Saham dan Kinerja." Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 9, no. 3 (November 23, 2023): 4201. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v9i3.10309.
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This study aims to determine the movement of BRIS shares after the cyber attack on May 8 2023. BRIS, which is owned by PT. Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk experienced a decrease in share price due to a system error. Digital transaction services had stopped, such as BSI Mobile, ATMs and tellers at branch offices unable to serve customers. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The results show that the stock price movement has decreased until June 26 2023 and BSI's performance seen from the KPMM, ROA and BOPO ratios received the criteria of being healthy and good. Meanwhile, the FDR ratio of Islamic banks is considered bad because it has poor liquidity.
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Li, Yongguo, and Tobias Fromme. "Uncoupling Protein 1 Does Not Produce Heat without Activation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052406.
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Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is the crucial mechanistic component of heat production in classical brown fat and the newly identified beige or brite fat. Thermogenesis inevitably comes at a high energetic cost and brown fat, ultimately, is an energy-wasting organ. A constrained strategy that minimizes brown fat activity unless obligate will have been favored during natural selection to safeguard metabolic thriftiness. Accordingly, UCP1 is constitutively inhibited and is inherently not leaky without activation. It follows that increasing brown adipocyte number or UCP1 abundance genetically or pharmacologically does not lead to an automatic increase in thermogenesis or subsequent metabolic consequences in the absence of a plausible route of concomitant activation. Despite its apparent obviousness, this tenet is frequently ignored. Consequently, incorrect conclusions are often drawn from increased BAT or brite/beige depot mass, e.g., predicting or causally linking beneficial metabolic effects. Here, we highlight the inherently inactive nature of UCP1, with a particular emphasis on the molecular brakes and releases of UCP1 activation under physiological conditions. These controls of UCP1 activity represent potential targets of therapeutic interventions to unlock constraints and efficiently harness the energy-expending potential of brown fat to prevent and treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Herz, Carsten T., and Florian W. Kiefer. "Adipose tissue browning in mice and humans." Journal of Endocrinology 241, no. 3 (June 2019): R97—R109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0598.
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In the midst of an obesity epidemic, the promotion of brown adipose tissue (BAT) function and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets to increase energy expenditure and counteract weight gain. Despite the fact that the thermogenic potential of bone fide BAT in rodents is several orders of magnitudes higher than white fat containing brite/beige adipocytes, WAT browning represents a particularly intriguing concept in humans given the extreme amount of excess WAT in obese individuals. In addition, the clear distinction between classic brown and beige fat that has been proposed in mice does not exist in humans. In fact, studies of human BAT biopsies found controversial results suggesting both classic brown and beige characteristics. Irrespective of the true ‘color’, accumulating evidence suggests the induction of thermogenic adipocytes in human WAT depots in response to specific stimuli, highlighting that WAT browning may occur in both, mice and humans. These observations also emphasize the great plasticity of human fat depots and raise important questions about the metabolic properties of thermogenically active adipose tissue in humans and the potential therapeutic implications. We will first review the cellular and molecular aspects of selected adipose tissue browning concepts that have been identified in mouse models with emphasis on neuronal factors, the microbiome, immune cells and several hormones. We will also summarize the evidence for adipose tissue browning in humans including some experimental pharmacologic approaches.
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Ettredge, Michael L., Jean C. Bedard, and Karla M. Johnstone. "Empirical Tests of Audit Budget Dynamics." Behavioral Research in Accounting 20, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria.2008.20.2.1.
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Previous research in nonaudit contexts suggests that managers design budgets based on prior performance relative to budget targets, and that this “ratcheting” response can be asymmetrical (i.e., greater increase in target following good performance than the decrease in target following correspondingly bad performance). This implies a dynamic view of budgeting, in which the budget is an endogenous feature of the business environment, a perspective that is rare in the auditing literature. We hypothesize and find asymmetric budget ratcheting by audit firm supervisors in a sample of audit engagements. Further, we find that engagement teams' reported hours also vary asymmetrically with prior budget variance. Our results suggest temporal interdependence between audit firm supervisors and engagement teams as both parties act strategically to adapt budgeting and reporting behavior based on prior budget variances, with associated implications for audit quality.
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Couderc, Jean-Louis, Dorothea Godt, Susan Zollman, Jiong Chen, Michelle Li, Stanley Tiong, Sarah E. Cramton, Isabelle Sahut-Barnola, and Frank A. Laski. "Thebric à braclocus consists of two paralogous genes encoding BTB/POZ domain proteins and acts as a homeotic and morphogenetic regulator of imaginal development inDrosophila." Development 129, no. 10 (May 15, 2002): 2419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.10.2419.
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The bric à brac (bab) locus acts as a homeotic and morphogenetic regulator in the development of ovaries, appendages and the abdomen. It consists of two structurally and functionally related genes, bab1 and bab2, each of which encodes a single nuclear protein. Bab1 and Bab2 have two conserved domains in common, a BTB/POZ domain and a Psq domain, a motif that characterizes a subfamily of BTB/POZ domain proteins in Drosophila. The tissue distribution of Bab1 and Bab2 overlaps, with Bab1 being expressed in a subpattern of Bab2. Analysis of a series of mutations indicates that the two bab genes have synergistic, distinct and redundant functions during imaginal development. Interestingly, several reproduction-related traits that are sexually dimorphic or show diversity among Drosophila species are highly sensitive to changes in the bab gene dose, suggesting that alterations in bab activity may contribute to evolutionary modification of sex-related morphology.
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Rose, Anna M., Jacob M. Rose, and Carolyn Strand Norman. "Material Control Weakness Corrections: The Enduring Effects of Trust in Management." Behavioral Research in Accounting 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-51467.
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ABSTRACT We examine whether investors alter their assessments of investment risk in response to corrections of material control weaknesses and the nature of the original disclosure of the weaknesses. Rose et al. (2010) find that the effect of the pervasiveness of control weaknesses is moderated by the extent of disclosure such that more detailed disclosure mitigates (exacerbates) the negative effect of more (less) pervasive weaknesses. They also conclude that trust in management is an underlying cause of this effect because high levels of disclosure for non-pervasive weaknesses are viewed as attempts to disguise bad news, while high levels of disclosure for pervasive weaknesses are viewed as honest. Based upon the findings from an experiment, we find evidence to indicate that the form of control weakness disclosures creates enduring effects on investors, even after remediation of control weaknesses. Our results indicate that the effects of trust persist after control weaknesses are remediated.
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Pinsker, Robert. "Primacy or Recency? A Study of Order Effects When Nonprofessional Investors are Provided a Long Series of Disclosures." Behavioral Research in Accounting 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria.2011.23.1.161.
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ABSTRACT: Firms have the incentive to aggregate multiple pieces of good and bad news together in a consistent direction (i.e., all positive news or all negative news) and disclose it either sequentially or all together (simultaneously) in order to reduce the risk of stock price volatility or large stock price declines. Unfortunately for investors, disclosure patterns such as these may result in order effects, which reduce decision quality. My paper examines the results of three experiments in order to determine: (1) which order effect, if any, results when long series of consistent direction voluntary disclosures are made, and (2) if the sequential or simultaneous nature of the disclosures exacerbates any order effect found. The first two experiments use undergraduates as participants, while the third experiment uses actual nonprofessional investors to try and tease out explanations for the experimental findings. I find recency effects for all conditions in all experiments, and significantly greater recency effects for the sequential conditions relative to the simultaneous conditions in the 40-cue experiments. Additionally, results of the supplemental experiment provide evidence that nonprofessional investors can be information seeking and active in their investment decision-making, which can prohibit attention decrement. Findings contribute to the voluntary disclosure, judgment and decision-making (JDM), and belief revision literatures, as well as highlight the context-specific nature of the belief-adjustment model’s predictions.
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Mol Lous, M., E. Weenk, M. A. Kenworthy, K. Zwintz, and R. Kuschnig. "A search for transiting planets in the β Pictoris system." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731941.
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Context. Transiting exoplanets provide an opportunity for the characterization of their atmospheres, and finding the brightest star in the sky with a transiting planet enables high signal-to-noise ratio observations. The Kepler satellite has detected over 365 multiple transiting exoplanet systems, a large fraction of which have nearly coplanar orbits. If one planet is seen to transit the star, then it is likely that other planets in the system will transit the star too. The bright (V = 3.86) star β Pictoris is a nearby young star with a debris disk and gas giant exoplanet, β Pictoris b, in a multi-decade orbit around it. Both the planet’s orbit and disk are almost edge-on to our line of sight. Aims. We carry out a search for any transiting planets in the β Pictoris system with orbits of less than 30 days that are coplanar with the planet β Pictoris b. Methods. We search for a planetary transit using data from the BRITE-Constellation nanosatellite BRITE-Heweliusz, analyzing the photometry using the Box-Fitting Least Squares Algorithm (BLS). The sensitivity of the method is verified by injection of artificial planetary transit signals using the Bad-Ass Transit Model cAlculatioN (BATMAN) code. Results. No planet was found in the BRITE-Constellation data set. We rule out planets larger than 0.6 RJ for periods of less than 5 days, larger than 0.75 RJ for periods of less than 10 days, and larger than 1.05 RJ for periods of less than 20 days.
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Shulman, Gerald. "Quality of Processed Blood for Autotransfusion." Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 32, no. 1 (March 2000): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ject/2000322011.
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Centrifugal red blood cell washers for intraoperative autotransfusion process shed blood during surgery. In this study, the quality of processed fresh, human bank blood was assessed in a standardized laboratory setting during standard, medium, and high flow processing. Red cell recovery rates and plasma washout efficiencies were compared using three different devices. The accurate parameters measuring effectiveness and product quality were red cell mass (RCM) flow rate and the plasma washout efficiency. Cobe BRAT 2, a system with discontinuous flow (DF) and a cylindrical centrifuge bowl, permitted processing in standard and medium flow of 26 and 35 mL RCM/min, respectively, with washout of residual plasma albumin of 93.2 and 91.2%. The Medtronic Sequestra 1000, a DF system with a conical centrifuge bowl processed blood at 15 and 23 mL RCM/min and eliminated plasma albumin with 98.4 and 96.8% washout during standard and medium flow, respectively, with significant red cell loss occurring during medium flow. The respective speeds of high-flow programs with BRAT 2 and Sequestra 1000 were 15 and 22 mL RCM/min, related to a hematocrit in the holding bag, less than that of the incoming blood from the reservoir. Washout was 58.2 and 58.3%, respectively. Fresenius CATS, a continuous flow (CF) device, produced flow rates of 19, 24, and 43 mL RCM/min and plasma albumin elimination of 97.8, 94.4, and 93.3% in standard, medium, and high-flow, respectively. Holding bag hematocrits with CF exceeded that of DF. Standard, medium, and high-flow programs of CATS may be used without restriction.
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Rezq, Samar, Alexandra M. Huffman, Maryam Syed, Jelina Basnet, Jussara M. do Carmo, Sydney P. Moak, Licy L. Yanes Cardozo, and Damian G. Romero. "MicroRNA-21 Modulates White Adipose Tissue Browning and Altered Thermogenesis in a Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A775—A776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1577.
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Abstract Background and Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with obesity, and white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysregulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate WAT and BAT derangements in PCOS are poorly understood. Subcutaneous (SC) WAT (SC-WAT) can transition to a beige/brite adipose tissue phenotype (browning) under altered thermogenic conditions. MicroRNAs play critical functions in brown adipocyte differentiation and maintenance. We aim to study the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in androgen-mediated browning and beiging derangements in both SC-WAT and BAT. Methods: Three week-old miR-21 knockout (miR21KO) or wild type (WT) female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 8 mg/silastic tube) or vehicle for 90 days (n=12/grp). Body composition was measured by EchoMRI. Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Glucose homeostasis was measured by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). HOMA-IR index was calculated from fasting serum glucose and insulin levels. Gene expression for browning (UCP1, Cox7a1, Elov3, Dio2 and Cidea) and beiging (Hspb7 and Txb1) markers was quantified by RT-qPCR in SC-WAT and BAT. Results: DHT increased body weight (25.07 ± 0.52 vs 21.79 ± 0.47 g, p<0.05) and fat mass (4.60 ± 0.46 vs 1.98 ± 0.12 g, p<0.05), impaired OGTT (186.10 ± 5.99 vs 250.70 ± 14.76 mg.min/dL, p<0.05), and did not significantly change EE, VO2 or VCO2 in WT mice. All browning markers were downregulated by DHT in SC-WAT; however, only iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2) downregulation reached significance in both SC-WAT and BAT (by 53 and 40%, respectively) compared with the vehicle-treated mice. Beiging markers were significantly upregulated in SC-WAT and did not change in BAT. DHT-treated miR21KO mice showed attenuated DHT-mediated increase in body weight (23.84 ± 0.99 vs 25.07 ± 0.52 g, p<0.05) compared with WT mice. MiR-21 ablation did not modify DHT-mediated increase in fat mass or OGTT but worsened insulin resistance as calculated by the HOMA-IR index. Additionally, DHT-treated miR21KO mice showed a trend to reduced EE, VO2 and VCO2 values compared with DHT-treated WT. Gene expression analysis showed an exacerbation in DHT-mediated reduction in browning markers expression in the SC-WAT. Additionally, the induction in the adaptive beiging response was abolished in SC-WAT. Conclusion and Significance: These findings suggest that adipose tissue miR-21 may have a protective role in PCOS and ameliorate the DHT-mediated decrease in energy expenditure. Adipose tissue-specific modulation of miR-21 levels could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PCOS-associated metabolic derangements. (Supported by NIH grants NIGMS P20GM121334 to LLYC and DGR, NIDDK R21DK113500 to DGR, NIGMS P20GM104357 and NHLBI P01HL51971).
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Author, No. "March Of Medicine." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.900.
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Pseudotumor cerebri and corticosteroid therapy. A.E. Walker, M.D., and J.J. Adamkiewicz, M.D. Baltimore. J.A.M.A. 188: 9 (June 1, 1964) 779.Tetracycline in the Treatment of Cholera.W.B. Greenough, M D , R S Gordon. Jr.,M.D., T.S. Rosenberg. M.D..B.T. Davies, M.D. THE LANCET 1 : 7329 (Feb. 15, 1964)355.Medical Radiations and Leukaemia : a Retrospective Survey. F.W. Gunz and H.R. Atkinson.Brit.Med.Jou. (Feb. 15,1964) 389.Radiology in Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease. W. Morrice McCrae and Elizadeth M.Sweet. Brit.Med.Jou. (July 18,1964) 163.Long-term Administration of Corn Oil in Management of Patients after Myocardial Infarction : A Four-year Study. W.C. Watson, M B., M.R.C.P., M.R.C.P. Glasg. Brit. Med. Jou. (Nov. 30,1963) 1366.Evidence for "Rebound" Hypercoagulability After Stopping Anticoagulants. L.Poller,M.D.,J.Thomson, A.I.M.L.T. THE LANCET 2:7350 (July 11, 1964) 62.Ampicillin in Treatment of Salmonella typhi Carriers. J.M.F. Whitby, L.M.S.S.A. THE LANCET 2 : 7350 (July 11, 1964) 71.Comparison of Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol in Treatment of Paratyphoid Fever. R.A. Sieet, G.Sangster, and J. McC. Murdooh. Brit.Med.Jou.(Jan.18,1961) 148.Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Abnormal Serum Lipids. O.Fitzgerald, A. Heffernan, P. Brennan, R. Mulcahy, J.J. Fennelly, and R. Mulcahy, J.J. Fennelly, and R. McFarlane-Brit.Med.Jou. (Jan. 18, 1964) 157.
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Dennis, Sean A., Brian M. Goodson, and Christopher A. Pearson. "Online Worker Fraud and Evolving Threats to the Integrity of MTurk Data: A Discussion of Virtual Private Servers and the Limitations of IP-Based Screening Procedures." Behavioral Research in Accounting 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-18-044.
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ABSTRACT We identify a pervasive, yet previously undocumented threat to the reliability of MTurk data—and discuss how this issue is symptomatic of opportunities and incentives that facilitate fraudulent behavior within online recruitment platforms. In doing so, we explain how IP addresses were never intended to identify individuals and are likely insufficient to identify and mitigate emergent risks around data integrity. We discuss MTurk samples for two studies that include alarming proportions of participants who circumvent an entire set of conventional sample screening methods—and provide disturbingly low-quality responses. These “bad actors” exploited inherent limitations of IP screening procedures by using virtual private servers (VPS) that concealed the IP address of their local devices. While service providers now help target this abuse, the underlying limitations of IP screening procedures remain. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued diligence within the research community to identify and mitigate evolving threats to data integrity.
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Wu, Zhiyu. "Non-shivering thermogenesis and its current advances in clinical trials targeting obesity." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 8 (August 17, 2022): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1212.
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Obesity is a major risk factor for adverse cardiometabolic events such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiometabolic diseases are the number one cause of death globally. Despite being the leading cause of death, many therapeutics targeted at its risk factors such as obesity have limited effectiveness. This limited effectiveness warrants research into novel strategies to combat obesity. Past literature established an inverse relationship between obesity and thermogenic activity. Research in thermogenesis has made unprecedented progress in the past decade. Based on this progress, thermogenesis has been proposed as a novel target for treating obesity. Thermogenesis is targeted due to its ability to expend excess energy such as fat in the form of heat. This conversion from fat to heat is mostly done by brown and brite adipocytes in brown adipose tissue (BAT). This review presents current advances in clinical trials related to the therapeutic application of non-shivering thermogenesis. Each clinical trial topic is highlighted and summarized. This paper summarized sympathetic nervous system activation (cold-induced, pharmacologically activated, and thyroid hormones), and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels on non-shivering thermogenesis. Advanced knowledge in non-shivering thermogenesis allows researchers to harness its vast therapeutic potential to combat obesity.
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Fonseca Raposo, Helena. "Tecido adiposo: suas cores e versatilidade." HU Revista 46 (December 29, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/1982-8047.2020.v46.31268.
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Introdução: O tecido adiposo e suas células tem sido amplamente estudados devido à sua relação íntima com a obesidade. Objetivo: Identificar aspectos históricos e relevantes sobre o avanço na compreensão da função metabólica do tecido adiposo, sobretudo quanto ao seu potencial como alvo terapêutico no controle de doenças metabólicas. Materiais e Métodos: Foi feita uma revisão narrativa da literatura, sem restrição de data, priorizando fontes primárias indexadas pela base de dados PubMed. Resultados: As evidências da existência de tecido adiposo com propriedades termogênicas demonstrada em humanos adultos promoveram grande interesse no estudo do tecido adiposo, em razão de seu potencial terapêutico no controle da obesidade. A plasticidade e versatilidade do tecido adiposo são evidenciadas pelos diversos tipos de adipócitos hoje estudados. Os classicamente conhecidos: branco (WAT) e marrom (BAT), e o mais recentemente descoberto: bege (beige/brite), também conhecido como tecido adiposo marrom induzível; além dos adipócitos rosa e os de medula óssea. Enquanto o WAT é responsável por estocar o excesso de energia na forma de lipídeos, estando diretamente relacionado à obesidade, o BAT, por apresentar alta capacidade oxidativa, pode influenciar no aumento da taxa metabólica corporal, reduzindo a obesidade. Nesse contexto, o tecido adiposo bege apresenta dupla função: Comporta-se como o branco, armazenando o excesso de energia ou, quando estimulado (exposição ao frio, estimulação simpática), tem seu programa termogênico ativado, elevando a expressão de UCP1 (Uncoupling Protein-1) a níveis semelhantes aos do tecido adiposo marrom e promovendo maior dissipação de energia. O tecido adiposo se apresenta versátil por se adaptar à diferentes condições metabólicas, em contextos específicos como na lactação, na hematopoiese, por sua atuação como órgão endócrino ou na modulação do metabolismo energético. Conclusão: Assim, a compreensão de aspectos funcionais e moleculares dos adipócitos, nos possibilita identificar novas formas de tratamento para distúrbios metabólicos.
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Boetel, M. A., B. W. Fuller, D. R. Bergland, and D. D. Walgenbach. "Comparative Efficacy of Grasshopper Bran Baits in Corn and Ditch Borders, 1989." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/15.1.184a.
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Abstract Two studies using bran bait were conducted at White, SD. Study 1 investigated the use of bran in roadside ditches to suppress early season grasshopper outbreaks. Roadside plots were 60.9 m long by 14.6 m wide. Bran was applied on 9 Jun with a Brie-mar Model 60 bran bait applicator. Ditch foliage was mixed grasses and ranged 20 to 75 cm in height. Pre- and postapplication grasshopper counts were made using a standard sweep net with 8 sweeps constituting a 1.0 m2 sample. A completely random design with 4 subsamples were collected pre- and 3 d postapplication. The twostriped grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), was the predominant species. In study 2 Lorsban bait was used at different rates and formulations. Corn plots 60.9 by 58.4 m were marked off on 27 May and treatments arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. First and 2nd instar M. bivittatus nymphs were feeding on 8.0 cm seedling corn. The field was essentially free of weeds, which left corn as the only available grasshopper food source. Pre- and postapplication grasshopper counts were made using ten 0.1 m2 rings arranged in a circular pattern in the center of each plot. Data from both studies were subjected to Abbott’s formula which adjusted for natural mortality occurring in untreated plots.
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Mondal, AK, and PK Chattopadhyay. "Influence of the micro-structural factors upon thermal and mechanical properties of various bag leathers." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 3 (October 3, 2017): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i3.34147.
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Four different bag leathers, such as, Sheep Bag Leather (SBL), Buffalo Vegetable Tanned Leather (BVTL), Cow Drum Dyed Dry Milled Leather (CDDDML), and Cow Crocodile Print Leather (CCPL), were processed by different methods from respective wet-blues of Indian origin. Thermal degradation pro?le and mechanical properties of the samples were evaluated, and crosslink densities of each sample were measured by ?tment of Mooney-Rivlin equation on stress-strain plots. Morphological characteristics (e.g. ?bre structure, ?bre thickness, splitting etc.) of all the specimens were investigated by image analyses of SEM photomicrographs. The highest crosslinking density for BVTL was attributed to its higher ?bre and ?bril thicknesses coupled with rigorous retanning by vegetable tannins and syntans. Embossing at higher temperature and pressure reduced CCPLs elongation-at-break value and hence stretchiness possibly due to the development of set properties within the CCPL matrix. SBL was noted to contain huge void spaces that increased its stretchiness, and melamine formaldehyde syntans showed pronounced in?uence in increasing the thermal resistance of both CCPL and CDDDML.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(3), 167-176, 2017
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Bourbon, Henri-Marc G., Mikhail H. Benetah, Emmanuelle Guillou, Luis Humberto Mojica-Vazquez, Aissette Baanannou, Sandra Bernat-Fabre, Vincent Loubiere, Frédéric Bantignies, Giacomo Cavalli, and Muriel Boube. "A shared ancient enhancer element differentially regulates the bric-a-brac tandem gene duplicates in the developing Drosophila leg." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): e1010083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010083.
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Gene duplications and transcriptional enhancer emergence/modifications are thought having greatly contributed to phenotypic innovations during animal evolution. Nevertheless, little is known about how enhancers evolve after gene duplication and how regulatory information is rewired between duplicated genes. The Drosophila melanogaster bric-a-brac (bab) complex, comprising the tandem paralogous genes bab1 and bab2, provides a paradigm to address these issues. We previously characterized an intergenic enhancer (named LAE) regulating bab2 expression in the developing legs. We show here that bab2 regulators binding directly the LAE also govern bab1 expression in tarsal cells. LAE excision by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing reveals that this enhancer appears involved but not strictly required for bab1 and bab2 co-expression in leg tissues. Instead, the LAE enhancer is critical for paralog-specific bab2 expression along the proximo-distal leg axis. Chromatin features and phenotypic rescue experiments indicate that LAE functions partly redundantly with leg-specific regulatory information overlapping the bab1 transcription unit. Phylogenomics analyses indicate that (i) the bab complex originates from duplication of an ancestral singleton gene early on within the Cyclorrhapha dipteran sublineage, and (ii) LAE sequences have been evolutionarily-fixed early on within the Brachycera suborder thus predating the gene duplication event. This work provides new insights on enhancers, particularly about their emergence, maintenance and functional diversification during evolution.
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Et. al., Dr RK Arya,. "Human Development Equally Important For Economic Development." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 11, 2021): 1089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2427.
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Many States are failing to keep the momentum up in pushing the growth rate either because their social capacity is not up to the brim and people are struggling to get two ends meal. What the States are needed to keep continuing with investment at ever increasing rate and deal social priorities differently? There are many States which face the wrath of anti-incumbency every five years the reason for this larger section of the people remain untouched with the development schemes. It is their bad luck that neither did they get the benefit of moving up in the social hierarchy nor they are covered with some employment guarantee scheme. The vulnerability during the pandemic have further added the burden of making the people socially strong. Education and health both have gone through serious setback.
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Jourabchi-Ghadim, Neda, Aydin Aynehchi, and Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani. "38: COMPLICATIONS OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CARCINOGENESIS; A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (PRELIMINARY DATA)." BMJ Open 7, Suppl 1 (February 2017): bmjopen—2016–015415.38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015415.38.
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Background and aims:Recently, increasing Beige/Brown Adipose Tissue (BBAT) - a hyper-metabolic tissue in human body – has been a promising tool to combat metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which are associated with some cancers. Therefore, it seems that increased BBAT could reduce cancer incidence, which it is not agreed with the results of a number of studies. By considering the findings of observational and experimental studies, we aimed to review existing evidence for the link between BBAT hyperactivity and carcinogenesis.Methods:A systematic review of either published or e-published literatures from 1946 up to July-2016 was carried out using PRISMA guidelines. Scientific databases and search engines including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalKey and ProQuest were searched systematically using key terms including “cancer”, “neoplasm”, “malignancy”, “carcinoma”, “tumor”, “metastasis”, “oxidative stress”, “free radicals”, “oxidant”, “brown”, “beige”, “brite”, “adipose”, “adipocyte” and “fat” in combination. This search was limited on English reported original research that were thoroughly appraised and included in this review.Results:Somein vitroandin vivostudies met the selection criteria. The production of a significant amount of free radicals by uncoupling chain protein 1 (UCP1) in the BBAT mitochondria has frequently been investigated. This could be as the main contradiction of a hyperactive-BAT. Furthermore, the link between BBAT activity and risk of cancer has been reported in a limited number of observational studies, esp. with breast cancer. Hence, BAT hyperactivity has been reported to be accompanied by the browning process of white adipose tissue (producing beige fat) in some experimental and observational studies that could deteriorate cancer cachexia through increasing metabolism. The production of free radicals along with increasing metabolism and energy expenditure of the human body has been suggested as possible mechanisms.Conclusion:It is concluded that although BBAT hyperactivity could have a potential role in carcinogenesis and cancer-induced cachexia, more human studies are required to focus on BBAT involvement in carcinogenesis.
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Fuller, B. W., and T. Wang. "Ground Application of Dimilin 1.0% Bran Bait to Rangeland Grasshoppers, 1991." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.340a.
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Abstract A 160-acre pasture near Belle Fourche, SD was chosen for evaluating the efficacy of Dimilin (diflubenzuron) 1.0% bait to rangeland grasshoppers. Major forage species in the site were cool and warm-season perennial grasses. Basal coverage by all plants ranged from 50 to 70%. The site was divided into 16 contiguous plots of ten acres. Pre- and posttreatment densities were assessed by grasshopper counts in 40, 0.1 m2 rings arranged in a circle in the center of the plot. Before the treatments, Aulocara elliotti were 50% 2nd and 30% 3rd instars, M. confusus were 10% 3rd, 20% 4th and 50% 5th instars, and M. bivittatus were 60% 2nd instars. These three species respectively constituted 60, 15, and 10% of the grasshopper population in the site. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB. The 16 plots were grouped into four blocks using 1-day pretreatment counts. The bait was applied on 14-15 Jun. The delivery system consisted of a Brie-Mar Model 60 bran applicator mounted on a pickup truck and provided a 13 m swath. Grasshopper counts were conducted 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 DAT. Natural change in grasshopper densities was determined by counts from untreated plots. Posttreatment survival rates based on pretreatment counts on the same treated plots were adjusted for natural population fluctuations by a modified Abbott's formula and expressed as percent grasshopper reduction. Prior to treatment, the average grasshopper density in untreated plots was lower than that in plots to be treated.
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Altin, Hakan. "Volatility Analysis in International Indices." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.304461.
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Modeling and the estimation of volatility in financial time series are important research subjects for which ARCH family models are recommended. These models are widely used to analyze volatility and manage risk in financial assets. In this study, share indices from the BRIC countries, Europe and the United States were analyzed to determine volatility in international indices. Current data was used to examine the period 1982-2021. Within this framework, the existence of asymmetric information, the leverage effect and the permanence of shocks were examined. Estimation results show the existence of asymmetric information. Bad news affects the system more than good news. The leverage effect is also experienced. Estimation results show that the shocks affecting the system are permanent. At the last stage, static foresight estimations were conducted on the explanatory power of the estimation results. Static foresight estimations present strong and weak evidence together. All parameters are statistically significant.
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Wang, T., and B. W. Fuller. "Evaluation of Dimilin 1% Bran Bait for Grasshopper Control on Rangeland, 1990." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/16.1.213.
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Abstract A 150-acre area of rangeland near Edgemont, S. Dak. was chosen for evaluating efficacy of Dimilin (diflubenzuron) 1.0% bran bait against rangeland grasshoppers. The vegetation in the test site was dominated by cool and warm season perennial grasses. Percent basal coverage by all plant species ranged from 45-60%. The test site was divided into 9 contiguous plots of 12 acres. Pre- and posttreatment grasshopper densities were assessed by counting grasshoppers in 40, 0.1 m2 rings located in the center of each plot. Before application of treatments, Aulocara elliotti were 20% second, 40% third and 25% fourth instars, and Ageneotettix deorum and Amphitornus coloradus were 70% second and 30% third instars and the 3 species respectively constituted 53, 22 and 10% of the grasshopper population in the study site. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The 9 plots were grouped into 3 blocks with grasshopper population estimates recorded using 1 d pretreatment counts. Dimilin bait was applied at 1.0 and 2.0 lb of bran flakes/acre rates from a Brie-Mar Model 60 bran applicator mounted on a pickup truck on 19 Jun and calibrations were based on a 13 m swath. Posttreatment counts were conducted 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT. The natural change in grasshopper densities was determined by counts from untreated plots. Percent survival based on pretreatment counts on the same treated plot was adjusted for the natural population fluctuations by a modified Abbott's formula and expressed as percent grasshopper reduction.
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Bonde, Lars Ole. ""Det man hører, er man selv" - musik og identitet set gennem musikforskningens briller." Kulturstudier 6, no. 2 (November 21, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v6i2.22579.
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<p>”Det man hører, er man selv” er Danmarks Radios P3s yderst velkendte slogan. Det dukkede op i begyndelsen af (20)00’erne som opfindsom og populær afspejling af en moderne forståelse af den rolle musik og medieforbrug spiller for den voksne dansker. Denne artikel handler ikke om P3 som musikkanal, men går bag om det populære slogan og undersøger hvordan musik og identitet spiller sammen. Hvilke (musik)psykologiske teorier belyser musikkens rolle i identitetsdannelsen? Hvordan forskes der i emnet, og hvilke resultater kan der peges på? Forskningen dokumenterer bl.a., at musik bruges aktivt af mange mennesker som en ressource til at konstruere selv-identitet og gruppe-identitet, og til at skabe, opretholde og regulere en mangfoldighed af følelser. Denne oversigtsartikel giver via præsentation af udvalgte teorier og konkrete undersøgelser en bred introduktion til emnet og viser, hvordan musikforskere gennem arbejde med interviews, dagbøger og (musikalske) selvbiografier samt feltarbejde kan beskrive musik som en ofte meget vigtig brik i identitetsdannelsen.</p>
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Neill, Edward. "What We Talk about When We Talk about Hardy's Poetry, or How They Brought the Bad News from Essex to Wessex." Victorian Literature and Culture 26, no. 2 (1998): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300002540.
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One of the most influential of recent efforts to take Hardy's strange poetic reputation in hand has been that of Donald Davie, himself a poet, who in Thomas Hardy and British Poetry saluted Hardy's “scientific humanism” and noted his poetic “engineering” as that of a poetically “self-made man.” Thus Davie re-made Hardy, creating a combination of a poetic Samuel Smiles and a poetic Isambard Kingdom Brunei conducting himself with technical assurance and brio — but with limited and “mechanical” poetic aims (13, 40). Perhaps it's the “visibly ideological” nature of Davie's performance here which makes it still so arresting, and “smaller and clearer as the years go by.” In a once-famous essay, “Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca,” T. S. Eliot complained (or at least explained) that the many writers about him re-made Shakespeare in their own images. Coleridge's “smack of Hamlet,” which read off a Hamlet invested with his own qualities as he construed them, perhaps also indicates how common this sort of thing may be.
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Suyono, Rudi Sugiono, Nurhayati Nurhayati, and Wisa Yustrinisa. "Mode Selection Sensitivity Analysis between BRT and Private Vehicle (Case Study of Pontianak City CBD Area)." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 27, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v27i1.29306.
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This type of public transportation BRT mode began to be officially applied in Pontianak City to overcome traffic congestion. The problem is that many travelers prefer to use private vehicles rather than public transportation. This study aims to analyze the sensitivity of the mode selection model which explains the probability of choosing a BRT against aprivate vehicles if a BRT is presented in the Central Business District of Pontianak City. The mode selection method uses the Stated Preferences Technique in the form of a quetionnaire which is analyzed by multiple linear regression to obtain a utility equation. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis of the mode selection model, the probability value of selecting BRT is 21,7%, if it is in conditions where the difference in the attributes offacilities and comfort (X1) is -10, this means that there are no facilities and conveniences of BRTsuch as private vehicles, thesecond is the difference in thewaiting time attribute (X2) which is 15 minutes, the third condition is the difference in travel costs attribute (X3) namely Rp 0,- and the fourth condition is the difference in travel time attribute (X4), which is 10 minutes To increase the probability of choosing a BRT to 60%, it can be done by increasing the difference between the facilities and comfort attributes to 0 (zero), which means there is no difference in facilities and comfort that BRT has with private vehicles such as the availability of air conditioning, free WIFI, clean, fragrant, having a bag storage area and others. This is because the most sensitive attributes compared to other attributes are facilities and comfort attributes.
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De Castro, Sandra, Frédérique Peronnet, Jean-François Gilles, Emmanuèle Mouchel-Vielh, and Jean-Michel Gibert. "bric à brac (bab), a central player in the gene regulatory network that mediates thermal plasticity of pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster." PLOS Genetics 14, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): e1007573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007573.
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Kishida, Satoshi, Dong Ying Ju, and Hong He. "Study on Coating Method to the Stainless Steel Substrate Top of Ag/Al2O3 Catalyst System." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1397.
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A study of a catalyst for NOx reduction used for a diesel engine of cars is done frequently currently. In the recent studies, Ag/Al2O3 catalyst system is considered to be a candidate for practical use. The ceramics molding body (ceramics honeycomb etc.) is used as a border brim of these catalysts usually. However, there is a problem. Strength to thermal shock is low. Moreover, it is not easy to go up in the center part until the catalyst operating temperature because thermal conductivity is bad and is obstructed working of the catalyst to the first stage of the reaction for that. In this research, the Ag/Al2O3 catalyst system was coated to stainless steel (SUS304) substrate that forming it is easy and heat conduction rate is good. The aluminum nitrate was used as a binder. After the binder is dissolved in the ion exchange water, the stainless steel substrate coated Ag/Al2O3 catalyst is sintered. In order to optimize coating conditions, the heating temperature, the sintering time, the density of the binder and the amount of the coating powder addition as well as the dip coating frequency were changed, respectively.
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Apriliawati, Tedjo Sukomono, and Anggit Nugraha. "Biodiversity of Ichthyofauna In Mainland Waters of Muara Bulian District Jambi Province and Its New Record." BIO Web of Conferences 101 (2024): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410103006.
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Sumatra Island has 589 species of freshwater fish with 58 of them being endemic. Jambi Province ranks second as the highest endemic province and has the longest river in Sumatra passing through six districts, one of which is Batanghari Regency. Muara Bulian District is the only sub-district in Batanghari Regency whose entire village is traversed by the Batanghari River. This research aims to reveal the biodiversity of ichthyofauna in the mainland water of Muara Bulian. The four research stations represent different habitats, namely Batanghari River, Bulian River, Letang’s Lake, and Teratai’s Swamp. Sampling was carried out using various fishing gear and bait, to obtain different samples. The results of this study showed the diversity of fish from 523 individuals, there were 51 species, 32 genera, 18 families, 8 orders included 2 species (C. kapuasensis and C. pseudoleiacanthus) as New Record in Jambi Province, included 1 species protected by government, and the other is introduction or native species. Research data in the form of fish specimens have been deposited at the Zoologicum Bogoriens Museum (MZB) belonging to the Bogor National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) with numbers MZB 26811 to MZB 26834.
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Miscopein Saler, Laurine, Virginie Hauser, Mathieu Bartoletti, Charlotte Mallart, Marianne Malartre, Laura Lebrun, Anne-Marie Pret, Laurent Théodore, Fabienne Chalvet, and Sophie Netter. "The Bric-à-Brac BTB/POZ transcription factors are necessary in niche cells for germline stem cells establishment and homeostasis through control of BMP/DPP signaling in the Drosophila melanogaster ovary." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e1009128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009128.
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Many studies have focused on the mechanisms of stem cell maintenance via their interaction with a particular niche or microenvironment in adult tissues, but how formation of a functional niche is initiated, including how stem cells within a niche are established, is less well understood. Adult Drosophila melanogaster ovary Germline Stem Cell (GSC) niches are comprised of somatic cells forming a stack called a Terminal Filament (TF) and associated Cap and Escort Cells (CCs and ECs, respectively), which are in direct contact with GSCs. In the adult ovary, the transcription factor Engrailed is specifically expressed in niche cells where it directly controls expression of the decapentaplegic (dpp) gene encoding a member of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules, which are key factors for GSC maintenance. In larval ovaries, in response to BMP signaling from newly formed niches, adjacent primordial germ cells become GSCs. The bric-à-brac paralogs (bab1 and bab2) encode BTB/POZ domain-containing transcription factors that are expressed in developing niches of larval ovaries. We show here that their functions are necessary specifically within precursor cells for TF formation during these stages. We also identify a new function for Bab1 and Bab2 within developing niches for GSC establishment in the larval ovary and for robust GSC maintenance in the adult. Moreover, we show that the presence of Bab proteins in niche cells is necessary for activation of transgenes reporting dpp expression as of larval stages in otherwise correctly specified Cap Cells, independently of Engrailed and its paralog Invected (En/Inv). Moreover, strong reduction of engrailed/invected expression during larval stages does not impair TF formation and only partially reduces GSC numbers. In the adult ovary, Bab proteins are also required for dpp reporter expression in CCs. Finally, when bab2 was overexpressed at this stage in somatic cells outside of the niche, there were no detectable levels of ectopic En/Inv, but ectopic expression of a dpp transgene was found in these cells and BMP signaling activation was induced in adjacent germ cells, which produced GSC-like tumors. Together, these results indicate that Bab transcription factors are positive regulators of BMP signaling in niche cells for establishment and homeostasis of GSCs in the Drosophila ovary.