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Journal articles on the topic 'Britannica'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Danowitz, Erica Swenson. "Britannica on the eve of its 250th birthday: an Encyclopedia’s metamorphosis." Reference Reviews 31, no. 6 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-03-2017-0078.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the recent history of the Encyclopedia Britannica: how its contents evolved over the course of the twentieth and early twenty-first century, how technological changes almost led to its demise and its transformation from a print to an online source. Design/methodology/approach This paper traces Britannica’s history during most of the twentieth century to today using relevant literature. It also examines how Britannica’s editors used continuous revision to edit numerous print editions throughout most of the twentieth century. The author used both print and online versions of the Britannica to track how particular entries changed or remained the same over a 106-year span. Findings Although many Britannica entries did not change for decades, it still managed to update numerous encyclopedic articles in an age before computers and instant editing. Britannica persisted despite challenges to its existence that resulted from technological changes and imprudent business decisions. On the eve of its 250th birthday, Britannica has managed to survive as an online product that continues to educate new generations of researchers. Originality/value This paper examines a subject that has been explored in the past but not in recent years. Despite previous missteps and competition from Wikipedia and other online reference tools, this paper argues that Britannica still has relevance today.

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2

Ivanova, Victoria, Antoaneta Trendafilova, Milka Todorova, Kalina Danova, and Dimitar Dimitrov. "Phytochemical Profile of Inula britannica from Bulgaria." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 2 (2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200201.

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The flower heads of Inula britannica L. of Bulgarian origin afforded sesquiterpene lactones (gaillardin, britannin, 11,13-dihydroinuchinenolide B, ivalin, pulchellin C), triterpenoids (3- O-palmitates of 16β-hydroxylupeol, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin, and faradiol) and flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, luteolin-7- O-glucoside). All compounds are known and they were identified by spectral methods. The observed differences in the chemical content of the chloroform and methanol extracts were also reflected in their free radical scavenging activity, evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. Intraspecific variability of I. britannica is discussed.

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3

Sickels, M. "Britannica." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 12 (1998): 1112—b—1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.12.1112-b.

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4

Sickels, Malcolm. "Britannica." JAMA 280, no. 12 (1998): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.12.1112-jbk0923-6-1.

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5

Felitti, V. J. "Encyclopedia Britannica CD 98; Britannica Online." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 17 (1998): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.17.1409.

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6

Schmid, Rudolf, and Richard Mabey. "Flora Britannica." Taxon 47, no. 2 (1998): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223819.

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7

Woudhuysen, H. R. "Americana Britannica." Journal of American Studies 24, no. 2 (1990): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800029790.

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8

HIRANO, Satoru. "Britannica Online." Journal of Information Processing and Management 47, no. 3 (2004): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1241/johokanri.47.212.

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9

Ellis, Bronwyn. "RuleMusica Britannica." Musicology Australia 34, no. 2 (2012): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08145857.2012.738061.

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10

Dean, Paul. "Rule Britannica!" Hopkins Review 9, no. 4 (2016): 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2016.0108.

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11

Ismail, Lizah. "Britannica Online Products: Britannica Online Academic (for Institutions) and Britannica Online Free and Premium (for Consumers)." Charleston Advisor 13, no. 1 (2011): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.13.1.5.

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12

Lipczynska, Sonya. "Encyclopaedia Britannica 2005 DVD2005282Encyclopaedia Britannica 2005 DVD. London and Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica 2005. £59.99, $69.99." Reference Reviews 19, no. 6 (2005): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120510613003.

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13

Flatley, Robert, and Daniel Stafford. "Britannica Original Sources." Charleston Advisor 18, no. 4 (2017): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.18.4.10.

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14

Rayport, Jeffrey F. "Encyclopædia Britannica (A)." Journal of Interactive Marketing 13, no. 2 (1999): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6653(199921)13:2<16::aid-dir3>3.3.co;2-i.

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15

Yang, Jun-Li, Rui Wang, Lei-Lei Liu, and Yan-Ping Shi. "Sesquiterpenoids fromInula britannica." Planta Medica 77, no. 04 (2010): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250345.

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16

Cunningham, John. "Musica Britannica 100." Early Music 45, no. 2 (2017): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cax030.

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17

Živić, Tihomir. "Encyclopædia Britannica Online." Studia lexicographica 14, no. 27 (2021): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33604/sl.14.27.6.

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Sa svrhom što potpunijega razumijevanja i donošenja bitnih navedenih zaključaka o općenitome predmetnom pitanju mrežnih priručničkih izdanja, ovaj rad, oprimjeren provedbom i ishodom postupka kakvoćnoga istraživanja Encyclopædije Britannice, daje njezin kraći razvojni pregled i opis glavnih značajka njezinih odabranih izdanja, uz njihovu usporedbu s drugim sličnim priručnicima. Uvodni dio stoga sažeto iznosi gotovo desetljetnu povijest postupnoga Britanničina prijelaza u mrežno okruženje. Raščlanjujući njezine sastavnice, Macropaediju, Micropaediju i Propaediju, i njezino uredničko usmjerenje, središnji pak dio podrobnije razmatra Britanničin put od knjižnične police do računalnoga zaslona te ju dovodi u poredbeni suodnos s ostalim priopćilima na zahtjevnome poslovnom tržištu, poglavito s Wikipedijom. Time je također zaključno ukazano i na neke mogućnosti uporabe takvih suvremenih mrežnih priručničkih sadržaja, koji obavijesnim i priopćajnim proširenjem dosadašnjih granica nedvojbeno postavljaju i nove sustavske razvojne zadatke.

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18

Culpepper, Jetta. "Britannica Internet Guide99113Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Britannica Internet Guide. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 310 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604 Tel: 1‐800‐747‐8503; e‐mail: editor@britannica.com: Britannica, Inc copyrighted 1997‐1999. Free." Electronic Resources Review 3, no. 10 (1999): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/err.1999.3.10.123.113.

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19

Sunarsih, NFN. "POLA REPRESENTASI PIHAK ISRAEL DALAM ENSIKLOPEDIA BRITANNICA." Kandai 13, no. 2 (2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v13i2.191.

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The existence of Israel generates many discourses in so many media and in various points of view. One of the media writing about Israel is Britannica, an internationally high-reputed encyclopedia. Since the intellectual competence is embedded to Britannica, every article published in it may be considered as academically correct. This paper is aimed at analyzing the patterns of Israeli representation in Britannica by applying corpus-based critical discourse analysis (a method combining critical discourse analysis and linguistic corpus). The patterns are analyzed from the concordance of a key word “Israeli(s)” and the collocation around the key word. The results of the study showed that Britannica represents Israel as a powerful military force, as a country that runs democracy, as a country with complete governmental institutions, as one of the main actors of regional conflict, and as the side which affords the conflict end. The patterns found tend to be paradoxical each other because the bad and good side of Israel are represented interwovenly. It implies that Britannica does not construct Israel as entirely black or white.

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20

Song, Qing-Hua, Takao Kobayashi, Tie Hong, and Jong-Chol Cyong. "Effects of Inula Britannica on the Production of Antibodies and Cytokines and on T Cell Differentiation in C57BL/6 Mice Immunized by Ovalbumin." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 30, no. 02n03 (2002): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x02000211.

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In this study, we investigated the effects of Inula Britannica on the production of antibodies against ovalbumin, and the differentiation of T cells, in C57BL/6 mice. The oral administration of Inula Britannica suppressed IL-4 and IL-6 production in lymphocytes collected from an inguinal lymph node in the immunized leg. On the other hand, the intraperitoneal administration of Inula Britannica suppressed IgG1 production, the ratio of IFN-γ+IL-4-/IFN- γ-IL-4+ cells and cytokine production of IL-6. It was presumed that the effects of Inula Britannica on the production of antibodies were induced by regulation of the balance of Th1 and Th2. Further, IL-4 and IL-6 production by lymphocytes collected from an inguinal lymph node in the immunized leg were suppressed, and therefore production of antibodies was suppressed.

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21

Kilburn, Kevin. "The Chatsworth Uranographia Britannica." Astronomy & Geophysics 53, no. 1 (2012): 1.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2012.53122.x.

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22

Auchter, Dorothy. "The evolution of the Encyclopaedia Britannica: from the Macropaedia to Britannica Online." Reference Services Review 27, no. 3 (1999): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00907329910275196.

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23

Edwards, Nancy. "Edward Lhuyd and the Origins of Early Medieval Celtic Archaeology." Antiquaries Journal 87 (September 2007): 165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500000883.

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The Welshman Edward Lhuyd (?1659/60–1709), Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, was a naturalist, philologist and antiquarian. He wrote the Welsh additions to Camden's Britannia (1695) and undertook extensive research for an Archaeologia Britannica. He was part of the scientific revolution centred on the Royal Society and was influenced by the flowering of Anglo-Saxon studies in late seventeenth-century Oxford. Although many of his papers were destroyed, sufficient evidence survives to assess his methodology for recording early medieval antiquities – particularly inscribed stones and stone sculpture in Wales and other Celtic areas – as well as his analysis of them. His legacy is of considerable importance and he may be regarded as the founding father of early medieval Celtic archaeology.

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24

Desmarais, Norman. "Encyclopaedia Britannica CD 989872Robert McHenry Editor in Chief. Encyclopaedia Britannica CD 98. Britannica Centre 310 South Michigan Ave. Chicago, IL 60604 800‐747‐8503: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc 1997. URL: www.eb.com $125." Electronic Resources Review 2, no. 7 (1998): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/err.1998.2.7.79.72.

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25

Alexanderson, Gerald L., and Ian Bruce. "Henry Briggs: The Trigonometria Britannica." College Mathematics Journal 37, no. 1 (2006): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27646288.

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26

Bruce, Ian. "Henry Briggs: The Trigonometria Britannica." Mathematical Gazette 88, no. 513 (2004): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200176090.

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In 1632, Henry Gellibrand, then the Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London, arranged for the publishing of the Trigonometria Britannica (T. B.) by Adrian Vlacq in Gouda the following year: the work consisted of two Books, and sets of tables of natural sines in steps of one hundredth of a degree to 15 places, as well as tables of tangents & secants to 10 places, together with their logarithms. The explanatory Book I was the last work of Henry Briggs (1559-1631), Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford, and was devoted mainly to the construction of his table of sines; while Book II, written by the youthful Gellibrand on the instigation of the dying Briggs, his mentor, contained instructions and examples on the use of logarithms in solving trigonometrical problems.

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27

Bing-Nan, Zhou, Bai Nai-Sheng, Lin Long-Ze, and Geoffrey A. Cordell. "Sesquiterpene lactones from Inula britannica." Phytochemistry 34, no. 1 (1993): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90813-6.

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28

Park, Eun, and Jinwoong Kim. "Cytotoxic Sesquiterpene Lactones fromInula britannica." Planta Medica 64, no. 08 (1998): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957573.

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29

Flanagin, Andrew J., and Miriam J. Metzger. "FROM ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA TO WIKIPEDIA." Information, Communication & Society 14, no. 3 (2011): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2010.542823.

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30

Glasgow, Eric. "Scotland and the Encyclopaedia Britannica." Library Review 51, no. 5 (2002): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00242530210428764.

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31

Wolff, Anita. "Britannica: which edition inspired Schwinger?" Nature 423, no. 6942 (2003): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/423801c.

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32

Rushton, Julian. "100 volumes of Musica Britannica." Early Music 45, no. 2 (2017): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cax013.

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33

Yu Shao, Nai-Shen Bai, and Bing-Nan Zhou. "Kaurane glycosides from Inula britannica." Phytochemistry 42, no. 3 (1996): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00878-0.

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34

Serkerov, S. V., and N. F. Mir-Babaev. "Pulchellin C from Inula britannica." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 24, no. 6 (1988): 752–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00598206.

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35

Eden, Brad, and Coordinator of Technical Services/Automated Lib. "Encyclopaedia Britannica CD 99 (Multimedia version)997Encyclopaedia Britannica CD 99 (Multimedia version). Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc 1998. , ISBN: 0‐85229‐694‐0 Price: $119.00." Electronic Resources Review 3, no. 1 (1999): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/err.1999.3.1.9.7.

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36

Wang, Tianyi, Sen Guo, Shanshan Zhang, Wenping Yue, Chi-Tang Ho, and Naisheng Bai. "Identification and quantification of seven sesquiterpene lactones in Inula britannica by HPLC-DAD-MS." Analytical Methods 11, no. 13 (2019): 1822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00118b.

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37

Hamilton, B. "Comparison of the different electronic versions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica: a usability study." Electronic Library 21, no. 6 (2003): 546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02640470310509108.

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Over the years, Encyclopaedia Britannica has undergone a number of revisions and has been provided in a number of formats other than print. The different electronic formats include a CD‐ROM version, a subscription online version, a free online version that was recently changed to a subscription version, and a DVD‐ROM version. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usability and effectiveness of the different electronic versions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. The objectives of this study were to find out if one of the electronic versions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica is easier to use than the others, to see if the users are satisfied with the information that they retrieved from each version, and to see if the users retrieve the same information from each version. Over one third (six) of 15 participants thought that britannica.com was the easiest to use. The main reason mentioned was the set‐up of the initial results screen. Most of the participants felt that all of the databases answered the searches sufficiently and nine participants felt that britannica.com answered the searches the best. The main reason mentioned was the variety of information sources provided on the search results page (Encyclopaedia Britannica articles, magazine articles, Web sites, and books). Seven of the participants were satisfied with using all of the databases.

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38

Printzen, Christian, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, and Alan Orange. "Biatora Britannica sp. Nov. and the Occurrence of Biatora Efflorescens in the British Isles." Lichenologist 33, no. 3 (2001): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.2000.0319.

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AbstractBiatora Britannica sp. nov is described from Wales. The species is the sorediate sister taxon of the Madeiran Biatora hertelii. The close relationship is supported by the presence of the hymenial pigment Hertelii-green, which is hitherto known only from these two species. Molecular data from the nuclear ITS-region of 14 Bratora¯ species renders further support for the close relationship of both species. Sterile, sorediate material from the British Isles earlier referred to B. efflorescens may in fact belong to B. britannica.

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39

Heide, Ann, and Dale Henderson. "Compton'S Multimedia Encyclopedia. San Francisco: Britannica Software, 1991Compton'S Multimedia Encyclopedia. San Francisco: Britannica Software, 1991." Canadian Modern Language Review 51, no. 2 (1995): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.51.2.365.

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40

Zhelezniak, Mykola. "CAPABILITY OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN UKRAINE IN PROGRESS OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION AREA." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-142-150.

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Reforming of education requires updating its content and methodological components, including didactic toolkits. In a broad sense, the proposed study is concerned with the design and implementation of a wide range of educational tools in the educational process. In a narrow sense, it identifies the opportunities and prospects of using encyclopedic online resources as a didactic toolkit. These issues are covered on the example of the e-version of The Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. The idea of using electronic encyclopedias in the educational process is not new. Researchers suggest that thematic encyclopedias are very important in the teaching of certain subjects. The introduction of encyclopedias into teaching is a contemporary trend initiated by the publishers of the world’s largest encyclopedias. For example, the popular Encyclopedia Britannica has recently become available in three online versions: for primary school students (Britannica Kids), middle school students (Britannica Students), and high school students (Britannica Scholars). This study demonstrates that the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine a) can be a platform for providing encyclopedic knowledge in a subject; b) can be a didactic tool that increases the effectiveness of learning; c) can be used as a source of information for in-depth study of topics in various subjects. Thus, electronic encyclopedias (in particular the online-version of the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine) provide significant opportunities for successful study of educational material, focusing on the most important aspects of educational topics and creating conditions for systematization and generalization of information, as well as actively involving students in self-study, arousing their interest in learning and generally increasing their motivation.

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41

Crowley, N., and I. M. Betts. "Three 'Classis Britannica' Stamps from London." Britannia 23 (1992): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526111.

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42

Biasillo, Roberta. "Un itinerario virtuale nella storiografia britannica." HISTORIA MAGISTRA, no. 22 (March 2017): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/hm2016-022010.

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43

Schedvin, C. B. "Staples and Regions of Pax Britannica." Economic History Review 43, no. 4 (1990): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596734.

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44

최하영. "Younghill Kang's Contributions to Encyclopaedia Britannica." English & American Cultural Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 253–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15839/eacs.12.2.201208.253.

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45

Berridge, V. "Cannabis Britannica: Empire, Trade and Prohibition." English Historical Review 119, no. 483 (2004): 1075–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.483.1075.

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46

Newsinger, John. "'Pox Britannica': Orwell and the empire." Race & Class 38, no. 2 (1996): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639689603800203.

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47

Dusmatova, D. E., K. K. Turgunov, Kh M. Bobakulov, et al. "New Sesquiterpene Lactone from Inula britannica." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 56, no. 5 (2020): 852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-020-03168-y.

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48

Shneidman, Edwin S. "“Suicide” in theencyclopaedia britannica, 1777–1997." Archives of Suicide Research 4, no. 2 (1998): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811119808260447.

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49

Insolvibile, Isabella. "Soldati contadini. I prigionieri di guerra italiani in Gran Bretagna 1941-1946." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 260 (February 2011): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ic2010-260004.

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Tra il 1941 e il 1946 piů di 155.000 soldati italiani, catturati sui fronti africani, vennero detenuti in Gran Bretagna come prigionieri di guerra e costituirono un'importantissima fonte di manodopera per l'economia britannica. Essi vennero impiegati per lo piů in agricoltura e ospitati in campi di prigionia disseminati in ogni angolo del paese. Non sempre furono utilizzati secondo i dettami della Convenzione di Ginevra, tuttavia si puň ritenere la loro esperienza una delle meno dure tra quelle vissute dai prigionieri di guerra del secondo conflitto mondiale. Gli italiani continuarono a essere considerati prigionieri nonostante l'armistizio e la cobelligeranza, e rimasero in Gran Bretagna fino al tardo 1946, sia pur coinvolti negli schemi di un'ambigua "cooperazione". Il saggio, attraverso l'analisi di un'ampia documentazione proveniente da archivi italiani e britannici, ripercorre le tappe di una vicenda poco affrontata dalla storiografia e che rappresenta, invece, un importante tassello in un discorso complessivo sulla cattivitŕ durante la seconda guerra mondiale.

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50

Latußeck, Arndt. "More Light on the Flamsteed Numbers." Journal for the History of Astronomy 48, no. 3 (2017): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828617721576.

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John Flamsteed’s star catalogue, in the Historia Coelestis Britannica (1725), had already been in use for many decades, when in 1783 Jérôme de Lalande published a new edition, which introduced numbers for all the listed stars, a feature not found in Flamsteed’s own 1725 version of the catalogue. It is subject to debate, though, whether Lalande’s publication was indeed the first appearance of those “Flamsteed numbers.” In this paper, proof is given that the first excerpts of the new – and nowadays still used–numbering system of the Historia Coelestis Britannica occurred in print at least as early as 1765, in publications by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle and Charles Messier.

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