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Relevant bibliographies by topics / British Columbia (1997)

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Academic literature on the topic 'British Columbia (1997)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "British Columbia (1997)"

1

Ward, Bruce R. "Declivity in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) recruitment at the Keogh River over the past decade." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-243.

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Survival and return of unharvested winter-run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at the Keogh River, British Columbia, declined abruptly and remained persistently low after 1990. Adult returns averaged 1168 fish from 1976 to 1990 but were significantly lower from 1991 to 1998 (mean 223). Forty wild females returned to the 35-km river in 1995-1996, 20 in 1996-1997, and <10 in 1997-1998. The positive linear relationship between smolts and returns was significantly lower after 1990 and no longer correlated with smolt size. Smolt-to-adult survival averaged 15% (1976 to 1989) but recently averaged 3.5% (1990 to 1995). Smolt number steadily declined to <1000 by 1998 from an average annual count of 7000. Smolts per spawner from 1991 to 1994 were, on average, 70% lower than previous estimates based on the same spawner abundance. Recruitment scenarios based on survival histories during freshwater and marine life stages indicated that adult recruits are currently below replacement and unsustainable if conditions continue or worsen. Factors influencing steelhead in the ocean and freshwater are likely similar for other salmonids; harvest impacts must be reduced and appropriate stock rebuilding measures implemented.

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2

Lagebro, Linda, Martin Stein, and John S. Peel. "A New ?lamellipedian arthropod from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet Fauna of North Greenland." Journal of Paleontology 83, no. 5 (September 2009): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-011.1.

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The Non-Mineralized arthropod described herein is derived from the Sirius Passet fossil conservation deposit of North Greenland (82°47.6,N, 42°13.7ʹW), the oldest locality with exceptional preservation of soft tissues known from the Cambrian of Laurentia (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3; Nevadella Zone). As such, it is broadly contemporaneous with the Chengjiang fauna of China (Hou et al., 2004) and some 10 million years older than the Burgess Shale fauna of British Columbia. The Sirius Passet fauna was first documented by Conway Morris et al. (1987) and its geological setting is discussed by Babcock and Peel (2007). In addition to the nevadiid trilobite Buenellus higginsi Blaker, 1988, the fauna is dominated by non-mineralized arthropods (Budd, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999; Williams et al., 1996; Taylor, 2002). Other finds include sponges (Rigby, 1986), a lobopod (Budd and Peel, 1998), the earliest annelids (Conway Morris and Peel, 2008) and articulated halkieriids (Conway Morris and Peel, 1990, 1995), but most of the assemblage awaits description.

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Hudson, Robert. "Snowpack recovery in regenerating coastal British Columbia clearcuts." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-030.

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A study was undertaken to define curves of snowpack recovery for coastal B.C. forests. The study was conducted using repeated snow course sampling techniques under regenerating stands with a range of canopy heights, and old growth. Measurements were made over five seasons from 1992-1993 to 1996-1997. For each season, recovery factors due to both peak accumulation and post-peak ablation rate were calculated for the regenerating stands. These factors were calculated using linear interpolation between extremes defined by the peak accumulation or ablation rate of old growth and clear-cut equivalent plots. An asymptotic exponential model was found to provide a reasonable fit to the data of recovery as a function of either canopy height or canopy density. The results suggest that there is a hydrologic recovery threshold at a level where the tallest trees in the stand are at a height roughly equal to the mean peak snow depth for open sites. Recovery proceeds rapidly; at a height of 4 m or canopy density of 20%, expected recovery is about 50%. At a height of 8 m, or a canopy density of 45%, expected recovery is about 75%, and by the time the trees have reached a height of 20 m, or more than 95% canopy density, the stand approaches full recovery. These results demonstrate how clear-cut harvesting and subsequent regeneration affect snow accumulation and ablation at the site level, but do not address the important issue of how those changes affect streamflow at the watershed scale.

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Gomme, Reid. "Delgamuukw v. British Columbia: When Aboriginal Voices of Law Were Finally Heard." Political Science Undergraduate Review 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur46.

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This essay analyzes the enduring impact of the case Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997), in which the Supreme Court of Canada overturned the original ruling by the Supreme Court of British Columbia in 1997 upon appeal by members of the Gitskan and Wet’suwet’en peoples representing the Delgamuukw side. The case set strengthened precedent in Canada’s legal system for the use of indigenous oral history as acceptable evidence in identifying first nations land claims based on their ancestral accounts. As has been shown in more recent indigenous land claims cases such as Tsilhqot’in v. British Columbia (2014), this precedent is finally allowing some first nations communities a legal tool recognized strongly enough within Canadian legal systems, historically entrenched in European common and civil law approaches of justifying evidence, to gain more just land claims settlements. While actions by some levels of Canadian government, such as the British Columbian Liberal government’s 2001 popular referendum on the merits of indigenous land claims, have shown bad faith for the prospects of nation to nation land claim settlement negotiation, the pressure exerted on all levels of Canadian government by decisions such as Delgamuukw and Tsilhqot’in show promise in forcing a shift to more just land claim settlements in future disputes.

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5

Jackson, Jennifer M., Richard E. Thomson, Leslie N. Brown, Peter G. Willis, and Gary A. Borstad. "Satellite chlorophyll off the British Columbia Coast, 1997-2010." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120, no. 7 (July 2015): 4709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010496.

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6

Yoshida, Eric M., R. Andrew Singh, Robert K. Vartanian, David A. Owen, Siegfried R. Erb, and Charles H. Scudamore. "Late Recurrent Post-Transplant Primary Biliary Cirrhosis in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 11, no. 3 (1997): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/790906.

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Late recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) following orthotopic liver transplant remains a controversial topic. The first documented case of recurrence occurring in 16 patients transplanted for PBC and followed at the authors' institution for longer than one year is presented. A 54-year-old man transplanted for PBC developed a cholestatic pattern of enzyme elevation on post-transplant day (PTD) 1305. Repeat antimitochondrial antibody was strongly positive (1:300 to 1:400). A liver biopsy revealed severe bile duct damage, lymphocytic cholangitis, focal periductal noncaseating granuloma and minimal endotheliitis. Recurrent PBC was diagnosed. At the time of orthotopic liver transplant this patient received induction immunosuppression with OKT3 crossed over to cyclosporine (CsA), azathioprine (AZA) and prednisone. AZA was discontinued early and maintenance CsA tapered to a target trough level of 150 to 200 ng/mL by PTD 365. Prednisone was withdrawn by PTD 664. CsA levels during PTDs 1225 to 1305 (before elevation of hepatobiliary enzymes) were below target at 114 to 166 ng/mL. Of the 16 patients, all but three were maintained on CsA, AZA and prednisone. One was on CsA (trough levels on target) and AZA; the other two, including the patient with recurrent PBC, were on CsA only. The trough CsA level of the patient without recurrent PBC has been within the target range. The authors speculate that the underlying defect in immunoregulation in PBC persists post-transplant and that in the patient without recurrent PBC this defect was unmasked by lowered maintenance immunosuppression - allowing recurrence of PBC in a previously stable liver allograft.

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McCormick, Rod M. "First Nations Counsellor Training in British Columbia: Strengthening the Circle." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 16, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1997-0008.

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First Nations people in British Columbia are struggling to overcome the effects of assimilationist practices and cultural loss. Many of the mental health problems facing First Nations people today can be traced to this loss. Their communities believe the best way to address this problem is by training their own people as mental health professionals who could then provide informed and culturally relevant counselling services. In the spring of 1996 a provincewide survey was conducted to determine the nature of counsellor training needed by First Nations people in the province of British Columbia. This article describes the rationale for this survey and the results.

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van Netten, Christiaan, Robert Pereira, and Ralph Brands. "Drinking Water Supply and Management Practices in British Columbia, 1997–98." Canadian Journal of Public Health 93, no. 1 (January 2002): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03404409.

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9

Gilfillan, Graham. "Road Safety Benefits of Liquid Anti-Icing Strategies and Agents: Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1700, no. 1 (January 2000): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1700-05.

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The Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) formed a partnership with the city of Kamloops in September 1996 to undertake a 2-year project to test the effectiveness of liquid anti-icers in preventing motor vehicle accidents compared with traditional deicing techniques. ICBC provided $131,000 in financing to Kamloops over the 2 years. Costs included the conversion of city trucks for liquid dispensing, purchasing of liquid magnesium chloride (Freezgard GSL), and updated road weather information systems. G. D. Hamilton and Associates, an engineering and consulting firm in Vancouver, British Columbia, evaluated the safety benefits achieved during the 2 years. The results of the analysis show up to a 74 percent reduction in overall slush, snow, and ice collisions and associated insurance claims. In the previous 3 years, traditional deicing methods were used. The study area for 1996–1997 consisted of 46 km of arterial streets and 38 km of highways within the city of Kamloops. In the second year, 1997–1998, 148 km of arterial and collector roads were studied. However, the anti-icing agent was not applied to the highways in the second year, and the analysis further showed an increase of 84 percent in the overall slush, snow, and ice collisions and resulting claims. The ICBC Research Department evaluated accident claims reported to the Kamloops Claims Office for winter 1997–1998. The results of the analysis show a 6 percent reduction in overall claims on relevant snow days for an estimated minimum savings of $281,868.00 to ICBC for that year. A similar study was completed in 1998–1999 and showed an 8 percent reduction in overall claims on relevant snow days. For the 3-year program, 285 fewer claims were filed, an average of 95 fewer claims per year.

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Wilson, Bill, Brad Stennes, Sen Wang, and Louise Wilson. "Secondary manufacturing in British Columbia: Structure, significance and trends." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77301-2.

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Similar to many other jurisdictions, British Columbia (BC) is no longer able to expand forest sector production and employment by drawing upon additional timber reserves, so it is seeking to expand value-added (i.e., secondary) manufacturing in forest products. Given the significance of the forest sector to BC, it is important that decision-makers seeking to promote an expansion in secondary manufacturing have accurate sector information. This paper presents the results of a 1998-99 survey of the BC solid wood secondary manufacturing industry. The project gathered operational, employment, production, marketing and financial information on nine defined product groups of business types (BTs) for 1997. The industry information is analyzed to provide a quantitative and qualitative examination on the current structure and significance of the sector, and a discussion on the major challenges confronting secondary manufacturing. An analysis of sector trends is also provided.Sector employment for nine business types totalled 19 490 person years and total sector sales an estimated $3.87 billion (about 22% of total BC forest product sales). Sales for seven business types (excluding panelboards, shakes and shingles) totalled $2.69 billion, up about 40% from 1994 measured in nominal dollars. Direct employment coefficients for a standard volume of timber equivalent are estimated for each of the business types. Key words: forest industry, value-added, employment, markets, policy

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "British Columbia (1997)"

1

Dunham, Jason Scott. "Gray whale prey and whale distributions in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, Canada (1996-1997)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37399.pdf.

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Robbins, Mark Alan. "Buyer behaviour in a regional thoroughbred yearling market, British Columbia, 1985-1997." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37622.pdf.

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Stronen, Astrid Vik. "Habitat selection and calf survival in the Telkwa caribou herd, British Columbia, 1997-2000." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0034/MQ66939.pdf.

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4

Forbes, Lauren L. "Approaching the Unfamiliar: How the Religious Ways of Aboriginal Peoples Are Understood in Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997)." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23495.

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This thesis will explore how the Supreme Court of Canada understands and frames the religious ways of the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en First Nations peoples, in the case Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997). The case started as a land claims case but at the Supreme Court level it became about whether Aboriginal oral knowledge could be used as historical evidence in a Canadian court of law, in particular for this dispute, as an aid for First Nations peoples to establish title to their traditional territories. The Court decided that Aboriginal oral knowledge could be used as evidence. This thesis does five things: 1. It examines some of the tools that can be used to examine and evaluate how the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples are discussed in law in Canada. Here it focuses on using a broad understanding of religion as “lived” to understand religion. It also establishes a social-scientific method of discourse analysis, drawn from a number of sources, to evaluate legal documents. 2. This thesis explores the socio-legal context in Canada in which Aboriginal peoples and their claims need to be understood. Here the presence of European and Christian views that are still present in society and social institutions in Canada and the way they affect how Aboriginal religious ways are understood is determined. The characteristics of law that make it difficult for Aboriginal claims to be understood and handled adequately in court in Canada are also investigated. 3. The third aspect that this thesis focuses on the markers of the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples in the Delgamuukw case and how are they understood in the Canadian socio-legal context. Here there is discussion of oral knowledge, land, crests, feasting and totem poles and what each might mean for the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en peoples and how the legal system might have trouble handling them. 4. Analysis of the Delgamuukw case is the fourth part of this thesis. How the law understands and frames the religious ways of the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en peoples in the Delgamuukw case are investigated. It is determined that the Court downplayed the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples (by “writing out”, by using vague language to refer to it or by not mentioning it at all); it did not do justice to Aboriginal beliefs by labeling oral knowledge as “sacred”; the Delgamuukw decision fell short of really treating oral knowledge as equal to other forms of historical evidence by excluding oral knowledge with religious content; legal adjudicators made pronouncements on the religious uses of land for the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en and finally; land was quantified, regulated and title was diminished by the ability for the court to infringe on it. What these actions by the Court suggested about how it understands religion and the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples where also contemplated. It was noted that the law characterized issues and used language in particular ways to avoid discussing religion, to discount it as evidence, and used a Christian understanding of religion to comprehend Aboriginal religious ways, which did not do justice to their beliefs. 5. The last part of this thesis questions whether there other ways in which the law, and the majority of non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada, could come to better understand and handle the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples than they did in the Delgamuukw case. It determines that there are a number of indications that suggest that this is possible including, the unique historical situation of Canada, the teaching and communication skills present in many Aboriginal communities, the space opened surrounding the inclusion of oral knowledge as evidence in law, increasing dialogue with Aboriginal communities, and the current revaluation of history. Nevertheless, there is also an ambivalence on behalf of the law regarding whether or not it will go in the direction that could view Aboriginal religious ways in alternative ways which could result in a better understanding these ways on their own terms. The thesis concludes that according to analysis of the Delgamuukw case, law has difficulty understanding and handling the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

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Jagpal, Sarjeet Singh. "An oral history of the Sikhs in British Columbia, 1920-1947." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31522.

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This thesis recognizes the value of using a variety of perspectives to study the history of an ethnic minority group. The history of some groups is lacking in insider perspectives. I have attempted to add balance to the existing accounts by using an oral history approach to describe the experiences of the Sikhs living in British Columbia from 1920-1947. I am an insider, a Sikh whose grandfather was one of the original pioneers who came in the first wave of immigration in the 1904-1908 time period. These people are no longer with us, but some of their wives and children are still available to share their history with future generations. I interviewed and recorded 24 individual histories. From these I have formed a composite picture of the Sikh community in British Columbia from 1920-1947. Beginning with descriptions of social, political and cultural conditions in India and Canada at the time of arrival, we follow them through the important stages of their lives in their adopted land. They describe the journey over, settling in, adaptations, work, social life, the fight for rights, and the role of their temple and religion. We see the events and circumstances that eventually led to the Sikhs being able to call Canada their home. The many photographs, letters and documents give further insights into the lives of this distinctive group of Canadians.
Education, Faculty of
Educational Studies (EDST), Department of
Graduate

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6

Burkinshaw, Robert Kenneth. "Strangers and pilgrims in Lotus Land : conservative Protestantism in British Columbia, 1917-1981." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28631.

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This study examines the growth of conservative Protestantism, or evangelicalism, in British Columbia from 1917, the beginning of open conflict with theological liberalism, to 1981. The period witnessed the development of evangelical institutions from rudimentary beginnings before 1920 to the rise of a complex network by the 1970's. Numerically, conservative denominations in British Columbia countered a national trend and nearly doubled their proportion of the population from 1921 to 1981. Towards the end of the period, weekly attendance at conservative churches surpassed that in mainline Protestant denominations. This study has a two-fold purpose. The narrative seeks to recount significant features of the denominational, institutional and numerical development of evangelicalism in British Columbia. At the same time, the crucial factors in its development will be analyzed, particularly those which explain its growth. Explanations which focus exclusively on socio-economic factors or American influences are rejected. Both played significant roles but neither are able to fully explain the growth and other factors must be considered in addition to them. Four are identified as playing particularly significant roles: 1. a loyalty to values and emphases which appeared endangered by modernism; 2. patterns of immigration which added relatively large numbers of evangelicals who soon identified with the wider evangelicalism, 3. larger than average family sizes and high rates of retention of children within conservative churches and 4. institutional factors, particularly the strenuous efforts spent in establishing large numbers of new congregations throughout the province. Common to all four factors is the sense shared by conservative Protestants that they were separate from the "world." Unlike religious liberals who sought to preserve Christianity by accommodating to modernism, conservatives were alienated by modernism and sought to preserve traditional evangelicalism in the face of massive cultural change. In British Columbia, which was characterized by an unusual degree of transiency, materialism and secularism, the conservative approach proved more successful. Neither branch of Protestantism grew as rapidly as the "no religion" segment of the population but, while mainline Protestantism declined proportionately, evangelicals evidenced a certainty and simplicity of conviction and action that appealed to an increasing minority of the population.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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7

Olson, Natalie. "Historical perspective of the British Columbia business education curriculum, 1875-1990." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31249.

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This study describes the evolution of the British Columbia business education curriculum from 1875 to 1990. Since the 'official' curriculum document at any particular time represents the central focus of formal educational endeavours, it and related ensuing specific business subject curricula were the central objects of analysis for this study. The primary or "parent" document of the general curriculum for each important revision period was examined first for such clues as its language, purposes, aims, emphases and concerns gave to its philosophy and general orientation. Next, each of the commercial/business programmes that issued from that major revision was examined in order to determine its relationship to the "parent" document. Individual courses within the programmes were then analyzed. Finally, each curriculum was examined to ascertain its relationship with its social, economic, political and historical contexts. Some important themes have emerged: a shift in the clientele for business education, a series of changes in the focus of the programme, and some related changes in the status of the field. The evolution of commercial education from a course of study for 'gentlemen' into one for an almost exclusively female clientele by mid-century, into one for both genders by 1990 greatly affected the contents and emphases of prescribed programmes. The contents and emphases of those prescribed programmes were also determined by the broader social, political and economic contexts in which they operated. During certain periods, the programme presented an image of business as "offic work", and thus utilitarian, functional, nonacademic, and of primary interest to female students. Emphasis on "entry-level" skills for office employment characterized the programme. At those times its prestige within the school subject hierarchy tended to be low. At other times business education was a more general course, theoretical, and fairly academic in nature, presenting a broad conception of the business world. In those periods business education included theories and practices related to owning, directing and conducting business as well as office skills and routines. During these times, business education enjoyed high status within the school subject hierarchy, and appealed to both male and female students. In addition, the status of business education depended on the attention it received from such influential entities as strong business interest groups, and the federal and provincial governments. While more tentative than some of the other considerations the thesis does examine the interrelationships amongst such elements as curriculum, academic and nonacademic streaming, gender roles, employment training, and political and economic agendas of government. Although the exact impact that each had in determining business education curricula is not yet entirely clear, their central role in the process is made amply clear in this descriptive study.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

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8

Shaw, Nancy (Nancy Alison) 1962. "West coast style : modern homes and lifestyles in Canada, 1945-1995." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23242.

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In Canada, West Coast Style has come to be associated with domestic architecture and a relaxed, modern lifestyle characteristic of the region's exceptional geography and climate. My thesis is a study of how this cultural formation has been figured and refigured since the Second World War through a historical and discursive analysis of West Coast Style. This cultural study focuses on how the term West Coast Style circulates and shifts meaning in relationship to a variety of domestic architectures such as the suburban single-family dwelling and more urban types like the coop, condominium and high rise. In addition, I consider how West Coast Style has been configured in debates about architectural modernism and postmodernism, Canadian cultural nationalism, and in newly emerging civic, global, and transnational geo-political, economic and cultural networks.

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Cassidy, John Francis. "The 1918 and 1957 Vancouver Island earthquakes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26183.

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The oceanic Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates are subducting beneath the continental America plate west of Vancouver Island. The Nootka fault zone, which separates these oceanic plates, experiences left-lateral shear due to the different rates of subduction for the Juan de Fuca (4 cm/yr) and the Explorer (<2 cm/yr) plates. Since 1918, six significant earthquakes (M= 5.3 - 7.2) have occurred in the region where the projection of this fault zone intersects central Vancouver Island. In this study two of the largest events are examined; the 1918 (Ms ≃ 7) and the 1957 (Ms ≃ 6) earthquakes. Prior to this research, no comprehensive studies of these events had been carried out. A total of 46 seismograms from 24 stations worldwide were obtained for the 1918 earthquake, and 138 seismograms from 46 stations were obtained for the 1957 earthquake. The preferred epicentre for the 1918 earthquake is 49.47°N, 126.24°W, with an estimated uncertainty of ±30 km. The preferred focal depth of 15 km indicates that this was a crustal earthquake. Magnitude estimates are Ms = 6.9 ± 0.3, mb, = 7.2 ± 0.4 and MI = 7.0, in agreement with previous studies. Surface wave analysis suggests this is a predominantly strike-slip earthquake occurring along either a NNW or an ENE striking fault. A seismic moment of 7.40x10²⁵ dyne-cm and a stress drop of 122 bars, indicative of an intraplate event, are estimated. The preferred epicentre for the 1957 earthquake is 49.65°N, 127.02°W with an uncertainty of ± 20 km. The estimated focal depth of 30 km suggests this event occurred in the subducting oceanic plate. Magnitude estimates are Ms = 5.9±0.2, rrif, = 6.3±0.3 and Mi = 5.7. Surface wave and P-nodal analyses indicate that this is a predominantly strike-slip earthquake; either dextral along a NNW striking fault, or sinistral along a ENE striking fault. The seismic moment is estimated to be 8.14x10²⁴ dyne-cm, and the stress drop to be 36 bars, which is indicative of an interplate event. The quality of these data does not allow for an unambiguous interpretation of these earthquakes in terms of seismotectonic models. However, the results of this study indicate that these earthquakes do not have normal or thrust mechanisms. The 1918 earthquake appears to be a crustal, intraplate event resulting indirectly from the complicated interaction of the Explorer, Juan de Fuca and America plates. The preferred epicentre, depth and stress drop for the 1957 earthquake are consistent with left-lateral motion between the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates along the Nootka fault zone where it is being subducted beneath Vancouver Island. Uncertainties in the above parameters however, do not rule out the possibility of this being a crustal earthquake along a NW striking fault.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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10

Milham, Lynda L. "Lessons never learned, health education in British Columbia, 1875-1998." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37592.pdf.

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Books on the topic "British Columbia (1997)"

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Board, Canada National Energy. Northeast British Columbia natural gas resource assessment, 1992-1997. [Calgary]: National Energy Board, 2000.

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British Columbia. Office of the Ombudsman. Ombuds strategic plan, 1997-2001: Promoting fairness for British Columbia. [Victoria]: Ombudsman, Province of British Columbia, 1998.

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Mouat, Jeremy. The business of power: Hydro-electricity in south eastern British Columbia, 1897-1997. Victoria, B.C: Sono Nis Press, 1997.

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Cox, Stephen E. Ground-water quality data from the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, February 1997. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Cox, Stephen E. Ground-water quality data from the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, February 1997. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Cox, Stephen E. Ground-water quality data from the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, February 1997. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Cox, Stephen E. Ground-water quality data from the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, February 1997. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Cox, Stephen E. Ground-water quality data from the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, February 1997. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Cox, Stephen E. Ground-water quality data from the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, February 1997. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Cox, Stephen E. Ground-water quality data from the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, February 1997. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "British Columbia (1997)"

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Lindquist, Evert, and Thea Vakil. "10. Government Transitions, Leadership Succession, and Executive Turnover in British Columbia, 1996–2006." In Deputy Ministers in Canada, edited by Jacques Bourgault and Christopher Dunn, 283–308. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442665170-014.

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Kristianson, G. L. "British Columbia." In Cdn Annual Review 1987. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442672000-015.

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"Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity." In Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity, edited by Roger Pieters, Shannon Harris, Lisa C. Thompson, Lidija Vidmanic, Meghan Roushorne, Greg Lawrence, John G. Stockner, et al. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569445.ch13.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The Upper and Lower Arrow lakes have undergone major anthropogenic changes. Dams were built below (Grand Coulee 1942), at the outlet (Keenleyside 1967), and above (Mica 1973 and Revelstoke 1983) the Arrow Lakes, and <em>Mysis relicta </em>were introduced in 1968. The reservoirs created behind the upstream dams act as nutrient traps, reducing the already naturally low levels of nutrients in the Arrow Lakes Reservoir. The objective of nutrient additions to the Arrow Lakes Reservoir was to replace nutrients trapped upstream and was driven by rapidly declining stocks of kokanee, a native landlocked sockeye salmon <em>Oncorhynchus nerka </em>and keystone species of this aquatic ecosystem. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Upper and Lower Arrow tributaries supported between 600,000–800,000 kokanee salmon spawners, but the numbers declined steadily through the 1990s to a low of 97,000 in 1997. As the number of kokanee decreased, no increase in size was observed, consistent with nutrient-limited conditions. Unlike its neighbor, Kootenay Lake, which is one of the most studied in British Columbia, the Arrow Lakes Reservoir had received little limnological attention. After an initial study of the limnology and trophic status in 1997 and 1998, a 5-year fertilization experiment was initiated in 1999 with seasonally adjusted nutrient (phosphorus and nitrogen) additions to the Upper Arrow Reservoir, in an effort to restore historic kokanee populations. Preliminary data from the first two years of fertilization, 1999 and 2000, show positive and encouraging trends in primary productivity, phytoplankton succession, zooplankton biomass, and the number, size, and fecundity of kokanee spawners. No significant changes have been observed in the water quality parameters measured, consistent with immediate utilization of nutrients in an oligotrophic system.

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"Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity." In Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity, edited by Bruce R. Ward, Donald J. F. McCubbing, and Patrick A. Slaney. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569445.ch10.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Positive numerical responses in steelhead <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss </em>and coho salmon <em>O. kisutch </em>juvenile abundance and size, smolt yield, and smolts per spawner were obtained from watershed restoration in the Keogh River on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Annual increases coincided with treatment and were compared with data from an untreated neighboring watershed (Waukwaas River). The steelhead population, now apparently capable of thriving, was below replacement recruitment prior to the addition of inorganic nutrients and instream habitat structures, the key components of several restoration activities. Annual increases in summer densities of steelhead juveniles were recorded as the rehabilitation treatments progressed from 1997 to 2000. Estimation of steelhead parr densities indicated a 3.8-fold increase over pretreatment or internal untreated values; increases in sites with both inorganic nutrient briquettes and habitat structure additions were 2.5–1.9 times higher than sites with nutrient additions or habitat structures alone. Average size-at-age of juvenile salmonids, by autumn, significantly increased through the years of rehabilitation treatment and compared with fish in the Waukwaas River. Steelhead smolt yield in 2000 increased to 2,338 fish, the highest yield since 1993, but lower than the historical average (>6,000) due to low escapement. Current yield was an improvement over the historic low (<1,000 steelhead smolts, 1998). Coho smolt yield increased to 74,500 or 20% above the historic average (62,000 smolts; 1975–1999), well above the record low counts of 1998 (22,000), but below the historic maximum yield (105,000; 1981). A significant increase in steelhead smolt recruitment at low escapement, from less than 2 to greater than 50 smolts per spawner, was observed over the last four brood years (1995–1998). The assessment now shifts to further benefits to smolt yield, which will require evaluation to 2004.

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Hill, Carey. "BRITISH COLUMBIA." In Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs 1998, edited by David Mutimer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442672116-012.

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Hill, Carey. "British Columbia." In Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs 1999, edited by David Mutimer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442672123-012.

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Knapp, Gregory. "The Legacy of European Colonialism." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0026.

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South America was first “encountered” by Europeans during Columbus’ third voyage in 1498. This marked the end of the pre-Columbian period of the continent, and the beginning of the colonial period that lasted until the end of the wars of independence in the early nineteenth century. Total liberation of the continent from Spain was finally achieved at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824. Brazilian independence from Portugal was achieved more peacefully in 1822, when Dom Pedro became constitutional emperor. The Guianas remained colonies far longer; indeed Guyane (French Guiana) is still an overseas department of France, while Suriname (Dutch Guiana) became independent in 1975, and Guyana (originally a Dutch colony, later British) became independent in 1966. It could be suggested that dependency remained after the end of formal colonial rule, owing to the continued influence of global economic powers on the continent. However, for the purposes of this chapter, the colonial period can be considered as lasting for 326 years from 1498 to 1824. If recent research has tended to enhance our appreciation of the impact of pre-Columbian peoples on the South American environment, it has also corrected some stereotypes concerning European colonial impacts. Europeans were not the first to substantially impact the South American environment. The colonial period was generally marked by depopulation and agricultural disintensification, with the result that many environments were more “pristine” at the end of the eighteenth century than at the end of the fifteenth century. Migrations, cultural hybridities, and new local, regional, and global economic linkages led to changes in demands on agriculture and resource extraction. New technologies, crops, and social structures also had an impact. These impacts were not always as negative as sometimes portrayed, and local populations often had a substantial say in the outcome. Many of the most noticeable impacts resulting from the encounter with Europeans did not become widespread until after independence (McAlister, 1984; Bethell, 1987; Hoberman, 1996; Hoberman et al., 1996; Mörner, 1985; Newson, 1995; Robinson, 1990; Butzer and Butzer, 1995).

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"Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity." In Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity, edited by Gregory A. Wilson, Kenneth I. Ashley, Robert W. Land, and Patrick A. Slaney. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569445.ch11.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Big Silver Creek and the Adam River are oligotrophic (conductivity < 45 µΩ/cm; TDP < 2–5 µg/L; NO<sub>2 + 3</sub>-N < 45 µg/L), mid-sized coastal rivers in southwestern British Columbia. They were treated with inorganic P (phosphorus) and N (nitrogen) to examine the feasibility of low-level inorganic fertilization as a method of increasing resident fish populations in rivers subject to habitat loss by historical logging practices. Both rivers have low numbers and sizes of resident salmonids (<20/ha, >20 cm fork length), despite extensive suitable habitat. Water temperatures in summer average 12°C and 14°C with summer discharge averaging 12 and 4 m3/s in Big Silver Creek and the Adam River, respectively. In 1992–1997, physical, chemical, and biological assessments took place from May to September in three reaches of each river. Liquid agricultural fertilizer was added to the lower reach(es) of each river from June to September of 1994–1997, while upstream reaches were monitored as controls. Fertilizer addition methods evolved from dripping through a hose and valve system, to a more dependable preprogrammable injection system, with the merits of each system discussed. In each river, chlorophyll-<em>a </em>accrual and benthic invertebrate biomass and density increased, on average, two to four-fold in the fertilized reaches. There was an average four-fold increase in rainbow trout abundance in each river following four summers of fertilization, with a large increase in mountain whitefish <em>Prosopium williamsoni </em>(Big Silver Creek) and a smaller increase in brown trout <em>Salmo trutta </em>(Adam River). The experimental treatments confirmed that low-level fertilization augmented productivity, resulting in a significant response of resident trout in two oligotrophic streams. The technique can be applied to aquatic systems with reduced fish populations resulting from habitat loss, overfishing, or to anadromous populations caught in the negative feedback loop of decreasing escapement and associated losses of marine-derived nutrients.

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Buckley, David T. "Secular Emergence in Ireland." In Faithful to Secularism, 42–61. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231180061.003.0003.

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How did Ireland arrive at the twin tolerations after independence from British colonial rule? This chapter the existence of benevolent secularism in the Irish Constitution of 1937, and traces its impact on Ireland’s Catholic majority, religious minorities, and secular elites. Evidence draws on communication between political and religious elites during the drafting of the 1937 Constitution, with special attention to communication between Éamon de Valera and Catholic, Protestant and Jewish elites. The chapter closes with an examination of weaknesses in Irish benevolent secularism manifested in the “Mother and Child” controversy.

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"Higher Education in British Columbia, 1945-1995: Opportunity and Diversity." In Higher Education in Canada, 45–72. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203357712-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "British Columbia (1997)"

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Anderson, J., G. Astrakianakis, P. Band, N. Le, J. Bert, R. Janssen, L. Svirchev, and C. Tang. "43. Industrial Hygiene Aspects of a Sampling Survey at a Bleached-Kraft Pulp Mill in British Columbia." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765547.

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VanderSchee, David A. "Field Performance and Surge Testing of Centrifugal Compressors." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2126.

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In 1997 Alberta Natural Gas Co. Ltd (ANG) completed a field testing program of its centrifugal compressor fleet. Field performance and surge testing of centrifugal compressors in pipeline service was done for efficiency evaluation and to re-establish surge line control. By confirming the actual location of the surge line, surge controllers are adjusted to allow a more efficient and greater operating range resulting in fuel savings and operating flexibility. The results of this testing provides an accurate operating window for the compression equipment which is then transferred to a hydraulic analysis computer model used to provide accurate capacity estimates in support of additional gas transmission contractible volumes. As part of the surge testing, suction to impeller eye differential pressure readings (used for surge control) were evaluated to determine strength, stability and repeatability. Finally, baseline data was established to determine current compressor operating efficiencies and will be used to determine future efficiency degradation. ANG is a wholly owned subsidiary of TransCanada PipeLines, one of North America’s leading transporters of natural gas through its energy transmission businesses. ANG owns and operates the British Columbia segment of the Alberta-California pipeline system (ref Figure 1). Compression is provided at three compressor stations with eleven compressors totalling 187,000 installed ISO HP.

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Leir, Mark, and Michael Reed. "Natural Hazard Database Application: A Tool for Pipeline Decision Makers." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27103.

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Trans Mountain Pipe Line Company Ltd. (TMPL) owns and operates an 1146 km NPS 24 low vapor pressure petroleum products pipeline between Edmonton, Alberta and Burnaby, British Columbia. In 1998 TMPL retained BGC Engineering Inc. (BGC) to start a three-phase geotechnical and hydrotechnical hazard assessment of the right of way (ROW) from Hinton, Alberta to Kamloops, British Columbia. As part of this work GroundControl was asked to develop an electronic database with which to capture the information generated by BGC during the hazard assessment work. This paper describes the development and evolution of the database application that accompanied the study to quantitatively assess and prioritize the geotechnical and hydrotechnical hazard potential along the pipeline. This paper describes how the database provides TMPL employees across British Columbia and Alberta access to the current results of the hazard assessment plus supporting information such as multi-temporal images and internal and 3rd party reports about the pipeline. The purpose of the database and the unique architecture and functionality that accommodates ongoing monitoring and inspections of slopes and stream crossings is provided. Database security, access, and information sharing unique to TMPL are also described. Benefits and costs of the application plus technical and business challenges overcome by TMPL, BGC, and GroundControl are discussed. Recommendations from TMPL and GroundControl for similar information management initiatives are provided and future work is described. This paper is targeted to pipeline managers who are looking for economical, practical, and innovative information management solutions for managing their natural hazards.

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Harris, James B., James A. Hunter, Susan E. Pullan, Robert A. Burns, and Ronald L. Good. "Shallow shear wave seismic reflection profiling in the Fraser River delta, British Columbia." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1996. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1826792.

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Moniruzzaman, A., RK Elwood, H. Wong, A. Kazanjian, and JM FitzGerald. "Incidence of Recurrent Tuberculosis (TB) in British Columbia, Canada from 1990-2006 – A Population Based Study." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a4776.

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Pullan, Susan E., and James A. Hunter. "Application of the “Optimum offset” shallow reflection technique in the fraser delta, British Columbia." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1987. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1891891.

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Stewart, Steve, Dave Gourley, and Sam Loo. "Correcting Emissions Problems in Existing Propane and Natural Gas Vehicles in British Columbia." In 1995 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/952380.

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Genereux, J. A., and G. A. Posehn. "The application of the integrated geoscientific concept to hydrocarbon exploration in Northeast British Columbia, Canada." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1990. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1890307.

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Hunter, J. A. "Shear Wave Velocity Measurements for Earthquake Hazards Studies, Fraser River Delta, British Columbia." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 1998. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2922534.

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Baum, Judy S., Larry I. Hansen, Colin A. Brown, and Ken E. Marzocco. "Multi-Product Pipelines: Western Canadian Experience." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2017.

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The focus of this paper is to discuss the special design and operating considerations on receipt of materials at a terminal from a pipeline that is used to transport both crude oil and refined petroleum products. The paper includes a history of the closures of refineries in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada resulting in the need for multi-product pipeline movements. The discussions include the importance of interface detection technologies (e.g. densitometers, colourimeters, sound velocity, and batch tracking), batch configuration, proper dynamic modeling of the receipt facilities, re-processing techniques, and operating procedures. The intent is to give an overview of the success achieved by using a crude oil pipeline for multi-product shipments.

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Reports on the topic "British Columbia (1997)"

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van der Heyden, P., P. Mustard, P. Metcalfe, R. Shives, A. Plouffe, D. Teskey, and C. Dunn. Current status of the Interior Plateau Program, Canada-British Columbia Agreement on Mineral Development, 1991-1995. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/202761.

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Jessop, A. M., and B. N. Church. Geothermal Drilling in the Summerland Basin, British Columbia, 1990. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/131508.

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Luternauer, J. L. 1990 Field Activities and Accomplishments, Fraser River Delta, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132495.

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van der Heyden, P., R. Shives, B. Ballantyne, D. Harris, C. Dunn, D. Teskey, A. Plouffe, and C. Hickson. Overview and preliminary results for the Interior Plateau Program, Canada-British Columbia Agreement on Mineral Development 1991-1995. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/184098.

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Haggart, J. W. Highlights of the 1991 Geological Field Program, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132823.

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Woeller, D. J., J. A. Hunter, and J. L. Luternauer. Results of seismic cone penetration testing, Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, February-March 1994. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/194776.

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Haggart, J. W. Summary of 1990 Studies of the Queen Charlotte Islands Frontier Geoscience Project, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132528.

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Lane, L. S., M. P. Cecile, L. D. Currie, and G. S. Stockmal. Summary of 1998 fieldwork in Trutch and Toad River map areas, Central Forelands NATMAP Project, northeastern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210841.

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Shives, R. B. K. Airborne Geophysical Survey of the Mount Milligan area, British Columbia, Sept. 1991 [NTS 93O/4W, 93N/1 and 93N/2E]. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/133406.

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MITRE CORP BEDFORD MA. Proceedings of the IFIP WG 11.3 Working Conference on Database Security (6th) Held in Vancouver, British Columbia on 19-22 August 1992. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada298828.

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