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1
Ward, Bruce R. "Declivity in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) recruitment at the Keogh River over the past decade." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-243.
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Survival and return of unharvested winter-run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at the Keogh River, British Columbia, declined abruptly and remained persistently low after 1990. Adult returns averaged 1168 fish from 1976 to 1990 but were significantly lower from 1991 to 1998 (mean 223). Forty wild females returned to the 35-km river in 1995-1996, 20 in 1996-1997, and <10 in 1997-1998. The positive linear relationship between smolts and returns was significantly lower after 1990 and no longer correlated with smolt size. Smolt-to-adult survival averaged 15% (1976 to 1989) but recently averaged 3.5% (1990 to 1995). Smolt number steadily declined to <1000 by 1998 from an average annual count of 7000. Smolts per spawner from 1991 to 1994 were, on average, 70% lower than previous estimates based on the same spawner abundance. Recruitment scenarios based on survival histories during freshwater and marine life stages indicated that adult recruits are currently below replacement and unsustainable if conditions continue or worsen. Factors influencing steelhead in the ocean and freshwater are likely similar for other salmonids; harvest impacts must be reduced and appropriate stock rebuilding measures implemented.
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Lagebro, Linda, Martin Stein, and John S. Peel. "A New ?lamellipedian arthropod from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet Fauna of North Greenland." Journal of Paleontology 83, no. 5 (September 2009): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-011.1.
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The Non-Mineralized arthropod described herein is derived from the Sirius Passet fossil conservation deposit of North Greenland (82°47.6,N, 42°13.7ʹW), the oldest locality with exceptional preservation of soft tissues known from the Cambrian of Laurentia (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3; Nevadella Zone). As such, it is broadly contemporaneous with the Chengjiang fauna of China (Hou et al., 2004) and some 10 million years older than the Burgess Shale fauna of British Columbia. The Sirius Passet fauna was first documented by Conway Morris et al. (1987) and its geological setting is discussed by Babcock and Peel (2007). In addition to the nevadiid trilobite Buenellus higginsi Blaker, 1988, the fauna is dominated by non-mineralized arthropods (Budd, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999; Williams et al., 1996; Taylor, 2002). Other finds include sponges (Rigby, 1986), a lobopod (Budd and Peel, 1998), the earliest annelids (Conway Morris and Peel, 2008) and articulated halkieriids (Conway Morris and Peel, 1990, 1995), but most of the assemblage awaits description.
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Hudson, Robert. "Snowpack recovery in regenerating coastal British Columbia clearcuts." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-030.
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A study was undertaken to define curves of snowpack recovery for coastal B.C. forests. The study was conducted using repeated snow course sampling techniques under regenerating stands with a range of canopy heights, and old growth. Measurements were made over five seasons from 1992-1993 to 1996-1997. For each season, recovery factors due to both peak accumulation and post-peak ablation rate were calculated for the regenerating stands. These factors were calculated using linear interpolation between extremes defined by the peak accumulation or ablation rate of old growth and clear-cut equivalent plots. An asymptotic exponential model was found to provide a reasonable fit to the data of recovery as a function of either canopy height or canopy density. The results suggest that there is a hydrologic recovery threshold at a level where the tallest trees in the stand are at a height roughly equal to the mean peak snow depth for open sites. Recovery proceeds rapidly; at a height of 4 m or canopy density of 20%, expected recovery is about 50%. At a height of 8 m, or a canopy density of 45%, expected recovery is about 75%, and by the time the trees have reached a height of 20 m, or more than 95% canopy density, the stand approaches full recovery. These results demonstrate how clear-cut harvesting and subsequent regeneration affect snow accumulation and ablation at the site level, but do not address the important issue of how those changes affect streamflow at the watershed scale.
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Gomme, Reid. "Delgamuukw v. British Columbia: When Aboriginal Voices of Law Were Finally Heard." Political Science Undergraduate Review 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur46.
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This essay analyzes the enduring impact of the case Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997), in which the Supreme Court of Canada overturned the original ruling by the Supreme Court of British Columbia in 1997 upon appeal by members of the Gitskan and Wet’suwet’en peoples representing the Delgamuukw side. The case set strengthened precedent in Canada’s legal system for the use of indigenous oral history as acceptable evidence in identifying first nations land claims based on their ancestral accounts. As has been shown in more recent indigenous land claims cases such as Tsilhqot’in v. British Columbia (2014), this precedent is finally allowing some first nations communities a legal tool recognized strongly enough within Canadian legal systems, historically entrenched in European common and civil law approaches of justifying evidence, to gain more just land claims settlements. While actions by some levels of Canadian government, such as the British Columbian Liberal government’s 2001 popular referendum on the merits of indigenous land claims, have shown bad faith for the prospects of nation to nation land claim settlement negotiation, the pressure exerted on all levels of Canadian government by decisions such as Delgamuukw and Tsilhqot’in show promise in forcing a shift to more just land claim settlements in future disputes.
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Jackson, Jennifer M., Richard E. Thomson, Leslie N. Brown, Peter G. Willis, and Gary A. Borstad. "Satellite chlorophyll off the British Columbia Coast, 1997-2010." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120, no. 7 (July 2015): 4709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010496.
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Yoshida, Eric M., R. Andrew Singh, Robert K. Vartanian, David A. Owen, Siegfried R. Erb, and Charles H. Scudamore. "Late Recurrent Post-Transplant Primary Biliary Cirrhosis in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 11, no. 3 (1997): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/790906.
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Late recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) following orthotopic liver transplant remains a controversial topic. The first documented case of recurrence occurring in 16 patients transplanted for PBC and followed at the authors' institution for longer than one year is presented. A 54-year-old man transplanted for PBC developed a cholestatic pattern of enzyme elevation on post-transplant day (PTD) 1305. Repeat antimitochondrial antibody was strongly positive (1:300 to 1:400). A liver biopsy revealed severe bile duct damage, lymphocytic cholangitis, focal periductal noncaseating granuloma and minimal endotheliitis. Recurrent PBC was diagnosed. At the time of orthotopic liver transplant this patient received induction immunosuppression with OKT3 crossed over to cyclosporine (CsA), azathioprine (AZA) and prednisone. AZA was discontinued early and maintenance CsA tapered to a target trough level of 150 to 200 ng/mL by PTD 365. Prednisone was withdrawn by PTD 664. CsA levels during PTDs 1225 to 1305 (before elevation of hepatobiliary enzymes) were below target at 114 to 166 ng/mL. Of the 16 patients, all but three were maintained on CsA, AZA and prednisone. One was on CsA (trough levels on target) and AZA; the other two, including the patient with recurrent PBC, were on CsA only. The trough CsA level of the patient without recurrent PBC has been within the target range. The authors speculate that the underlying defect in immunoregulation in PBC persists post-transplant and that in the patient without recurrent PBC this defect was unmasked by lowered maintenance immunosuppression - allowing recurrence of PBC in a previously stable liver allograft.
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McCormick, Rod M. "First Nations Counsellor Training in British Columbia: Strengthening the Circle." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 16, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1997-0008.
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First Nations people in British Columbia are struggling to overcome the effects of assimilationist practices and cultural loss. Many of the mental health problems facing First Nations people today can be traced to this loss. Their communities believe the best way to address this problem is by training their own people as mental health professionals who could then provide informed and culturally relevant counselling services. In the spring of 1996 a provincewide survey was conducted to determine the nature of counsellor training needed by First Nations people in the province of British Columbia. This article describes the rationale for this survey and the results.
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van Netten, Christiaan, Robert Pereira, and Ralph Brands. "Drinking Water Supply and Management Practices in British Columbia, 1997–98." Canadian Journal of Public Health 93, no. 1 (January 2002): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03404409.
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Gilfillan, Graham. "Road Safety Benefits of Liquid Anti-Icing Strategies and Agents: Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1700, no. 1 (January 2000): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1700-05.
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The Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) formed a partnership with the city of Kamloops in September 1996 to undertake a 2-year project to test the effectiveness of liquid anti-icers in preventing motor vehicle accidents compared with traditional deicing techniques. ICBC provided $131,000 in financing to Kamloops over the 2 years. Costs included the conversion of city trucks for liquid dispensing, purchasing of liquid magnesium chloride (Freezgard GSL), and updated road weather information systems. G. D. Hamilton and Associates, an engineering and consulting firm in Vancouver, British Columbia, evaluated the safety benefits achieved during the 2 years. The results of the analysis show up to a 74 percent reduction in overall slush, snow, and ice collisions and associated insurance claims. In the previous 3 years, traditional deicing methods were used. The study area for 1996–1997 consisted of 46 km of arterial streets and 38 km of highways within the city of Kamloops. In the second year, 1997–1998, 148 km of arterial and collector roads were studied. However, the anti-icing agent was not applied to the highways in the second year, and the analysis further showed an increase of 84 percent in the overall slush, snow, and ice collisions and resulting claims. The ICBC Research Department evaluated accident claims reported to the Kamloops Claims Office for winter 1997–1998. The results of the analysis show a 6 percent reduction in overall claims on relevant snow days for an estimated minimum savings of $281,868.00 to ICBC for that year. A similar study was completed in 1998–1999 and showed an 8 percent reduction in overall claims on relevant snow days. For the 3-year program, 285 fewer claims were filed, an average of 95 fewer claims per year.
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Wilson, Bill, Brad Stennes, Sen Wang, and Louise Wilson. "Secondary manufacturing in British Columbia: Structure, significance and trends." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77301-2.
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Similar to many other jurisdictions, British Columbia (BC) is no longer able to expand forest sector production and employment by drawing upon additional timber reserves, so it is seeking to expand value-added (i.e., secondary) manufacturing in forest products. Given the significance of the forest sector to BC, it is important that decision-makers seeking to promote an expansion in secondary manufacturing have accurate sector information. This paper presents the results of a 1998-99 survey of the BC solid wood secondary manufacturing industry. The project gathered operational, employment, production, marketing and financial information on nine defined product groups of business types (BTs) for 1997. The industry information is analyzed to provide a quantitative and qualitative examination on the current structure and significance of the sector, and a discussion on the major challenges confronting secondary manufacturing. An analysis of sector trends is also provided.Sector employment for nine business types totalled 19 490 person years and total sector sales an estimated $3.87 billion (about 22% of total BC forest product sales). Sales for seven business types (excluding panelboards, shakes and shingles) totalled $2.69 billion, up about 40% from 1994 measured in nominal dollars. Direct employment coefficients for a standard volume of timber equivalent are estimated for each of the business types. Key words: forest industry, value-added, employment, markets, policy
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Wardle, A. R., and J. H. Borden. "Sexual attraction among Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae) species." Canadian Entomologist 135, no. 5 (October 2003): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-016.
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Lygus bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), particularly the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), and Lygus hesperus Knight, are serious pests in North America (Hedlund and Graham 1987). Sex pheromones have been identified in some mirids (Smith et al. 1991; Millar et al. 1997; Millar and Rice 1998) but not in Lygus spp. (Ho and Millar 2002), despite evidence that lygus bug females produce sex pheromones (Scales 1968; Strong et al. 1970; Graham 1987; McLaughlin 1996; Scott and Snodgrass 2000). Graham (1987) found that L. lineolaris and Lygus elisus Van Duzee males were attracted to females of their own and the other species but not to L. hesperus females, whereas L. hesperus males were attracted only to conspecific females. In southwestern British Columbia, Lygus shulli Knight is a major pest in such diverse sites as conifer nurseries and greenhouses (Gillespie et al. 2000). Our objective was to determine whether sexual attraction occurs in L. shulli and whether L. shulli is cross-attracted to females of two other Lygus spp.
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Bertram, Douglas F., Ian L. Jones, Evan G. Cooch, Hugh A. Knechtel, and Fred Cooke. "Survival Rates of Cassin's and Rhinoceros Auklets at Triangle Island, British Columbia." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.155.
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Abstract We estimated survival of Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) from recapture rates during 1994–1997. For both species, a two “age”-class model provided the best fit. Estimates of local adult survival were significantly lower for Cassin's Auklet (0.672 ± 0.047) than for Rhinoceros Auklet (0.829 ± 0.095). Our estimate of survival appears lower than that required for the maintenance of a stable population of Cassin's Auklets. The available information indicates that a low survival rate and a declining population at Triangle Island are plausible, particularly given the recent large scale oceanographic changes which have occurred in the North Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, additional mark-recapture data and indexes of population size are required to rigorously demonstrate population declines at the world's largest Cassin's Auklet colony.
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Hentschel, Stephen, Walter Hader, and Michael Boyd. "Head Injuries in Skiers and Snowboarders in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 28, no. 1 (February 2001): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100052537.
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ABSTRACT:Background:At the Vancouver General Hospital Neurosurgical Service there have been a significant number of seriously brain injured snowboarders, seemingly out of proportion to the number of skiers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether snowboarders suffered more serious head injuries than skiers in the Vancouver catchment area.Methods:The British Columbia Trauma Registry was searched for patients incurring head injuries while skiing or snowboarding on British Columbia mountains during the period from January 1992 to December 1997. Patients were included if they were admitted to hospital and underwent neurosurgical consultation.Results:A total of 40 skiers and 14 snowboarders met the above criteria. Of the skiers, 15% sustained a severe head injury by Glasgow Coma Score, another 30% sustaining moderate head injuries, while 29% of snowboarders had a severe injury and 36% a moderate injury. A concussion was present in 60% of the skiers and 21% of the snowboarders. Snowboarders suffered an intracranial hemorrhage in 71% of the cases compared to 28% of the skiers. A craniotomy was performed acutely in 10% of skiers and in 29% of snowboarders. Three deaths occurred as a direct result of head injury, one while snowboarding. All but one of the surviving skiers were able to return home, whereas four of 13 surviving snowboarders required additional inpatient rehabilitation or transfer to another acute hospital for ongoing care.Conclusions:Snowboarders suffer more significant head injuries compared to skiers in this series and are much more likely than skiers to require an intracranial procedure. In our opinion, this indicates that additional safety measures, in particular the use of mandatory helmets, should be considered by ski areas and their patrons.
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Andres, Lesley. "Transfer from Community College to University: Perspectives and Experiences of British Columbia Students." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2001): 35–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v31i1.183378.
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Through formal inter-institutional arrangements, articulated systems of postsecondary education claim to promote equality of opportunity by allowing for a seamless flow of students toward their educational and occupational goals. However, despite system wide articulation of course offerings, numerous studies indicate that the transfer experience is not unproblematic. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study of the experiences of British Columbia university students who had transferred from community college. The central focus of this study was to portray students' experiences of the transfer process; document difficulties and successes encountered before, during, and after transfer; high- light advantages and disadvantages of transfer; and offer recommendations for improving the transfer process. In 1997, 47 indi- viduals who had transferred from one Lower Mainland Community College to one Lower Mainland University in 1996 were interviewed. The findings revealed that although the majority of students in this study support transfer as a viable and even preferable route to university degree completion, problems occur at each of the three stages of transfer as specified by Dougherty (1987). Obstacles to successful transfer by students include: difficulty gaining access to useful information; problems understanding transfer policies, practices, and procedures; and declines in GPA following transfer to university. Several recommendations for improving existing transfer policies and practices — including improving access to useful information by students; facilitating transfer through extensive coordination of transfer policies, practices, and procedures; and addressing differences in the teaching and learning experience at sending and receiving institutions — are offered to enhance successful transfer from community college to university.
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Macdonald, J. S., P. G. Beaudry, E. A. MacIsaac, and H. E. Herunter. "The effects of forest harvesting and best management practices on streamflow and suspended sediment concentrations during snowmelt in headwater streams in sub-boreal forests of British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-110.
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This paper examines suspended sediment concentration and stream discharge during freshet in three small sub-boreal forest streams (<1.5 m in width) in the central interior of British Columbia for 1 year prior to (1996) and for 5 years following forest harvesting (19972001). Harvesting prescriptions in a 20-m strip beside one stream required complete removal of merchantable timber (>15 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) for pine and >20 cm for spruce), while all stems <30 cm DBH were retained beside a second stream. A third stream remained unharvested as a control. The two riparian treatments were prescribed to test the efficacy of current British Columbia legislation that allows for varying amounts of riparian retention as best management practices for the management of windthrow. Both treated watersheds were clear-cut harvested (approximately 55% removal) in January 1997, and in the following year, temporary access roads were deactivated, including two stream crossings in the low-retention watershed. An increase in peak snowmelt and total freshet discharge was first noted in the second spring following harvest in both treatments and remained above predicted in all subsequent years. Suspended sediment also increased during freshet following harvest but returned to levels at or below preharvest predictions within 3 years or less in the high-retention watershed.
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Godin, Claude, and Guy Boivin. "OCCURRENCE OF COTESIA RUBECULA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN QUEBEC, 30 YEARS AFTER ITS INTRODUCTION IN NORTH AMERICA." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 5 (October 1998): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130733-5.
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During a study on the parasitoids of the imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), undertaken in 1993 and 1994, we recovered Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for the first time in Quebec, Canada. Samples were taken from pesticide-free plots of cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts located at Ste-Clotilde (45°09′N, 73°41′W) and L'Acadie, Quebec (45°18′N, 73°21′W), as described by Godin and Boivin (1998). In addition, survival of diapausing C. rubecula was evaluated after a 5-month incubation at 4°C (Godin 1997). Both A. rapae and C. rubecula are introduced species and originate most likely from Europe (Richards 1940). Artogeia rapae was discovered in 1860 in Quebec (Harcourt 1963), and C. rubecula was first reported in 1963 in British Columbia (Wilkinson 1966).
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Jakob, M., D. Anderson, T. Fuller, O. Hungr, and D. Ayotte. "An unusually large debris flow at Hummingbird Creek, Mara Lake, British Columbia." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 1109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-013.
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On 11 July 1997 a very large debris flow occurred at Hummingbird Creek, Mara Lake, British Columbia. Long-term antecedent precipitation was record breaking, whereas short-term precipitation at Salmon Arm did not exceed the 2 year return period for intensity. A 25 000 m3 debris avalanche was initiated downstream of a forest road culvert, which drained a small catchment that had been artificially increased by a factor of three. The debris avalanche entered the channel of Hummingbird Creek and triggered a debris flow. Velocities were back-calculated using the forced vortex equation and multiplied by the cross-sectional area to obtain peak discharge estimates that ranged from 600 to 1000 m3/s. Approximately 92 000 m3 of sediment was deposited during this event, which makes it the largest nonvolcanic debris flow recorded in British Columbia to date. A three-dimensional runout model was used to simulate this event. Results are in fair agreement with the observed behaviour. This study emphasizes the need to carefully manage forest resources with high downstream risks and the need for hazard assessments prior to development on alluvial fans.Key words: debris avalanche, debris flow, DAN model, hydroclimatic, peak discharge, British Columbia.
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Scheifele, David, Alison Bell, Taj Jadavji, Wendy Vaudry, John Waters, Monika Naus, and Jill Sciberras. "Population-Based Surveillance of HiB Invasive Infections in Children in British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario -- 1995 to 1997." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 11, no. 3 (2000): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/219612.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess vaccine effectiveness through enhanced disease surveillance following the change in childhood immunization programs in 1995, when all provinces and territories chose to use polyribosyl ribitol phosphate-tetanus protein (PRP-T)Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, generally in combination with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus inactivated polio vaccine (DPT-IPV) (as PENTA vaccine) because the protective efficacy of this regimen had not been directly measured.DESIGN: Prospective, active, laboratory-based Hib case surveillance was implemented in British Columbia and Alberta, and enhanced, stimulated laboratory surveillance in Ontario during 1995 to 1997, centred on invasive infections in children. Case details and immunization histories were uniformly collected and centrally collated.MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-eight Hib cases were detected, but only 12 cases arose among PENTA-eligible children, an attack rate of 0.85 cases/100,000 child-years of observation. Annual case totals declined from 20 in 1995 to seven in 1997, when only one to three cases were encountered in each province and the incidence rate in children under age five years was 0.6/100,000. Only four cases occurred after primary immunization with PENTA, a failure rate of 0.28 cases/100,000 child-years of observation. Three cases among PENTA-eligible children reflected parental refusal of infant vaccinations, accounting for 25% of cases in eligible children.CONCLUSIONS: PRP-T conjugate vaccine was highly effective when given in combination with DPT-IPV vaccine. Provincial programs that used this regimen resulted in the near elimination of invasive Hib disease in children, but unimmunized children remain at risk.
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Paproski, D. L. "Healing Experiences of British Columbia First Nations Women: Moving Beyond Suicidal Ideation and Intention." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 16, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1997-0007.
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This study explores how five British Columbia First Nations women moved through suicidal ideation and intention in their youth. Much of their healing process was facilitated by a reconnection to their cultural identity and traditional native spirituality. Phenomenological research methods were used to guide the interview process, analysis, and the interpretation of unstructured interviews. Each transcribed interview was analyzed for themes and developed into a narrative. Several procedures were used to examine the validity of the analysis and interpretation, including participant review of the findings. Three of the 12 themes that emerged suggest common experiences surrounding suicide attempts or ideation. These experiences suggest that the impact of separation from family, community, and culture was significant for each of these women. Nine of the 12 major themes describe a variety of healing experiences for these five women, involving elders or other role models, professional counsellors, family, and community. As a consequence of their healing experiences, all participants reported an increased sense of personal empowerment, a positive view of themselves, and a commitment to a positive future for themselves and other First Nations people. The significance of cultural connections and native spirituality may have important implications for the intervention and prevention of suicide in First Nations youth.
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Bertram, Douglas F., Anne Harfenist, and Barry D. Smith. "Ocean climate and El Niño impacts on survival of Cassin's Auklets from upwelling and downwelling domains of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-190.
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We report on the survival of populations of Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) that breed on two oceanic colonies in British Columbia: Triangle Island, near the northern end of the California Current Ecosystem, and Frederick Island to the north in the Alaska Current Ecosystem. We captured and banded birds at both colonies from 1994 to 2000 and analyzed the recovery data with the computer program MARK. Average local adult annual survival (± standard error) was significantly lower (p = 0.0001) on Triangle Island (0.71 ± 0.02) than that on Frederick Island (0.80 ± 0.02), likely a result of poor production in the California Current Ecosystem during the 1990s. Coincident with a strong El Niño event, survival in 1997-1998 fell in unison to the lowest values observed for both colonies (to 0.54 ± 0.05 and 0.64 ± 0.04, respectively, for adults). A common winter environment in the California Current Ecosystem could explain the unified mortality response of both British Columbia populations to an exceptionally poor food period. The seabird colonies in this study occupy key positions in relation to major oceanographic domains and hence provide unique platforms for investigations of marine ecosystem response to ocean climate variability in the Northeast Pacific Ocean.
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Cruickshank, Johnathon. "Counteracting Settler Legal Systems." Federalism-E 22, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/fede.v22i1.14559.
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The 1997 Supreme Court case Delgamuukw v. British Columbia was groundbreaking in its recognition of oral histories as evidence of Aboriginal title. Brought forth by the Wet’suwet’en and Gitxsan nations, the trial would decide the title to territory in northern British Columbia, a jurisdiction which notably had never signed any treaties with the Canadian government. The Supreme Court overturned an earlier judgement from lower B.C. courts that had claimed Aboriginal title did not exist in law, allowing an appeal and leading to a retrial. The Supreme Court’s ruling not only defined the scope of Aborginal title, but ensured it was a constitutionally protected right that cannot be extinguished by the provinces, although it could be “infringed upon.” Additionally, it set the precedent for all future cases that Indigenous oral history must be given the same weight as written colonial history.
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Cescon, Angela, Steve Kanters, Chanson J. Brumme, Katherine J. Lepik, Jamie I. Forrest, Mark Hull, Hasina Samji, et al. "Trends in Plasma HIV-RNA Suppression and Antiretroviral Resistance in British Columbia, 1997–2010." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 65, no. 1 (January 2014): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e3182a8efc3.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 72, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1998): 305–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002597.
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-Lennox Honychurch, Robert L. Paquette ,The lesser Antilles in the age of European expansion. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. xii + 383 pp., Stanley L. Engerman (eds)-Kevin A. Yelvington, Gert Oostindie, Ethnicity in the Caribbean: Essays in honor of Harry Hoetink. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1996. xvi + 239 pp.-Aisha Khan, David Dabydeen ,Across the dark waters: Ethnicity and Indian identity in the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1996. xi + 222 pp., Brinsley Samaroo (eds)-Tracey Skelton, Ralph R. Premdas, Ethnic conflict and development: The case of Guyana. Brookfield VT: Ashgate, 1995. xi + 205 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Basdeo Mangru, A history of East Indian resistance on the Guyana sugar estates, 1869-1948. Lewiston NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1996. xiv + 370 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Clem Seecharan, 'Tiger in the stars': The anatomy of Indian achievement in British Guiana 1919-29. London: Macmillan, 1997. xxviii + 401 pp.-Brian Stoddart, Frank Birbalsingh, The rise of Westindian cricket: From colony to nation. St. John's, Antigua: Hansib Publishing (Caribbean), 1996. 274 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Peter van Koningsbruggen, Trinidad Carnival: A quest for national identity. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1997. ix + 293 pp.-Peter van Koningsbruggen, John Cowley, Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. xv + 293 pp.-Olwyn M. Blouet, George Gmelch ,The Parish behind God's back : The changing culture of rural Barbados. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. xii + 240 pp., Sharon Bohn Gmelch (eds)-George Gmelch, Mary Chamberlain, Narratives of exile and return. London: Macmillan, 1997. xii + 236 pp.-Michèle Baj Strobel, Christiane Bougerol, Une ethnographie des conflits aux Antilles: Jalousie, commérages, sorcellerie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997. 161 pp.-Abdollah Dashti, Randy Martin, Socialist ensembles: Theater and state in Cuba and Nicaragua. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. xii + 261 pp.-Winthrop R. Wright, Jay Kinsbruner, Not of pure blood: The free people of color and racial prejudice in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1996. xiv + 176 pp.-Gage Averill, Deborah Pacini Hernandez, Bachata: A social history of a Dominican popular music. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 1995. xxiii + 267 pp.-Vera M. Kutzinski, Lorna Valerie Williams, The representation of slavery in Cuban fiction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994. viii + 220 pp.-Peter Mason, Elmer Kolfin, Van de slavenzweep en de muze: Twee eeuwen verbeelding van slavernij in Suriname. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1997. 184 pp.-J. Michael Dash, Jean-Pol Madou, Édouard Glissant: De mémoire d'arbes. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. 114 pp.-Ransford W. Palmer, Jay R. Mandle, Persistent underdevelopment: Change and economic modernization in the West Indies. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1996. xii + 190 pp.-Ramón Grossfoguel, Juan E. Hernández Cruz, Corrientes migratorias en Puerto Rico/Migratory trends in Puerto Rico. Edición Bilingüe/Bilingual Edition. San Germán: Caribbean Institute and Study Center for Latin America, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, 1994. 195 pp.-Gert Oostindie, René V. Rosalia, Tambú: De legale en kerkelijke repressie van Afro-Curacaose volksuitingen. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 1997. 338 pp.-John M. Lipski, Armin J. Schwegler, 'Chi ma nkongo': Lengua y rito ancestrales en El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Frankfurt: Vervuert, 1996. 2 vols., xxiv + 823 pp.-Umberto Ansaldo, Geneviève Escure, Creole and dialect continua: Standard acquisition processes in Belize and China (PRC). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997. ix + 307 pp.
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Otvos, Imre S., Doris A. Mills, and Nicholas Conder. "Within-crown distribution, attack, and germination of Curculio occidentis-damaged and Cydia latiferreana-damaged Garry oak acorns in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 3 (May 28, 2012): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.43.
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AbstractGarry oak, Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hooker (Fagaceae), is part of a unique ecosystem in British Columbia, Canada, which is rich in rare and endangered plant species. Garry oak recruitment is critical to the existence of this ecosystem, therefore, the effect of Curculio occidentis (Casey) (filbert weevil; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (filbertworm; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on acorn germination is of great interest. Together these two insects infested 80.7%, 75.1%, and 51.3% of acorns collected in 1996, 1997 (low crop years), and 1998 (high crop year), respectively. Filbertworm infestation did not vary with crown level. Filbert weevil infestation did not vary with crown level during poor crop years, but significantly more filbert weevil-infested acorns were found in the lower than the middle and upper portions of the trees during the high crop year. Severely damaged acorns did not germinate, and acorns with light to moderate feeding damage had lower germination success than undamaged acorns, but growth of germinated seedlings in the light to moderate damage category was unaffected. This study showed, for the first time, that these two insect species infested a large proportion of Garry oak acorns on the tree in British Columbia, and that light to moderate damage of the acorn has relatively low impact on seedling growth.
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Cummins, Patrick F., and Lie-Yauw Oey. "Simulation of Barotropic and Baroclinic Tides off Northern British Columbia." Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, no. 5 (May 1997): 762–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0762:sobabt>2.0.co;2.
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Punja, Z. K., H. Förster, I. Cunningham, and M. D. Coffey. "Genotypes of the late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) in British Columbia and other regions of Canada during 1993-1997." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 20, no. 3 (December 1998): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060669809500393.
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Kopec, Jacek A., M. Mushfiqur Rahman, Eric C. Sayre, Jolanda Cibere, William M. Flanagan, Jaafar Aghajanian, Aslam H. Anis, Joanne M. Jordan, and Elizabeth M. Badley. "Trends in physician‐diagnosed osteoarthritis incidence in an administrative database in British Columbia, Canada, 1996–1997 through 2003–2004." Arthritis & Rheumatism 59, no. 7 (July 15, 2008): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.23827.
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Alamgir, Hasanat, Paul A. Demers, Mieke Koehoorn, Aleck Ostry, and Emile Tompa. "Epidemiology of work-related injuries requiring hospitalization among sawmill workers in British Columbia, 1989–1997." European Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 4 (April 25, 2007): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-007-9122-5.
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Clark, Penney, Mona Gleason, and Stephen Petrina. "Preschools for Science: The Child Study Centre at the University of British Columbia, 1960–1997." History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 1 (February 2012): 29–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2011.00372.x.
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Although not entirely neglected, the history of preschool reform and child study in Canada is understudied. Historians have documented the fate of “progressivism” in Canadian schooling through the 1930s along with postwar reforms that shaped the school system through the 1960s. But there are few case studies of child study centers and laboratory schools in Canada, despite their popularity in the latter half of the twentieth century. Histories of child study and child development tend to focus on the well-known Institute of Child Study directed by the renowned William E. Blatz in the Department of Psychology at the University of Toronto (U of T). Yet there were over twenty other child study centers established in Canadian universities during the 1960s and 1970s directed by little-known figures such as Alice Borden and Grace Bredin at the University of British Columbia (UBC).
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Coldman, Andrew J., Norm Phillips, Ivo A. Olivotto, Paula Gordon, Linda Warren, and Lisa Kan. "Impact of changing from annual to biennial mammographic screening on breast cancer outcomes in women aged 50–79 in British Columbia." Journal of Medical Screening 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jms.2008.008064.
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Objectives The objective of this study was to compare breast cancer outcomes among women subject to different policies on mammography screening frequency. Setting Data were obtained for women participating in the Screening Mammography Programme of British Columbia (SMPBC) for 1988–2005. The SMPBC changed its policy for women aged 50–79 years from annual to biennial mammography in 1997, but retained an annual recommendation for women aged 40–49 years. Methods Breast cancer outcomes were compared for women participating in the programme before and after 1997 for two groups: ages 40–49 and 50–79 years. Results There were data on 658,151 women. Comparing pre-1997 and post-1997, the median interscreen interval increased by 11.1 months in women 50–79 but by only 0.3 months in women aged 40–49. Excluding those detected at initial screen, 6291 breast cancers were identified. Comparing pre-1997 and post-1997: the relative rates (RR) of screen detected cancer increased in women aged 40–49 (RR = 1.32) and the rate of invasive cancers ≥20 mm at diagnosis decreased (RR = 0.83); the rate of cancers with axillary node involvement increased in women aged 50–79 (RR = 1.23). Cancer survival improved after 1997 for women diagnosed at ages 40–49 (hazard ratio = 0.62), but was unchanged for women aged 50–79. Breast cancer mortality rates did not change between the periods in either age group. Conclusion The proximal cancer outcomes considered (staging and survival) improved in women aged 40–49 but this was offset in women aged 50–79 associated with the change in screen frequency. These changes did not result in alterations in breast cancer mortality rates in either age group.
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Forge, T. A., and S. W. Simard. "Trophic structure of nematode communities, microbial biomass, and nitrogen mineralization in soils of forests and clearcuts in the southern interior of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-112.
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The trophic structure of nematode communities, lengths of fungal hyphae, and gross populations of protozoa and bacteria were compared between clearcuts and adjacent forests at three sites in the southern interior of British Columbia in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Total C and N, mineralizable N (anaerobic incubation), and N mineralised during aerobic incubations, were determined from the same soil samples used for biological assays. Net N mineralization did not differ between clearcuts and forests in 1997; in 1998 net N mineralization in the organic horizon was four times greater for forests than for clearcuts. Hyphal lengths and total microbial biomass were greater in forest soil than in clearcut soil. Bacterial abundance was greater in forest soil than in clearcut soil in 1996 only. The abundance of protozoa did not differ between clearcuts and forests. Fungivorous, omnivorous, and predacious nematodes were less abundant in clearcut soil than in forest soil. Bacterivorous nematodes were more abundant in the mineral soil of clearcuts than in forests in 1996, but did not differ between clearcuts and forests in any other combination of year and horizon. Net N mineralization was correlated with the ratio of bacterial biomass/fungal biomass (r = 0.72, 12 degrees of freedom), as well as the abundance of amoebae (r = 0.83), total nematodes (r = 0.80), bacterivorous nematodes (r = 0.74), and fungivorous nematodes (r = 0.83). Key words: Microfauna, nematode ecology, microbial biomass, clearcut harvesting, nitrogen mineralization
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Pyper, Brian J., and Randall M. Peterman. "Relationship among adult body length, abundance, and ocean temperature for British Columbia and Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 1967–1997." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-167.
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Body length of adult Pacific sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) has decreased significantly in recent years. We used 69 time series of age-specific body-length data (1967-1997) for 30 sockeye salmon stocks from southern British Columbia to western Alaska to test hypotheses about the effects of oceanographic conditions and competition on growth rate of sockeye salmon. Using principal components analysis (PCA), we constructed a single time series (PC1) that represented the dominant pattern of variability in length-at-age shared among these stocks. Taking into account time trends and autocorrelation in residuals, we found that increases in total Gulf of Alaska sockeye abundance and increases in sea-surface temperature (SST) across the Gulf of Alaska were significantly associated with reduced adult body length. Abundance and SST together accounted for 71% of the variability in PC1. Although researchers have documented increases in both abundance of sockeye salmon and their food in the northeastern Pacific Ocean over the last few decades, it is possible that increased food was more than offset by increased sockeye abundance, leading to greater competition and reduced body size.
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Pope, Michael C., and James W. Sears. "Cassiar platform, north-central British Columbia: A miogeoclinal fragment from Idaho." Geology 25, no. 6 (1997): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0515:cpncbc>2.3.co;2.
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CAMPOS, ERNESTO. "Systematics of the genus Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)." Zootaxa 1344, no. 1 (October 26, 2006): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1344.1.3.
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The taxonomic status of the monotypic genus Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893, is evaluated and separated from other genera of the Pinnixa White, 1846, complex. Distinguishing characters of Scleroplax are a hard, subheptagonal and dorsally, highly convex carapace, and a third maxilliped with a propodus that extends to the end of the dactylus. The genera Scleroplax, Pinnixa, Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, Glassella Campos & Wicksten, 1997, Indopinnixa Manning & Morton, 1987, and Tetrias Rathbun, 1898, share a carapace than is wider than long and a distinct lateral exopod lobe on the third maxilliped, all of which may represent monophyletic characters. Updated information on the distribution and hosts of S. granulata Rathbun, 1893, indicate that the species now ranges from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada to El Coyote estuary, Punta Abreojos, Baja California Sur, México. It inhabits burrows of the echiuroid Urechis caupo Fisher & MacGinitie, 1928, and the mud shrimps Neotrypaea californiensis (Dana, 1854), N. gigas (Dana, 1852) (new host record), Upogebia pugettensis (Dana, 1852), and occasionally U. macginiteorum Williams, 1986 (new host record).
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Cotton, C. Laine, and Katherine L. Parker. "Winter activity patterns of northern flying squirrels in sub-boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-137.
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We described autumn-winter activity patterns of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in northwestern British Columbia during 1996-1997 and 1997-1998. Nineteen flying squirrels (12 males and 7 females) were fitted with temperature-sensitive radio collars. We located animals in 82 daytime nests using radiotelemetry techniques and monitored 268 nights of activity using data-logging receivers placed at the base of nest trees. The average temperature of the animals, as determined by the collar sensors while the animals were in nests, was 39.2 ± 0.1°C, with no significant differences among animals, tree species, or tree sizes. Activity periods in a mild field season followed a dusk- and dawn-activity pattern, but activities in harsh winter conditions shifted towards a shorter single activity bout or two very short activity bouts in the middle of the night. No long activity bouts (>1.9 h) were observed at temperatures below -20°C. This reduction in time spent active and adjustment of the timing of activity during extremely low temperatures likely serve as an energy-conservation strategy.
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Delaney, Keith B., and Stephen G. Evans. "The 1997 Mount Munday landslide (British Columbia) and the behaviour of rock avalanches on glacier surfaces." Landslides 11, no. 6 (January 15, 2014): 1019–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0456-7.
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Cassidy, John F., and Garry C. Rogers. "Seismic site response in the greater Vancouver, British Columbia, area: spectral ratios from moderate earthquakes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 2 (September 25, 1999): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-096.
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Three-component, digital recordings of two recent moderate earthquakes provide valuable new insight into the response to seismic shaking in the greater Vancouver area, particularly on the Fraser River delta. The 1996 M = 5.1 Duvall, Washington, earthquake (180 km southeast of Vancouver) triggered strong-motion seismographs at seven sites and the 1997 M = 4.3 Georgia Strait earthquake (37 km west of Vancouver) triggered instruments at 13 sites in the greater Vancouver area. The latter data set is especially important because it contains the first three-component recordings made on bedrock in greater Vancouver. Both data sets represent weak ground motion, with peak horizontal accelerations of 0.5-1.5% gravity (g) for the Duvall earthquake, and 0.2-2.4% g for the Georgia Strait earthquake. Using the method of spectral ratios, we estimate the site response for each of the strong-motion instrument soil sites. On the Fraser River delta amplification is observed over a relatively narrow frequency range of 1.5-4 Hz (0.25-0.67 s period), with peak amplification of 4-10 (relative to competent bedrock) for the thick soil delta centre sites, and about 7-11 for the delta edge sites. Relative to firm soil, the peak amplification ranges from 2 to 5 for the thick soil delta centre sites, and 2 to 6 for the delta edge sites. At higher frequencies, little or no amplification, and in many cases slight attenuation, is observed.Key words: seismic site response, Fraser delta, earthquakes.
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Alali, Jaber, Alnoor Ramji, Jin K. Ho, Charles H. Scudamore, Siegfried R. Erb, Elsie Cheung, Bina Kopit, et al. "Liver Transplant Candidate Unsuitability: A Review of the British Columbia Experience." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 20, no. 2 (2006): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/879103.
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BACKGROUND: Every centre has contraindications to liver transplantation and declares patients unsuitable for medical or nonmedical reasons. To date, there has been no published review of any centre’s experience.METHODS: A retrospective chart review was completed from 1997 to 2001, inclusive of all patients referred for liver transplant to the British Columbia Transplant Society who were declared unsuitable for transplantation, as well as the reasons for unsuitability.RESULTS: One hundred fifty patients were considered to be unsuitable for transplantation. During this period, 167 transplants were performed and 737 patients were referred for candidacy. Data were missing on three patients; analysis was performed on the remaining 147. Patients’ ages ranged from 15 to 72 years, and 33.3% were female. The most common primary liver disease was hepatitis C (n=53, 35%), followed by alcoholic liver disease (n=35, 24%) and autoimmune liver diseases (n=23, 16%). Medical contraindications constituted 74 patients (49.0%) and the most common reasons for unsuitability were no need of a liver transplant (29 patients [39%]), exclusion due to hepatoma or extrahepatic malignancy (20 patients [27%]) and multisystem failure (12 patients [16%]). Nonmedical contraindications constituted 73 patients. Failure to meet minimal alcohol criteria comprised the largest group (n=39, 53.4%) followed by inadequate social support (n=12, 16.4%), failure to follow up medical assessment (n=10, 13.7%) and drug abuse (n=6, 8.2%).CONCLUSIONS: Although many patients were declined for transplantation, the proportion is relatively small compared with the number of referred patients. Nonmedical reasons, including failure to meet alcohol criteria and lack of social support, remain a significant reason for unsuitability in British Columbia. Community intervention before transplant referral is recommended.
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Long, Richard, Anne Fanning, Robert Cowie, Vernon Hoeppner, Mark Fitzgerald, and The Western Canada Tuberculosis Group. "Antituberculous Drug Resistance in Western Canada (1993 to 1994)." Canadian Respiratory Journal 4, no. 2 (1997): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/169521.
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OBJECTIVES: To estimate the magnitude of antituberculous drug resistance and identify prospectively the risk factors for its development in tuberculosis (TB) patients in western Canada over a one-year period.DESIGN: Comparison of drug-resistant and nondrug-resistant cases of TB.SETTING: Western Canada.PATIENTS: All people with TB reported to the TB registries of Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan between February 1, 1993 and January 31, 1994.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Drug susceptibility testing was performed in all cases of culture-positive tuberculosis. Patients at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were serotested.RESULTS: Of 534 culture positive cases of TB, 37 (6.9%) were drug resistant. Odds ratios suggested that the risk of drug resistance was significantly higher among those with reactivation than among those with new disease, and among those born outside of Canada than among those born in Canada. Ninety per cent of the foreign-born patients with drug-resistant disease were from Asia. Of the 35 patients with drug resistance whose type of resistance was known, 76% had initial and 24% had acquired drug resistance. The initial resistance rate in Asian-born patients was 14%. Most of the 37 drug-resistant cases were resistant to isoniazid (68%), streptomycin (49%) or both (22%). Twelve (32%) of the 37 cases were resistant to two or more first-line drugs. Of 14 patients who were HIV seropositive only one, a foreign-born patient, was drug resistant.CONCLUSION: Antituberculous drug resistance is low among Canadian-born patients in western Canada, but not uncommon among those born outside Canada. Initial therapy of foreign-born patients should include four first-line drugs.
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Hagerman, Shannon M., Melanie D. Jones, Gary E. Bradfield, and Stacey M. Sakakibara. "Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Picea engelmannii × Picea glauca seedlings planted across cut blocks of different sizes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 12 (December 15, 1999): 1856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-175.
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The purpose of this study, carried out at the Sicamous Creek Silvicultural Systems Trial located in the southern Interior of British Columbia, was to investigate the effects of cut block size and distance from the forest edge on patterns of ectomycorrhizal colonization and diversity at a subalpine forest. Non-mycorrhizal Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss seedlings were planted across cut blocks of three sizes (0.1, 1.0, and 10 ha) and in the uncut forest. In 1996 and 1997, seedlings were harvested after 13 weeks and examined for mycorrhizae. In 1996, diversity and richness of ectomycorrhizal types were significantly greater at forest plots and at plots located 2 m from the forest edge as compared with plots located >16 m into the cut block. In 1997, richness was again significantly reduced beyond 2 m. No differences in any of the diversity measures were detected between the different cut block sizes. The results of this study suggest that proximity to overstory trees may be more important than cut block size for patterns of ectomycorrhizal diversity and colonization. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to assess the accuracy of morphotyping and, in some cases, to identify the associated fungus by comparison with RFLP patterns generated by sporocarps.
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Peterson, M. J. "The International Politics of WhalingPeter J. Stoett Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997, pp. xii, 228." Canadian Journal of Political Science 31, no. 1 (March 1998): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900008945.
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Turner, Mark O., and R. Kevin Elwood. "Severe Hepatic Complications of Antituberculous Therapy." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 10, no. 2 (1999): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/342613.
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Hepatotoxicity from antituberculous therapy is well described, but fortunately severe complications are rare. The optimal methods of monitoring for significant hepatotoxicity while on treatment are uncertain. Some authorities recommend measuring liver enzymes only if symptoms develop, whereas others recommend regular liver enzyme monitoring throughout the course of therapy. In British Columbia, from 1990 to 1997, 2624 active and approximately 8000 chemoprophylaxis cases have been treated, but only two severe complications directly related to antituberculous therapy have occurred. A 33-year-old male developed fulminant hepatic failure seven months after starting isoniazid chemoprophylaxis and required a liver transplant. The other patient died from hepatic failure that developed in the first month of triple-drug therapy for proven active pulmonary tuberculosis. The early and late onset of hepatic failure associated with antituberculous therapy in these cases underline the difficulties in identifying a monitoring protocol that will totally negate the risk of severe complications.
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Wang, Xiben, Guus Bakkeren, and Brent McCallum. "Virulence and molecular polymorphisms of the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina in Canada from 1997 to 2007." Botany 88, no. 6 (June 2010): 575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-034.
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Populations of Puccinia triticina , one of the casual agents of wheat leaf rust disease, in the pacific (British Columbia and Alberta), prairie (Manitoba and Saskatchewan), and eastern regions (Quebec and Ontario) of Canada from 1997 to 2007 were analyzed for virulence and genetic diversity by revealing expressed sequence tag derived simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) polymorphisms. Since 1997, a significant shift in the virulence of P. triticina occurred across Canada. The diversity of P. triticina virulence phenotypes in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, as measured by Shannon and Simpson indexes, decreased due to the directional selection toward predominant virulence phenotypes, whereas it remained relatively constant in Quebec and Ontario. The clustering of P. triticina virulence phenotypes from 1997 to 2007 was similar to that found in previous years, and was correlated with virulence to leaf rust resistance genes Lr2a, Lr2c, and Lr17a. Distinct EST-SSR profiles were found in different groups of P. triticina virulence phenotypes based on virulence to Lr2a, Lr2c, and Lr17a. In addition, the population of P. triticina in Manitoba and Saskatchewan was different from that in Quebec and Ontario from 1997 to 2007, based on both virulence characteristics and EST-SSR genotypes.
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Ripley, Dianne, and Brian H. Weinerman. "Increased Incidence of Second Malignancies Associated with Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 11, no. 1 (1997): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/901217.
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BACKGROUND:Some data suggest that there is an increased incidence of second malignancies associated with small bowel adenocarcinomas, but this has not been reviewed in the context of a tumour registry.OBJECTIVE:To review tumour registries based on population statistics to determine whether there is an increased incidence of second malignancies associated with small bowel adenocarcinomas.METHODS:The authors reviewed the tumour registries of two Canadian provinces (British Columbia and Manitoba) for small bowel adenocarcinoma to determine whether an increase in associated malignancies existed compared with those expected in the respective populations.RESULTS:A greater than eightfold increase in second malignancies was associated with small bowel carcinoma. The majority (73%) occurred before the diagnosis of the small bowel malignancy. Twenty-nine per cent were associated with cancers of the colon, rectum or both.CONCLUSIONS:There is an increased association of malignancy and the diagnosis of small bowel cancer. Generally, small bowel cancer is the second malignancy to be diagnosed, and the diagnosis is most often made in the elderly. Does this represent a syndrome related to an unstable gene (or genes) or a lack of repair, which makes individuals susceptible to this malignancy as they age?
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Pyper, Brian J., and Randall M. Peterman. "Relationship among adult body length, abundance, and ocean temperature for British Columbia and Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 1967-1997." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 10 (1999): 1716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-56-10-1716.
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Kabaluk, J. T., R. S. Vernon, and D. Henderson. "Population development of the green peach aphid and beneficial insects in potato fields in British Columbia." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 5 (October 2006): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-015.
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AbstractUsing 4 years of potato monitoring data containing insect counts, population development of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), ladybird beetles (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Coccinella septempunctata L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and hymenopterous aphid parasitoids is described and used to consider revisions to current sampling plans. Depending on the year, field monitoring for aphids commenced between early May and early June. Aphid populations typically increased after 1 July and fluctuated until the end of the monitoring period (September). Winged M. persicae began to appear in sweep-net samples in late May, well in advance of the detection of aphids in visual samples. Aphid counts from field edge and interior sample sites were correlated and edge population levels were slightly and significantly greater than interior levels over the period 10 June – 14 July in 2 of the 4 years analyzed, suggesting a mild but inconsistent edge effect approaching mid season. Using an action threshold of 1 aphid/leaf to restrict the aphid-mediated spread of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), the earliest whole-field action threshold was exceeded during 18–24 June in 1997. Using an action threshold of 10 aphids/leaf to address aphid-induced yield loss in fields not at risk to PLRV, the earliest whole-field action threshold was exceeded during 16–22 July in 1997. Therefore, monitoring for aphids can begin much later than the time it is currently commenced. A case is presented for monitoring only the edges of potato fields for an action threshold of 10 aphids/leaf, as interior samples rarely exceeded this action threshold when edge samples were below. This would further reduce the effort in sampling potato fields for aphids. Population development of ladybird beetle adults and larvae showed peaks occurring at different times during the growing season, depending on the year. Parasitism of aphids by hymenopterans occurred at low to moderate levels throughout the growing season (13% of total aphids in visual samples, on average), with peak parasitism appearing toward the end of the growing season in each year.
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McElligott, Paul. "Creating win-wins in BC's forests... Taking on the sacred cows." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79659-3.
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TimberWest Forest Corporation became Canada's only publicly traded private timberland investment vehicle in 1997. In addition to private lands, the company holds two renewable Tree Farm Licenses and other public tenures. Revenues from logging represent 80% of the company's total revenue. The company has outperformed its industry peers in Canada and the United States. This success is attributed to the predominance of private lands in the company's business mix and to its ability to export logs off these lands. A case is presented for privatization of some, if not all, commercial forest land in British Columbia. Key words: log exports, privatization, coastal forest industry, industry restructuring
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Cliff, Margaret A., N. Brau, M. C. King, and Giacomo Mazza. "Development of predictive models for astringency from anthocyanin, phenolic and color analyses of British Columbia red wines." OENO One 36, no. 1 (March 31, 2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2002.36.1.978.
Full textAbstract:
<p style="text-align: justify;">One-hundred and eighty-nine commercial red wines from four vintages (1996-1999), four varieties (Pinot noir, Merlot, Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon) and 13 vineyard locations within the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia were analysed for total phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonols, tartaric esters, free SO<sub>2</sub>, pH and titratable acidity, as well as copigmented-, monomeric-, polymeric- and total- anthocyanins (absorbance values). Color was evaluated using color density, hue, Hunter-color (L, a, b) and chroma values. Statistics (means, standard deviations) and discriminant analysis were used to explore the response patterns in the compositional analyses among the vintages, varieties and vineyard locations. Color density was highly correlated to the monomeric- and polymeric- anthocyanins for all varieties. Discriminant analysis revealed that some wine vintages could be differentiated using the flavonols, anthocyanins, copigmented anthocyanins, hue and L values. Phenolic concentrations were lower in 1996 and 1997 vintages compared to 1998 and 1999. Discriminant analysis showed that the varieties Pinot noir, Cabernet franc and Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon could be differentiated using the monomeric-, polymeric- and total- anthocyanins, as well as color density, hue and L values. Cabernet Sauvignon wines formed a subset within the Merlot grouping. Discriminant of wines from the vineyard locations revealed that there was a considerable overlap among the regions, but that the groupings were generally consistent with geographic location. Sensory analysis was used to determine the intensity of astringency and astringent aftertaste in a subset of 35 wines from 1998. Multiple linear regression was used to relate the sensory and compositional analyses. A two-variable model predicted astringency (R=0.77) from total phenolics and copigmented anthocyanins; whereas, a one-variable model was developed to predict astringent aftertaste (R=0.74) from total phenolics. Sensory data collected on an additional 25 red wines were used to validate the appropriateness of the models.</p>
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Vickers, Jill M. "Feminists and Party Politics. By Lisa Young. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2000. 227p. $75.00." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (March 2001): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401732017.
Full textAbstract:
This comparison of the relationship between organized fem- inism and partisan politics in Canada and the United States addresses two questions. First, Young asks how much orga- nized feminism has influenced partisan and electoral politics in each country. Second, she asks how political parties in each country have responded to organized feminism. She answers these questions by examining the relationship between each country's largest feminist organization and its party system and by showing how each relationship changed between 1970 and 1997. The result is an important and readable book that demonstrates the value of feminist political science as an approach, especially in comparative politics. The book is head and shoulders above many other texts about feminist political activism, mainly because of Young's ability to bridge between feminist ideas about politics and the comparative politics literature about political opportunities.
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Giannico, Guillermo R., and Scott G. Hinch. "Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) responses to salmon carcasses and in-stream wood manipulations during winter and spring." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-011.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the growth rate, winter survival, presmolt size, and emigration timing of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in response to salmon carcasses and in-stream wood. Experimental trials were conducted during two consecutive years and pre-winter fish size and densities differed between years. Sixteen pens with emigration traps were built in a side-channel of the Mamquam River, British Columbia. Pens were randomly assigned salmon carcasses, in-stream wood, both carcasses and in-stream wood, or neither (control). Our first trial was conducted between December 1996 and August 1997 and the second between December 1997 and August 1998. Initial rearing densities and average individual body mass were 3.1 fish·m–2 and 2.4 g, respectively, in the first trial and were 1.6 fish·m–2 and 6.6 g, respectively, in the second trial. Results were influenced by both fish initial size and density. During the first trial (smaller-sized fish at high densities), salmon carcasses increased fish growth rates and presmolt size. Winter survival did not increase in response to any treatment; however, a pre-winter size-related survival pattern was observed during the first trial. During the second trial, (larger-sized fish at low densities), no treatment influenced fish growth rates or presmolt size but all treatments augmented fish survival.