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Kalapala, Kalpana Rani, and Dr E. Bhavani. "KIRAN DESAI’S PRESENTATION OF THE CHARACTERS FROM DIASPORIC PERSPECTIVE IN THE INHERITANCE OF LOSS." Journal of English Language and Literature 09, no. 03 (2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54513/joell.2022.9306.
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The Inheritance of Loss requires background information on two major historical movements in India. The first is British colonial rule in India and eventual Indian independence. At the end of the 16th century, the British aimed to challenge the Portuguese monopoly of trade with Asia. The British East India Company was chartered to carry on the spice trade. In the mid18th century, the British forces, whose duty until then consisted of protecting Company property, teamed up with the commander in chief of the Bengali army, Mir Jafar, to overthrow the leader of Bengal. Jafar was then installed on the throne as a British subservient ruler. The British then realized their strength and potential for conquering smaller Indian kingdoms, and by the mid-19th century, they had gained direct or indirect control over all of present-day India. In 1857, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 took place in an attempt to resist the company’s control of India. The British defeated the rebellion, and the British crown formally took over India and it came under direct British rule and the Indian Civil Service (ICS). The ICS was originally headed by British state officials, but these were gradually replaced by Indian officials in order to appease the public.
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Choudhary, Nandini. "British East India in Company." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17046.
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Khan, Afsheen, and Dr Mona Dandwate. "Contribution of the British To Develop Indian English Literature." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc2102.
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Development of Indian English Literature in India gathered momentum with the consolidation of British imperialism in India. As we know the British sow the seed of Indian Writing in English during the period of the British rule in India. English language and literature in India starts with the advent of East India Company in India. It all started in the summers of 1608 when Emperor Jahangir, in the courts of Mughals, welcomed Captain William Hawkins, Commander of British Naval Expedition Hector. It was India's first tryst with an Englishman and English. Jahangir later allowed Britain to open a permanent port and factory on the special request of King James IV that was conveyed by his ambassador Sir Thomas Roe. English were here to stay. Indian writings in English were heavily influenced by the Western art form of the novel. It was typical for the early Indian English language writers to use English unadulterated by Indian words to convey experiences that were primarily Indian. The core reason behind this step was the fact that most of the readers were either British or British educated Indians. In the early 20th century, when the British conquest of India was achieved, a new breed of writers started to emerge on the block. These writers were essentially British who were born or brought up or both in India. Their writing consisted of Indian themes and sentiments but the way of storytelling was primarily western. They had no reservation in using native words, though, to signify the context. This group consisted likes of Rudyard Kipling, Jim Corbett, and George Orwell among others. In fact, some of the writings of that era are still considered to be masterpieces of English Literature. KEYWORDS: Contribution of British, Development, British works & strategy, English Literature.
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Gibson, Mary Ellis. "INTRODUCTION: ENGLISH IN INDIA, INDIA IN ENGLAND." Victorian Literature and Culture 42, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150314000011.
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As we planned this special issue of Victorian Literature and Culture, the editors of VLC and I engaged in a lively exchange – what title could capture such a sprawling arena of concern? Victorian India seemed short and sweet. And yet one must ask, which Victorian India? Whose Victorian India? Do we mean India and Indians in the British Isles? British traders, soldiers, and administrators in Britain or Indian subjects across the subcontinent? What about an imagined Britain in India? An imagined India in Britain? The essays collected here represent varied answers to these questions. They also chart the recent parameters of what Albert Pionke calls in his essay “the epistemological problem of British India.” Before returning succinctly to the baker's dozen articles assembled here – for readers will want to encounter them without unnecessary commentary – I turn to the conjoined issues animating both these essays and much recent work on British imperialism: issues of historiography and epistemology.
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Mondal, Tarun Kumar. "Mapping India since 1767: transformation from colonial to postcolonial image." Miscellanea Geographica 23, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0023.
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Abstract Indian civilization has over 2500 years of mapping tradition. With the establishment of the Survey of India in 1767, British rulers initiated the mapping of colonial India with high precision and accuracy. They started mapping to establish British power and supremacy in the Indian subcontinent that portrayed a British image of India. Following independence in 1947, the Survey of India and other national agencies started mapping India for planning and development. Hence, questions have been raised that, how far British image of India have been transformed into an Indian image. In this context, in this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the mapping of India from the perspectives of transforming a colonial into a postcolonial image. The transformation occurred mainly in terms of purpose i.e. maps as a tool for the expansion of territory to planning, development and governance, from analogue to digital in method and in strategy from restricted to liberal access.
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Bagotia, Hardeep. "British India: the Watershed In Indian Women’S Status and Political Rights." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 7 (September 1, 2018): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/57924.
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Tak, Sonakshi, and Dr Rashmi Bhatnagar. "British Pillage of India: A Postcolonial Analysis of Shashi Tharoor’s “An Era of Darkness” and Naipaul's “India: A Million Mutinies Now”." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (2024): 001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.92.1.
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Shashi Tharoor and V. S. Naipaul attempted to discuss the innumerable mistreatments perpetrated by the British Raj in their nonfiction works "An Era of Darkness" and "India: A Million Mutinies Now," respectively. The title plainly indicates that the British governed India for two centuries during which time there was darkness, mutiny, and exploitation. Because of them, Indians were subjected to terrible humiliation and misery, and they were pulled into poverty. The aftermath of such sad events is still present. Due to situations such as Britishers feeling smug, Indians were prohibited from public servant selections, prompting Jawaharlal Nehru to declare, "The Indian civil service was neither Indian, civil, nor a service" (Shashi Tharoor, 60). Both of them utilized a variety of strategies to split India in all areas, allowing exploitation to continue unabated. They devised the concept of a census. They did everything for personal gain. Whether that was the initiation of railways, the interruption of community schools, or the inability to give aid during the Bengal famine, there were many reasons for this. Tharoor does not want compensation for the British's wrongdoing; Rather, he intends them to recognize and apologize. Naipaul investigates the changes in society that occurred in India during British occupation. He captures the varied voices and viewpoints of the people living in India, delving into the country's intricacies via a series of tales and personal interviews. The title symbolizes the concept that India is undergoing numerous transitions, as represented by a million separate rebellions or mutinies. This study reveals a clear and comparable representation of Indian sorrow and British misdeeds via the words of the two authors described above.
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Trautmann, Thomas R. "Discovering Aryan and Dravidian in British India." Historiographia Linguistica 31, no. 1 (July 30, 2004): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.1.04tra.
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Summary British India was an especially fruitful site for the development of historical linguistics. Four major, unanticipated discoveries were especially associated with the East India Company: those of Indo-European, Dravidian, Malayo-Polynesian and the Indo-Aryan nature of Romani. It is argued that they came about in British India because the European tradition of language analysis met and combined with aspects of the highly sophisticated Indian language analysis. The discoveries of Indo-European and Dravidian, the subject of this article, were connected with the British-Indian cities of Calcutta and Madras, respectively, and the conditions under which they came about are examined. The production of new knowledge in British India is generally viewed through the lens of post-colonial theory, and is seen as having been driven by the needs of colonial governance. This essay sketches out a different way of looking at aspects of colonial knowledge that fall outside the colonial utility framework. It views these discoveries and their consequences as emergent products of two distinct traditions of language study which the British and the Indians brought to the colonial connection. If this is so, it follows that some aspects of modernism tacitly absorb Indian knowledge, specifically Indian language analysis. Indian phonology, among other things, is an example of this process.
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Stagg, Steven, Fathima Kodakkadan, and Santhosh Kareepadath Rajan. "Stress and resilience in British Indian parents with an autistic child: a comparative study with white British and Indian parents." Advances in Autism 9, no. 3 (June 14, 2023): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aia-09-2022-0048.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the levels of stress and resilience in a sample of British Indian parents bringing up a child with autism. Design/methodology/approach A total of 52 British Indian parents took part in a survey that included measures of stress, resilience, support and child adaptive functioning. Results were compared to a sample of white British (n = 120) and Indian parents (n = 120). Findings The British Indian parents recorded higher levels of stress and less perceived social support than their white British counterparts. British Indian parents took longer to register concern about their child’s development and sought a diagnosis at a later age than the white British group. The delay in concern and diagnosis was similar to that found in the India group. Originality/value The research suggests that British Indian parents are disadvantaged in social support and mental well-being compared to white British parents and may face similar community pressures to parents bringing up a child in India.
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Jirjees, Dr zinah Harith. "Impact of the British Occupation on Qadiani Emergence in India(1888-1908)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 223, no. 2 (October 28, 2018): 545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v223i2.358.
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In Southeast Asia, witnessed India Important historical events during the time of the British occupation of the country, which represents the British East India Company, the British government began to follow a policy to weaken the Muslims rulers of India through a divide and rule among the Indian people .The Government worked to bring Hindus to support to them on the one hand the deployment of the band among Indian Muslims by creating sects and religious difference stray, and sow doubt in the minds of Indian Muslims in their faith and religion,The British government to implement its plan by showing personal Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani where they worked for his encouragement and support to bring out a new doctrine known as Qadiani.
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Jirjees, Dr zinah Harith. "Impact of the British Occupation on Qadiani Emergence in India (1888-1908)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 224, no. 2 (October 27, 2018): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v224i2.281.
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In Southeast Asia, witnessed India Important historical events during the time of the British occupation of the country, which represents the British East India Company, the British government began to follow a policy to weaken the Muslims rulers of India through a divide and rule among the Indian people .The Government worked to bring Hindus to support to them on the one hand the deployment of the band among Indian Muslims by creating sects and religious difference stray, and sow doubt in the minds of Indian Muslims in their faith and religion,The British government to implement its plan by showing personal Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani where they worked for his encouragement and support to bring out a new doctrine known as Qadiani.
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Shahparan, Mohammad. "The Cultural Conflicts on E.M. Forster a Passage to India: From Post - Colonial Perspective." Journal of World Science 2, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.58344/jws.v2i6.271.
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A Passage to India is an outstanding English novel from the early 20th century. This is the most successful novel written by EM Forster. Unlike other writers of fiction on colonial or postcolonial matters, Forster attempts to enrich the anti-hostile communication between British colonialists and colonized Indians in this acclaimed novel. The purpose of this study was to find out the beliefs and attitudes of British people towards non-English people that reflect cultural conflicts.This research uses a quantitative research type. Personal relations between Britain and India at the level of equality are difficult to encourage due to the superiority complex of the British and the nationalist sentiments of the Indians. The novel A Passage to India by EM Forster shows how cultural conflicts between British and Indians occurred repeatedly in India during the colonial period. The English in this novel see themselves as superior and treat the Indians with complete injustice. Finally, a British colonial presence in India was considered a very real possibility and gave rise to an ongoing cultural conflict. The novel A Passage to India, EM Forster illustrates the cultural clash between the British colonizers and the Indian colonized. The belief of British superiority over Indian culture creates a barrier to establishing personal relationships based on equality. This superiority complex and nationalist sentiment lead to cultural conflicts in India, emphasizing the damaging effects of colonialism on both colonizers and the colonized.
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Merivirta, Raita. "Valkoisen linssin läpi." Lähikuva – audiovisuaalisen kulttuurin tieteellinen julkaisu 32, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23994/lk.90785.
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Englantilaisen Richard Attenborough’n ohjaama Gandhi (1982) on Mohandas K. Gandhin (1869–1948) elämää ihailevasti tarkasteleva historiallinen suurelokuva, joka kuvaa nimihenkilön elämän ohella myös sitä, kuinka brittiläinen imperiumi luopui Intiasta vuonna 1947 intialaisten vuosikymmeniä kestäneen itsenäisyyskamppailun jälkeen.Tässä artikkelissa Gandhia luetaan brittien itselleen kertomana tarinana imperialismistaan ja kolonialismistaan ja niiden päättymisestä Intiassa. Tähän liittyy kiinteästi kysymys rotusuhteista kolonisoidussa Intiassa. Artikkelissa kysytään mitä Gandhi kertoo katsojilleen imperialismista, kolonialismista ja britti-hallinnosta Intiassa? Mikä merkitys on Gandhia alinomaa ympäröivillä valkoisilla henkilöillä? Käytän elokuvan tarkasteluun postkoloniaalista näkökulmaa yhdistettynä kulttuurihistorialliseen lähestymistapaan.Siitä huolimatta, että Gandhi suhtautuu nimihenkilöönsä ja tämän väkivallattomaan vastarintaan kunnioittavasti ja myönteisesti, elokuva myös kaunistelee britti-imperialismia ja siihen liittynyttä rasismia ja nostaa keskeiseen asemaan valkoisia, angloamerikkalaisia toimijoita monien intialaisten itsenäisyystaistelijoiden ohi. Gandhi onkin imperialismin ja kolonialismin vastaisuudestaan huolimatta erinomainen esimerkki eurosentrisen diskurssin hallitsemasta elokuvasta ja valkopestystä historian tulkinnasta. Elokuvaan on kirjoitettu runsaasti valkoisia, länsimaisia henkilöitä, jotka eivät elokuvan kuvaamien tapahtumien ja tulkintojen kannalta olisi olleet historiallisesti välttämättömiä. Gandhi kuvaa ”tavalliset britit” hyvinä yksilöinä ja ”tavalliset intialaiset” potentiaalisesti väkivaltaisina ja väkijoukkojen osana. Brittiläinen Intia ei elokuvassa tunnusta rasistisuuttaan, vaan kysymys imperialismista esitetään kysymyksenä Intian parhaasta hallinnosta ja hallinnasta.Through a White Lens: Imperialism, Racialization and Media in GandhiThe British film Gandhi (1982), directed by the English filmmaker Richard Attenborough, presents an admiring portrait of the Indian leader Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948). Along with the life of the mahatma, the grand historical film also depicts (by necessity) the Indian independence struggle and the withdrawal of the British from India in 1947. In this article, Gandhi is read as a British narrative about British imperialism, colonialism, and the decolonization of India. These are inextricably intertwined with racial relations in colonial India.The article examines what Gandhi tells its viewers about imperialism, colonialism, and the British rule in India and asks, what is the meaning of all the white characters surrounding Gandhi. The film is analyzed from a postcolonial perspective.Despite the film’s respectful and admiring take on Gandhi and his philosophy and method of nonviolence, Gandhi also sanitizes British imperialism and racism, and has white, Anglo-American characters in central roles, all the while omitting or downplaying the role of many central Indian historical figures. It can be argued that though Gandhi is written in principle as an anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist text, it is also a prime example of Eurocentric and whitewashed historical interpretation. A number of white, Western characters who are not historically integral or necessary to the story being told have been included in the film. “Ordinary Brits” are depicted as good guys in Gandhi – British imperialists are an estranged elite – whereas “ordinary Indians” appear as potentially violent members of a mob. The British India of Gandhi does not admit its racist character, and the question of imperialism is presented as a question of the best possible governance of India.
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Sikander, Mushtaq Ul Haq Ahmad. "Islamophobia in India." Journal of the Contemporary Study of Islam 2, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37264/jcsi.v2i2.66.
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The Indian Muslims are numerically largest among the South Asian nations. They constitute the largest minority in India. Since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 that ended British colonialism and resulted in freedom of India and creation of Pakistan, those Muslims that remained in India have been suffering immensely at the hands of Indian State, save for a minority of elites who have ‘progressed.’ This paper explores systematic Islamophobia in India against Kashmiris and Indian Muslims and how it impacts Muslims across the country despite diversity in the community. A historical analysis is first offered, tracing the long history of Islamophobia in India to British rule which acted as a catalyst in furthering the divide, animosity and hatred among the two communities. Through an analysis of Hindu communal organizations, the role of media and politics, the paper deliberates on the relationship between Islamophobia and communal riots in India, with case studies about the lived realities of Indian Muslims, who are legally entitled to be equal citizens of free India.
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Nikitin, Dmitrii. "The Indian National Movement in the Works of A. E. Snesarev." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 7 (July 2022): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.7.36051.
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The subject of the study is the reflection of the activities of the Indian National Congress and the national movement in India in the works of A. E. Snesarev, a Russian and Soviet military commander and orientalist. The article examines the history of the study of the Indian national movement in Russia by A. E. Snesarev's predecessors in this field - I. P. Minaev and E. Lamansky (1870-1890s). The reasons for A. E. Snesarev's appeal to the development of socio-political and economic thought of British India are analyzed. Special attention is paid in the article to the work "India as the main factor in the Central Asian issue" and the analysis of the attitude of Indian society to British rule carried out in it. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made: the national movement in India and the activities of the Indian National Congress were not the main subject of research by Russian orientalists in the pre-revolutionary period, however, interest in the development of socio-political thought in British India and the problems of the relationship of Indian society with the British colonial authorities intensified as the confrontation between the Russian and British empires in Central Asia intensified. Asia during the "Big Game", an example of which was the work of A. E. Snesarev, who, despite the limited range of available sources, was one of the first in Russian historiography to turn to the study of Indian nationalism.
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Alcolado Carnicero, José Miguel. "From Great Britain to the Spanish Philippines via British India… and back." Lexicographica 39, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 279–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0014.
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Abstract This research uncovers lexical contact between English and other languages in texts about the part of the Spanish Philippines under the control of the British East India Company from September 1762 to April 1764. Better known as the Manilha Consultations, the texts in English sent to, and received from, British India are scrutinised in search of the British East India Company’s vocabulary. That vocabulary partly consists of lexemes found in the English/British East India Company’s consultations worldwide but unrecorded in monolingual dictionaries and glossaries of major and/or minor varieties of English. The Manilha Consultations contain lexemes unrecorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Hobson-Jobson Glossary, and/or the Merriam-Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. The 38 lexemes here considered instances of the British East India Company’s vocabulary might be included in those, and/or other, dictionaries and glossaries of British English, Indian English, and/or Philippine English if expansive criteria for lexeme inclusion were applied.
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Radhakrishnan, Sreejith, Abi Tamim Vanak, Pierre Nouvellet, and Christl A. Donnelly. "Rabies as a Public Health Concern in India—A Historical Perspective." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040162.
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India bears the highest burden of global dog-mediated human rabies deaths. Despite this, rabies is not notifiable in India and continues to be underprioritised in public health discussions. This review examines the historical treatment of rabies in British India, a disease which has received relatively less attention in the literature on Indian medical history. Human and animal rabies was widespread in British India, and treatment of bite victims imposed a major financial burden on the colonial Government of India. It subsequently became a driver of Pasteurism in India and globally and a key component of British colonial scientific enterprise. Efforts to combat rabies led to the establishment of a wide network of research institutes in India and important breakthroughs in development of rabies vaccines. As a result of these efforts, rabies no longer posed a significant threat to the British, and it declined in administrative and public health priorities in India towards the end of colonial rule—a decline that has yet to be reversed in modern-day India. The review also highlights features of the administrative, scientific and societal approaches to dealing with this disease in British India that persist to this day.
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Zubair Farooq and Dr. Premchandar P. "COLONIZATION'S LINGERING INFLUENCE: EXAMINING THE IMPACT ON INDIAN ENGLISH LITERATURE." International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) 2, no. 4 (March 15, 2023): 1325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v2i4.148.
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India is a rich site for studying intertextuality and influence due to its contemporary and colonial history of postcolonial culture. British imperialism in India was more pragmatic than other colonial powers, being motivated by economics rather than evangelism. During the emergence of Orientalism, India was the first nation to have a literary impact on the West, but this equation was reversed during colonial intervention. While some critics denounce or acclaim the West's effect on India, Indian writers' responses show complex instances of intertextuality and influence in the form of reception. The literary movement in India has been shaped by the traditional attitudes, culture, social life, and politics of the local people. British rule in India lasted for more than two hundred years and its authority halted the ruling power of the Indian subcontinent. The impact of British colonialism on Indian literature and social life is evident. Understanding English literature history is crucial for understanding English people's way of life, including their educational, social, and cultural attitudes. This research paper examines in detail the effect of colonial rule on English literature in India.
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Yapp, M. A. "British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009264.
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Soviet writers have often claimed that there was no Russian threat to India. They have pointed, correctly, to the circumstance that no invasion attempt was ever launched and have stated that those projects which were canvassed were no more than the ideas of hotheaded generals and the like, were never adopted by the Russian Government and cannot be taken seriously. Further, they have pointed to the rejection of approaches made to Russian authorities by discontented Indians who sought Russian assistance in overthrowing British rule in India. Talk of the defence of British India, with its implication that there was a genuine Russian threat to be warded off, they argue, is more than misleading; it was a deception practised by nineteenth-century British rulers of India to disguise expansionist British aims in India and, beyond the Indian frontier, in the Persian Gulf, Iran, Afghanistan and Turkestan, and it is now a device employed by modern British historians to conceal the true nature of British imperialism in India and to blacken the reputation of Russia. They do not accept that British statesmen and military officers could genuinely have believed in the possibility of a Russian invasion of India; and they suppose that British historians are not so incompetent as to think that nineteenth-century Britons did believe that the threat was real.
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Anuradha, V. "18TH CENTURY URBANIZATION IN SOUTH INDIA AND TRANSFORMATION INTO BRITISH IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON URBAN SPACES OF BANGALORE." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 10, no. 1 (October 25, 2017): 1995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v10i1.6600.
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The colonial structures that still stand today in India are the product of careful fabrication of British thought. The British government was afraid of what kind of legacy they would leave behind when exiting India in 1947. Today, years after the independence of India, one is still able to see such a legacy in stone: the colonial architecture and cities that are still in existence. The styles of architecture employed by the British Raj were systematically chosen, dependent on the location and utilization of a given city. The British were trying to consecrate their power through architectural representation. Trying to legitimize British rule, architects wanted to tie the architecture of the British with former Indian rulers, yet still create an effect of British grandeur. The examples illustrate that location and utilization were indeed crucial determinants of colonial style.
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Costa Lima, Felipe. "Mirroring its British masters." Conjuntura Austral 13, no. 62 (July 7, 2022): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2178-8839.116728.
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The Indian state has been adopting controversial policies for countering the Maoist insurgency. Even worse, this behaviour seems to mirror Britishcolonial attitudes against India’s population at some level. Consequently, this article attempts to understand this probable ‘paradoxical’ conduct. Withthe support of the post-structuralist theory, I discuss state and outsourced terrorist practices of the Indian state apparatus against this insurgency. Toreach this goal, first, I try to explicate the concept of state terrorism and its application in India. Then, I analyse the historical development of theMaoist movement and India’s concrete policies of state and outsourced terrorism against this counter-hegemonic movement. I believe the British Raj’scolonial practices have had a deep dialectical influence on India’s state apparatus and major political parties to date. So, this inquiry may clarify thepersistence of colonial practices within India.
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Zobaer, Sheikh. "Pre-partition India and the Rise of Indian Nationalism in Amitav Ghosh’s 'The Shadow Lines'." Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 9, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v9i2.40231.
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The Shadow Lines is mostly celebrated for capturing the agony and trauma of the artificial segregation that divided the Indian subcontinent in 1947. However, the novel also provides a great insight into the undivided Indian subcontinent during the British colonial period. Moreover, the novel aptly captures the rise of Indian nationalism and the struggle against the British colonial rule through the revolutionary movements. Such image of pre-partition India is extremely important because the picture of an undivided India is what we need in order to compare the scenario of pre-partition India with that of a postcolonial India divided into two countries, and later into three with the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. This paper explores how The Shadow Lines captures colonial India and the rise of Indian nationalism through the lens of postcolonialism.
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Ansari, S. M. Razaullah. "Modern Astronomy in Indo – Persian Sources." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153929960001861x.
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The Period from 1858 to 1947 is known as the British Period of Indian History. After the fall of Mughal empire, when the first war of independence against British colonisers failed in 1857, and the East India Company’s Government was transferred to the British Crown in 1858. However only in 1910, a Department of Education was established by the (British) Govt, of India and in the following decades modern universities were established in various important Indian towns, wherein Western / European type education and training with English as medium of instruction were imparted. However more than a century before, Indian scholar’s came into contact with the scholars – administrators of East India Company, either through employment or social interaction. Thereby, Indians became acquainted with the scientific (also technological) advances in Europe. A few of them visited England and other European countries, Portugal, Prance etc. already in the last quarter of 18th century, in order to experience and to learn firsthand the European sciences.
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Dr. Ravi Kumar Tyagi and Mr. Rajender kumar. "Review Of Judicial System In Ancient India." Legal Research Development 3, no. I (September 30, 2018): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v3n1.02.
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India has the highest law in the world. There is no other form of judgment with an individual or higher. But before describing the judiciary system in ancient India I have to give a warning. The learner should reject the major allegations of the Jurisprudence of India as well as the Indian law enforcement system by some British writers. I will make a few examples. Henry Maine described the ancient Indian legal system as "a tool for evil". The Anglo-Indian lawyer called this “Indian life” practices before Britain came back to India: “It (British rule in India) is a survey of foreign directors to oversee foreign sectors, to align Europe's Oriental cultural practices, and to formulate specific laws. The highest among the ruthless nations associated with the government for empty authorities1. ”Alan Gledhill, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service, wrote that when Britain took power in India," there was a breakdown of legal laws.
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Phoenix, Karen. "A Social Gospel for India." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 13, no. 2 (April 2014): 200–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000073.
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This article discusses the ways that secretaries in the U.S. Young Women's Christian Association (USYWCA) used the Social Gospel to create a type of imagined community, which I call Y-space, in India. In the United States, USYWCA secretaries emphasized Social Gospel ideals such as the personal embodiment of Christ-like behavior, inclusivity, and working for the progress of society. In India, USYWCA secretaries used these same ideas to try to make Y-space an alternative to both the exclusive, traditional, British imperial “clubland” and the growing Hindu and Muslim nationalist movement. Instead, they promoted an idealized Americanized Anglo Indian/Christian woman who would engage in civic matters and embody Christian values, and serve as an alternative to the Britishmemsahib, and the Hindu nationalist woman. Despite the USYWCA's efforts to distinguish itself from British imperialists, the secretaries' attempts to create these Americanized Indian women reveals that that the USYWCA supported transforming Indian society according to imposed Western models, in much the same way as the British.
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Chervin, Reed. "“Cartographic Aggression”: Media Politics, Propaganda, and the Sino-Indian Border Dispute." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 3 (August 2020): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00911.
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The middle of the twentieth century witnessed a serious border dispute between China and India. This article explores how these countries used multiple media (e.g., historical documents and film) to support their respective territorial claims. The two countries pursued similar authoritarian approaches by expanding their archival holdings, banning books, and selectively redrawing maps. They regarded dissenting views not only as incorrect but as national security threats. China and India policed domestic media to legitimize government policies and to present their cases to the international community. The British government, for its part, demonstrated its support for India. Because British leaders sympathized with their former colony and because the borders of India were a product of the British Empire, leaders in the United Kingdom endorsed Indian propaganda. Nevertheless, democracy in India and the United Kingdom rendered complete control of the media difficult. The Sino-Indian conflict therefore represented a war over information as well as territory.
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Makala, Melissa Edmundson. "BETWEEN TWO WORLDS: RACIAL IDENTITY IN ALICE PERRIN'S THE STRONGER CLAIM." Victorian Literature and Culture 42, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150314000114.
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Like many Anglo-Indian novelists of her generation, Alice Perrin (1867–1934) gained fame through the publication and popular reception of several domestic novels based in India and England. However, within the traditional Anglo-Indian romance plot, Perrin often incorporated subversive social messages highlighting racial and cultural problems prevalent in India during the British Raj. Instead of relying solely on one-dimensional, sentimental British heroes and heroines, Perrin frequently chose non-British protagonists who reminded her contemporary readers of very real Anglo-Indian racial inequalities they might wish to forget. In The Stronger Claim (1903), Perrin creates a main character who has a mixed-race background, but who, contrary to prevailing public opinion of the time, is a multi-dimensional, complex, and perhaps most importantly, sympathetic character positioned between two worlds. Even as Victorian India was coming to an end, many of the problems that had plagued the British Raj intensified in the early decades of the twentieth century. Perrin's novel is one of the earliest attempts to present a sympathetic and heroic mixed-race protagonist, one whose presence asked readers to question the lasting negative effects of race relations and racial identity in both India and England.
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Copland, Ian. "‘Communalism’ in Princely India: The Case of Hyderabad, 1930–1940." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 4 (October 1988): 783–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015742.
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The time has come when the communal holocaust must be confined to the Indian States, the time has come when both the Hindu and Muslim newspapers must be prevented from blowing communalism into British India. There was a time when our politicians like Gokhale rightly used to take pride in Indian States being free from communalism, which was a vice in British India.… But the table appears to have been turned.
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THANKAPPANNAIR, AJAYAN. "Evolution of Federalism in Modern India." In Gremium. Studies in History, Culture and Politics, no. 17 (March 28, 2024): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.61826/ig.vi17.438.
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Federalism existed in ancient and medieval India in different forms. Immediately after the acquisition of power by the British, the colonial master began to centralize powers into the hands of the supreme government at Calcutta. The centralization of power reached its zenith with the enactment of the Charter Act of 1833. It formed one of the main reasons of the rebellion of 1857. Consequent upon which, the British dropped centralization tendency and began to decentralize power with the passage of the Indian Council’s Acts of 1861and 1892 and the Government of India Acts in 1909, 1919 and 1935. It aimed to bring together the Indian states and the British directly administered provinces for the purpose of federalization. But, federalism was not materialized because the Indian states declined to join it despite many concessions to them. Therefore, the central administration continued up to 1947 in accordance with the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1919. However, provincial autonomy was introduced in 1937. On independence in 1947, the Constituent Assembly more or less borrowed federal provisions from the Government of India Act 1935 and added to the Constitution of India combining the characteristics of a unitary as well as a federal constitution.
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Marshall, P. J. "British Society in India under the East India Company." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 1 (February 1997): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016942.
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The British in India have always fascinated their fellow countrymen. From the eighteenth century until the demise of the Raj innumerable publications described the way of life of white people in India for the delectation of a public at home. Post-colonial Britain evidently still retains a voracious appetite for anecdotes of the Raj and accounts of themores of what is often represented as a bizarre Anglo-Indian world. Beneath the welter of apparent triviality, historians are, however, finding issues of real significance.
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Srikrishna, B. N. "The Indian Legal System." International Journal of Legal Information 36, no. 2 (2008): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500003024.
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The legal system in India follows the common law model prevalent in the countries which were at one time under British Rule or were part of the British Commonwealth. The jurisprudence followed in India is almost the same as the one prevalent in England, though it has been cross-fertilized by typical Indian values.
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Singh, Amit Kumar. "From Colonial Castaways to Current Tribulation: Tragedy of Indian Hijra." Unisia 40, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol40.iss2.art3.
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This article analyses the current human rights situation of hijras (eunuchs) in India against the background of Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) in 1871. This article argues that British colonial construct/imposition of masculinity on Indian hijras by classifying them as ‘criminal tribes’ have adversely impacted their lives not only in British India, but also in Contemporary India. To support main argument, article also contextualizes gender theories in the light of hijra’s bodies.
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Doyle, Mark. "Massacre by the Book: Amritsar and the Rules of Public-Order Policing in Britain and India." Britain and the World 4, no. 2 (September 2011): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2011.0025.
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In the immediate aftermath of the 1919 killings at Amritsar, where British forces commanded by Reginald Dyer gunned down hundreds of unarmed Indians at an illegal demonstration, debate centered on whether Dyer's actions were typical or atypical of British behavior in India. While British commentators generally regarded this violence as aberrant and ‘un-British,’ Indian nationalists and some British observers saw the killings as merely an unusually naked manifestation of the generalized violence of British imperialism. This article offers a re-examination of the Amritsar killings by placing Dyer's behaviour within the context of the rules governing public-order policing in both India and Britain. While broadly agreeing that the killings were part of a pattern of state violence in British India, it argues that the killings were not carried out in opposition to the rule of law but were, in fact, authorized by the law. In both Britain and India, the rules of public-order policing gave police and military commanders the power to use deadly force in dispersing crowds and by remaining deliberately vague about when such force should be used. The restraint of state violence in Britain came about through the vigilance of the press and Parliament, but in India state violence against large crowds was much more common due to fewer external checks. The killings at Amritsar did not violate the rule of law, therefore, but they did expose a profound difference between Britain and India in how that law was enacted.
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Soomro, Muhammad Akmal, and Mir Waheed Akhlaq. "British Indian Railways: The Economic Wheel of Colonization and Imperialism." Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.61506/01.00282.
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The British Crown ruled in Sub-Continent for over two centuries, this was the era of darkness, slavery, the plundering of Indian resources, and ruthless economics & political policies. Indian land remained a consumer society and the producer of raw materials for the British Empire from the eighteen to the twentieth century, whereas, the vast and modern network of railways in India is considered to be Britain's greatest gift to the Indians. Undoubtedly, these railways have been an important means of transportation in India, but the British Colonizers did not build this system of railways in the public interest rather it was laid to serve the colonial interest. This research article identifies Britain’s strategic and economic interests in building railways in India. Construction of railways in India began in 1850 and European companies had been awarded contracts to build railway tracks, in return for the contracts, the companies were guaranteed five percent investment security. The companies were also given access to free land for 99 years and millions of pounds in fines were paid to the companies from the Indian exchequer for non-payment of guaranteed income. The main purpose of building the railway was to speed up the export of cotton, jute, iron, minerals, etc. from India to European countries, while from a strategic point of view, military equipment and supplies were also transferred by rail to military bases across India. This research paper explores how the railway track was built keeping in view the importance of military barracks. Under the British colonial policy, European companies invested heavily in the railways, but during 200 years of British rule, India's industrial growth rate fell from 3% to 10%. All the agreements made by the British colonizers with the railway companies were unilateral. The agreements provided financial benefits from the Indian treasury to companies. This research also reveals that India's railway network was built by the government through private companies, which included European capitalists and retired officers of the colonial army, who were having control over the London-based secretary of state of India. These companies were so powerful, that whenever the Government of India complained of a breach of contract and tried to end it, it was the Secretary of the state who rejected the decisions of the Governor-General of India. On the other hand, the expense for the construction of railways was £15000 more per mile than it was in the United States and Europe.
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Kumar, Rajeev. "British conquest of the Indian subcontinent." RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53573/rhimrj.2024.v11n2.011.
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The conquest of the Indian subcontinent by the British was a historical process that profoundly influenced Indian society, economy, and politics. This conquest was achieved gradually from the mid-18th century to the late 19th century. The British East India Company consolidated its position through its commercial activities by entering into alliances and conflicts with Indian kings and nawabs. Decisive battles such as the Battle of Plassey (1757) and the Battle of Buxar (1764) paved the way for the British to establish power in India. After the First War of Independence of 1857, the British Crown took over the administrative control of the East India Company. This conquest plunged Indian society into a period of colonial exploitation, economic changes, and cultural influences, resulting in the foundation of modern India. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप पर ब्रिटिश सत्ता की विजय एक ऐतिहासिक प्रक्रिया थी जिसने भारतीय समाज, अर्थव्यवस्था, और राजनीति को गहन रूप से प्रभावित किया। यह विजय 18वीं सदी के मध्य से लेकर 19वीं सदी के अंत तक क्रमिक रूप से हासिल की गई थी। ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी ने अपनी व्यावसायिक गतिविधियों के माध्यम से भारतीय राजाओं और नवाबों के साथ गठजोड़ और संघर्ष करके अपनी स्थिति मजबूत की। प्लासी की लड़ाई (1757) और बक्सर की लड़ाई (1764) जैसे निर्णायक युद्धों ने ब्रिटिशों को भारत में सत्ता स्थापित करने का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया। 1857 के प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के बाद, ब्रिटिश ताज ने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी का प्रशासनिक नियंत्रण अपने हाथ में ले लिया। इस विजय ने भारतीय समाज को औपनिवेशिक शोषण, आर्थिक परिवर्तन, और सांस्कृतिक प्रभावों के दौर में धकेल दिया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप आधुनिक भारत की नींव पड़ी। Keywords: जलवायु परिवर्तन, कृषि, समाज, अर्थव्यवस्था
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Alam, Fakrul. "Karl Marx on India:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 11 (March 1, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v11i.66.
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This paper focuses on some of the writings of Karl Marx on India in English toindicate something of the extent of his astonishing knowledge of the subcontinent’spolitical and socioeconomic history, and to highlight the incisiveness of his critiqueof British rule in India. In the process, it attempts to show Marx’s (and FriedrichEngels’) sensitivity as well as understanding of the plight of Indians under theEast India Company’s rule, and his quite overt and powerful denunciation ofBritish excesses during the Sepoy Mutiny. In addition, the paper underscores theimportance of these writings for us in South Asia, and stresses their continuingrelevance in our time. It also emphasizes Marx’s mastery of details of Indian history,land laws, and topography. Moreover, it accentuates the rhetorical persuasivenesswith which he makes his case against British rule in India and underscores hiscommand over English prose. The paper ends by suggesting that all postcolonialscholars dealing with the subcontinent as well as students of Marxism can benefitby studying Marx’s pioneering role in critiquing British colonial rule in India.
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Ayob, Azman. "India-Burma (Myanmar) Relations under British India Administration prior to 1937 Separation: Influx of Indians and Awakening of Nationalist Movements in Burma." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 9, SI20 (March 13, 2024): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9isi20.5892.
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The paper focuses on India-Burma relations under British India’s administration prior to the 1937 separation. As for data gathering, content analysis was adopted. The findings are analyzed through two perspectives: the influx of the Indians into Burma and the awakening of Burma’s nationalist movements related to Mahatma Gandhi. The findings of this study demonstrates that the influx of the Indian immigrants had eventually gave rise to the Burmese nationalist movements and the separation of Burma from British India was influenced by the Indian nationalists as well as a thought by Mahatma Gandhi that Burma cannot be part of India.
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Saeeda and Khalil ur Rehman. "Conservation or Implicit Destruction." Central Asia 86, Summer (November 28, 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-86.67.
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The Czarist Empire during the nineteenth century emerged on the scene as a Eurasian colonial power challenging British supremacy, especially in Central Asia. The trans-continental Russian expansion and the ensuing influence were on the march as a result of the increase in the territory controlled by Imperial Russia. Inevitably, the Russian advances in the Caucasus and Central Asia were increasingly perceived by the British as a strategic threat to the interests of the British Indian Empire. These geo-political and geo-strategic developments enhanced the importance of Afghanistan in the British perception as a first line of defense against the advancing Russians and the threat of presumed invasion of British India. Moreover, a mix of these developments also had an impact on the British strategic perception that now viewed the defense of the North-West Frontier as a vital interest for the security of British India. The strategic imperative was to deter the Czarist Empire from having any direct contact with the conquered subjects, especially the North Indian Muslims. An operational expression of this policy gradually unfolded when the Princely State of Dir was loosely incorporated, but quite not settled, into the formal framework of the imperial structure of British India. The elements of this bilateral arrangement included the supply of arms and ammunition, subsidies and formal agreements regarding governance of the state. These agreements created enough time and space for the British to pursue colonial interests in the Great Game, in rivalry with the rapidly-expanding Czarist Empire. British strategic pursuits in the north-west of British India finally emerged as a strategy that historians refer to as the three-fold Frontier Policy. The greater context of the interaction between British India and the Princely State of Dir was the Frontier Policy. Despite the academic awareness of it, there is a lack of comprehensive and coherent research on the subject. This paper is an attempt to bring to the fore an important aspect of the agreements reached and executed between the British Indian government and the Nawab of the Princely State of Dir with regard to the rich forest resources located within the geographic limits of the state. It argues that the British government initially intended to have greater control over the forests under the pretext of preventing deforestation. However, in reality the British turned a blind eye to the threat and practice of widespread deforestation in order to secure a stable frontier for its strategic and commercial interests. No research-based inductive work exists on the theme, and a systematic study analyzing the agreement and its impact is not available. This study is an effort to fill the gap in this area of research. The paper has an additional academic value since the deforestation in the Princely State of Dir has been explored from the point of view of the British imperial strategy in the north-west of British India, which is very much relevant even today. It is all about establishing linkages and connections.
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Rahaim, Matt. "That Ban(e) of Indian Music: Hearing Politics in The Harmonium." Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 3 (August 2011): 657–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811000854.
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The harmonium is both widely played and widely condemned in India. During the Indian independence movement, both British and Indian scholars condemned the harmonium for embodying an unwelcome foreign musical sensibility. It was consequently banned from All-India Radio from 1940 to 1971, and still is only provisionally accepted on the national airwaves. The debate over the harmonium hinged on putative sonic differences between India and the modern West, which were posited not by performers, but by a group of scholars, composers, and administrators, both British and Indian. The attempt to banish the sound of the harmonium was part of an attempt to define a national sound for India, distinct from the West. Its continued use in education served a somewhat different national project: to standardize Indian music practice. This paper examines the intertwined aesthetic and political ideals that underlie the harmonium controversy.
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De, Rohit. "Between midnight and republic: Theory and practice of India’s Dominion status." International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, no. 4 (October 2019): 1213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz081.
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Abstract India became independent on August 15, 1947, and became a democratic republic on January 26, 1950. For the three years in between it functioned as a British dominion, where unelected Indian nationalist leaders were administered oaths in the name of the King-Emperor by a British Viceroy. While this was a critical period for establishing the Indian state, as borders were fixed, populations exchanged, industries set up, electoral lists created, and the constitution written, the legal infrastructure of dominionhood has been ignored both in scholarly literature and in political writings. Central to the article is the problem that Dominion status creates for legal temporality, a gray zone between colony and a republic. This article excavates this neglected period, arguing that it is critical to understanding both the endurance of India’s postcolonial constitution and democracy and the legal processes of decolonization within the British Empire. The article examines the peculiarities of the debate over dominion status for India after World War I. Within the British Empire, India had a legal status somewhat less than dominion but higher than a colony, due to the failure to accommodate racial difference within imperial federalism. It then investigates the reasons behind the British government and Indian nationalists both accepting Dominion status in 1947 despite having opposed it for almost two decades. Finally, it examines how the “dominion period” is both a problem and a resource for the judicial construction of time and constitutional legitimacy in republican India.
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Louro, Michele. "The Johnstone Affair and Anti-Communism in Interwar India." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 38–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416688257.
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In 1928, British colonial authorities in India detained and held J.W. Johnstone, a US citizen, for nearly a month before deporting him first to Europe and then back to the USA. Johnstone’s eventual arrest and deportation became a major ‘affair’ with far-reaching implications for India, the British Empire and even the USA. In the weeks after Johnstone’s arrival, the colonial state launched an extensive and worldwide investigation into his identity and potential ties to communism. In analyzing the story of the Johnstone affair, this article highlights British colonial anxieties and preoccupations with the spread of international communism in interwar India. Moreover, this article also argues that the response to the Johnstone arrest – in India and the United States of America especially – produced a number of unintended consequences. Both the American working class movement and the Indian trade unionist movement appropriated the Johnstone affair to call for global solidarities against the oppression of British and US imperialism worldwide.
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Andrabi, Tahir, and Michael Kuehlwein. "Railways and Price Convergence in British India." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 2 (June 2010): 351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050710000318.
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The period 1861 to 1920 witnessed sharp price convergence in British Indian grain markets. Previous research attributed this to the construction of railways. But tests examining price differences between districts provide surprisingly weak support for that hypothesis. Railways mattered, but seem capable of explaining only about 20 percent of the decline in price dispersion. One explanation may be that India was a partially integrated economy at the time of railroad expansion. Lines connecting districts on preexisting trade routes had very small price effects. There is also some evidence of a “border effect” on lines between British India and princely states.
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Osella, Caroline, and Thomas R. Trautmann. "Aryans and British India." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4, no. 3 (September 1998): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034177.
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Kopf, David, and Thomas Trautmann. "Aryans and British India." Journal of the American Oriental Society 118, no. 3 (July 1998): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606086.
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Steever, Sanford, and Thomas R. Trautmann. "Aryans and British India." Language 75, no. 1 (March 1999): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417484.
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Jha, D. N. "Aryans and British India." Indian Historical Review 27, no. 1 (January 2000): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360002700107.
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Burton, Antoinette, and Thomas R. Trautmann. "Aryans and British India." American Historical Review 104, no. 2 (April 1999): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650503.
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Ankit, Rakesh. "Mountbatten, Auchinleck and the End of the British Indian Army: August–November 1947." Britain and the World 12, no. 2 (September 2019): 172–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2019.0325.
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Juxtaposing the private papers of Louis Mountbatten and Claude Auchinleck, this article seeks to shed light on the most influential factor in the reconstitution of the British Indian Army into the Indian and Pakistani armies, namely, the two men's worsening relationship between April and November 1947, in view of what each saw as the other's partisan position, and its consequences: the closure of Auchinleck's office and his departure from India. In doing so, it brings to the fore another aspect of that fraught period of transition, at the end of which the British Indian Empire was transformed into the dominions of India and Pakistan, and highlights the peculiar predicament in which the British found themselves during the transfer of power.
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Das, Jyotirmoy. "The British Lion’s Triumph over the Bengal Tiger: The Royal Combat and the Allegory of Imperial Dominance." Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature 6, no. 9 (September 25, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/pijssl/060901.
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This article shows how the allegory of British-tiger rivalry became a distinct feature in 19th-century British imperial visual culture to imagined imperial attitudes over India. After the second Anglo-Mysore war (1799) between the East Indian Company and the Tipu Sultan, in 1808, a visual description of lion-tiger bloodshed was issued as a medal by the East India Company to reward its troops. Such a description shows a lion, representing the British nation’s suppression over a Bengal tiger, the royal emblem of Tipu Sultan. After this, the same imagery served to be imagined and visualised the British dominance and control over ruthless and unwilling India. Moreover, in such an allegory, a fiction of dead white women was added to invoke nationalism among Britons. This raises a feminist issue of how this fictional image of victimised women fulfils the British masculine agenda of imperialism and nationalism while the women remain deprived.
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Basu, Shreya. "THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH IN INDIA." International Journal of English Learning & Teaching Skills 3, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 2480–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijelts.3405.
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Introduced by the British colonization and today the official language of the Indian Nation in association with Hindi, English is spoken as a second language by a minority of the educated population of 8 to 11% according to current estimations. English as a language in India has an archive of about three hundred years. It existed in India with the entrance of the British on the Indian coasts. English as a language from that time until now has a substantial journey in the Indian subcontinent. People from different religions, communities, and cultures have attempted to adopt English for many reasons. Consequently, in the present context, we cannot think our life is comfortable in India without English. English in India is a symbol of people’s aspirations for quality in education and fuller participation in national and international life. Therefore it is the need of the hour to understand the history and evolution of English in India as well as to review how we are progressing with the English language and the same is being highlighted in this research paper.